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Vol. XXXIV

JANUARY, 1937

v. ' '. ^"s"' ' " — *' r«'jA'' jfi*'*^ . ""! .'*v *'■<•,)?&? '""?'" " /''■ ** i

i -c^SiM

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

WHEN YOU BUY A REFRICxER ATOR,

YOU MAKE A PURCHASE THAT MUST

GIVE SATISFACTION THROUGHOUT

THE YEARS.

THE ANSWER IS FRIGIDAIRE!

DON'T RISK SICKNESS

THROUGH TAINTED FOODS

THE TROPICAL CLIMATE OF THE
PHILIPPINES DEMANDS THAT YOU

PROTECT YOUR FAMILY

BY SAFEGUARDING THE FOOD
THEY NEED TO SUSTAIN LIFE!

FRIGIDAIRE

IS THE LEADER IN THE FIELD

OF REFRIGERATORS. BUY NONE

BUT THE BEST

* INVESTIGATE OUR EASY PAYMENT PLAN *

H IE A C O C K " §

THE STORE OF QUALITY

Representing The Following Products And Firms —

ATLAS POWDER CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Dynamite and Supplies

AMERICAN POTASH and CHEMICAL

CORP., LOS ANGELES

"TRONA" Brand Soda Ash

THE DENVER FIRE CLAY CO., DENVER,

COLO.

DFC Assay Equipment and Supplies

DENVER EQUIPMENT CO., DENVER,

COLO.

Mine and Mill Equipment

THE EIMCO CORP., SALT LAKE
New and Second Hand Machinery

FRASER & CHALMERS ENGINEERING

WORKS, ERITH, KENT.
Ball Mills and Heavy Mining Machinery

C. C. FILSON CO., SEATTLE
Hats, Coats, Pants, Waterproof.

FAGERSTA, SWEDEN
Drill Steel

GREAT WESTERN ELECTRIC CHEMICAL

CO., SAN FRANCISCO

Flotation Reagents, Xanthates, etc.

Mine and
Supplies and

Equipment

JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS,
FRANCISCO
Mine Hoists

SAN

MANCHA STORAGE BATTERY LOCO-
MOTIVE CO., CHICAGO
Battery Locomotives

PORTABLE LAMP & EQUIPMENT CO.,

PITTSBURGH

"Cool Hats" and "Cool Caps"

D. MORGAN REES & SONS LTD.,
ENGLAND

High Grade Wire Rope

T. C. WILSON CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Pine Oil

JUSTRITE MFG. CO., CHICAGO
Carbide Lamps

Diesel Engines
W H. ALLEN SONS & CO., LTD., BEDFORD, ENGLAND

MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INC.

PHILIPPINE

MAG AZI NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1937 No. 1 (345)

The Covej:

Antipolo Street in Spanish Times Felipe Roxas Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Barlett Richards 2

News Summary 3

Astronomical Data for January Weather Bureau 56

Editorials :

Conspiracy — Nobodies' Sons — This Time It's * 'Sabotaging' ' the

Philippine Schools — The Democratic Temperament and

Mood The Editor 9-11

Vigil (Verse) Greg. A. Estonanto .... 11

The Bishop Came to Town (Story) Ludivico D. Arciaga.. . . 12

The Heart of Christendom in the Far East A. V. H. Hartendorp. . . 13

To a Vine, Cut down by Mistake by the Gardener (Verse) Priscilla Fansler 15

Owl in the Moon (Story) N. V. M. Gonzales 16

The Commonwealth Educational Policies Nicolas V. Villarruz. ... 17

• The Importance of Filipino Literature in English A. V. H. Hartendorp.. . 18

The Filipino Short Story — Ten Years of Experiment A. B. Rotor 19

The University of Washington Sebastian A. Abella . . 21

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte,,and"Bubuyog" 22

Tracing the Original Sounds in the Languages of Today H. Costenoble 24

Rizal, Father of Modern Tagalog, II Antonio B. Rosales 26

The Stranger (Story) Angel C. de Jesus 28

Tagalog Kinship Terms and Usages Mauro Garcia 32

Four O'clock in the Editor's Office 47

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarinas, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

H. G. HORNBOSTEL
Advertising and Circulation Manager

Subscription rates: P2.00 in the Philippines, F4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change in address, please
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished ©n application.

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

Freckles

Secretly and Quickly Removed f

8Ullman's Freckle Cream bleaches
them oat while 70a sleep. Learee
the skin soft and white— -the com-
plexion fresh, clear and natural.
For 37 years thousands of users
hare endorsed it. So easy to use.
The first jar prores its magic worth.

Stillman's

Freckle Cream

fUmcres ] Whiten*

In Spanish Stillman's Freckle Cream is called

"La Crema Bella Aurora**

For sale at all good drug store*

Stillman & Co., Manufacturers

Aurora, 111., U.S.A

For the best

Philippine Wines,
Liquors and Gins

buy from:

LA ROSARIO

Distillery

1001-1023 R. Hidalgo
Manila, P. I.

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHWOUT

announces the opening
of his laboratory of

Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambia

(Home Studio Building) Ermita

Tel. No. 2-34-98

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards

American Trade Commissioner

J7XPORTS appear to have
x"' been exceptionally good
in November. Sugar ship-
ments increased as new crop
sugar became available. All
coconut products, excepting
desiccated, went in very
good volume and abaca ex-
ports were substantially
greater than in October.
Prices on all these crops
were firm. Lumber exports
. ^ . , . apparently fell off a little

and tobacco and cigar shipments continued small.

I he market for export quota sugar was firm while
domestic quota sugar was dull and easy. Crop
prospects are favorable.

Copra arrivals again "failed to meet expectations
and with a strong American market for oil, prices
advanced steadily throughout the month. Pacific
Coast copra prices influenced the local market,
despite the difficulty of making shipments. The
market was very strong at the end of the month with
higher prices indicated. Imports were heavy and
stocks are low.

The coconut oil market was firm throughout the
month although it lagged behind the copra equivalent
during most of the month. Demand was mainly
tor prompt shipment, buyers being reluctant to make
large commitments at present prices. Exports were
heavy and stocks greatly reduced. The American
market for copra meal was inactive although a few
sales were made toward the end of the month, for
shipment to Atlantic and Gulf ports. Some busi-
ness was done with Europe although European cake
prices are below the American equivalent. Exports
were slightly better than in October and stocks slight-
ly reduced. Desiccated coconut oil exports fell
on due to the scarcity of cargo space and to the diffi-
culty of buying coconuts at a price that will yield a
profit.

«.i,Thjf Lo?don market for abaca continued firm and
the American and Japanese markets steady. The
Manila market was very firm, particularly for the
lower grades and the two highest grades. The Davao
market advanced more moderately but the tone
was strong in all domestic markets at the end of the
month. Balings were reduced and exports increased
substantially, reducing stocks by nearly 24,000
bales.

Leaf tobacco exports continued negligible while
cigar exports to the United States continued dis-
appointing. Floods in the Cagayan Valley at the
beginning of December are believed to have affected
neXM £?ar's croP although no information is yet
available as to the extent of the damage. *

The rice market was easy as new crop rice began
to come onto the market. It is believed that the
new crop will be nearly sufficient to cover domestic
requirements. The National Rice and Corn Corpo-
ration reduced its retail price for imported rice to 25
centavos per ganta and continued to offer P2.25 to
F2.50 a cavan for palay at producing centers.

Gold production fell off a little due mainly to
shorter month and overhauling of equipment by two
companies. It was again over P4, 000, 000, however.

Import collections fell off a little due to the ship-
ping strike. The value of commercial letters of
credit opened was somewhat lower than in October,
because of a reduction in the volume of credits opened
for rice importation. Collections continued excellent
although there were a number of requests for exten-
sions due to the failure of shipments to arrive.

Stocks of imported goods are generally medium
to heavy, demand good and prices firm, due to ex-
pectation that imports will be very limited in the
next few months.

Stocks of American cotton textiles are very low
and there is a good volume of inquiries, but very few
orders were placed due to price increases by American
mills. Stocks of Japanese goods appear sufficient.

AMERICA'S BEST BLADE

Fits Old and New Safety

Razors

Now available at the

ESCOLTA DRUG

AND ALL LEADING BAZARS AND CIGAR STANDS,

ETC., AT 20c. PACKAGE FOR 5 BLADES

BY MAIL 30c. PER PACKAGE

I. R. C. ISAACS

Sole Distributor

65 Juan Luna — p. o. Box 2158

Manila, P. I.

American goods arrived in greater volume than in
recent months while Japanese arrivals continued fairly
heavy. Imports of Japanese rayon increased, not-
ably as a result of higher prices for cotton goods.

Flour imports continued heavy with about 55
per cent of the total from the United States. Stocks
appear large but are considered inadequate in view
of the expectation that imports will be sharply re-
duced in December and January. Demand is ex-
cellent, although it is believed in some quarters that
prices may decline when shipping from the United
States is resumed. Imports of sardines continued
fairly heavy although somewhat below the October
level. Stocks are substantial but demand is very
good. Condensed milk imports were heavy but
evaporated milk considerably below the average.

Fresh fruit and vegetable imports were limited,
due to the shipping strike, and prices advanced
sharply.

Sales of automobiles apparently fell off a little in
November, due partly to shortage of stocks and
partly to unusually large sales in October. Truck
sales were somewhat below expectacions, in spite
of improved demand from the sugar industry. Im-
ports of cars and trucks continued moderate. Busi-
ness in parts and accessories was fair. Tire imports
were moderate but sales continue good.

TATTOO
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ready to add to your lips all
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moon. And instead of dry-
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them; simply won't let them chap. Try
all five shades at the Tattoo Colour
Selector ... in your favorite store.

, CORAL . . EXOTIC . . NATURAL . . PASTEL . . HAWAIIAN

Send P .25 for Introductory size, stating shade
desired, to sole Philippine Agents: Condiment
Mfg. Co., 121 Rosario, Manila.

TATTOO

South Sea Colour for Lips

Standard Pi. 00
Deluxe P2.00

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Consolidated bank figures showed an increase in
overdrafts, a decrease in demand deposits and a
substantial increase in the net balance due by local
branches to foreign head offices. Debits to individual
accounts fell off with the decline in stock trading,
but circulation increased as harvesting of the new
sugar crop commenced. The exchange market was
again featured by weakness in the dollar.

Export cargoes to Oriental ports were somewhat
reduced but cargoes to the United States were very
good. Export cargo movement in December will
probably be much lighter due to a shortage of ships.
Railway car-loadings were greater than in October
due to sugar movement but considerably behind
November last year.

Government revenues were somewhat lower than
in November last year, but for the first eleven months
exceed last year's figures by 18 percent. December
Customs collections will undoubtedly fall off as
imports are reduced, but total Government revenues
for the year should be at least 12-1/2 per cent over
last year.

The sale of P500,000 of Metropolitan Water Dis-
trict bonds, scheduled for December 1, 1936, has
been postponed indefinitely at the request of the
Metropolitan Water District. The postponed issue
was part of a P2, 500,000 issue scheduled to be sold
on set dates between March 15, 1935 and November
1, 1937, for the purpose of obtaining funds for the
completion of the water supply and sewage system
.extension. The Metropolitan Water District has
not yet used up the P 1,000,000 received from the
first two issues under the schedule.

Power production in November declined slightly
from the October figure due partly to the shorter
month and partly to daylight saving. November
production was 10,725,731 KWH which compares
with 11,499,260 KWH in October and 10,128,858
KWH in November last year, when there was no
daylight saving. For the first eleven months of 1936,
power production totaled 116,402,992 KWH, an
increase of four percent over the 112,288,719 KWH
produced in the same period of 1935.

November real estate sales totaled Pl,359,555,
or considerably less than half the October figure.
November sales exceeded those for November last
year by over 50 per cent, however. They were
-chiefly in the residential building district of Malate
and the slum district of Tondo. Not included was
a deal reported to have involved F500.000, for the
building occupied by the Manila Stock Exchange.
For the first eleven months of this year, sales totaled
P 16,808,549, or greater than those for any complete
year since 1931. The 1936 figures do not include
three important transactions, reported to involve
altogether nearly P5,000,000, in addition to the one
mentioned above. If those transactions are regis-
tered in December, 1936 should be an exception-
ally good year.

New building permits were again moderate in
November, amounting to P427.510. No notably
large permits were involved. November permits
exceeded the P3 2 1,140 for October and were much
greater than the P185,790 in November, 1936.
Permits for repairs continue moderate, amounting
only to P27.220 in November. Details for the eleven
■months period are as follows:

1935 1936

(Pesos) (Pesos)

New construction 2,649,010 5,523,840

Repairs 417,590 444,050

Total 3,066,600 5,967,890

There were 476 radio receiving sets registered
in October and 92 cancellations. For the first ten
months of 1936, there were 4,720 new sets registered
and 1,065 cancellations. November figures are not
yet available.

Several new corporations were registered in No-
vember to engage in the promotion, development
and management of mining properties. Though no
figures are yet available.it is believed that the author-
ized and subscribed capital of new corporations
registered in November will equal or exceed the
October figures.

News Summary

The Philippines

Nov. 16.-— President Manuel L.
Quezon conditionally pardons
32 prisoners convicted of sedi-
tion, most of them having been
involved in the uprising in La-
guna and Bulacan two years
ago.

Samuel R. Hawthorne, well
known Manila business man,
dies of a stroke, aged 45.

Nov. 17. — The Department of
Justice announces the comple-
tion of the reorganization of
the justice of the peace courts throughout the country
and the names of the new judges are released in part.
Some 500 judges will be named to take the place of
the former 800, the new men all being lawyers of from
5 to 10 years practice; in some cases judges who are
not lawyers have been retained because of their ex-
perience.

Some 800 persons attend a meeting at the Manila
Grand Opera House, representing various radical
labor an4 political groups, where attacks are made
on the bill amending the sedition act, the "G-men"
bill, the postponement of elections bill, the daylight-
saving time bill, increases in taxes, etc., and resolu-
tions are adopted petitioning President Quezon to
veto these measures. Celerino Tiongko, Sakdal
leader, states hat Quezon is a virtual dictator who
will "one of these days, declare himself king".

RIGHT:
A McCormick-
Deering engine
operating a
small electric
genera tor
which gener-
ates electricity
for lighting and
operating
beauty parlor
equipment.

There is^an

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER

ENGINE

to meet your POWER requirements

WHATEVER your power requirements, there is an INTER-
NATIONAL HARVESTER engine of the proper size and type that
will cut your operating costs to the minimum.

Easy starting .... low fuel consumption .... long life and low
maintenance cost .... dependability .... convenience .... modern
construction .... international Harvester and Blackstone Engines
give you the best value for your money.

Write us for General Catalog No. 19 covering full information
prices and terms.

International Harvester Company

OF PHILIPPINES

Manila
Iloilo Bacolod

Cebu Davao

Legaspi Baguio

LEFT:

The same engine connected to a

Deep Well pump for home water

supply.

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental Insurance Co.

The Employer's Liability

Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
Orient Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America

E. E. ELSER, INC.

GENERAL AGENTS

Kneedler Bldg. No. 400

Telephone 2-24-28

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

BUSY MEN
USE IT!

Business executives appre-
ciate the unsurpassed writ-
ing quality of Ticonderoga
Pencils that speed their
thoughts from mind to
paper.

Ticonderoga Pencils are
supremely serviceable and
dependable, which means
they are economical and
efficient, too.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

Distributors

Nov. 18. — President Quezon approves the election
postponement and the sedition bills and a number
of others.

Manila light, telephone, gas, and water rates are
attacked as too high before a hearing of the National
Assembly committee on public utilities of which
Gregorio Perfecto is chairman.

Nov. 1 9. — President Quezon appoints City Engineer
Santiago Artiaga, Mayor of the city of Zamboanga,
and Jose Garrido, Assistant Engineer, is named City
Engineer of Manila. Mr. Artiaga was acting Mayor
of Manila a number of times.

Io a shooting and stabbing affray at Bantay, Ilocos
Sur, two persons are killed and four seriously wounded
including acting Governor Eugenio Paz.

Nov. 20. — President Quezon appoints provincial
Treasurer Nicasio Valderrosa of Zamboanga, Mayer
of Davao city.

Datu Mualli'l-Wasit, brother of the late Sultan
of Sulu and claimant to the sultanate, dies sud-
denly at Maimbung. He was to have appeared
with the other heirs in the Court of First Instance
this afternoon for the probation of the late Sultan's
will. He was 65 years old and leaves three children,
the oldest being Ysmail, 32-year-old school principal.
Although Dayang-Dayang Hadji Piandau, niece of
the late Sultan, claimed to be the acting sultan be-
cause she was the manager of his household, Datu
Mualli'l-Wasit was proclaimed sultan by his followers
some months ago and occupied the palace at Maim-
bung. He was to have been crowned next month.

President Quezon appoints Secretary of the Interior
Elpidio Quirino, Secretary of Agriculture and Com-
merce Eulogio Rodriguez, and Mauro Mendez to
compose the Information Service Board.

Nov. 21. — Physicians state that the death of Datu
Mualli'l-Wasit was due to heart-trouble.

Juan Arellano retires as Consulting Architect
(chief government architect) as a result of the pro-
hibition of government officials engaging in outside
work and his resignation having been accepted with
regret. Antonio Toledo, Assistant Consulting Ar-
chitect, has been named in his place.

Norman H. Hill, Administrative Assistant to the
American High Commissioner, leaves on the Hawai-
ian Clipper for the United States to become executive
secretary to High Commissioner Frank Murphy,
recently elected to the governorship of Michigan.

Nov. 22. — Followers of the late Datu Mualli'l-
Wasit, proclaim his eldest son, Datu Ysmail Kiram
as the new sultan in accordance with the alleged tra-
dition that a sultan may not be buried until his
successor has been proclaimed.

Nov. 23. — President Quezon appoints Lino J.
Castillejo, Superintendent of Private Schools, Di-
rector of Private Education, a new Bureau of Private
Education having recently been created by l~w.

Nov. 25. — President Quezon names Leonardo
Festin head of the recently created Census Bureau.
The yacht Casiana, renamed the Banahaw, ar-
rives in Manila from Los Angeles to augment the
Coast Guard service, although it will be used prin-
cipally by the President, who boards it in the evening
for a short cruise to the Bisayas.

Commissioner Leon G. Guinto leaves on the S.S.
President McKinley for the United States to study
American police organization. Two government
pensionados, Miss Nelly X. Burgos and Dr. Fe del
Munde, leave on the same ship for post-graduate
studies in the United States.

Nov. 26. — The ''Anak Pawis", a radical farmers'
organization, is declared illegal in a decision of the
Court of First Instance of Laguna.

The College of Agriculture at Los Banos success-
fully demonstrates the production of ham without
refrigeration, the method being the introduction of a
brine curing mixture through the main arteries of the
leg and subsequent smoking. The process is reported
to be simple enough for the average farmer to use
and may result in greater economy and better diet
in a country where most meat has had to be eaten
within a day or so after slaughtering.

Nov. 27.— Reported that the government has
started proceedings for the expropriation of the San
Pedro Tunasan estate in Laguna under the act appro-
priating Pl,000,000 for the purchase of haciendas for
resale to the present tenants. The Estate is owned
by the Colegio de San Jose and leased to Carlos
Young.

The Board of Regents of the University of the
Philippines rejects the appeal of the Scholastic Phil-
osophy Club from a decision of the Executive Com-
mittee that no priest, minister, or other teacher of
religion may become the adviser °r unofficial teacher
of any student group meeting on the University
premises.

Deogracias A. Rosario, Associate Editor of the
Manila Taliba, dies of a stroke, aged 42. He was one
of the recognized pillars of Tagalog literature.

Nov. 28. — The High Commissioner's Office re-
leases a report to the effect that 21 of Britain's war
vessels will visit the Philippines with the approval
of the U. S. Department of State during the months
from January to March.

Nov. 80. — President Quezon states in a press inter-
view that Dr. Jacobo Fajardo, suspended Director of
Health, will be asked to submit his resignation as a
result of the report of a committee appointed to in-
vestigate certain charges brought against him.

Dec. 1. — President Quezon announces that he has
named Vice-President Sergio Osmefia to head the
Philippine trade delegation to the United States.
He also announces the appointment of Mariano S.
Cuenco, Cebu political leader, as Secretary of Public
Works.

Major-Gen. Paulino Santos announces that Col.
Juan Dominguez, Chief of the Manila Secret Service
and former head of the Intelligence Department of
the Constabulary, has been appointed Superintendent
of the Intelligence Division of the Philippine Army.
Dec. 2. — President Quezon creates the National
Flood Control Board to act in an advisory capacity
to the government. Headed by the Director of
Public Works, the following entities will be repre-

sented: the Bureau of Forestry, Manila Railroad
Company, Metropolitan Water District, College of
Engineering, University of the Philippines, the Na-
tional Research Council, and the Philippine Society
of Civil Engineers.

Prices decline 22.45 points to 140.79 on the Manila
Stock Exchange with a big turnover of 4,814,826
shares. This is 21.69 points lower than the point
reached during the drop of November 11, and 115.51
points below the highest average of 256.3 on October
22. Stocks on the International Stock Exchange
fell to 93.58 points, lowest since the operation of this
exchange. The turn-over totalled 2,257,000 shares.

Dec. 4- — President Quezon names Marcial. Kasilag,
acting Director of the Bureau of Public Works, as
permanent head of the Bureau.

President Quezon names Pulupandan, Hondagua,
and San Ildefonso is regular ports of entry, under
the supervision of the Collector of Customs, in ad-
dition to the ports of Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboan-
ga, Davao, Jolo, Legaspi, Mcmbulao, and Aparri.
He also names seme 56 town and municipal districts
as municipal ports to be maintained by the munici-
palities.

Dec. 5. — President Quezon exchanges the previous
appointments of Santiago Artiaga as Mayer of Zam-
boanga, and of Nicasio Valderrosa, as Mayer of
Davao, in response to petitions of the people of Zam-
boanga who want Mr. Valderrosa.

The Supreme Court adopts a resolution requiring
all lawyers appearing to argue cases before the Court
to wear black gowns.

Dec. 7.- — President Quezon leaves en the S. S.
Empress of Japan for a brief vacation in Hongkong.
Secretary Jose Yulo, Assembly man Manuel Rcxas,
Rafael Alunan, and a few others accompany him.

Manila suffers frem a meat-shortage due to a strike
of meat dealers who refuse to slaughter their animals
at the city slaughterhouse because of the increase in
the fees frem 3 to 5 centaves a kilo.

Dec. 8. — Reported that large areas in Isabela and
Cagayan were submerged as a result of recent typho-
ons and rain and that there was an encimous loss of
life — possibly over a thousand persons having been
drowned in the rising waters. President Quezcn is
informed of the situation and relief measures are
immediately adopted.

Secretary Quirino appoints Captain Fernando
Fore8» acting Chief of the Manila Secret Service,
taku.8 the place of Colonel Dominguez.

DOL.L.FUS-MIEG & C««. MULHOUSE (FRANCE)

D-M'C

REGISTERED TRADE MARK . .

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for embroidery & crochet

the pioneer

a most satisfactory very brilliant twisted
cotton thread for general embroidery and
crochet. Easy to work. Supplied in 5 sizes
and in an extensive range of fine shades.

A D-M-G ball or skein of pearl cotton
ensures complete satisfaction . . . . ,

hign quality
fast colours

. . . . can be procured from all art
needlework stores

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Dec. 12. — The meat dealers strike in Manila is
settled, the Manila government agreeing to suspend
the ordinance increasing slaughter house fees and to
impose higher rates gradually.

The United States

Nov. 11. — San Francisco and Oakland, California,
begin a four-day celebration in honor of the opening
of the great East Bay Bridge, connecting the two
cities, the longest bridge structure in the world, over
eight miles long with a clearance over the gates of
217 feet, sufficient to permit the passage of the great-
est ocean liners. The bridge cost some $78,000,000.

Following a report that Britain is contemplating
the purchase of numerous American war planes, a
conference is held at the White House and it is later
announced that the government will prohibit the
export of fighting planes until at least a year after
deliveries have been made to the U. S. Army and
Navy.

Two thousand standed passengers and seamen in
Honolulu, eating up Hawaii's diminishing food sup-
ply, and spoiling cargoes of fruit and eggs, are part
of the problem created by the great shipping strike.
It is estimated that 170 vessels are tied up on the
West Coast and 239 on the Atlantic Coast and at Gulf
ports.

Nov. 13. — Assistant Secretary of Commerce J. M.
Johnson states that the Department officials have
decided that Filipino seamen would be considered
aliens under the new American Maritime Act.

Nov. 14- — Huge losses force the American Ranger
.Line, operators of freighters between Philadelphia
and the Gulf ports, to accede to the seamen's de-
mands for an 8-hour day in the engine room and for
the stewards, to union control of hiring, and to cash
payment for over-time. Losses in San Francisco
alone are estimated at $7,000,000 daily. Rep. Vito
Marcantonio of New York charges that shipowners
are transporting "gangsters throughout the country"
as strike-breakers.

Nov. 15. — President Roosevelt warns that a dan-
gerous situation may arise from the large sums of
foreign capital being invested in American securities
if these were suddenly dumped on the market, and
suggests that the Federal Reserve Board study legis-
lative means to control these investments estimated
at over $7,000,000,000. In recent weeks £15,000,000
in gold has been shipped from London. The French
are also exporting gold for political reasons, and in-
ternational gamblers are buying in the belief that the
United States is on the threshold of a big industrial
boom. American operators are also buying securities
through brokers abroad to evade American taxes.

Nov. 15. — Officially stated at Washington that
President Franklin D. Roosevelt may make a trip
to the Philippines in the fall of 1937.

Nov. 17. — Vicente Villamin tells the National
Grange convention in Columbus, Ohio, which had
adopted a resolution favoring high tariffs on Philip-
pine imports, that this would result in a loss of trade
to America and strengthen the economic and mili-
tary position of Japan. He pleads for a complemen-
tary rather than a conflicting economy between the
two countries and states that a trade of $1,000,000,000
annually would be possible under such conditions.
Lewis J. Taber, Master of the Grange, states that
his organization favors a complementary policy.

Nov. 17. — President Roosevelt appoints Charles
Edison, son of the late inventor, Assistant Secretary
cf the Navy, a position left vacant by the death of
Henry L. Roosevelt.

Madame Ernestine Schumann-Heink, beloved and
world-famed singer, dies in Hollywood, aged 75.
She was the daughter of an Austrian father and an
Italian mother and became a naturalized American
citizen in 1905. She had sons on both sides during
the World War and when one of them in the German
ranks was killed, she said: "I must go on and sing
to lighten, if I can, the sorrows of this suffering
world".

Nov. 18. — President Roosevelt sails on the cruiser
Indianapolis for Buenos Aires to deliver the opening
address at the Inter- American Peace Conference of
21 American republics, opening on December 1.

To relieve the food shortage in Alaska due to the
shipping strike, Washington authorizes the Alaska
Railroad Company to operate a coastwise passenger,
mail, and freight service.

Rexford G. Tugwell, resigns as Under-Secretary
of Agriculture.

Nov. 20. — Joseph E. Davies, wealthy socialite
and former head of the Federal Trade Commission,
is announced as having been appointed Ambassador
to Russia.

George Bronson Rea, American editor of the
Far Eastern Review and propagandist for Japan, dies
in Baltimore, aged 67.

Nov. 24. — Lucio Godino, one of the widely known
Siamese twins, dies of pneumonia in New York, and
surgeons immediately perform an operation separat-
ing him from his brother Simplicio, the union re-
ported to have consisted only of a band of muscular
tissue. Years ago the twins declined to have such
an operation performed. They were born 28 years
ago in Sulat, Samar, and have been appearing in
vaudeville in the United States. They were married
to the Motos sisters of Manila.

Nov. 25. — -Official sources in Washington are
reported to have indicated that President Roosevelt
will exclude politics from considen tion in the matter
of appointing a successor to Frank Murphy, High
Commissioner in the Philippines.

Nov. 26. — The strike situation is further complicate
ed by masters, mates, pilots, engineer officers, and
marine 'engineers joining in the shipping strike de-

manding increased wages and an 8-hour day.

Nov. 27. — The New York Herald Tribune states
editorially that Germany could {have tdone nothing
more likely to result in the United States turning to
its former allies in the World War than by its alliance
with Japan. "Could a greater madness have been
conceived? We can not be indifferent to an agree-
ment which strengthens Japan in Asia and is a clear
step toward Japan's dreams of expansion toward the
Philippines and beyond".

On the way to Buenos Aires, President Roosevelt
stops at Rio de Janeiro and delivers a stirring appeal
for good will among man before a huge and cheering
Brazilian throng. Earlier in the day he told the
Brazilian Congress "We can not countenance aggres-
sion from wherever it may come. There is no Amer-
ican conflict that can not be settled by orderly and
peaceful means. The peace conference will provide an
opportunity to banish war from the new world and
dedicate it to peace. We must be guided by a serene
and generous view of our common needs." In an ad-
dress of welcome, Raoul Fernandez, former majority
floor leader, stated that the Monroe Doctrine must be
recognized as a permanent force for peace on the
American continent.

Nov. SO. — Officials of the American Radio and Tele-
graphist Union and the Marine Firemen, Oilers, and

Watertenders Union announce their members have
voted to join in the shipping strike.

Dec. 1. — President Roosevelt meets in Buenos
Aires with the greatest ovation ever given a foreigner.
In his opening speech he declares: "We in the Amer-
icas want to make it clear that we stand shoulder
to shoulder in our final determination that others
who are driven to war madness or land hunger and
might seek to commit acts of aggression against us
will find this hemisphere wholly prepared to consult
together for mutual safety and mutual good". He
emphasizes that the "welfare and prosperity of each
of our nations depends for a large part on commerce"
and that the conference presents an opportunity for
the peoples of the Americas to cooperate in establish-
ing economic unity. "Every nation in the world
has felt the evil effects of recent efforts to erect trade
barriers. It is no accident that the nations which
carried this process the furthest are those which
proclaim the loudest that they require war as an
instrument in their policy. It is no accident that
attempts at self-sufficiency led to falling standards
for their people and ever-increasing losses from de-
mocratic ideals in the mad race to pile armament on
armament. . . I am profoundly convinced that the
plain people everywhere in the civilized world wish
to live at peace with one another. And still leaders
and governments resort to war! Democracy is still

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

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the world's hope. Our hemisphere has finally come
of age. We are assembled here to show the world
that it is united." The simple language and pro-
found delivery of the President is reported to have
impressed the South Americans, accustomed to pic-
turesque and fiery speech.

Dec. 5. — Simplicio Godino dies, reportedly from
spinal meningitis, after previously recovering rapidly
from the operation severing him from his twin bro-
ther.

Dec. 8. — The new $200,000,000 Treasury bond issue
is oversubscribed more than four times although the
interest rate is only 2%%, the lowest rate ever
offered on long-term bonds. The issue brings the
total public debt to $34,140,000,000.

Other Countries

Nov. 7. — An "artist" is reported to be engaged in
the Sistine Chapel in painting flowing veils and dra-
peries around parts of Michelangelo's nude figures
which Pope Pius XI is said to consider offensive to
Catholic morals. The dauber, Biagie Biasatti, ex-
pects to complete his noble work by Christmas.

Nov. 9. — A bill is introduced into the House of
Commons, and later passed, prohibiting the wearing
of party uniforms in an effort to discourage fascist
organizations.

Nov. 11. — Maj.-Gen. Kenji Matsumoto, military
attach6 of the Japanese embassy in Washington,
states at Singapore that there is no hostile feeling for
Japan among the American people and that there is
no cause for war. Referring to the Open Door policy,
he states this "must be based on facts. ... I think
that America will hereafter apply the principle mod-
erately. After all, the question is economic, and
American interests in the Orient are minor. I do
not think the two countries will ever war over eco-
nomic issues".

Nov. 18. — The Franco-Lebanon treaty is signed at
Beirut and on December 1 the Franco-Syrian treaty
will be signed, it is reported, under which both of
these French mandated countries, formerly Turkish,
will become independent republics. The treaties
follow the Anglo-Iraq treaty of June 30, 1930.

Nov. 14. — The Chamber of Deputies in Cairo by a
vote of 202 to 11 approves the new Anglo-Egyptian
treaty under which Egypt will achieve complete inde-
pendence within a period of from 10 to 20 years.

Nov. 16. — Paul Patterson, Baltimore publisher now
in Shanghai, states after a visit to Japan that a Ger-
man-Japanese anti-Russian treaty will soon be signed.
The Japanese are trying to keep the negotiations
secret and two Tokyo newspapers were recently
suppressed for hinting on the subject.

Captain Anthony Eden .British Secretary of Foreign
Affairs, expresses regret that Germany has again
abandoned procedure by negotiation in favor of uni-
lateral action in repudiating the German waterways
clauses in the Versailles treaty in spite of assurances
given by Chancellor Adolf Hitler; not because im-
portant British interests are involved but because
action of this character must lead to further difficul-
ties in the conduct of international relations. The
London Times calls Hitler's action '"unnecessary
and theatrical". Asked in the House whether the
government has received full satisfaction with respect
to the Keelung, Formosa, incident, where British
sailors were badly man-handled by Japanese police,
Eden states the matter is still under discussion.

Russia notifies Germany it is unable to accept the
German protest against the arrest of a group of Ger-
man nationals recently arrested in Russia on charges
of espionage and conspiracy.

The Spanish rebels, following an air attack, suc-
ceed in occupying several buildings in Madrid. Ber-
lin newspapers declare that Russian arms shipments
to Spain are responsible for General Francisco Fran-
co's lack of success in making a quick capture of the
city.

A detachment of 3000 irregular troops from north-
ern Charhar under Japanese leadership attack
Hunkuerhtu and 4000 troops from Jehol, equipped
with heavy artillery and air units, arrive at Pailing-
miao.

Rear-Admiral H. E. Yarnell, new commander of
the U. S. Asiatic Fleet, arrives in Singapore on a good
will tour. More than 20 British, Dutch, and Amer-
ican warships are anchored in the harbor.

Nov. 17. — Sir Samuel Hoare, First Lord of the Ad-
miralty, speaking at a press luncheon in London,
states that "one of the resounding prophesies that
some people are making today is that a world war is
inevitable. This is not the view of His Majesty's
government. We refuse to accept this prophesy of
despair, this dangerous and pathological prophesy. . .
We are determined to throw into the scales of peace
all the influence at our disposal."

Rumors are reported from London that an Anglo-
Dutch understanding for mutual defense of their Far
Eastern possessions is imminent.

Berlin officials deny the existence of a German-
Japanese alliance, but state such an agreement is
"absolutely conceivable".

The Chinese people are reported to be contributing
heavily for the support and comfort of the troops in
Suiyuan which are resisting the invasion of Mongol
and Manchukuoan forces from Chahar.

Nov. 18. — Italy and Germany are reported to have
recognized the rebel government in Spain. Large

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January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

parts of Madrid are in flames, but the fighting con-
tinues while the civilian population cowers in cellars
and subways. League of Nations officials state that
Italo-German recognition of the Spanish fascist rebel
government is a violation of the Covenant, Article X
requiring that members respect the "territorial integ-
rity and existing political independence of all mem-
bers of the League."

French officials are reported to consider the ru-
mored German- Japanese accord as a dangerous
move which may lead the world into war" and to
have stated that it would be a step toward dividing
the world into "predatory and non-predatory groups
of nations". .

The Chinese Foreign Office spokesman states that
in view of the military crisis in Suiyuan, regardless of
Japanese diplomatic professions of ignorance and
innocence regarding Japanese inspiration and assist-
ance the SiFno- Japanese negotiations can not continue
as?t shows the "uselessness of relying on Japanese
civ ilian assurances while their military freely em-
barks on a different course". It is reported that
Japanes? soldiers are arriving at Pailingmiao dis-
guised in Mongolian garb. . i,m.„4.»»

Nov. 19.— Relentless fascist aerial "P«n"™«n*
continues to spread untold death and damage ui
Madrid, and the streets are filled with bewildewcl,
hysterical people seeking underground shelter. Eden
throw the House of Commons into a tumult when

with its ships as piracy.

Nov 20.— The German Foreign Office states that
"nothing has happened since our last denial that such
araereement (between Germany and Japan) exists".
Uif reputed from Moscow that the Russian Ambas-
sadorTtTofcyo has informed the Japanese Foreign
Office tnat Japanese explanations of the agreement
between t Japan and Germany are unsatisfactory and
likeTy to prejudice Russo-Japanese relations. In his
explanation the Japanese Foreign Minister states
SK?fc £ oAly a pVt to fight communism. Russia
riprlares it can not understand why the oerman
government ne'eds the help of Japan to fight com-
munism in its own country, and vice > versa

General Franco informs Britain that the scan
dafo^s traffic" in arms and munitions in Bared ona,
lareelv carried in Russian and Spanish ships, ne : wiu
dolverything to prevent, if necessary, destroying the
Poland he fherifore warns all foreign ships to ^ban-
don the harbor and advises all forfigne rs to
leave the city. Britain has unofficially let it dc
known it will tolerate no interference with legitimate
Bridsh interest. The Giornale d^ajc^st^t
Italy and "other strong European nations have
decided to prevent the establishment of a Red Ke-
publlc in Spain, and hints that Italy will ^ prevent
Soviet steamers from reaching Spanish ports.

Nov jM.—Izvestia, official Russian newspaper,
states 'that the German- Japanese agreement is a
"mobilization of the forces of war" and demands
organization of the world's forces of peace to counter-
act? "The alliance increases.the Japanese menace
to the United States and Britain as well as the Ger-
man menace to all of Europe. ™*^™CZ£X>\1
plot against the Soviet alone, but against the whole
world". Russia informs Japan that owing to the
bad atmosphere" created by the German- Japanese
military alfiance, it will be unable to sign the new
fishing agreement "until the situation is cleared up .
The old agreement expires at the end of the yean
The German Ambassador to Japan states that no
agreement has been signed between Germany and
Japan and emphasizes the great value Germany
places on friendship with China. e

Baron General Sadao Araki is quoted as having
stated in a magazine article that communism and
fatefsm menace the world. "Japan as decade ago
sensed the danger of communism and succeeded in
wSng it out. Our salvation basically was a high
ideology and a devotion to the imperial family. Na-
tions without an ideology are threatened by radicalism.
The closest example is the Chinese Republic w here
supposedly Democracy- reigns But, lacking an
ideology, China is undermined by communist trends
which are factors of instability threatening Far
Eastern peace. . . Lack of ideology in any country
will make it suffer as Spain is suffering today and
perhaps France will suffer tomorrow. .. . Germany,
Italy and Soviet Russia developed ideologies when
dictatorships were substituted for an early-formed
democracy. I do not agree that dictatorships as a
substitute for democracy is healthful The League
of Nations is a failure of democracy, it has neither
public credit nor world confidence. . .

Restaurants in Madrid put up "No more food"
signs, and homeless and exhausted women and child-
ren are huddled in doorways weeping from hunger.
Nov. 22. — With the government still in firm control
of Madrid despite two weeks of bombardment, an
immediate and compulsory evacuation of all the civic
and noncombattant populace is ordered to prevent
unnecessary loss of life and thousands of taxicabs
are requisitioned for the purpose. The Russian
Ambassador to Spain states, "I am profoundly mov-
ed by the fight of the Spanish people on behalf of
liberty. The barricades of Madrid are a wall against
a form of savagery which shows no respect for hu-
manity. Foreign planes, manned by mercenaries,
kill women and children and destroy works". Of-
ficials in Madrid state that the Italian and German
recognition of the rebels is in effect a declaration of
war on the Spanish Republic. Britain, France, and
Russia all indicate a firm stand against the threatened
rebel blockade of Catalonia, while Italy and Ger-
many are believed to be planning to aid the blockade
"unofficially". The British Cabinet decides for-
mally not to grant blockaderights to either the leftists
or the rightists in Spain as "international law does

not recognize belligerants in a civil war. It is
stated authoritatively in Rome that Italy 'will not
tolerate a new center of Red revolution in the Medi-
terranean and that any such event would force Italy,
Germany, and Japan from a passive to an active
anti-communist state.

A Russian court sentences E. M. Strickling, a Ger-
man engineer, and eight Russians to death, they
having been found guilty of terrorism and sabotage,
specifically having been charged with concentrating
gas in a coal mine, causing an explosion which killed
several workers. The German Ambassador in Mos-
cow informs the Russian government that the charges
against Strickling are incredible and demands his
immediate pardon.

The threat of a general strike in Japanese-owned
cotton mills in Shanghai, Tientsin, and Tsmgtao
grows as strikes which have been going on for some
time, increase in number. Some fifty crewmen of
the Japanese steamer Seikyo Maru from Keelung,
Formosa, arriving at Foochow, China, attack with-
out warning ten unarmed Chinese customs cfficials
and beat them into insensibility with iron bars and
hammers, afterwards landing a large amount of
merchandise without paying duty. Chinese claim
that the local Japanese consul was aboard the steamer
and made no effort to control the assailants of the
Chinese officials who were only doing their duty.
The Chinese Foreign Office spokesman admits that
the negotiations with Japan are on the verge of sus-

pension. "There is now nothing to talk about. All
talks have been rendered useless in view of the bui-
yuan invasion.

Nov. 23.— The Spanish government charges that
the submarines which attacked the cruiser Cervantes
and other Spanish ships at the entrance to Cartagena
harbor, must have been foreign as the rebels do not
possess submarines. One torpedo hit the cruiser
and did some damage. Other torpedoes were fired
at the Mendez Nunez by a submarine of a different
type. Reported that Washington has ordered the
closing of the U. S. Embassy at Madrid and has or-
dered the staff and a number of refugees m the Em-
bassy to Valencia for safety.

The Chinese Foreign Office protests to Japanese
diplomats the bombing of Chinese positions m Sui-
yuan by Japanese airplanes.

Nov. 24.— Three more Germans are arrested in
Russia. Reported that Germany will sever relation*
with Russia if Strickling s e xec uted and that the
German Ambassador to Britain has sounded Premier
Stanley Baldwin regarding Britain's Possible ad-
hesion to the German- Japanese alliance against
communism, but that Baldwin rejected the^ idea and
told him that a Russo-German breach would se-
riously prejudice an attempt to establish European
peace.

(Continued on page 52)

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

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Editorials

real

It is a question whether the so-called "American
Foreign Policy Association" has a right— at least a

moral right — to use such an important
Conspiracy and fine-sounding name under which

to issue a type of propaganda which
would make some such name as the "Cuban Foreign
Policy Association" much more descriptive of its

nature.

Excerpts from a recent "Report" of this organization
on "the progress of the Philippines", which reached Manila
through the "Associated Press and the United Press, would
seem to indicate that this last emanation has been offered
to the American press with the hope, chiefly, of sabotaging
the coming Philippine -American trade conference. The
Report, for instance, proposes with seeming artlessness and
fairness, that the Philippines be granted tariff autonomy—
the right to impose duties on American imports into the
country, which, of course, would then justify the agita-
tion of various lobbies in the United States in favor of
tariffs against Philippine products; sugar, for example.

To get this and other propaganda into the newspapers, the
Report makes the startling accusation that the Philippine
defense program, launched a year ago, is in fact what
"amounts to a covert conspiracy to keep the United States
in the Philippines", being "intended to strengthen the
military power in the western Pacific in the event of a
war with Japan."

In the nature of things, any successfully worked out defense
plan "strengthens military power"— that is the object.
If, as seems implied, though not stated in the line quoted,
the Philippine plans would strengthen American military
power in the western Pacific, the relations between the
United States and the Philippines being what they are and
what in the future they are likely to be, that would be a
natural corollary, if net the main object of the recent de-
velopment in the shaping of Philippine -American relations.
But why should this be termed a "conspiracy" and "a
conspiracy to keep the United States in the Philippines"?

American military and naval forces have up to the present
never offered adequate protection to the Philippines. The
Philippines has been under the protection of the prestige
of the United States, but not of its armed forces. Since
the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection,
U. S. Army and Philippine Scout forces together have never
greatly exceeded 10,000 men, and the entire U. S. Asiatic
Fleet, consisting of only some thirty ships, most of them
destroyers and submarines, could offer no very serious re-
sistance to an enemy fleet of any size. Neither does it
seem likely that the United States will ever desire to
strengthen its garrison here or greatly increase the strength
of its fleet.

With possibly complete American withdrawal a
matter of a few years, at least on paper, and with
possible neutralization of the Philippines a very
poor guaranty of safety at best, what would any
people do in a similar situation but make an at-
tempt to build up their own defense forces as
rapidly as possible just as the Filipinos are doing?

Would such a course, in itself, "keep the United States
here"? With a Filipino army established, will it not be very
much more likely that, even without complete independence,
U. S. Army units will be withdrawn?

As for the Navy, the Tydings-McDufne law provides for
the possible retention of American naval bases after in-
dependence. Of course, such bases would be of vastly
greater value if well defended by friendly Philippine land
forces than, as now, by inadequate U. S. Army forces, but
what would there be to force the United States to retain
such bases if it does not desire to do so?

Conspiracy is defined as "the act of conspiring; combina-
tion of men for an evil purpose ; an agreeement between two
or more persons to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a

plot".

Is establishing a country's powers of self-defense evilr*
Is the help (chiefly advise) which America is extending to
the Philippines in the building up of its defenses a crime?
What, thereby, is the United States committed to in the
Philippines that it is not already committed to? Full
publicity was given to the plan from its inception, both
here and in the United States. Where is the plot? Against
whom or what is the action treasonable?

All these words are far more applicable to those who
banded themselves together to compel the government of
the United States to abandon the Philippines and leave the
people helpless in a part of the world more than ordinarily
dangerous to defenseless countries. That was a plot, secretly
instituted by selfish lobbies and foreign interests. That
was a betrayal of a ward, of a young, democratic, and
Christian nation that still needs the help and protection
of the United States. That was treason against the good
name of America and an offense against the best elements
of Western civilization that have been planted and fostered
and have been developing here for over three hundred years.

In responding to the invitation of the United States High
Commissioner to register at his office, many an American

in the Philippines learned for the
"Nobodies Sons" first time that his children bom

here are not American citizens.
Not that he was not forewarned, for if he had read the
mimeographed sheet of instructions passed out with the
registration form, he would have noted the sentence:

"Marriage certificates are particularly important in estab-
lishing the citizenship of children born in the Philippines.' '
Such an American's son or daughter may be his "spittin'
image", may have lived with him and borne his name from
birth, may be known to all the community as the man's
son or daughter, but unless he can produce a marriage
certificate or prove in some way that the ceremony of
marriage has duly taken place, that son or daughter is
no American. No distinction is made between "illegiti-
mate" and "natural" children, between "fatherless" chil-
dren and "recognized" children, and such other kinds of
children as there may be. It is "wedding certificate or
nothing!" It is ceremony and not actuality, paper and
not blood, that counts.

This in spite of the law which plainly declares (United
States Code, section 6, title 8): "All children born out of
the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, whose
fathers may be at the time of their birth citizens of the
United States, are declared to be citizens of the United

States " It will be noted that the law says "fathers",

not "parents", and that it says "children", making no dis-
tinction as to "legitimacy".

Although the Philippines is not outside the jurisdiction of
the United States, the Supreme Court has held that the
Philippines was never incorporated into the United States,
and, therefore, while all persons born in the United States
are American citizens, persons born in the Philippines are
not. The Filipinos themselves, while owing allegiance
to the United States, are not citizens but only "nationals"
of the United States — "citizens of the Philippine Islands
and as such entitled to the protection of the United States".
In spite of the plain words of the law, the Maryland
Supreme Court in 1864 ruled that the child of an American
father, born out of lawful wedlock in a foreign country,
did not come under the provision for the reason that under
the law of Maryland, such a child was nullius filii —
"nobody's son". Other judges have followed this decision,
and it makes no difference whether an American here
declares that a child is his son, swears it, boasts it, proves
it in every possible way except by a marriage certificate
(which, after all, is no absolute proof of parentage); the
child remains "nobody's son".

There is a "remedy". The child may be "legitimated"
by going through a marriage ceremony with the mother
which would results in the production of the much -wanted
marriage certificate, but it may be that the mother of the
child is dead, that she is now married to some one else,
or that the father himself is married to another woman, or
a formal marriage may be inadvisable for other reasons.

In a recent Cavite case, the State Department expressed
the opinion: "This Department has held over a period of
many years that a child born abroad out of wedlock of a
putative American father and an allien mother can not be
considered to have been born a citizen of the United States
under Section 1993 of the Revised Statutes of the United
States by reason of any subsequent act on the part of his
putative father unless under the laws of the place of the
father's domicile that act results in legitimation. Accord-
ingly, this Department is of the opinion that did

not acquire American citizenship under Section 1993 of the
Revised Statutes of the United States by being recognized

as the natural child of ."

The Assistant Secretary who wrote this communication

then went on: "However, it may be added that the Depart-
ment recognizes as American nationals children born out
of wedlock outside of the United States to mothers who are
American nationals, where there is no evidence to indicate
that the children have been legitimated by any subsequent
act of the parents." The Secretary kindly conveyed this
information to suggest how the child in question might be
furnished with an American passport. "While full infor-
mation concerning the citizenship status of the mother
of — — • is not before this Department, it would appear
probable that the mother was a citizen of the Philippine
Islands and if such is the case, the child, — • — •, would be
entitled to a passport of this Government as a citizen of
the Philippine Islands, owing allegiance to the United
States."

A passport — yes, when they want one, for the offspring
of the American pioneers here; American citizenship, to
which their blood entitled them — no; so stay-at-home
functionaries have ruled. This is yet another expression
of the shameful lack of appreciation of those at home for
the Americans who came over here in tens of thousands to
do America's work, many of whom, being men and lonely,
took women of the country to themselves whom they did
not always, often could not, marry, — for reasons Wash-
ington chair-warmers wouldn't understand. Many of
these men have stayed here and love the children which came
of these marriages-in-fact, as all fathers love their children.
Though these men have remained silent, they are outraged
by the nullification of the right of blood and of the law itself
by decisions and rulings of magistrates and scriveners who
thus have disenfranchised a considerable part of a whole
generation of Americans in this country, for whom America
may some day have great need. What would Walt Whit-
man have said of the sons of the pioneers as "nobodies'
sons"!

This Time it's
"Sabotaging" the
Philippine Schools

Under thetitle "Sabotaging Filipino Schools",
the former Philippine missionary Harold E.
Fey has written an ar-
ticle for the Christian
Century (Chicago) in
which he sets forth an-
other argument he has found with
which to attack the Philippine national defense program.
This article is as full of misreporting and misrepresenta-
tion, and as mistempered and misintelligent as this man's
article in the Nation (New York), referred to in the Au-
gust issue of the Philippine Magazine.

He calls the defense program a "colossal fascist plan"
of which the Philippine educational system is "one of the
first sufferers", and he avers that this system is now "being
subordinated to the new plan of universal military conscrip-
tion" because the "national revenues can not cover both and
because the educational system can readily be diverted to
provide an effective instrument for militarization".

The simple facts constitute a complete refutation of this
false allegation. In spite of the great increases in the neces-
sary expenses of the government under the new and more
autonomous Commonwealth and the need for general eco-
nomy, the regular Insular appropriations for the Bureau of
Education have remained practically the same according
to figures furnished by Dr. Luther B. Bewley, Director of
Education: f>14,278,400, as against ^14,320,600 in 1936

and f*14,331,700 in 1935. It is true that there were ad-
ditional emergency appropriations in 1935 of 1*876,500 and
in 1936 of 1*1,070,900, but there may be additional emer-
gency appropriations in 1937, too.

Furthermore, an amendment to the law governing the
disposition of the proceeds of the cedula tax, passed during
the last session of the new National Assembly, provides
that where this tax is two pesos, one peso shall accrue to the
school fund in the municipality where it is collected, and
the municipalities are expected to receive over 1*2,000,000
from this source for school purposes.

The Rev. Fey tries to make something of the recommen-
dation of Dr. Rafael Palma, Chairman of the National
Council of Education, to shorten the present elementary
course from seven to five years, calling him, the former
President of the University of the Philippines, the "chief
manipulator' ' of the plot to sabotage the schools. Doctor
Palma's suggestion, however, was rejected by the Council
itself, and a subsequent resolution of this wholly advisory
body suggests the establishment of a six-year elementary
course, but with a five-year instead of a four-year secondary
course. According to Dr. Manuel L. Carreon, Secretary
and member of the Council, "The change, if any is intro-
duced, will very likely consist of only a reorganization of the
school course into a four-year primary, a two-year interme-
diate, and a five-year secondary division".

Another matter that the Rev. Fey uses to build his false
charge upon is the adult education program now under
consideration, a provision for which is contained in the
Constitution of the Commonwealth. According to a state-
ment to the writer by Doctor Carreon, "The military plans
never entered into the deliberations of the Council when the
question of adult illiteracy came up. The matter was dis-
cussed from the viewpoint of raising the general cultural
level of the Filipino people".

The Rev- Fey compares President Manuel L. Quezon to
Premier Benito Mussolini who begins training Italians for
war when they are eight years old, stating that "Quezon,
who begins military training of both sexes at ten, is also
about to initiate a crusade for more cannon fodder". Un-
fortunately for the Reverend's thesis, however, although
"military training" under the National Defense Act, begins
at ten, the normal age of children in the last grade of the
primary school, this training is largely physical training,
not formal military drill. And the proposed compulsory
school attendance is confined to the primary grades only!
So much for the Rev. Fey's "emasculation" of the Philip-
pine public school system and for this "huge military ma-
chine" we are supposed to be building up, which, after
all, will consist of only around a thousand officers, ten thou-
sand regular soldiers, and ten thousand trainees at any one
time (after the program is well under way)— except in war
time when, eventually, a reserve of several hundred thou-

sand could be called to the colors— and thank God for

that.

There is something more than meets the eye in all this
falsely "humanitarian" propaganda from certain quarters
in the United States against the Philippine defense program,
so wholly natural, necessary, and praiseworthy under the
circumstances in which the Philippines finds itself, princi-
pally because of those interests which have so long agitated
for the withdrawal of American protection from the Archi-
pelago. It is probable that they see in the today more evident
potential military, strategic, and political value of the Philip-
pines to the United States, the danger of a new rapproche-
ment just as a time when they were about to sit back satis-
fied with at last having brought about a program of com-
plete abandonment. The plain fact is that these inter-
ests have always worked along anti-historical lines, lines
at variance with the realities of statecraft, and this will
become more and more obvious as history unfolds itself, let
the hirers of the Feys grit their teeth in impotent fury as
they may.

The Chinese Ambassador to Britain, Quo Tai-Chi, in
proposing a toast to "England" at a banquet in London
some time ago, found opportunity to
The Democratic draw attention to "Anglo-Chinese de-
Temperament mocratic ideals", and delivered him-
and Mood self of a number of profound observa-
tions, among them the following: "I
hold they (England and China) are still more alike in that
all over their broad range of administration they not only
protect but also cherish the localisms, they love varia-
tions, they are not afraid of diversity in unity, their sense
of the individual locality, as also of the individual citizen,
has ever remained strong When I hear people demand-
ing what is meant by the term 'democracy', I wonder if the
core of democratic definition is not just love of localism and
of the individual's impregnability. For all the values and
protections of democracy in the definitions currently offered,
China in a broad sense stands custodian in Asia. Her
immemorial history and her present republican career, what-
ever the old trappings and current frustrations, are based
upon that. We hold that Democracy's constant merits
far outweigh its occasional administrative disadvantages
and, above all, that its mood is essential for sound na-
tional and personal living. I believe John Morley's amplia-
tion of the democratic idea back in the 1880's still hold good
for our time. He spoke then of the democratic intention
'not only involving the political doctrine of popular sov-
ereignty, but representing a great group of corresponding
tendencies over the whole field of moral, social, and even
spiritual life within the democratic community'. John
Galsworthy spoke of these tendencies as 'symptoms of tem-
perament', and that phrase sticks in my mind as saying the
most important thing of all about democracy. . ."

Vigil

By Greg. A. Estonanto

ALONE I keep a vigil with the night Then from afar notes for the new-born year

Beside a dreaming bit of star-flecked sea. Suddenly break the night s tranquility;

I scan the firmament : an alien light And like some sage of ancient times, I hear

Far brighter than familiar stars I see. The music of fulfilled prophecy.

The Bishop Came to Town

By Ludivico D. Arciaga

IT was only seven o'clock but father told us to
go to bed. "You've got to wake up early,
sons", he said. "You might miss seeing him
and it will be a long time before you'll have a
chance to see him again." The three of us crept
to bed, happily anticipating the next day. In-
deed, for the bishop to come to our town was a great
event.

When my two younger brothers were already asleep and
I heard father's regular breathing in the other room, I
was a little worried because I hadn't gone to sleep yet and
might not be able to wake up early enough the next morn-
ing. I closed my eyes but my mind refused to abandon
the happy thought. I kept on thinking of what a passer-by
had said in our village that morning; "The bishop is coming
to town tomorrow, friends." And he had hastened on as
though he wanted to continue to spread the news. I kept
on thinking about the bishop. What might a bishop
look like? I had never seen a bishop. I thought of
the story my mother, when she was still alive, used to
tell in connection with a picture that used to hang on
our wall. Mother said a good bishop had given it to her.
It was, I remember very well, a picture of the Child Jesus
holding a shining Cross in His hand. When mother was
young like ourselves, she had gone to town one day with
friends of her age, and the bishop had given that picture
to her. It was a good picture, I tell you. I don't re-
member ever having seen one like it in all the neighborhood.
It was framed and hung on the wall and every evening the
whole family used to kneel before it and pray. And I also
remember that whenever one of our neighbors came to our
house he or she always made it a point to go to it, kneel,
and pray there for a long time. . . . When mother died,
father took it down and put it in mother's coffin. Mother
had always loved it, that's why.

It was perhaps only three o'clock when father shook me.
"It's time to get up son", he said. "You might be late.
The bishop is probably on his way now".

I rose immediately and awakened my two brothers.
Father never makes a mistake about the time, which he is
able to tell by the position of the stars.

We went to wash our faces and then dressed up. Our
clothes had been taken out of the taznpipi the night before
and all we had to do was to pick them up from the bench
beside us. We decided not to put on our shoes yet, but
to carry them in our hands, as we did not wish to get them
wet with dew. Later I lighted the split bamboos I had
prepared to make a torch, and not long afterwards we
were moving out of the yard.

We had agreed the previous afternoon that I and my
brothers Doro and Simo, and Juan, and Cesar and his two
bigger sisters all go together. So beginning with Juan we
picked up the company at their homes one after the other.

We walked over the low mud dykes in the ricefields.
I let Doro hold the torch and he led the way. Simo was
beating the grass in front of us to scare away the snakes.

There[are |marsy [of them in the ricefields at night,
especially when the rice is about to form the grain.
Nearfthe^borders of the village lies the cemetery.
We had to pass the place and you know how
little boys and girls think and feel about a cem-
etery at night. So when we were approaching it
and the tombs of the rich loomed white in the distance,
we all held each other's hands and cowered as close as
possible to the torch. I was a little afraid, too, and
even when we had just stepped out of the yard and I
saw the tall trees in the darkness, I was already wishing
that father was with us. But father is lame. He was hurt
fighting in Cebu under the Spaniards during the early
part of the American occupation. He and his comrades
were scattered all over a field one night and a friend mis-
took him for an enemy. ... I know the man who cut him
down. That man one time came all the way from Bohol in
his little fishing boat to see father. We children were not in
the house when he arrived, but coming home from the
field we saw him and our father talking by the window.
When the man saw us he looked at us for a long time and
then he bent his head and wept silently. I think he was
reminded of what the consequence of his mistake might
have been at the sight of us small brothers. . . . But
father had forgiven him a long time ago.

The sun was already showing in the east when we reach-
ed the town. Going to a public well, we washed our feet
and then put on our shoes. Cesar's sisters put on their
holiday dresses. They tlooked [beautiful in them. They
were old dresses, having been worn by their older sisters
when they were young, but I'd never seen the girls wear
them before and I thought they appeared as beautiful as
the daughters of the town people.

In front of the church were hundreds and hundreds of
people. All of them were waiting for the bishop to arrive,
and expected to hear the sound of his automobile at any
moment. So we went under a big acacia tree, apart from
the town people, and waited too. And there we talked
and talked about (the coming bishop. Doro, whose father
had been a sacristan in the town church, was telling us that
the bishop is the servant of God sent to earth to report on
every man's acts. "When he has learned enough," Doro
said, "he goes back to Heaven with his report and God
gives judgment." "That is why", Doro continued, "Lacay
Tomas died last year. He beat and beat his carabao while
plowing until the poor animal just fell there and died."
"But how did the bishop come to know Lacay Tomas had
beaten his carabao to death?" Simo asked dubiously,
"since he lives very far away and he comes here once in
ten years only?" "Well", Doro said pausing owlishly,
"God has given him the power to know. You see, God can
do anything. If He wanted you to disappear at once from
where you are standing now, He could do it." At this,
Doro blanched and stared at the ground beneath him.

When the bishop's car pulled into town it was already
eight o'clock. We saw him come and stop in the street
in front of our small church. All the people were crowding
reverently around him. By this time, too, we had come
timidly from our waiting place and joined the crowd.

The bishop is an old man. He sat there inside his great
car and the children were crowding on the running board
to kiss his hand. Others were fighting their way forward.
But we village folk just stood there behind the big crowd.
We would kiss the bishop's hand when he gets out of his
car, we thought, and let the town people have the first
chance.

Just then we saw the children getting down from the
running boards. The people in front of the car were also
making way. "Why, Why?" everyone was asking. Then
someone explained that the bishop was just passing by
because he was going to hold mass in the capital, twenty
kilometers away. His great car began to roar and move
slowly away. I looked at my companions. They looked at
me too. But before we could decide what to do we were
all running and following the moving car! We thought of
all the ten years that had passed and the ten years that
had again to come, and felt we had to see him more.

And indeed we did. It was not only we who saw him,
but he saw us. For noticing that we were running after
him, he looked out of his big car, waved at us, and smiled
his blessing. Then his car gathered speed and disappeared
in the distance.

When the bishop was gone we went back to the church
and talked about him more. "Did you see him very well?"
we asked each other, and every one of us was very proud
of the sight we each got. "Why, yes," every one of us was
saying happily.

When the crowd has dispersed we removed our shoes and
carried them in our hands. The richer boys of the town
looked at us. But we did not care. We only wear our
shoes on holidays. Then we went to a store to buy some
candies for the little brothers in the village.

When we reached our barrio again the sun was already
overhead and it was very warm. But the children who
were left behind were waiting for us under a tree near the
entrance to the village. When they saw us approach they
all ran to meet us.

"Did you see the bishop?" they asked excitedly. "Yes",
we all answered, and gave them all a share of the candies
we had bought.

The Heart of Christendom in the Far East"

By A. V* H. Hartendorp

THOMAS DE QUINCEY write of Southern
Asia as the seat of ancient and cruel reli-
gions, of awful images and associations, of
chasms of sunless abysses of the spirit from which
it seemed hopeless that man could ever ascend.

Into this world came Saint Francis Xavier (1506-
1552), "Apostle to the Indies", and this great Jesuit and
other men of the Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican orders
made mighty gains for their faith, although no such gains
anywhere in Asia as in the Philippine Islands.

It was during the lifetime of Xavier that Magellan dis-
covered the Philippines— 1521— and celebrated the first
mass there on the small island of Limasawa, near Leyte.

The first two expeditions sent by Spain to the Philippines
ended in disaster, Villalobos, the leader of the second,
dying in the Moluccas, under the ministrations of Xavier
who was there at the time.

A member of the first expedition was Andres de Urda-
neta, who later renounced military life, became an Augusti-
nian friar, and with four other Augustinians accompanied
the third Spanish expedition, under Legaspi, which finally
effected a settlement of the Philippines at Cebu in 1565,
thirteen years after the death of Xavier. The Augusti-
nians assisted in founding towns and building roads in the
Bisayas, erected churches and schools, and also built the
first church in Manila in 1571, the year that Legaspi
founded that "ancient and ever-loyal" city, now the heart
of Christendom in the Far East.

♦Reprinted by request from the April 1934, K^lTlL^n^StltZ Japa°n
print. The title of the original editorial was, Spam, the United states, jap
and Christianity in the Far East."

The Franciscans came to the Philippines in 1577,
and it was one of their number, Fr. Fernando de
Moraga, who, three times prevented by the sea from
returning to Europe, walked bare-foot through
India, Persia, Arabia, and Syria, preaching as he
went, and finally reached the court of Philip III
where he fell on his knees and obtained the revocation
of the decree which had ordered the abandonment of the
Islands.

The Jesuits came to the Archipelago in 1581 and
established churches and schools in many places. The
Dominicans came in 1586 and founded the first printing
press_1602 — and the oldest university in the Far East,
the University of Santo Tomas, in 1611. The Recollects
came in 1606, and members of other orders followed, and
for over three hundred years the gospel of Christ was preach-
ed throughout the Philippines, brave and zealous men
penetrating into the remotest mountain and jungle
fastnesses.

For the most part these preachers and teachers were
eagerly received by the people— during centuries when in
other parts of Asia missionaries pursued their labors in
defiance of every menace of persecution and torture, and
when the servants of the Lord were cruelly executed in
many cities in Asia, as in 1597, twenty-three Franciscans
were horribly crucified in the port of Nagasaki.

Early during the American occupation, the Episcopalian
layman, John Howe Peyton, was able to write of the Chris-
tian Filipinos in a report of the Philippine Commission:

"I found in all the towns a magnificent church. I attended mass
several times, and the churches were always full of natives, even under
unfavorable circumstances on account of the military occupation. There
are almost no seats in those churches, the services lasting from an hour
to an hour and a half. Never in my life have I observed more evident
signs of deep devotion than those I witnessed there — the men kneeling
or prostrated before the altar, and the women on their knees or seated
on the floor. Nobody left the church during the services, nor spoke
to any one. There is no sectarian spirit there. All have been instructed
in the creed, in prayer, in the ten commandments, and in the catechism.
All have been baptized in infancy. I do not know that there exists in
the world a people as pure, as moral, and as devout as the Filipino people.' '

Subsequent to the American occupation, other denomina-
tions extended their activities to the Philippines, among
them the Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Congregation-
alists, the Baptists, the Presbyterians, the United Brethren,
the Seventh-Day Adventists, and the Christian Scientists.
A schismatic organization, called the Independent Catholic
Church, headed by the Rev. Gregorio Aglipay, is also in
existence.

When, in 1898, the United States imposed its sovereignty
over the Philippines, it thereby assumed an obligation as
regards the protection of Christianity in the Far East,
which it can not lightly shake off. This is generally re-
cognized evei\ by lay writers. Nicholas Roosevelt, in his
book, "The Restless Pacific", (1928) declared:

"As the protector of the Philippine Islands, the [United States has
become the overlord of the only large body of Christians in the East.
There are, all told, about 10,000,000 Christian Filipinos, nearly all of
whom have been brought up in the faith of the Catholic Church. The
Spaniards, who did little to care for the material wellbeing of the Fili-
pino people, spent three hundred years in converting them to Chris-
tianity. The impress of Spanish Catholicism is deep and the devotion
of the people beyond question. Although the American Government
in the Philippines has nothing to do with the perpetuation of religion,
it stands to reason that as trustee of the Islands it is morally bound to
protect the spiritual wellbeing of the people in the event that they are
threatened by external forces hostile to Christianity."

The preoccupation of the Spanish Government and the
Spanish authorities with matters of the faith is indicated
even in the Articles of Capitulation of the City of Manila,
dated August 14, 1898. The religious interests of the
people came next after their lives. The seventh and final
article of the Capitulation stated:

"This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
educational establishments, and its private property of all descriptions
are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honor of the
American army."

Article X of the Treaty of Peace between the United
States and Spain, signed in Paris on December 10, 1898,
stated:

"The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or
cedes sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion. '»

"Shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion",
may be variously interpreted. It probably did not even
occur to the Spanish plenipotentiaries that the United
States could ever abandon the people of the Philippines
to "external forces hostile to Christianity".

What are these external forces hostile to Christianity?

Spiritually speaking, the Philippines is an island of
light in a vast gulf of fetichism, animism, ancestor-worship,
and polytheism; of magic, divination, sorcery, idolatry, and
priestly trickery; of amulets, talismans, hideous idols, and
temples to beast gods and demons and gods of destruction.
Not that the East does not have its great religions. Much

of Christianity it owes to the Orient. But generally speak-
ing, the people of Asia are sunk in mass misery and mass
poverty, and far from being encouraged and uplifted by
their religions, they are still deeper ojgpressed.

The natural development of religion is from fetichism
and animism to ancestor- worship, to polytheism, to mono-
theism. Hundreds of millions of Asiatics still live in the
animistic stage of religious development, and hundreds of
millions more have advanced no further than to the stage
of ancestor-worship. The latter represents a considerable
and significant advance over the former, for it humanizes
religious concepts, but still it stands for the rule of the dead
over the living, for tradition, for enfettering conservat-
ism.

Taoism, originating in primitive magic practices, devel-
oped into something like Buddhism, and was not so much
a religion as a philosophy understood only by the few.
Lao-tse taught stoical indifference and advocated a return
to the supposedly more simple life of the past — ideas that
held out no hope for the people. Confucius, though per-
sonally one of the noblest of men, also stood for the per-
petuation of the ceremonies of antiquity and especially
for loyalty to the family relationship. He was a teacher in
decorum rather than a religious leader. His was not a sti-
mulating gospel.

Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was one of the
greatest thinkers of all time. Without the help of science,
he was a man of almost scientific insight. Yet his attitude
toward life was also a negative one. He taught the sup-
pression of desire, the extinction of all personal aims, the
merging of the personality into the All. This was, again,
rather a philosophy than a religion, misunderstood from
the beginning, and soon distorted by monstrous legends.
No more than Taoism or Confucianism in China, could
Buddhism overcome the superstitious and often vile
practices of India, the weird and horrible polytheism of
Brahmanism, the sex- worship, the snake- worship, the
worship of gods of vice and crime and death. Unhappy
people continued to throw themselves under the crushing
wheels of the Juggernaut of Siva.

As for Mohammedanism, nearly all that is good in it —
and there is much good — was derived from Judaism and
Christianity. Its founder was an unprincipled and lustful
man, not worthy to be compared with such men as Gau-
tama, Lao-tse, or Confucius. The Koran, which he con-
cocted, is immeasurably inferior to the sacred literature
of the Indians and the Jews. His life was one of intrigue
and treachery and stained by blood; and fire, murder, and
rapine have marked the progress of Islam almost every-
where. Fanaticism has vitiated the general simplicity
and broad democracy of Islam's fundamental principles.

Of modern Shintoism it is hardly worth while to speak as
a religion. Originally a primitive nature worship, it was
greatly influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism, but
it is now a narrowly nationalistic, propagandized state
religion culminating in the worship of the Emperor as the
"Visible Deity".

As opposed to all these religions stands Christianity,
which had its origin also in the East, but was developed by
the West. The Jews gave the world the idea of one god
and also developed a code of social justice in the Mosaic
laws which became a powerful lever in the progress of

civilization. Then Christ, mankind's greatest and most
beloved teacher, appeared, and made it clear that the one
god of the Jews was God of all mankind, and a loving Father.
Christ's moral idealism, his love for the poor and the mis-
erable, his gentleness to women and children, his disregard
for tradition, his dislike of formalism, the emphasis he
placed on the importance of the individual and on the value
of works rather than long prayers— these conceptions are
the greatest contributions ever made to the civilization of
mankind.

Christianity itself is not yet wholly christianized, and
the West is still far from being Christian. But Christianity
is working like a leaven throughout the world. It is a sim-
ple, understandable religion, clear to the humblest and the
most ignorant. It is a religion of brotherhood, of love,
faith, and hope. It is untainted by luxury or sensual ima-
ginings. It stands clear from resignation, despair, and all
of those negative qualities so evident in other religious
systems.

Interest in the mere dogma of Christianity, for which the
Greek-trained Paul, the Apostle, and not Christ himself,
was chiefly responsible, may be weakening, but Christianity
as a way of life is a living and vigorous evangel. Christian
ethics and the Christian outlook must prevail if the world
is not to slip back into barbarism.

Christianity in the Philippines, especially, must not be
abandoned and left to the scant mercies of the hostile
forces which surround it. The grant of political "independ-
ence" to the Philippines, if this also implies the withdrawal
of American protection, would amount to nothing more
than turning this great Christian Archipelago over to
Japan and to heathenism.

Even if there were no immediate military aggression— and
this is not at all to be taken for granted— a Japanese influx
would set in which the Filipinos would not be strong enough
to check, and the general economic domination that would
ensue would before long become political. Japan would
tire of indirect control, and the Philippines would become a
colony of Dai Nippon, ruled from and for Japan.

The Christian churches might not at once be directly
interfered with, but Christian thought and ethics stand in
direct opposition to the Japanese system, and Japan would

be forced by its own inner spirit and without any special
malevolence, to carry out a program of Japanization through
the schools, as in the schools of Korea where "the Korean
language, the history of Korea and of Western nations,
political economy, or any subject that would stimulate
patriotism are prohibited", and emperor-worship would be
inculcated as it is in Japan itself, in Korea, and even in the
Pacific islands mandated to Japan, where today the school
children are made to genuflect several times a day before
shrines containing pictures or images of the Sun-God
Emperor. And this, too, would come to pass in the Philip-
pines, while fathers and mothers wept in their homes and
called to a God who it would seem had forsaken them
because the Christian world forsook them.

But the God of All Nations works in the hearts of men and
it may become clear to Christian America that the glorious
labors of many thousands of devout men during the past
three hundred years and the faith of the whole people can
not be so betrayed, and that it is the obligation of the United
States of America to continue to uphold the illuminating
torch of Christianity in Asia.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH— Arch-bishop 1; bishops including Guam 15;
secular priests over 1000; religious priests 650 (Augustinians, Belgian Fathers, Bene-
dictines of Monserrat, Benedictine Missionaries, Capuchins, Columban Fathers,
Fathers of the Society of the Divine Word, Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuit Fathers,
Obletos de San Jose, Maryknoll ^Fathers, Mill JHill Fathers, Pauline Fathers.
Recollect Fathers, Redemptorist Fathers, Australian Province, Redemptonst
Fathers Irish Province, Sacred Heart Missionaries and Christian Brothers); reli-
gious sisters devoted to teaching, nursing, etc., 1500 (Agustinas Terciarias de Fili-
pinas, Agustinas Terciarias Recoletas, Benedictine Sisters of St. Otilla, Congre-
gaci6n de las Hijas de la Caridad o de S. Vicente, Compania de Beatas de la Virgen
Maria, Dominican Mothers; Assumption Sisters, Belgian Sisters, Missionary Sisters,
Servants of the Holy Ghost, Maryknoll Sisters, Franciscan Sisters, Good Shepherd
Sisters Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, Oblates Franciscan
Missionaries of Mary, Sisters of St. Paul de Chartress, Madres Clarisas, Carmelite
Sisters Sisters of the Holy Ghost, Benedictines of the Eucharistic King) ; religious lay
brothers 100; churches not less than 1400; chapels about 4500; Santo Tomas Uni-
versity about 3,000 students; colleges and higher schools 103; primary and inter
mediate schools 600; pupils attending Catholic schools (recognized and unrecognized
by the Government) over 100,000; hospitals and orphanages 26; seminaries 15;
students attending seminaries 950.

IGLESIA CATOLICA APOSTOLICA FILIPINA (Aglipayanos)— Bishops 9;
priests 200; parishes 200; primary schools 200 (with about 6,000 pupils); seminaries
3; number of members estimated at about 2,000,000.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL MISSION— Membership 79,000; church buildings
293- parsonages 116; value of church buildings 1*962,000; pastors 89; probationers
23 'local preachers 119; deaconesses 101; Bible women 50; women missionaries
(Women's Foreign Missionary Society) 14; missionary families (Board of Foreign

Missions) 5.

(Continued on page 46)

To a Vine, Cut down by Mis-
take by the Gardener

By Priscilla Fansler

WHERE are your fresh green fragrance and bright
leaves,
Which at high morning softened the hot sun's beams
Admitting only cool and amber glow
Into the room?

Where is the faint, sweet rustling
As the wind gently shook your proud, small banners,
Stirring in the daylight and the air?
Where are the sprays of delicate sunrise,
Which caught the dawn's freshness and treasured it
Throughout the noonday?

Withered and gone.

Cut from the sustaining, wholesome earth,

Your stalk of life. . . .

And now the evening birds are singing in the sky,

And the rosy sun is sinking in the west,

And you hang dying. . . .

The light breeze moans through your panting leaves

Still clutching at the window where you grew

As if that bare support might give you life.

Life and all it meant to you is gone

Only your drying stems are left,
Reminders of the past.

Owl in the Moon

By N. V. M. Gonzales

SOME years before, together with other peas-
ants from Simirara, an island in the south,
Bruno had settled in Mindoro. He was a
squat middle-aged man, and had not much wits to
pride himself on, perhaps, but he had found land, a
sizeable holding, alongside an empty river bed
and near a heavy stand of timber. Although close to
the wilds, there was only a light undergrowth there.
Perhaps some one had cleared the place before him. Yes, —
who could it be? . . . But that would be no matter, for
Bruno liked the site.

An owl had been seen frequenting the place, hooting
strangely as the moon appeared above the broad shoulder
of the forest, and so it was called Baglao. Asked by other
Simirara peasants as to how he was getting along, he replied
that all was well and that in truth the soil of Baglao was
just the kind they were looking for — a moist brown mixture
of humus and peaty loam, good for whatever crop they
might have a mind to raise. So, in time, the others moved
up to Baglao too.

Bruno had a wife when he came but she died suddenly
after his first harvest there, and so he had to take a second.
This time it was Karia, a small but pretty girl, hardly a
woman yet. But she proved a good wife, even from the
start, and was eager to help Bruno in every way. Since
he had to enlarge his hut, it was she who started making
the shingles of leafy rattan fronds, and with Bruno's knife
she split bamboo for the flooring. Indeed, she would have
gone so far as to build the whole lean-to all by herself, had
not Bruno dismissed her good-naturedly, saying that that
was no work for a woman.

They were happy together. But then it was rumored that
trouble would come because the land was owned by some
one else. It had been the property of a rich old merchant,
according to an expediente or Spanish land-grant; the land
had afterwards been sold and resold until now it was in
the hands of one Ka Turano, a retired municipal official
of Mansalay, the nearest town by the sea. He was a tall,
broad-shouldered man, and some fifty years of age or
thereabouts; just recently a widower, it was said. How
quickly one knew about an unseen ptrson, even by word
of mouth. He would be coming to Baglao for sure, to
look over the property. The peasants received the news
with much apprehension, not knowing what to do. They
thanked the rain when it fell for well nigh three long weeks,
filling the empty river-bed and flooding the land, making
all trails almost impassable.

But the weather cleared up again. The sun rose clear
and bright once more and the rice glistened with dew.
Of afternoons, tired from work, the peasants often gathered
at their doorsteps to while away the twilight hour in gossip.
Sometimes the air would seem to be laden with the scent
of ripening grain, though harvest was still a good many
months off.

To her husband, Karia had expressed all her fears about
the land, which he had dismissed by laughing whenever the
subject was brought up. But it was not long before Ka

Turano showed himself. He cut a fine, lordly
figure in the sunshine as he walked along the road.
He spent the day visiting the clearings and
talked with every one, explaining the rights he held
over the property. Whereas before they had been
loud with talk on their own behalf, the peasants
now listened attentively to him.

"How then shall we share the crops with you?" they
asked.

"And will you to let us settle here indefinitely, as long as
we are prompt in turning over your share?" said another.

At this Ka Turano had laughed, rather absent-mindedly.

Before going back to town one day, he said he would
think matters over, the terms under which the peasants
would work. "But just keep on, good men," he encouraged
them. "Get ahead with the planting. . . ."

A week later, on his second visit, he said: "Well, you
may stay and work here as long as you wish, but never
fail setting aside a third of the crop for me, — a third of
anything you raise. ..." He broke off with a chuckle
and held out one hand to attract attention: "Then also,
you must bring to town such chickens and eggs as I may
need!" — and as though it were all a joke, he laughed loudly
upon mention of those chickens. But the peasants under-
stood him only too well.

He talked intimately with all the men, putting down their
names in a tiny notebook which he carried around. Such a
long list he already had, but still he was careful to check each
name so that it tallied with each clearing he visited. Thus
he discovered he had nearly missed Bruno.

The fact was that Bruno suffered from the way he had
belittled Karia's fears, and now he was hardly man enough
to meet the land-owner face to face. Feeling this way, he
had escaped to the forest — "To gather honey and wax," as
he explained to Karia.

"Ay, sir," said Karia, for Ka Turano had gone straight
to her. "He's gone, sir, — to the forest for honey and wax."

On subsequent trips Ka Turano always went to her, and
always it was the same: "Sir, he's just gone to the forest
for honey and wax!"

Suspicious, after this had happened a number of times,
he wondered if it were only a ruse.

"But, ay, sir, — it's the truth," pleaded Karia. "I am
alone, sir, — just as you see!"

He looked her over then, from head to foot, in the way
some men look at a woman, even as she smiled shyly. He
smiled too, his teeth showing handsomely, strong-looking
and white despite his age.

mHERE was a vacant hut at the edge of the clearings,
A and the peasants had prepared it for Ka Turano
to lodge in whenever he came. They tried always to give
him much comfort: a neat warm bed and a smouldering
night-fire in the front yard. But this time there seemed
something lacking, for Ka Turano could not sleep a wink,
and went out into the open yard, under the moon. It was

(Continued on page 44)

The Commonwealth Educational Policies

By Nicolas V. Villarruz

THE Independence Act, otherwise known
as the Tydings-McDuffie Law, grants
complete educational autonomy to the M

Commonwealth government, subject only to one j;*)
limitation, namely, that "provision shall be made x*<
for the establishment and maintenance of an
adequate system of public schools, primarily
conducted in the English language.' '

Pursuant to the powers granted by the Independence
Act, the Constitutional Convention defined as far as it
thought practicable the educational policies of the State
in Article XIII, Sec. 5 of the Constitution, which provides:

"All educational institutions shall be under the supervision of and
subject to regulation by the State. The Government shall establish
and maintain a complete and adequate system of public education, and
shall provide at least free public primary instruction, and citizenship
training to adult citizens. All schools shall aim to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and vocational efficiency,
and to teach the duties of citizenship. Optional religious instruction
shall be maintained in the public schools as now authorized by law.
Universities established by the State shall enjoy academic freedom.
The State shall create scholarships in arts, science, and letters for spe-
cially gifted citizens."

In this provision, there are six sentences, each with a
separate and definite significance.

State supervision and regulation. — The first sentence
proclaims the power of the State to supervise and regulate
all educational institutions. The reason for this authority
is that "education is essentially a public function. Educa-
tional activities being intended to advance the interests of
the country as a whole and the welfare of the inhabitants,
it is only just and proper that the state be given authority
and power to supervise and regulate the schools, colleges, and
universities.,, (Osias — "The Constitution and Education,"
Tribune, June 4, 1935) To give effect to this provision
the National Assembly passed bill No. 2300 which provides
among other things that a private school or college before
opening must obtain from the Secretary of Public Instruc-
tion the required permission.

Complete educational system.— The first part of the
second sentence speaks of the duty of the State to establish
and maintain a complete and adequate system of public
education, and to provide at least free primary instruction.
That this requirement is mandatory is indicated by the
word "shall" between the words "Government" and "es-
tablish". Section 4, Art. XIII of the draft of the Com-
mittee of Seven originally provided:

«* * * Tne Government shall provide at least free public elemen-
tary instruction, and citizenship training for the able-bodied adult mem-
bers of the State. * * *"

Delegates Osias and Maramara presented as an amend-
ment to the draft of the Committee of Seven the present
provision of the Constitution. In explaining the provision,
Delegate Osias advanced, among others, the following
points:

"(1) The establishment of a public educational system is an ines-
capable obligation of the State; (2) it is a governmental function to
administer, supervise, and manage a public educational system; (3)

the^system iof public education,* essential* in a democracy,
must be complete and adequate; (4) each generation must
determine what it deems a complete and adequate educa-
tional system; (5) it is contemplated that the State should
establish and maintain elementary public schools, primary
instruction at least, and, if possible, all elementary in-
struction to be free; (6) there should be vocational schools
to serve and further the intellectual, industrial, commer-
cial, and other economic interests of the nation; (7) within
the limits of the funds available, the State should establish and main-
tain a state university with the existing or additional branches, such a
university to constitute the capstone of the national system."

The Convention first rejected the Osias-Maramara amend-
ment by a vote of 47 to 43 because the majority construed
the adjective "complete" to mean free education through-
out the whole system. It was the motion of Delegate
Manuel Lim from Manila for reconsideration of the amend-
ment that may be said to have saved the cause ©f public
higher education in the Philippines, the motion passing by
a majority of ten votes (49 against 39). Delegate Lim in
a letter to the writer on August 15, 1935, enumerated the
reasons for his motion as follows:

"First, the tendency everywhere is towards the extension of popular
education with the aim to stamp out illiteracy. All the progressive
nations in the world have adopted such a policy by establishing and
maintaining state universities. . . . The political backwardness of the
natives of Java, our great neighbor, and of other Malay colonies, is due
mainly to their lack of opportunity to acquire a higher education.

"Second, no sound and adequate system of education could ever be
established or developed by the State unless it is complete. . . . The
gaps left unfilled would cause the disruption of the whole system.

"Third, the higher public institutions of learning would be the State's
main instrumentalities to carry into effect its particular interests and
policies. . . . National consciousness and national pride can be devel-
oped through this medium. . . .

"Fourth, research is the gist of progress in all lines of human activ-
ities, and we can not possibly expect our private educational institu-
tions to accomplish so much in this field as our tax-supported educa-
tional centers. . . The owners of private educational institutions can
not afford to maintain an efficient force of researchers. Their limited
finances and their continuous struggle to balance their limited income
with their expenses, constitute an insurmountable handicap.

"Fifth, as a general rule, the creation of public institutions of higher
education is the only way to maintain non -sectarian instruction.

"Sixth, to limit the State to the maintenance of primary education,
would make it impossible for great numbers of our people to obtain
higher education. We would be unable to develop leaders, so greatly
needed for the welfare of our country. . . ."

Adult citizenship training— The second part of the
second sentence of the constitutional provision refers to
the duty of the Government to provide for the training of
adult citizens in citizenship.

"In the course of the discussion of this provision, two things were
made clear. One was that adults should be trained to become literate,
physically fit, and capable of achieving a measure of social competence
through vocational rehabilitation. The other point was that adult

{Continued on page 42)

The Importance of Filipino Literature

in English

By A. V. H. Hartendorp

THE principal development in the Philippines
since the beginning of United States sov-
ereignty in the Archipelago now nearly four
decades ago, has been political, as was, indeed,
natural under the circumstances. Economic devel-
opment, though not equally great, has also been
considerable, and is now, with the establishment of
the Commonwealth, receiving new impetus. Coincident
with this political and economic development has been an
educational and cultural development. Literacy has greatly
increased, chiefly in English, and the arts— architecture, sculp-
ture, painting, music, literature — have all moved forward.

Architecture is perforce eclectic under modern conditions
and the development of a typically Philippine building art
is probably not to be expected, although interesting ex-
periments are being carried out in the construction of
buildings with local structural and ornamental motives.
Sculpture and painting are both still largely imitative, and
under modern world conditions, a very distinctive national
style is not to be expected in these fields either. In music,
the native folksongs have recently received more attention
than formerly in orchestral work, especially the melodies
current among our non-Christian peoples which are more
characteristic than our kundiman tunes, largely medieval
Spanish in origin.

Strikingly enough, it is in literature, even though it be
in English, that we may hope to develop something typically
national in psychology, and it is indeed literature that seems
to be leading the way in the present cultural revival. It
is strange, but true, that Filipino literature in English is
way ahead of literature in the vernacular in so far as artistic
values are concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
the English-reading public in the Philippines demands a
higher standard of writing and editing than is demanded by
those who read in the vernacular. Vernacular periodicals
have gone after mass circulation and have made no effort
to appeal to anything but the most unformed tastes. Wri-
ters in English, on the other hand, are making a conscious
effort to reach truly artistic expression, stimulated as they
are by the body of world literature in English. The ver-
nacular writers lack such standards of comparison.

In a sense, the development of Filipino literature in
English has been an artificial development. Because of
the lack of an existing national language in the Philippines
when the Americans first inaugurated their famous school
system here, nearly forty yers ago, and the practical diffi-
culties in the way of either preparing textbooks in the
principal local languages, of which there are at least eight,
or establishing one of these as the general tongue — none of
them had any extensive literature — , English was made the
language of the schools and (together with Spanish) the
official language of the country. Though the knowledge of
English, therefore, soon became widespread and the language
was generally used for official and business purposes, it has
become a medium for genuine literary expression only

during the last ten years or so, as was to have been
expected, the artistic always waiting upon the prac-
tical. Root and stem and leaves must come before
the flower. Filipino literature in English can not,
to-day, be said to be artificial, and, as English
comes to be ever more widely used, not only in
business and social circles, but in the home, English
will become as native a language in the Philippines as it
is in other parts of the world not nationally English. No
one is born with a language; ability to use any language is
an individual acquirement. And English is basically a
simpler language than any other developed language; is
freer, more hospitable, and more elastic; and is in vocabulary
the richest and in style the most expressive language de-
veloped by man. As a consequence, the greatest world
treasury of literature is in English.

The greatest gift that America has made to the Philip-
pines is English; given English, everything else that Amer-
ica has brought would in time have come anyway. English
has established direct contact between the Filipino and
the most advanced peoples of the world; and through his
own contribution to English literature the Filipino may hope
to greatly enrich it by something unique and valuable, a
stream of racial and cultural thought that is new even to
English; for though English is a world language, it has not
heretofore been the means of literary expression of any
other Oriental or tropical people, the British government in
India and elsewhere in the Orient having done little to
disseminate the tongue.

The Filipino contribution to English literature has, as
stated, already begun, although only recently. Ten years
ago it was still almost impossible for magazine editors to
get a literary composition of any sort from a Filipino writer
other than a matter-of-fact article or report. The move-
ment began with an occasional short story, essay, or poem
but the short story being intrinsically more interesting
and, in a sense, easier to write, soon took the lead. Publi-
cation stimulated the writers and the short story became
an object of conscious study on the part of Manila writers
and today a number of these could creditably occupy
chairs on the subject in any good American or European
university.

For some years the writers wasted their time in writing
imitations of such tales of adventure and plot and stories
embodying sophisticated dialogue as they saw in American
and foreign magazines. Others tried to write tales of the
remote past, involving shadowy legendary figures, and
drawing largely upon their imaginations for development.
These efforts failed as they deserved to fail. Then they
began to write of their own people and of their own times,
tales of the country folk and of the provincial village, tales
of the jungle and sea and river, tales of Manila, and they
had found their metier. They began naturally to write
a sort of story strangely like the Russian stories that have
become classics, probably because the great Russian

writers were among the first to see the human interest,
the comedy and the tragedy, the truth and the beauty
in the every-day life of the people, and probably also
because the Russians have in them something of the
Oriental.

It is a sign of ignorance to minimize the importance of
the short story in art. Many of the world's most precious
literary treasures are cast in that form. Much of the most
national work in the world is found in the short story.
The short story is a truer index to national thought than
either the novel or the poem. Short stories are more easily
published and distributed, more widely read, and exert
perhaps a deeper influence than any other form of literary
expression.

Already Filipino short stories are being published or
republished in the world press, in some of the best magazines
in England and America. Foreign writers visiting Manila
are without exception surprised — and impressed. To
many of them it seems impossible that Filipinos should be
writing in English as if they think in English, and yet,
such is the case; and why shouldn't it be after over thirty
years of English in the public schools?

In poetry, too, the Filipino is beginning to make a genuine
contribution, introducing an imagery and turns of expres-
sion that are new and vital — inevitably so.

The essay form has dropped behind. Of the writer of

the short story there is demanded only the ability to obi
serve, to understand, and to sympathize, and to tell a story
well; of the writer of the essay is required not only a finished
style but a wide range of information and a broad culture,
not to say a ripe wisdom, which only a few Filipino writers
have so far achieved; they are still too young. However
a number of editorial writers and columnists have recently
come to the fore who are doing notable work, and from
among these, writers of the essay may be expected to come.

No important novel in English has as yet been written
by a Filipino, but there are a number of writers I know who
are essaying the task. In the end they will certainly succeed
as they are brilliantly succeeding with the short story.
The same remarks apply to play -writing.

In the meantime, let us give due honor to the earnest
young men and women, pioneers in a new realm conquered
for the language of Shakespeare, who, describing the
Philippine scene and expressing the innermost thought
and emotions of the people, are giving, perhaps more than
our politicians and menfof affairs, the Philippines an in-
ternational personality, doing what no foreigner can ever
do for the country, presenting it in the effulgent light cast
only by a true and autochthonous art, in this case that
most exact and expressive of arts, that art which is the
more truly universal, the more faithful it is to its place of
origin — the art of the written word.

The Filipino Short Story— Ten Years of

Experiment

By A. B. Rotor

IT must have been about ten years ago when
Filipino writers in English first experimented
with the short story as a literary form. Be-
fore this there had been occasional tales published,
mostly translations from the Spanish or one of
the dialects, but these were not seriously regarded.
It was not until a much later date that writers and editors
and the reading public began to take cognizance of the
new form.

The object of the experiment was of course to find out
how adequately the short story as developed by American
and European authors could be used to describe and record
certain phases of the life of a people ethnographically
different. To achieve its purpose, such a literary com-
position must fulfill certain conditions. It must never
deviate from the truth, its character must be distinctly
native. In short, this short story must be English only
in language; in all other aspects it must be Filipino.

Several problems naturally came up; some of these
problems, as those relating to language, style, local color,
unconscious imitation, I presented in the 1930 Anniversary
issue of the Herald. The procedure adopted to solve them
was the most primitive, the trial-and-error method. Our

writers tried out various forms, studied the more
representative examples from various nations, fol-
lowed the different schools of thought, identified
themselves with the new trends as these came up.
These movements, interesting because they re-
veal the stages and perhaps the ultimate result of

an evolutionary process, can not be more than briefly

outlined here.

The Influence of Maupassant and Poe
The first form belonged naturally to what may be called
the classical or conservative or old-fashioned school, depend-
ing on whether one is academic, reminiscent, or sarcastic. In
its uncorrupted form this was the ideal personified in Mau-
passant and Poe. This type of story had a plot, essentialy
built around a conflict, more explicit than implicit, a cen-
tral character around which the main action revolved,
minor characters, and, most important of all, a denouement.
There was a careful building up to a climax, and the events
related and the manner of narration itself were nicely
calculated to focus interest on this point.

Our writers therefore took up the study of Maupassant
and Poe, and this study was evident in the stories that

Came out at that time which were markedly influenced by
these two masters. Not only was their way of construction
copied as faithfully as possible, but even their plots and
themes were lifted bodily. To this day I remember a
story that appeared in a local weekly which utilized the
restaurant scene in Maupassant's "The Coward.' '

The type did not remain uncorrupted very long; soon it
degenerated into the "formula" story of the cheaper Amer-
ican magazines, and thereafter of course ceased to have any
literary value. The formula was easily mastered. A
situation, interesting or unusual, was made up, and then
the characters necessary to its resolution were put in and
the situation was given a very satisfactory resolution.
Characterization was very simple and obvious, the hero
very heroic, the villain very villainous. These wooden
effigies moved about quite jerkily, one could almost see
the strings by which their creator moved them.

Our writers picked up this type of story rather quickly,
because it did not require a great deal of effort. By follow-
ing the formula one could turn out a steady stream of short
stories. The problems of the Filipino short story, however,
it did not solve.

Sherwood Anderson

Existing at about the same time as this school was a sort
of an opposite camp, opposite in ideals, in definition, in
construction, a school that stemmed from Sherwood An-
derson. Jose Garcia Villa popularized it, and such was
his influence that soon he had a host of followers. In some
respects this style of writing was better adapted to local
needs. The form was not so factitious (although a closer
analysis of a collection of Sherwood Anderson stories will
reveal that they too follow a sort of a pattern); its con-
struction allowed of some variations. Plot development
was subordinated to character delineation; sometimes the
whole story had for its object the throwing into sharp
relief of a single character trait.

The handling of dialogue in this form of story for a time
pointed the way out of our difficulty. Conversation was
frequently in indirect discourse, and, obviously, the less of
English dialogue characters who are not English use, the
less will be the strain on the readers imagination.

The type however was not without its drawback. The
tone of the story tended to be introspective, and intros-
pective farmers or stevedores or cocheros do not lend
themselves easily to description.

Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway and the reportorial school as an
influence on local writers is comparatively recent. His
vogue started with "Fifty Grand" and his collection "Men
Without Women", which included the famous "The Kil-
lers." Characteristic of stories like this last is the dis-
passionate, impersonal, even disinterested manner the
facts of the story are related. It is as if the author assumes
the role of a reporter who chances by the merest accident
across an incident or a character, whose doings he thereupon
puts down in a sort of stenographic report. And all that
he records are apparently insignificant, unessential happen-
ings; he writes what he sees and hears, but he does not seem
to be touched in any manner, and he misses the deeper
currents; he has absolutely no idea that the little that

attracts him is but a small part of the larger pattern that
escapes him.

In the hands of Hemingway, this form permits the sub-
tlest effects of suggestion. The words used are the sim-
plest, most common, even trite, the sentences and the
paragraphs are never involved, description are reduced to
the barest essentials. But from the commonplace words,
the desultory relation, the reader constructs the darkest
tragedy or the most exquisite rapture, and the effect of the
impact is multiplied a hundredfold, because the reader
has to reconstruct for himself the whole catastrophe, and
because the Hemingway story often leaves him at exactly
that split second before the denouement.

William Saroyan

The most recent trend and the latest experiment concerns
itself with the story as William Saroyan, literary discovery
of Story magazine, writes it. He represents perhaps the
most radical departure from the conventions of the short
story. In painting he would be a surrealist, in music his
name would be bracketed with Schonberg. In the Saroyan
story, plot, characterization, single effect, conflict, denoue-
ment, resolution, are not considered essential in themselves.
Some of the specimens are anecdotes, or essays, or mono-
logues, or just flights of fancy without beginning or end.
On reading his works, one gets the impression that the
fellow simply put down anything and everything that came
to his mind — one day when he had nothing to do and felt
like toying with his typewriter — and called the product a
short story with his tongue in his cheek. Certainly these
tales strain to the utmost the accepted definitions of the
short story. Thus the description of a cat walking becomes
a plot, a conversation with a barber is a story, an account
of the feelings one has in an unheated room is treated at
great length.

The followers of this school, as well as that of the re-
portorial, achieve their most telling effects by repetition
of certain motifs, which may be a word or phrase, a partic-
ular scene, or an unusual mark of punctuation. Some-
times it is a series of italics that occur after every paragraph,
sometimes it is a row of asterisks. This monotonous reite-
ration is capable of overwhelming effects. The account
of the hollow noise produced by horses passing over a
wooden bridge I read once, and the memory still is fresh
with me because of the use of repeated words. No doubt
the device may be employed to convey certain things more
vividly than any other device; one imagines right away the
patter of raindrops or the monotonous whine of a high wind.

Unfortunately both these forms can be handled only by
a master craftsman. Their difficulty lies in their seeming
simplicity and naivete. The tyro will not understand that
although it is true that Hemingway reports facts as he sees
them, the facts that he picks out make a story; and that a
very nice sense of discrimination, an unerring feeling for
drama, is brought into play. The tyro trying his hand will
almost always report facts that not only have no bearing
on the story, but also hinder the movement, obscure
characterization, and violate single effect.

In following Saroyan, the danger is greater. It is so
easy to mistake a lack of discipline for a new freedom;

(Continued on page 41)

The University of Washington

THE University of Washington, Seattle, may
be considered the most popular school among
Filipino students abroad. A casual survey
of Filipino students outside of the Philippines re-
veals that this University has three claims to this
distinction; first, it has the largest Filipino enroll-
ment this month (October, 1936) among all colleges
and universities in this country; secondly, a long view
of Filipino enrollment in American schools since 1913
indicates that more Filipinos have enrolled in this Univer-
sity than in any other college or university in America;
thirdly, it has what is considered the largest Filipino alumni
group — 128 strong — among American schools.

When the University opened its classes early this month,
there were found 60 Filipino registrants. This number
does not include the eight Filipinos who are taking courses
leading to doctorate degrees. Although apparently neg-
ligible, this total is estimated to exceed by far the Filipino
enrollment in any other institution of higher learning in
the United States. At this writing, the University of
California, Berkeley, the nearest rival of this University in
size of Filipino enrollment, has but 20 Filipinos.

One reason for this is that although about three-fourth
of all the Filipinos in the United States are found in the
state of California, only a very small number of them go to
school. In a recent student survey it was found that there
were nearly as many Filipino students in the State of Wash-
ington as there were in the State of California in spite of
the fact that California has about ten times as many Fili-
pinos as Washington. Another reason is that the nature
of work available to Filipino students in California is such
that a Filipino's educational ambitions are often supplanted
by the economic. Many Filipino students in Washington,
remain in school due to the lack of regular employment for
them outside of work suitable for working students.

A recent report of the American Council on Education
includes recent figures on Filipino enrollment in American
colleges and universities in more than thirty states. Pertinent
facts in this report, supplemented by the records of the
registrar of the University of Washington, are summarized
in the following table:

By Sebastian S. Abella

1933-34 395 41

1934-35 417 45

1935-36 v (no report yet) . . 60

NOTE: The first appearance of Filipinos on the Washington campus
was in 1913.

The Filipino enrollment was 1913, 1; 1914,3; 1915, 2; 1916, 3; and 1918,
10.

School Year

1919-20

1920-21

1921-22

1922-23

1923-24

1924-25

1925-26

1926-27

1927-28 (no report)

1928-29 1>073 74

1929-30 905 51

1930-31 890 '50

1931-32 642 32

1932-33 521 27

Total Fili-
pino enroll-
ment in
American
Colleges
and Univer-
sities

Total Fili-
pino enroll-
ment, Uni-
versity of
Washing-
ton, exclu-
sive of sum-
mer enroll-
ment

(no report).

(no report)

594

649

521

600

571

121

745
(no report)

115
100

No one knows the total number of Filipino graduates
from colleges and universities in America. Some registrars
approached for information on this matter think it is almost
impossible to make accurate figures for the reason that
many institutions do not classify their students according
to nationality or by geographical distribution. To date
the University of Washington is the only big institution
which has compiled a list of its Filipino graduates. Of the
128 graduates from the University, 124 received degrees,
and four received certificates in public health nursing.
Seven of the total are women. This small percentage of
female graduates incidentally shows the relative distri-
bution of the two sexes in the Filipino population of Amer-
ica.

For those who are curious to know what courses these
Washingtonians took, the following rough classification is
given: 24 majors in education, 21 in business and economics,
17 in engineering, 12 in political science, 8 in English, 8 in
forestry, 6 in general science, 4 in pharmacy, 4 in fishery, 4
in zoology, 3 in law, 2 in history, 2 in languages, 2 in fine
arts, and one from each of the following departments:
journalism, general literature, mathematics, chemistry,
sociology, and psychology. The remaining four, of course,
obtained certificates in nursing. The lack of specialization
in vocational fields is evident in this summary.

In the Pacific Northwest district comprising the states of
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the University of Washing-
ton is by far the most popular among the Filipino students.
Of the 345 Filipino college graduates from this district, 128
are from the University of Washington. The other schools
in the district which have an appreciable number of Fili-
pino graduates, are the State College of Washington (Pull-
man), 68; the University of Oregon, 45; the University of
Idaho, 20; and the Oregon State College, 15. The rest of
the total graduated from small institutions.

There are many factors which combine to attract Fili-
pino and other students to Washington. The most obvious,
of course, is the economic factor. Since ninety-five per
cent of the Filipino students in America are self-supporting,
totally or partially, they naturally drift to places where
opportunities for self-supporting students are found.

In spite of the strong prejudice against them on the Pa-
cific Coast, more than one-third of all the Filipino students
in theJJnited States are found in the three states bordering
on the Pacific Ocean. Due to its economic structure, the
PacificXoast, more than any other section of the country,
offers opportunities to the self-supporting students from
the Orient. The salmon canneries in the Northwest and
in Alaska continue to draw many Oriental students to
these) parts, the recess months coming during the salmon

(Continued on page 40)

With Charity To All

By Putakte

TALKING about George Lloyd, a for-
mer Governor of Bombay, John Gun-
ther writes: "Once when the Prince
of Wales, (now Edward Windsor) visited
him in Bombay, His Royal Highness is re-
ported to have murmured, *I never knew how
royalty lived until I stayed with George Lloyd.' "

Now, we maintain that one with such sense of humor
would not hesitate to give up the British throne for love,
or something even worse.

and|Bubuyog

If the Torres plan does not fall through, the
city will soon be one vast safety zone, and
Manila will consequently be absolutely safe
for traffic accidents.

Mark Twain wrote a book entitled "Is Shakespeare
Dead?". We do not remember how Mark Twain answers
the question ; but after seeing the talkie version of Romeo
and Juliet we concluded that if Shakespeare was what he
is cracked up to be, he must now be as dead as those who
did not agree with Mussolini and Hitler. We surmise that
after several turns in the grave, he exclaimed, "What price
immortality?" and decided to die for good.

"People who know Stalin well call him 'Yosif Visariono-
vitch'; others simply say Tovarish (Comrade) Stalin. He
has no title. Secretaries or interpreters show no fear of him.
They are excited, perhaps, if they have never seen him
before, but not afraid. There is no groveling around Sta-
lin. And he can stand criticism."

— John Gunther: Inside Europe.

Well, for that matter, Tovarish Manuel's associates
show no fear of him either, except when he is around.

"The antithesis of the lean, dry, acrid Poincare, Herriot
is a tower of massive flesh, given valiantly to indulgence ....
But he attributes his good health to the fact that he is a
total abstainer from alcohol, viz., any alcohol except wine
and beer."

— John Gunther.

Modesty makes us hesitate to mention ourselves in the
same breath with the great Herriot, but the fact is that we
also attribute our good health to a very similar practice.
We totally abstain from alcohol, viz., any alcohol except
wine, beer, brandy, whiskey, and rum, not to speak of gin
marca "Demonio".

President Quezon, General Santos, and others assure us
that the Philippine Army is not going to make the nation
militaristic. In fact a U. P. cadet argues that the Philip-
pine Army is not a military organization at all. "Where are
the sponsors?" he says.

"Education of the public in the use of the pedestrian
safety zones now being tried out by the police department
for the principal streets of Manila, is planned by Colonel
Antonio C. Torres, Manila chief of police, as a result of
many complaints from motorists that 'jaywalkers' are as
much responsible for motor accidents as drivers."

— A local daily.

"With Mrs. Grace C. Cooper, Worthy
Matron acting as Installing officer the 1937 officers of
the Mayon Chapter No. 1, Order of the Eastern Star, were
installed into office last Friday night at a ceremony held
at the Masonic Temple."

— News Item in a local daily.

We have never cared a rap for men's secret societies, but
we confess to an unaccountable (or rather, easily account-
able) liking for women's secret society.

" 'If I fail in the discharge of my duty, the failure will
not be mine alone; it will be the downfall of the cause of
Filipino womanhood,' Judge Natividad Almeda Lopez of
the Municipal court of the city of Manila declared in her
speech delivered at the banquet given in her honor by the
Catholic Women's League yesterday at the Manila Hotel."

— A local daily.

Paraphrasing Anatole France, we may say that when a
woman starts out to be modest, she does not stop half-way.

"A national convention of different labor organizations
and representatives will be held early next February in
Manila, Angel Marin, president of the National Federation
of Labor, announced yesterday. ... A reaction to the
labor program of President Quezon is expected to develop
during the convention. The question of labor representa-
tion in the court of industrial relations and in the national
labor safety council will be taken up."

-A morning daily.

We suggest that the following questions be also taken up
in the convention :

(1) Capitalist unrest and dissatisfaction;

(2) Relations between labor leaders and the smart set;

(3) The proper substitute for social unrest which,
according to the President of the Commonwealth, "will
disappear before the end of the next year."

Reichs minister of propaganda Goebels has decreed the
abolition of theatrical, literary, and musical criticisms,
thereby giving "real masters creative freedom and invio-
lability of their artistic honor".

— Associated Press.

The justice of such decrees has been abundantly proved
in Manila. As everybody knows, there are no amateur
artists here; everybody is a master.

"The shrinking Filipina of yesterday is gone," said a
prominent woman leader.

— A local daily.
The shrieking one has taken her place.

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

"The placing of the city morgue under the recently
created bureau of investigation instead of under the College
of Medicine of the University of the Philippines as at pre-
sent, will shortly be suggested to higher authorities by
Colonel Antonio C. Torres, Manila chief of police.

— A local daily.

When one comes to think of it, the morgue is a very
handy thing. Unsolved murder cases like the Gozar
murder case can be safely shelved there to await the resur-
rection of the dead.

done for the next three years/
said.

Floor Leader Romero

— An afternoon daily.

Yes, but how many years will it take the Assembly to
undo all that it has done?

"I could think of no important bill which the Assembly
failed to act on in its last regular and special sessions. In
fact, the chamber did practically all the work that is to be

"Now, these local labor crisis, it is logical to conclude,
are not precipitated by anything else than a difference of
viewpoint between the tenants and the landlord. They
are definitely and specifically economic in origin."

— An editorial in a morning daily.

Which reminds us of the diagnosis of the unemployment
situation in America by a distinguished professor of eco-
nomics. "The cause of unemployment," said the professor
oracularly, "is lack of jobs."

. .}. w. v . '"T^.VAW.1 • • • V W.W -flA««w.vi

One or two
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When you eat too much acid-producing food, when you over-eat, drink too much, keep
late hours and over indulge — you create an excess acid condition (alkaline deficiency;.
Then you suffer with acid indigestion. Millions of people are in trouble every day because
of excess acidity. They upset the "alkaline balance" in their system and then they wonder
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HEARTBURN, MORNING AFTER FEELING, FATIGUE, RHEUMATIC PAINS

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Formula: Acetyl Salicylate of Sodium 9%. Bicarbonate of Soda 54%. Citrate of Sodium 37%.

Sole Agents for the Philippine Islands: Ed. A. Keller & Co., Ltd., 178 Juan Luna, Manila

Tracing the Original Sounds in the
Languages of Today

By H. Costenoble

^HE study of languages may be divided into
two main parts: that of the individual words,
and that of the grouping of words into
sentences. I shall consider the former in the
present article, and show how by comparison of
several related languages we can determine very
closely the form and meaning of the words of the
common mother tongue, in our case of the probable original
of our present diverse Philippine dialects.

Many Philippine dialects possess what is called the neutral
vowel, or by its Javanese name, the peppet. This is pro-
nounced somewhat like the e in "her" or in " water". It is
usually represented in orthography by the letter e, but since
this leads to confusion with the real sound of e, we shall
here use the symbol a to represent this sound.

The word "roof" is in Kapampangan a tap, in Tagalog
atip, in Bikol at up, in some dialects atep and in others
atop. We have here a word which in all dialects is identical
except for one vowel, which the different dialects represent
variously by either a, e, i, o, or u. The diversity of this
one sound leads to the supposition that it was represented
in the common original tongue by a neutral vowel from which
the present-day vowels have been evolved. If this actually
was the case, then it may be possible that the original
neutral sound o has been preserved unchanged in some of
the dialects. An examination of Philippine dialects reveals
the fact that many of them actually have preserved this
neutral sound, and have the above word in the form a rap;
such dialects are among others the Iloko, the Pangasinan, the
Tagbanua of Palawan, and the language of the islands of
the Agutaya group, several dialects of the Bisaya of Panay
and neighboring islands.

In final syllables the vowels o and u are often interchange-
able, or rather: the vowel of a final syllable is pronounced
somewhere between o and u, and this sound is variously
written as o or as u. This is so common that it may be
assumed to have been a characteristic of the original lan-
guage.

Below are given a few more examples of words containing
an original neutral vowel a;

formative

of future

English

.catch

plant

tooth

cockroach

pole

passive

Kapampangan

.dakap

tanam

lpan

lpas

atkan

- an

Tagalog

.dakip

tanim

ngipin

lpis

tikin

- m

Bikol

. dakup

tanum

ngipun

tukun

- un

Bisaya

. dakop

tanum

ngipun

lpus

tukun

- un

Iloko

. dakap

tanam

ngipan

ipas

takkan

- an

Pangasinan . . .

. dakap

tanam

ngipan

ipas

takan

- an

Probable

Original . . . .

. dakap

tanam

ngipan

ipas

takan

- an

In Kapampangan atkan the letters of the first syllable
have been interchanged; this is a very common occurrence
in this language whenever the vowel of the first syllable
contains an a derived from an original a.

From these examples we might formulate the law that
original & remains unchanged in Iloko and Pangasinan,
becomes a in Kapampangan, i in Tagalog, and u in Bikol

and Bisaya. But such few examples are not
sufficient to justify the formulation of a general
law; in fact if we investigate further we find many
exceptions that, however, in themselves again
follow certain rules.

A closer examination of the examples given re-
veals the fact that in them the a occurs only after
an a, after an i and before and after another a; but never
before an a or i and never together with a u. We shall
now take a few words in which the a occurs in these latter
positions and see how the various languages treat it there:

come to
surface,
become

crack,

English

Kapampangan
Tagalog

.visible
..altau
.litau

slit
abtak
bitak
litak

buy
abli
bili

strip of

aspi

sipi

hair

buak

buhok

full

apnu

punu

Bikol

Bisaya

.latau
.lutau

batak
butak
lutak

bili

sapi
sipi

buhuk
buhuk

pano
puno

Iloko

Pangasinan . .

.lattau
.latau

batak
batak

bili

sipi

buok
buak

punno
pano

Probable
Original. ..

.latau

latak
batak

bali

sapi

buak

panu

These examples really are too few to ascertain fully
what the peppet changes into under all circumstances,
but to give a sufficient number of examples would make this
article too long. The reader who is interested in this prob-
lem is referred to "The Peppet Law in Philippine Lan-
guages' ' by C. E. Conant.

From the few examples given last, we note that in many
instances an o is assimilated to the vowel of the neighboring
syllable. The sequence a-a becomes a-a in Bikol; the se-
quence 9-i becomes i-i in Pangasinan and Bisaya; the
sequence u-b becomes u-u in Tagalog, and 9-u becomes
u-u in Tagalog and in Iloko.

The peppet becomes an a in exception to the general
rule in Pangasinan in the sequence a-u, in Bikol whenever
it occurs in the first syllable, and in Iloko whenever the
following consonant is not doubled (as it is in takksn,
punno, etc.); an example hereto is Iloko bagas, "rice",
(against Tagalog bigas, Bisaya bugas, etc.).

We may now complete the laws ruling the peppet in the
languages cited and say:

Tagalog : o becomes i in most cases, except when the neighboring

syllable contains a u, in which cases it is assimilated.
Kapampangan: © becomes a, except in a very few cases when it is as-
similated to following i or u; as a it causes interchange
of sounds in the first syllable except in a few cases.
Bikol : & becomes u in most cases, but becomes a if it occurs

in the first syllable and the second syllable contains an
a, i or u (but not an &).
Bisaya: © becomes u in most cases, but is assimilated to a

following i.
Iloko: 9 remains unchanged in most cases, but is assimilated

to following u. In the first syllable it causes doubling
of the following consonant, but in a number of cases
this doubling does not take place and then 9 becomes
a. In the southern Iloko provinces s has a tendency
to become i.
Pangasinan: & remains unchanged in most cases; it is assimilated
to following i, and becomes a before u.
(Continued on page 38)

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

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steel panels on all sides, a solid steel "Turret Top," a solid steel floor and all steel doors. They
are all-silent because "Unisteel" construction welds all parts into a single structure, and complete insul-
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ILOILO

MANILA

CEBU

Rizal, Father of Modern Tagalog

By Antonio B. Rosales

RIZAL'S efforts to develop his native tongue
aroused general interest. Professor
Ferdinand Blumentritt, on June 29, 1890,
wrote him to suggest one way of improving and
purifying the language. The main part of his
letter follows:

"An idea has occurred to me: while reading the 'Lectura
Popular9, it came to my mind that in Tagalog still exists
many Spanish words. I believe that the major part of
these could be eliminated, and new combinations formed
of Tagalog words and roots, because like all Malayan
(also German) idioms, Tagalog is well adapted to the for-
mation of new words. We Germans have actually begun
to clean our language of foreign words; now we say: Erd-
kunde instead of Geographie, Volkerkunde instead of
Ethonographie, Weltweisheit instead of Philosophie,
Sprachenkunde instead of Linguistik, Gesichteskreis
instead of Horizont, etc.

"I believe the same thing should be tried in Tagalog;
it wouldn't be difficult."

From 1892 to August of 1896, when he was deported to
Dapitan, Rizal had more time to devote to what had long
been his desire: to prepare substantial contributions to-
wards the development of his native tongue, which, he had
feared, was gradually deteriorating from neglect and ignor-
ance. He had already started towards this end with his
valuable studies and his advocacy of the new orthography,
but he felt he had to do something greater for his mother
language.

With all its imperfections, Rizal considered Tagalog as a
"language of the angels," a harmonious, beautiful idiom.
"If you can speak it well,,, he said in his letter to Blumen-
tritt on February 15, 1893, "it is as good as any other. It
has a great wealth of words for the affections and move-
ments of ordinary life." He was of the belief that Tagalog
was sufficiently rich as it was. While he was in Europe,
he urged a Filipino student to translate German philoso-
phic works into Tagalog to show that their mother tongue
was rich enough for such works. The student started to
translate Victor Hugo's writings but was not able to go far.

Realizing the necessity for a Tagalog grammar, Rizal
began to work on one in 1893. In his unique trilingual
letter, begun in colloquial German, carried on in colloquial
English, and concluded in colloquial French, which he
wrote from Dapitan when the censorship of his corres-
pondence became very annoying, he mentioned his grammar.
In his own English, he said: "My grammar is long ago
finished. I intend to published it as soon as I shall be set
at liberty. It will bring to light so many things that I
believe nobody thought of."

In December of 1893, he completed his "Estudios
sobre la Lengua Tagala" in which he gave particular
attention to the verbal forms. In a letter to the Reverend
Father Francisco P. de Sanchez, S. J., his beloved Ateneo
professor to whom the work was dedicated, he said that
he had "been truly fortunate and inspired in the treat-
ment of the Tagalog verb, because no Tagalog grammar
gives a proper explanation."

In spite of his long residence in the Islands,
Father Sanchez had not yet then learned Tagalog.
From Dapitan, Rizal advised him to learn Tagalog
through English, not through Spanish. The good
father thus succeeded in learning the language, and
his case was a tangible example of the facility with which
Tagalog could be learned in that manner, boldly introduced
by Rizal.

Greatly engrossed in his study of Tagalog, Rizal delved
into its origin. Early in 1893, he wrote: "I see in the
Visayan language traces of words of more primitive form
than in the Tagalog, yet the Tagalog conjugation contains
not only all the forms of the Visayan, but others in addition
thereto. Which of the two is older? Are they both
branches of a trunk that has disappeared? What trunk
was this? This is what I shall investigate, because I
mistrust the Malay."

A few months later, the "mistrust" started to form into
a conviction. Thus, in his "Estudios" he said: "Taga-
log belongs to the agglutinative branch of languages.
For a long time it was believed to be one of the dialects of
Malay, through that language becoming the first of the
family to be known to Europeans. But later studies,
comparing the Malay-Polynesian idioms with one another,
have succeeded in showing how slight is the basis for this
supposition. The conjugation of the Tagalog verbs, far
from being derived from the Malay verbs, contains in
itself every form of that and besides some from other
dialects."

"Although in Tagalog," he continued, "as at present
spoken and written (slightly different from ancient Tagalog),
there are to be found many Sanscrit, Spanish, and Chinese
words, nevertheless the structure of the language still
retains its own distinctive character. These foreign words
are stitched to the fabric much as gems are set in jewels;
they could come off and something else be substituted
without the framework losing its form."

In April of 1895, he wrote: "I am becoming more and
more convinced that the Tagalog is not derived from the
Malay, and I therefore want to rewrite my Tagalog gram-
mar and establish comparisons with the Malay. However,
there is no doubt that they have many words in common.
At times, on account of the simplicity of the language,
I imagine that it is a language like the lingua iranca
of the Levant and the pidgin English of the China coast, a
language which owes its existence to the intermingling
of a conquering race, speaking a different language, and
another — conquered — race. If I had more Malay books,
I could study it better."

Sincerely intent on making a valuable contribution to
his language, he promised: "I shall do all that is possible
as soon as I find good material, so that I may leave a gram-
mar that will serve as a monument to my language which
... is bound to disappear unless God provides a remedy."

He was aware that a good dictionary was also necessary.
Therefore, as he wrote to his brother-in-law, Manuel T.
Hidalgo, from Dapitan, on June 5, 1894, "Listening to
{Continued on page 34)

January, 1937

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The Strangers

By Angel G. de Jesus

PEPING sat on the lowest rung of the bamboo
ladder with his dog beside him. It was
growing dark and cool. Sometimes Leal
would scratch his wounds and in the silence the
sound was sharp and rasping. Upstairs his little
brother wailed and his mother began to sing. ~~
He drew closer to his dog and put an arm around him. Twi-
light darkened into night.

From out the shadows of the street someone emerged.
It was his father. Peping slipped quietly from beside the
dog and pushed him away. "Go, Leal," he whispered
and the old dog went slowly to his nook under the stairs.
"Wasn't Leal beside you?" Mang Tinoy greeted him
and his voice was irritated and tired. Peping did not
answer. The bamboo steps creaked under the man's
heavy steps. "If I see you again with that dog, you will
see!" The boy remained silent. "Come up, what are
you doing there?" Mang Tinoy continued.
Peping followed his father into the house.
"How is Totoy today?" Mang Tinoy asked of his wife.
He was smiling now and his brown face glistened in the
lamplight.

Aling Tonia raised a warning hand. "Be quiet, he
might wake up."

Both of them stooped over the baby with smiling faces.
"He is growing fatter still," the husband said, and he put
an arm around his wife's shoulder. Meanwhile Peping sat
in his dark corner looking at them.

Later at the supper table, the father stopped shoving
fistfuls of rice into his mouth long enough to say disapprov-
ingly:

"I saw that boy again with Leal. I don't know why he
likes that dog so much. Instead of playing with his friends !"
"Leal was his first playmate," Aling Tonia said, and
looked at her son from under her lowered head.

Mang Tinoy got suddenly angry. "What? Shall we
let him go on because of that? Look at his legs?"

"Sh . . . !" his wife said. "You will wake up Totoy."
Silence descended on the room while Mang Tinoy looked
darkly at his son but Peping did not raise his eyes. It
was dark there in the kitchen and shadows shifted across
the table as the flame of the lamp moved in a slight breeze.
"I know what we should do," the man continued in a
lower voice. "Let's give Leal to the dog-catcher."

"Sh . . , !" Aling Tonia warned in an urgent whisper, and
the eyes of the two met in the half-light. Her hand moved
out to the head of her son beside her. "Eat well," she said.
Slowly the meal dragged on.

After supper the father told him to go out and play with
his friends. Husband and wife were talking very low in
the kitchen, and when he stood before them, "Until
eight o'clock only," the mother said, while she looked at
him queerly. "And don't take Leal with you."

"Yes, mother," he answered and went down the stairs.
He went through the gate and then waited in the shadow
of an acacia tree. Soon there came a tired puffing and a
shadow that moved slowly, stopped besides him. "Leal,"
he whispered. He sank down and suddenly he began to

cry. In the darkness his dog found his face and
began to lick it. Soon the three of them, tree,
boy, and dog, were just one dark mass. From
just around the corner where the Chinese store
was, boys at play shrieked in excitement.

Eight o'clock came and with it the voice of
the boy's mother. He stood up and sent the dog ahead
in the darkness; and when he was sure that he was safe, he
went slowly through the gate to where Aling Tonia waited.

"Where did you hide yourself?" she asked him. "You
were not at the corner when I went to the Chinese store."

"We were playing hide-and-seek," he answered and
went swiftly up the stairs ahead of her.

The sleeping mat was already rolled out and his father
was by now snoring. "Look after your brother; I'll be
doing something in the kitchen," Aling Tonia said and dis-
appeared.

Peping stood by the little bundle, looking at it quietly.
He passed the back of his hand across the baby's forehead.
How little the baby looked. Even in the darkness he could
see the fat round face and the curly hair. They loved him
so much. A mosquito buzzed near the face and he bent
over to drive it away. The baby's skin was soft and moist.
He passed his hand over his face again. Even his father
forgot his anger when he looked at Totoy.

But then he heard a puffing and a scratching below the
house and he remembered again. He turned around and
his eyes became vacant and thus Aling Tonia found him.

"Is that the way to take care of him?" she asked angrily.
"See that mosquito bite! Go, sleep." She took some
salve from a shelf and rubbed some on the baby's face while
she muttered angrily.

Peping lay down in his place and closed his eyes. He
had not heard what his mother had said, for his dog and
what his father had threatened occupied all his thoughts.
The dog-catcher's car! And Leal! He remembered the time
when Nel's dog had been caught. They had killed him.
Nel had cried all the time but his father had told him that
the city wanted five pesos for a license and they did not
have the money. That was what they did when you had
no money. Nel's dog had been called Smart and he was
almost as big as Leal but they had killed him. Peping
opened his eyes and could not close them again.

Presently his mother lay down beside him. She was
very careful in doing so as she had placed the baby on the
other side. Softly she covered him up and turned her back
towards Peping. The room was now completely dark, for
she had put out the lamp, and in the darkness nothing could
be heard except his father's snores. Leal and the dog-
catcher were still in his mind and, for the moment, he had
forgotten his fear of the dark. They worked swiftly, the
dog-catchers, and quickly entangled their victim in their
nooses. He had seen Smart caught. The dog-catcher
was a big black man and he laughed all the time. Smart
had tried to run away while Nel looked on helplessly, for a
policeman was in the car; but soon it had been carried away
like a trussed pig. Smart had been too scared even to
bark, while Nel had started crying.

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

he PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE has been required

for use in the senior classes in the high schools
as a supplementary class reader for several years
and is now recommended by the Director of
Education for use in the first and second year
classes also. The Atlantic Monthly is similarly utilized
in many schools in the United States.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION

Manila, June 20, 1936.
ACADEMIC BULLETIN
No. 11, s. 1936

USE OF PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE BY FIRST YEAR AND SECOND
YEAR STUDENTS

To Division Superintendents:

1. More extensive use of the Philippine Magazine than is required for Fourth
Year classes in English is herewith recommended. When available copies are not
being used by Fourth Year classes, for example, they can well be utilized by First
Year and Second Year students. It is therefore suggested that First Year and
Second Year students be urged, to read, as supplementary material in connection
with Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volumes One and Two, both current issues and
available copies of previous issues of the Philippine Magazine. Care should be
taken, however, to prevent the reading of current issues by First Year and Second
Year students from interfering with their use by Fourth Year classes.

2. One of the objectives in studying Philippine Prose and Poetry, it may be
noted, is to foster the desire to read worth-while selections published in local perio-
dicals.

LUTHER B. BEWLEY,
Director of Education.
-046
Reference:

Circular: No. 21, s. 1935.
Allotment: 1-3— (C. 7-36).
To be indicated in the Perpetual Index under the following subjects:

Course of Study, ENGLISH.

Course of Study, LITERATURE.

MAGAZINE.

Special classroom Rates are quoted to high
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217 DASMARINAS, MANILA
P. O. BOX 2466

No! his father was only joking. He was too kind and
good to do it. Not Leal whom he had liked so much when
he was younger and stronger. When Leal had chased away
that prowler, his father had been very proud of him and
had boasted to the neighbors. Not Leal!

Mang Tinoy turned around, and in the dark silent room
his voice broke out in some echo of a pier quarrel: "Leave
that alone! Leave that alone, I tell you!"

The darkness moved and Peping's fear of it returned
with a rush. Momentarily he forgot what he had been
thinking and stretched an arm towards his mother. But he
could not reach her. He edged himself nearer and put his
arm around her. The night went on and at last he drifted
into restless sleep.

He was nearly late for school the next day. Aling Tonia
had to wake him up and he had barely time to eat
and grab the lunch-box which contained his food for the
noon interval. He did not even see Leal, though at the
corner he remembered and looked back. Perhaps he had
not stirred from under the stairs. All the time in his class
he could not keep from thinking about this, and his teacher
noticed his inattention. He was restless when others went
home at noon, but his home was far and he had only enough
money for the fare home that evening. When classes were
dismissed in the afternoon he was the first to rush to the
waiting bus. As he neared his house he began to call
"Leal! Leal!"

His dog did not greet him. He bounded through the
gate. "Leal! Leal!" he called. Aling Tonia appeared at
the window but was curiously silent. Leal did not appear.
He was not under the stairs nor in the forbidden house: he
was not anywhere. "Where is Leal?" he asked his mother.
"I don't know," she answered. "Where is Leal?" he asked
again and began crying. "I don't know," she answered
again; and though the baby was awakened by the noise
and started to cry, she did not tell Peping to stop. She
could not even look at him straight.

Peping stumbled down the stairs and began searching.
He went out of the gate rubbing his eyes. He asked some
of the neighbors, but they did not know where Leal was.
He came to the corner and met Nel.

"He was caught by the dog-catcher," Nel told him.
"Didn't your mother tell you? We saw it. He tried to
get into the yard, but the gate was closed."

Peping turned around quickly, and with shocked white
face and eyes beginning to dim, rushed back.

"Leal, mother, Leal! He was caught! He was caught!"
He clutched at her skirt and his cries woke up the baby
again and it began to wail. The room became loud with
noise. "Get Leal, mother! Get him!"

"Don't cry," she said, "let's wait for your father." She
took his head into her hands and began caressing it. "Let's
wait for your father," she repeated more weakly.

Slowly Peping became quieter. He moved from her and,
still blindly, moved towards the stairs.

"Where are you going?" Aling Tonia asked.

"I'll wait for father," he could barely answer.

Aling Tonia started to speak but desisted. With still
eyes she watched him go down and stand by the gate. It
would be a very long time still before Tinoy arrived: the
house was far from the pier.

People passed by and some looked curiously at Peping.
Some of his friends started their playing and one or two
called to him as they ran to the corner. Soon their shouts
could be heard rising in the still evening air.

At last the father came.

"Father! Father!" the boy rushed to him. "Leal was
caught! Leal was caught!" He flung himself at his legs.
"They'll kill him! Get him, father! Get him!"

"Is that so?" Mang Tinoy asked of his wife who had
come down.

"Yes. This morning," she answered. Something like a
look of understanding flashed between them in the darkness.

"Get Leal, father," Peping implored. "You can get
him. You can get him. Five pesos only, father."

"We can not do anything," Mang Tinoy said evenly.
"It's impossible to get him."

Peping looked up and saw their cairn faces in the lamp-
light. He remembered what his father had said the night
before. Still he persisted while he looked up at them with
his white face.

"Father . . . mother, let's get Leal. They'll kill him."

"I told you we can not get him back," his father retorted.

Hot accusing words began to rise in the boy's throat,
but he choked as he could not say them. Seeing him
silent, his parents turned their backs upon him and began
to play with Totoy. He was left to sob alone until it was
time to eat. He touched almost nothing and now and then
his father ordered him curtly to eat.

When the sleeping mat was unrolled and they lay down
to sleep, Aling Tonia lay close to him and for the first time
in many days put her arm around him. But he could not
forget.

"Father, get Leal," he would beg again. "Then he
would turn to his mother. "Tell him, mother. Tell him.
He can get Leal."

"Hard-headed!" was his father's answer. Aling Tonia
was silent.

Deep at night he heard her sigh.

"Tinoy," she said very low to her husband, "can we
not "

There was an annoyed snort from the father. "What
foolishness are you thinking?"

Then there was silence again. Later they slept, though
Peping could not. His head felt too big for him and was
whirling and he was crying softly.

The window shutters creaked in the wind. He heard the
breathing beside him, but he felt suddenly alone, as though
with strangers. The darkness had closed on him again and
he was afraid. He was alone and defenseless in that dark
room. Instinctively he moved closer to his warm and soft
mother and buried his face in her breast.

As he lay thus, he recalled their calm and unconcerned
faces when he had begged them to get Leal. He remem-
bered again what his father had threatened the night be-
fore. All at once, knowledge that he had tried to deny to
himself flowed into being in his mind and he forgot his fear
of the dark in this more awesome darkness.

Suddenly he moved away from the arm around him.
"Leal," his mouth formed the words, "Leal," and, hearing
the wind playing with shutters, he shivered.

January, 1937

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Tagalog Kinship Terms and Usages

By Mauro Garcia

THE interest of an article on some of the kinship
terms used among the Pampangos, which
appeared recently in this Magazine1, lies in
part in that it enables one to make a study of the
organization of the Philippine family. As, however,
this is only possible if the same information is
available for all the groups, what has been done
for the Pampangos should also be done for the Tagalogs,
the Ilocanos, and others. The following compilation of the
terms of kinship used among the Tagalogs, the second largest
local ethnic group,2 whose language is the most highly
developed of all those spoken in the Philippines, is therefore
hereby presented.

Parent- Child Group

FATHER: The Tagalogs have two roots for father,
these being ama and tat a. From these main forms are
derived amang and tatang or tat a.

MOTHER: For mother the main Tagalog term is
ina, from which are derived inang and inay\ but nanay
or nanang, used as alternatives, are also to be found. A
third form is itna which, however, is used mostly in some
Chinese mestizo families.

SON, DAUGHTER: Anak in Tagalog means child
generically. Sex is indicated by qualifying the term with
lalaki (male) or babai (female) as the case may be. Thus
a son is anak na lalaki and a daughter, anak na babai.
Anak has bat a and supling for synonyms.

A first born child is called a panganay, while the young-
est child is known as bunso. For an only begotten child,
the term used is bugtong. And one whose parents are
unknown is called an anak sa tapon (tapon = thrown
away, wasted) or anak sa lupa (lupa = ground, earth;
i. e. found on the ground). An adulterous or incestuous
child is an anak sa ligaw (ligaw = courting, wooing,
loving).

It is of interest to mention that parents and other elder
relatives address young boys and girls as itoy and a to
(for boys) and ining (for girls.) They are, however,
mostly used in affection.

Sibling Group

BROTHER, SISTER: The term that is used for sibling
generically is kapatid (or kapatir among the Batanguefios)
irrespective of age or sex. A synonym is kaputol. To
indicate sex one says kapatid na lalaki or kapatid na
babai for brother or sister respectively.

There is no term which distinguishes age, except kaka
which means an older sibling with respect to his or her
minor brothers and sisters.

Terms indicating age and sex may be found, however,
but are of Chinese origin and are mostly used in Chinese
mestizo families. Among them minor brothers and sisters
call the first born male a koya or kuya, and the female,
ati. The second born is a diko (male) or dirse (female);
the third, a sanko (male) or sanse (female).

Manong and znanang, which are contractions of the
Spanish hermano and hermana, are also used.

Grandparent-Grandchild Group
The prevalent term for the entire grandparent-
grandchild group of relations is apo, applied both to
grandparents and grandchildren. When used for
the former, the accent is on the first syllable; for
the latter, on the second. Not only is it a recip-
rocal kinship term, but it is also honorific, it being
generally applied in deference to elders other than grand-
parents.

Sex is indicated by saying apo a ma for grandfather and
apo ina for grandmother. Amang tanda, amang poon
or amba poon and inang tanda, inang poon, or inda
poon, are the other terms used to distinguish both relations
respectively. In direct address, however, only apo is
used, without mentioning the qualifying affix.

Another root that is found for grandparent is nuno.
This word also means ascendants in general and has in this
sense the synonym poon.

These terms also have their equivalents among Chinese
mestizo families in their names inkong and impo for
grandfather and grandmother respectively.

The degrees of relationship with respect to one's grand-
child (apo) are expressed as follows: apo sa tagiliran
for great grandchild; apo sa sinapupunan for grand-
child of the third degree; apo sa tuhod, grandchild of
the fourth degree; apo sa sakong, grandchild of the fifth
degree; and apo sa talampakan, grandchild of the sixth
degree.

Uncle-Nephew Group

UNCLE: The Tagalogs have two main terms, amba
and mama, which are applied not only to one's uncles on
both the father and mother's side, but to the male cousins
of either father or mother, and also to the paternal and
maternal aunts' husbands.

The other word is mang, which is derived from mama.
It is not only used for uncle, but it serves as a qualifying
term in social usage, equivalenting the use of don in
Spanish or of mister in English.

AUNT: The common term used for aunt is ali, but
bayi, inda, and nana are also to be found. Like mang
for uncle, ali carries the added significance equivalent to
the social use of dona or senior a in Spanish. They also
have the same application as the foregoing terms for uncle,
in that they are applied to aunts whether by affinity or by
consanguinity.

NEPHEW, NIECE: The generic Tagalog word for
nephew or niece is pamankin. In order to indicate sex,
one says pamankin na lalaki (for nephew) or pamankin
na babai (£or niece). The sons and daughters of a first
cousin are pamankin sa pinsang buo, those of a second
cousin, pamankin sa pinsan makalawa. Step-sons and
step-daughters are also called pamankin.

Cousin Group

The Tagalog equivalent of cousin is pinsan. A first
cousin is a pinsan buo, a second cousin, pinsan maka-

January 1937 PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE 33

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law a, etc. As in addressing an older sibling, a cousin is also
addressed as kaka when spoken to by his minors.

Parent-in-Law and Child-in-Law Group
PARENT-IN-LAW: The generic term for parent-in-law
is bienan. Sex is distinguished by qualifying the word by
lalakj or babai when referring to a father-in-law or mother-
in-law respectively. In addressing them directly, however,
it is common to use only the term bienan.

CHILD-IN-LAW: A child-in-law, whether male or
female, is called a manugang.

Sibling-in-Law Group

BROTHER-IN-LAW, SISTER-IN-LAW: For a brother-
in-law, the Tagalog word is bayao, and for sister-in-law,
hipag. The latter has the equivalent inso among Chinese
mestizos.

SPOUSE'S SIBLING'S SPOUSE: For the husband or
wife of a sibling-in-law, the Tagalogs word is bilas.

Step-relatives Group
For step-parents, the same terms as for uncles and aunts
are employed, while for step-children, the term is paman-
kin, as previously mentioned.

Other Connections by Marriage
The special Tagalog term for other relations by marriage
is balayi. It is the term which parents who marry their
children use in addressing each other. It is applied to both
sexes. A synonym is baisan.

Other Kinship Terms

The term asawa means spouse generically; znagulapg,
parents; kamaganak, relatives in general; inaanak,
godchild; inaama sa binyag or ninong, godfather, and
iniina sa binyag or ninang, godmother; and kinakapatid,
a brother or sister in baptism. An adopted child is called
an ankin or anakanakan.

Lalaki, meaning man, and babai, meaning woman;
binata, an unmarried young man; dalaga, an unmarried
young woman; and balo, a widow or widower, may also be
mentioned.

A close examination of the foregoing data reveals the
Tagalog kinship system to have some striking characteris-
tics. There is, for instance, a tendency toward a non-
differentiation of the sexes, judging from the nature of the
terms used for spouse, child, cousin, and grandparent.
The only exceptions in which distinction in this regard is
made are the terms for parents, uncles, and aunts. The
merging of collateral with lineal kin is also evident, as may
be seen in the names for the uncle-nephew group. Calling
step-parents uncles and aunts, also shows the tendency to
treat connections by marriage like blood relatives. The
use of many terms that are traceable to Chinese sources
indicates the extent foreign elements have crept into Taga-
log terms of kinship.

Rizal, Father of Modern Tagalog

(Continued from page 26)

what they request so much of me abroad, I have decided
to write a dictionary of the Tagalog language, a work which
I can not carry to conclusion unless you help me. You
will relieve me of the work of finding the words and adding
the explanations; I shall take charge of classifying them
grammatically, finding the synonyms in the Malay lan-
guages, and supplying the equivalents in Spanish, English,
French, and German. Thus we shall be able to prepare
a monumental work on the Tagalog language. I realize
that in order to accomplish this work, it is necessary to be
in the heart of Tagalogdom, but I trust I shall soon be in
your midst."

Most unfortunately, his resolve never came to fruition.
The late Epifanio de los Santos assigned this failure to
his lack of means, to his travels, and to the lack of pro-
pitious surroundings. "We, who are interested in these
matters," he wrote, "shall therefore have to content our-

1 Kinship Usages among the Pampangos, by Ricardo C. Galang, Philippine Ma-
gazine, September, 1936. See also "Family Relationships," Salud Gatchalian, Phil-
ippine Magazine, April, 1934.

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selves with the Arte MStrica, Ortografia, and Estudios,
which are certainly useful as regards prosody, orthography,
and verbal forms, but are not definite, considered proso-
dically and as an orthological whole. There also are his
translations and original writings, all excellent as regards
orientation, usefulness, and linguistic and literary material,
but historical documents for the history of the language
rather than really artistic and classical works."

'"Pheke has long been a misconception regarding Rizal's at-
titude towards the language question. True, his greatest
works left to posterity were originally written in Spanish.
However, this could not be taken to mean, without doing
a grave injustice to his memory, that he placed Spanish
or any other foreign language above his beloved mother
tongue. Early in his childhood, he held to the belief that
"he who does not love his native tongue is worse than a
beast or a loathsome fish." There is not a shade of a

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doubt that he cherished this conviction up to his last hours.

When Rizal saw that his language was in a ' 'precarious' '
situation, he stepped in to save it and give it a new lustre.
To do what he did required a high degree of patriotism and
courage. It was his genius and his profound devotion,
the same qualities which enshrined him in the hearts of
his people, that gave the Tagalog language a new life and
which put it on the way to a higher stage of development.

De los Santos stated that "as regards the teaching of
languages, he [Rizal] advocated, among other things, the
study of Tagalog. Since he was eight years of age, Rizal
championed his native tongue as a language of its own
pure type, noble and exalted."

An interesting letter of Blumentritt, dated June 23, 1890,
apparently the result of interest aroused by Rizal's in-
valuable letter to his countrymen on April 15, 1890, may
be quoted. The patriot's illustrious Austrian friend said:
"With regards to the linguistic conditions in the Philippines,
I believe that the Tagalog, the Visayan, and the Ilocano
(and perhaps the Pangasinan and the Bikol) will absorb
all the other idioms of the Philippines.' '

Blumentritt advocated the propagation of Spanish in
the Islands but cautioned against neglecting the native
languages. "On the contrary," he said, "you should
assiduously cultivate your idioms and expurgate them of all
foreign elements which may be superfluous. The political
language of the country should be Spanish and the literary
the Tagalog, in the same way as with us Germans, who in
the mediaeval age used Latin to play the part of your
Spanish, while our poets chanted the Nibelungenlied,
Gudtrum, etc., in the sweet mother tongue. . . . The
Filipino idioms seem to have been created for poetry,
because of their wealth of vowels which make them so
sonorous." Then Blumentritt quoted the German botanist,
Wallis, who knew many Malayan, Indochinese, and South
American languages: "Among the Filipino idioms, the
Tagalog is the most developed, sonorous and at the same
time harmonious.' '

Because of his contributions to the glorious "resurrection"
of the Tagalog language, serving as an impelling force
toward its modern development, Dr. Jose Rizal may very
well be called the "Father of Modern Tagalog."

A bibliography of Dr. Jose Rizal's work on and in the
Tagalog language, based on a list by Epifanio de los Santos,
the bibliography of Russell and Rodriguez, and other
references, follows:

I. Relative to the Tagalog language:

Sobre el teatro tagalo (May 6, 1884)

Refuting an attack made by Manuel Lorenzo d'Ayot.

Published in Madrid.
Tagalische Verskunst (April, 1887)

Work read before the Ethnographical Society of Berlin, in

April, 1887, and published the same year by the Society.
Arte Metrica del Tagalo (1887)

Amplified Spanish translation of "Tagalische Verskunst"

by Rizal himself.
Specimens of Tagal Folklore (May, 1889)

Triibner's Record, London. Composed of three parts:

proverbial sayings, puzzles, verses.
Barr antes y el Teatro Tagalo (June, 1889)

Article published in La Solidaridad, Barcelona.

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Two Eastern Fables (July, 1889)

Triibner's Record, London, in English.

La Tortuga y el Mono (1889-91)

A hasty sketch made in fun to fill the remaining pages of Mrs.
Juan Luna's autograph album, done in Juan Luna's studio in
Paris. In Triibner's Record in London, Rizal later compared
the Tagalog version of this story with its Japanese counterpart,
suggesting that the two peoples may have had a common origin.
This study attracted considerable attention among ethnolo-
gists and was among the topics discussed at an ethnological
conference.

Sobrela nueva ortografia de la lengua Tagalog (April, 1890)
A pamphlet-supplement inserted in the La Solidaridad of
April 15, 1890. Translated into German by Blumentritt.
An extract in Dutch, with comments, was made by Prof.
H. Kern, of the University of Leida.

Gram&tica Tagala comparada (1893)
Incomplete.

Estudios sobre la Lengua Tagala (December, 1893)

First published in La Patria of Manila, December 30, 1899.
Translated into Tagalog by Honorio Lopez.

Diccionario Tagalo comparado (1894)
Incomplete.

Gram&tica Tagala comparada (1895)
New adaptation of that of 1893.
II. Works in Tagalog:
(a) Translations:
Tinipong Karunungan ng Kaibigan ng mga Taga Rhin (1876-

77)

Beginning of a translation of a book by Hebel into Tagalog.
Wilhelm Tell: Trahediang Tinula ni Schiller sa Wikang
Aleman (1886)

Edited and printed in book form by Mariano Ponce in 1907.

Tagalog translation in which Rizal used the new orthography.
Traduccidn de Poesias Alemanes al Tagalog (1887)

Done in Calamba.
Tales from the Danish, by Andersen (1886-87)
Mariang Makiling

Tagalog translation of a legend, written under the pseudonym,

"LaongLaan," published inLaSolidaridad, December 31, 1890.
Sa Mga Kababayan (December, 1891)

Sheet printed in Hongkong, dealing with the land question

of Calamba.
Ang mga Karapatan ng Tao (1891-92)

Translation of the Rights of Man proclaimedJbyJthe^French

revolutionists of 1789. It was probablyjnade during|his stay

in Hongkong in the form of a "proclamation,"

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January, 1937

(b) Originals:

Sa Aking mga Kababata (1869)

Letter to his sister, Saturnina (1893)

Sa mga kababayang dalaga sa Malolos (1889)

Paalaala sa mapag-usapin (1890-91)

Makamisa (1894)

Verses beginning a novel in Tagalog. Never completed.

This list does not include some of his articles and mono-
graphs and the references and quotations which abound
in his writings.

References:

Epistolario Rizalino, Volumes I, II, and III

More About Rizal, by Bpifanio de los Santos (The Philippine Review, January,

1917)
Lineage, Lije and Labors of Jose Rizal, by Austin Craig
Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal, by W. E. Retana
Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano, by Pedro Serrano Laktaw
Rizal* s Own Story of His Life, edited by Austin Craig
Snatches From the Writings of Dr. Rizal, by Sol H. Gwekoh

(The Philippines Herald, December 30, 1928)
Wilhelm Tell, translation by Jose Rizal, published and edited by Mariano

Ponce, 1907
Kung Sino ang Kumatha ng Fforante, by Hermenegildo Cruz
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, editorial, Taliba, September 23, 1928
Si Rizal at ang Wikang Tagalog, by A. B. L. Rosales

(Liwayway, December 30, 1932)
The Hero of the Filipinos, by Charles Edward Russell and Eulogio B. Rodriguez

Tracing the Original Sounds

(Continued from page 24)

In order to give the reader a good idea about how original
sounds may be traced by a comparison of several of its
present-day descendants, we went rather deeply into the
study of the original neutral or indeterminate vowel, also

called the peppet. In this instance we were fortunate to be
dealing with a sound, the prototype of which may not only
be guessed at with accuracy, simply by a comparison of its
living representatives in Philippine dialects, but which
actually is found in its original form in many of them. In
the sound we will next attempt to trace we shall not be in
such a favorable position.

The English word "new" appears in Iloko as baro, in
Tagalog as bago, in Pangasinan as balo, and finally in
Kapampangan as bayu.

Here we have a word which in the four languages men-
tioned is identical but for one sound, which occurs respec-
tively as a lingual r, a g, an 1 and a y. The similarity of
the three other sounds suggests that the word in all cases
is the same, that is, derived from the same original word;
so then the r, g, 1, and y must be derived from a common
original sound. But ao matter how much we strain our
imagination we can not find a sound that would satisfy
us as being the origin of these four.

A survey of other dialects discloses the fact that only
these four sounds occur in this connection in the Philippines
(to the best of my knowledge), and that the g is the most
common. If we go outside of the political boundary of the
Philippines but still remain in the Philippine language group,
we find that on the island of Sangir, South of Mindanao, the
word exists as bahu. We may thus add an h to our collection
of representatives of the sound in question, but this does not
seem to help us in our perplexity. We must go farther
away from the Philippines to seek light.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

An examination of the word "new" in many non -Philip-
pine Indonesian languages reveals that most of them have
the same sounds we found here. Only one new sound do
we find, mostly on Sumatra, namely a guttural r, like the
German r. Now it is conceivable that a guttural r, pro-
nounced back in the throat where we articulate the g, may
change into a lingual r or even an 7, or into another gut-
tural sound like g, or into an h. The sound y still presents
some difficulty.

Renward Brandstetter of Luzern, one of the foremost
students of Indonesian linguistics living today, if not the
foremost, believes this guttural r to be the prototype.
Dempwolff , of Hamburg, thinks that this sound was slightly
different, more like the French r, which would be a vocalized
German or Scotch ch. The latter is probably more correct.
It may even have been the above hard sound ch as in
Scotch or in the German word "loch". Whatever the
original sound may have been, we shall here represent it by
the sign r.

In the above, by the way, we have an example of how
the greatest authorities still disagree on many points; in
other words, how little we really do know.

In Kapampangan the sound r usually appears as y (sel-
dom as a g and then probably under the influence of the
neighboring Tagalog, or in words borrowed from that
language); the original sequence ar became ay and was
later usually contracted into e or even i. In the same
manner ur became uy and then i.

Below we give a few more examples of words containing
the sound y:

blood
daya

dara
dala

hundred

gatos
gatos
gasot
lasos

English rice vein root tail

Kapampangan. .abyas uyat yamut iki

Tagalog bigas ugat gamot ikug

Bisaya bugas ugat gamot ikug

Bikol bagas ugat gamot ikug

Iloko bagas urat ramot

Pangasinan . . . belas ulat lamot ikul
Probable

Original beras urat ramut ikur

Such a sound as that represented by the letter r is not
spoken by any group today and would be very hard if not
impossible to pronounce for any Filipino. Its most com-
mon representative today is g.

Where in the above list a word has been omitted this
means that that particular root is missing and that the
word actually used is of another root, so in Tagalog the
representative of dara is missing, "blood" being dugo,
which goes back to original Indonesian djuro, meaning
"sap" or "juice." A form daga exists in other dialects, for
instance in Ibanag.

In some of the words given the original meaning has
been changed; Tagalog gamut, (as Chamoro amut) today
does not mean "root", but what is made from roots — "me-
dicine," and ikug does not mean "tail" but "to turn around,
turn in circles like a dog chasing its tail".

I have discussed the various changes which the two prob-
able original Philippine— and incidentally original Indone-
sian— sounds e and r have undergone in some of our dialects.
These two are the most important sound changes affect-
ing the Philippine languages. There are others, but they
are not of so great importance and furthermore they are still
very much under discussion and consequently do not
permit of any final decision as to their original values.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

The University of Washington

{Continued from, page 21)

season in Alaska and in the camps. This fact partly ex-
plains why at one time a high school in Seattle had around
100 Filipino students. In the eastern states, particularly
in the big cities, the higher standard of living is almost
prohibitive to students who wish to make their way through
college on dead-end jobs.

The climate also has something to do with bringing
students to this part of the country. Seattle has one of the
most equitable climates in the country, averaging 33 inches
annual rainful, 62 degrees summer temperature, and 41
degrees winter temperature. From experience this writer
knows that it is never so terribly cold in winter here as it is
in Chicago and points east. Nor does the Northwest get
as warm as sunny California. Translated in terms of
health statistics, the Seattle weather is responsible for the
lowest rate of adult and infant mortality among the bigger
cities in America. Seattle is the twentieth largest city
in the country, with 363,113 population (1930 Census), or
slightly larger than that of Manila.

And now let it be stated here also that the University
of Washington is not a small institution or an "easy"
school to graduate from. With an enrollment of over
12,000 (1935 figure) it ranks as the eighth largest among
the six hundred or more colleges and universities in the
United States. Its enrollment is exceeded only by that of

Columbia University which is 30,211; New York Univer-
sity, 28,269; the College of the City of New York, 22,182;
the University of California, 21,125; Ohio State Univer-
sity, 13,505; University of Minnesota, 13,393; and the
University of Illinois, 12,148. Washington's fall registra-
tion alone this year is 10,118.

In point of academic eminence the University of Washing-
ton is above the average state university in this country.
It is not included in the generally accepted list of the ten
most famous universities in America, which includes
Harvard, Chicago, Columbia, California, Yale, Michigan,
Cornell, Princeton, John Hopkins, and Wisconsin, but it
rates high in certain departments. Its College of Forestry
and College of Fishery are among the best in the country.
Its department of Library Science and School of Journalism
are commendable. This University is one of the few
institutions in the world which have departments in Ocean-
ography.

In the field of athletics the University of Washington is
also known in the world. This summer it sent the biggest
college delegation to the Olympic Games in Berlin and
brought home two first honors for the United States.
The Husky Crew won the first laurels in rowing and Jack
Medica won first place in the 400-meter swimming event
as well as a second place honor in another event. Ralph
Bishop, also of the University, helped the U. S. Basketball
Team capture first place.

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January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Yet for all its size and fairly high academic standards,
this University is regarded as a "poor man's" university,
for more than seventy per cent of its student body is self-
supporting wholly or partially. Compared with the pri-
vately endowed universities in America, like Columbia and
Harvard, it is poor indeed. The value of its properties
as of March, 1934, was, however, well over $14,000,000.
It derives its financial support from state appropriations,
endowments, and student fees. President Lee Paul Sieg,
of the University, informed the writer that his institution
spends $230 a year per student.

The average student at the University spends from $450
to $700 a year. The non-resident fee of $50 a quarter for
students who have not acquired residenceship in the state,
accounts for the relatively high yearly average of student
expense. But the Filipinos have learned that they can get
by with $300 a year by "baching," that is, those who are
considered resident. This is the principal reason why
they come to Washington.

Filipino Short Story . . .

{Continued from page 20)

an inability to grasp fundamental principles, for ingenuity.
After all, the short story is a definite form, and has certain
properties and characteristics immanent in it. To con-
temn form and discipline does not always mean one is
above the m; sometimes the scorn covers a multitude of sins.

Better than any other, however, these two last types of
story answer some of the problems of the Filipino writers
in English. The freer construction, the more flexible mold,
the greater tolerance allowed as to limits and definitions,
relieve the Filipino writer of some of his more onerous prob-
lems; and so, unhampered by a too scrupulous considera-
tion of how he is going to say it, he can pay more attention
to what he is going to say. The two types permit therefore
of greater spontaneity, originality, freshness. Long descrip-
tive passages are absent; the story is told in words of
common usage; the native writer has a better chance of
creating that hardest illusion of all: that the native charac-
ters he writes about think and talk in English. That
bugbear — -finding the English word for something that
exists only in a place where English is not the native tongue-
losses some of its terror. And, most welcome of all, the
necessity for using that curse of local short stories, the
italicized aba and ano and nga> is obviated.

Ten years of experimentation have therefore not been in
vain. While no particular form has been evolved that
answers all the needs of the people and the place, progress
along other lines is evident. Most significant is the growing
consciousness of the short story as a distinct art, a type of
composition to be distinguished from the essay or the poem
or the sketch. It seems to be accepted now that it is not
just anything that can be put down in from five to fifteen
thousand words; it is not a novel compressed nor an essay
with extraneous trimmings.

One also notes a tendency toward the ideal indicated by
the French writers, the short story as a narrative drama.
There is a more understanding conception of what is sig-
nificant event, significant dialogue, and significant charac-
terization, and how to use these to produce a dramatic

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effect; in sharp contrast to the haphazard way of writing
that prevailed ten years ago.

The quality of English being written now is much higher,
or a better way of putting this would perhaps be, that
now a greater number of writers are capable of expressing
their thoughts in literary English. We do not get excited
anymore when we see a Filipino name in an American
magazine. Our poems are reprinted, our essayists are
quoted, the fact that we can write correctly in English is
being taken as a matter of fact. Ten years ago a short
story editor did not have to think up of many excuses to
lessen the pain of a rejection slip, he could always say
"faulty diction. . . ." He does not have such an easy
time now, he has to think up other reasons.

All these characteristics make the short story of today
more plausible, more capable of driving home its point.
It has already lost some of its strangeness, its novelty has
worn off. It has become quite expressive of certain truths,
its indispensability has been accepted. However, just how
much of this plausibility is due to improvement in technique
and how much to the fact that more people now speak and
write English — and hence to the establishment of a con-
vention of language, can not be accurately determined.

On the opposite side there are the weaknesses that have
not been overcome, the phases of the problem still unsolved.
Characterization is weak. After all these years of writing
we have not produced a single character in fiction that
has survived. The stories are preponderantly about one
class of society, that class that lives in urban centers, and
leads a life much influenced by Western civilization. Seldom
do we get a story about the homesteader making his
kaingin in some lonely forest, or of the hunter bringing
in the day's catch; the fishing village, the pastoral pano-
rama are not favorite settings for plots, for it is well under-
stood that life here is the most difficult to depict.

The use of dialogue is still awkward, characters are apt
to declaim; on any provocation at all they become poetical
and rhapsodic. Local color is used indiscriminately, and
in this regard no progress at all has been made.

Satire and comedy are unexplored fields; the humorous
stories that appeared in ten years can easily be counted.
Why are most of our stories sad? One would think that we
were a race of introverts who have never been heard to
laugh, that we do nothing the whole day long but brood over
our frustrated desires and broken hearts. Much has been
dpne, much remains to be done. After ten years the Fili-
pino short story is still an experiment.

Commonwealth Educational Policies

(Continued from page 17)

citizenship training as herein provided need not necessarily be wholly
free. Attention is invited to the comma after the word 'instruction'
in the following:

'The Government shall establish and maintain a complete and ade-
quate system of public education, and shall provide at least free primary
instruction, and citizenship training to adult citizens.' " (Osias, supra).

Adult education is not new in this country. It was
initiated way back in 1908 by the passage of an act pro-
viding for the giving of civico-educational lectures by civic-

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

spirited citizens in the municipalities and barrios. In 1914
it was provided by amendatory legislation that the lectures
be given by the school teachers. The coalition party in
1926 during the administration of Governor-General Wood
organized a movement against illiteracy, setting June 19
of that year for the opening of a campaign throughout the
Philippines. Due to the disagreement between the Fili-
pino leaders and Governor-General Wood, the campaign
did not accomplish much, although a number of books and
readers, translated in five different dialects, were published
for use in adult classes. Under Governor-General Roose-
velt Act No. 4046 gave new impetus to the movement.
According to the Director of Education thousands of lectures
have been delivered in the native dialects in community
assemblies held in nearly all of the provinces. And recently
the National Assembly enacted the Adult Education Law
to effectuate the great purpose of the Constitution. It is
interesting also to note the laudable activities of private
civic organizations in actual adult education work. Among
these organizations may be mentioned the Federation of
Women's Clubs, the Catholic Women's League, the
Federation de Damas Filipinas, the Y. M. C. A., and
various Protestant missions. The Committee on Literacy
and Civic Education of the University of the Philippines
has also taken steps to further the ends of the literacy
campaign in this country.

Specific aims of schools.— The specific aims of all
schools, both public and private are outlined in the third
sentence of the constitutional provision which provides :

"All schools shall aim to develop moral character, personal discipline,

civic conscience, and vocational efficiency, and to teach the duties of
citizenship.'*

The development of superior moral qualities in our youth
is given first place. "It is substantially true," to quote
Washington, "that virtue or morality is a necessary spring
of popular government." The establishment of "personal
discipline" is a part of character building. Self-mastery is
what distinguishes the schooled and civilized man from the
savage. "Civic conscience" is the realization that we form
part of a society and are members of the State, and that
we are under an obligation to do; our share in its support
and maintenance, even to the point of sacrificing ourselves
if necessary. "Vocational efficiency" has a directly practical
aim, but also has its larger implications. "Our value to the
State is in proportion to what we may contribute to its
development, progress, and security," (Quezon— University
of the Philippines Convocation Speech February 12, 1935.)
The further reference to the teaching of "the duties of
citizenship" emphasizes the requirement that every school
must inculcate the youth with their duties to the State*
to their fellowmen, and to themselves as members of a col-
lective group.

Optional religious instruction. — The fourth sentence
of the Constitutional provision under discussion provides
for optional religious instruction in the public schools.
It is a policy of the State to encourage religion among the
people. This does not violate the constitutional principle
of religious freedom, for

"the constitutional provisions for liberty of conscience do not mean;
that religion shall not be encouraged by the State. In point of fact,.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

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it is not the encouragement of religion which is forbidden by the consti-
tutions, but any such discrimination in that encouragement as may
compel men to violate their consciences, in respect either to the choice
of a mode of worship, or the support of religious bodies by their centri-
butions." (Black's ''Constitutional Law", 3rd ed., p. 529).

"Religion, morality, and knowledge, being essential to good govern-
ment, it is the duty of the General Assembly to pass suitable laws to
protect every religious denomination in the peaceful enjoyment of its
own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of
instruction." (Ohio Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 7, cited in "Watson on
the Constitution," Vol. 2, p. 1390).

As already stated, the first aim of all schools is moral
character building. It was the evident intention of the
Constitutional Convention to establish a national morality,
and again to quote Washington,

"Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on
minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious prin-
ciples."

Academic freedom. — The universities established by
the State shall enjoy academic freedom. This is the fifth
sentence of the provision. Arthur O. Lovejoy defines aca-
demic freedom as

"the freedom of the teacher or research worker in higher institutions of
learning to investigate and discuss the problems of his science and to
express his conclusions, whether through publication or in the instruc-
tion of students, without interference from political or ecclesiastical
authorities, or from the administrative officials of the institution in
which he is employed, unless his methods are found by qualified bodies
of his own profession to be clearly incompetent or contrary to profes-
sional ethics."

"The provision that the 'universities established by the State shall
enjoy academic freedom' was sponsored principally by Delegates Be-
nitez, Osias, the undersigned, and others. Its purpose is to prevent the
National Assembly and the other administrative governing bodies that
may rule the state universities from adopting rules and regulations in
the academic field dictated by mere political expediency or policy, pre-
venting the free discussion between the faculty and the student body
of their respective theories in any field of educational activity. It covers
all subjects and all fields of human activity. It is a preventive meas-
ure rather than a corrective one. Under this provision we shall never
have a repetition of that famous case in which a Tennessee teacher was
prosecuted criminally for explaining to his pupils the Darwinian Theory
of Evolution." (Lim, supra.)

Scholarships. — The last or sixth sentence of the pro-
vision provides for scholarships in arts, science, and
letters for specially gifted citizens. By this provision poor
students endowed with extraordinary talents may be afford-
ed an opportunity to continue their studies at the expense of
the government. This provision was the so-called Caram
amendment-

"To the end that poverty may not prevent gifted young men and
women from developing their talent, the government shall create the
largest possible number of scholarships for them in all branches of learn-
ing." (Quezon — Acceptance Speech, July 20, 1935).

Owl in the Moon

(Continued from, page 16)

a cold night. He had not thought the wind from the forest
could be as cold and damp as this.

Before he realized it, he had walked hurriedly out through
the gate and was skirting a field of corn; and then he started
half running until he was out of breath. It could have
been the darkest of nights, still he would not have lost the

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

way. The night was still, except for the incessant hooting
of the owl, as ever, and a stir in the bush where perhaps
some lizard lay.

He left for town early the next morning. Bruno's name
was not in his list but Karia, small and pretty and barely
a woman yet, was in his mind. He rode away as if in haste
and he beat his horse savagely.

<r jr tork on the land was an endless thing. Now it was
W t}me for planting sweet potatoes ; the corn stood already
waist-high. The rains from the mountains had begun to
fall during the night, watering the earth and causing weeds
to creep out thick and green everywhere.

"The hardest of times is when there's weeding to be done,,,
the peasant women said to one another.

Then the corn came out in tassels, green and gold, and
soft to the hands of the harvesters. The sweet potatoes
grew full and heavy, and the leaves made good fodder for
the hogs. And then, some weeks after harvest, sleds were
brought out and loaded with the land-owner's share of the
crops. One by one the peasant drove to town.

Ka Turano received them with kindness. Well, who
would not? But he checked them one by one, according
to his list, noting down every kind of produce they brought,
and making sure every peasant had come with his due.

■r^oLLowED long, lively evenings at Baglao, early that
"*• October. The womenfolk were happy, what with
the men coming home with this bit of cloth or toy or novelty
or such pair of slippers as had been the object of longing.
Pigs were butchered, the meat roasted and served with the
cured sap of the sugar palm. Drunk and talkative, the
men would gather around the fire all night long. Youths
strummed on the guitars and sang and danced with the
maidens, while the elder women gossipped with one
another.

Karia joined with the young ones, and with Bruno's
permission, she even went in for dancing. She was just
the thing to twirl 'round and 'round. Now slowing down
on the bamboo floor, now springing up only too spritely,
she had the lithesomeness of a doe, and was the envy of
the younger girls. Bruno was as squatty and plump as
ever, and he did not care, he used to say. So Karia had
her way. But no sooner would the night wear on than she
would come to herself, realizing how she was . . . married
and young.

Now everybody had begun wondering about Bruno.
For he had not carted anything to town as yet. Nor did
he seem to be preparing. Day in and out, he was busy
gathering honey and wax, — and what for? they asked.
Did Bruno have some spirit or devil to offer these to?
Nor did he trouble himself raising chickens so that Ka
Turano might have those eggs and pullets he wanted.

"Bruno will surely come to some trouble," said some one.

"Why, who?— my husband?" Karia flung back, over-
hearing.

Well, it was no business of theirs, of course, but what if
the land-owner should come again and require a bigger
share of them, and then demand payment for all the fine
strong timber that had been felled and set afire in making
the clearing?

"Indeed, a land-owner can make no end of trouble,"
said another.

Every one agreed that Ka Turano must be pleased, and
that the peasants must be honest with him.

What once was a mere pretext for being off, Bruno had
made a good venture in honey and wax. Now, free from
usual chores at the clearing, he spent more and more time
in the forest. But one evening, upon coming home, Karia
could not wait for him to put down his burden and rest
a while. No, all at once she repeated to him everything
the other peasants had said, and what she had answered,
telling everything exactly, just as only a good wife might.
In spite of his weariness, Bruno seemed pleased, hearing
the report and knowing how she had flung back and answered,
raising her voice and then walking away.

"But then they have spoken rightly enough," Bruno said,
slowly. "Don't you think so?"

"Ay, I don't know about that."

Bruno dropped his chin and looked as if lost in thought.
When at last he stood up, he said: "I may very well go
down town with the sled tomorrow, while I still have the
leisure." Then walking down the room, he added with a
chuckle, "—Why, really, I almost forgot!"

"But no, you don't have to go!" said Karia.

"Bah, how do you mean? Did I not mix up this whole
thing before, starting trips for the forest for nothing? The
time he first came, don't you remember?"

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Karia of. course remembered, and even the other visits
of Ka Turano she remembered very well. She was on the
verge of telling him what had happened that one night,
but she could not find the courage. It was as if some cloth
was tied around her mouth. She had kept the secret very
well.

Bruno was busy with his sled. He measured out the land-
owner's share of the crops early in the morning and then
drove of with it. He passed from clearing to clearing,
proudly speaking as he went on:

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sweet-potatoes— " he began naming his load. "And here
are even honey and wax! Yes, honey and wax!"

He could have been a peddler shouting out his wares.
He even cried out, now in earnest: "And you need never
again let my wife hear a thing or two!"

They watched him driving on. For whom was the honey
and the wax? Verily, the man was on his way to offer
things to some spirit or devil! And who could it be? and
where? — they asked.

Nor was the honey and wax obtained from Ka Turano's
land, some one reasoned.

He drove on then, haughtily waving in the air a bamboo
stick which he used as a goad. The other peasants stood
in their doorways and watched till he disappeared at the
far bend of the road. The morning sun was mildly hot,
and the pebbles in the empty river-bed did not blink so
blindingly.

Karia sat at the" window of her lean-to, and was ill with
an inner trouble all her own. No one could ever share
what was in her mind now. He didn't have to go, she felt.
But she couldn't tell him why, and she cried bitterly to her-
self: "I can't tell him, I can't tell him!"

Heart of Christendom

(Continued from page 15)

UNITED EVANGELICAL CHURCH (Presbyterians, Congregationalists,
United Brethren)— Membership 41,000; churches 302; other groups 268; Filipino
pastors 101 ; other evaneelistic workers 130; Sunday schools 531 (enrollment 23,400) ;
hospitals 4; dormitories 6; student centers 6; schools (Union High School, Ellin-
wood Girls School, Silliman Bible School, Silliman Institute) 4; seminaries (Union
Theological Seminary) 1.

EPISCOPAL MISSION — Baptized persons approximately 20,000; bishop 1;
priests 18; property valued at $627,522, of which $212,325 is used for educational
work and $246,450 for medical work; contributions $8,905 ; educational fees $34,933;
medical fees $75,916; work is carried on among non-Christians in the Mountain
Province and in Cotabato and among Chinese and Mohammedans as well as among
the American-British -European groups.

Comparative data on the other churches in the Philippines could not be obtained
in the time available, but the following table of local receipts of and United States
grants to various denominations was obtained from the National Christian Council
of the Philippine Islands:

Local United States
Denomination Receipts Grants

Disciples of Christ Pl29.880.00 P40.000.00

Presbyterian 225,000.00 153,990.00

Methodist Episcopal 165,325.00 154,350.00

Congregational 24,135.00 32,355.00

Independent Baptists 60,000.00

Christian and Missionary Alliance 3,500.00 2,185.00

Baptists 241,520.00 50,000.00

United Brethren in Christ 42,540.00 21,100.00

Independent Filipino Churches *100,000.00

P931,900.00 P5 13,980.00
♦Estimated

Local receipts include not only contributions to the support of the churches
(salaries for pastors, deaconesses, Bible women; contributions for the erection and
repair of church builcings and parsonages; gifts to domestic missions and other
benevolences') but also fees collected in dormitories, hospitals, and schools. The
grants from the United States are not only for the churches, but also for schools
and other institutions.

Th e above figures do not include the amount sent from the United States for
missionary salaries; medical, vacation, children, travel and other allowances; and
house rent. It is approximately as follows :fe

75 missionary families at 1*7,600 P 570,000

72 single missionaries at P3.000 216,000

Total missionary budget p 786,000

Total grants 513,980

Total from U. S Pi, 299,980

Total raised locally 931,900

Grand Total P2,231,880

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

I asked G. R. Congson, the artist who has
been making the drawings of various Philippine
types for the covers of the Philippine Magazine
during the past year, to give me a drawing this
month that would have some connection with
the Church, in view of the coming Eucharistic
Congress — say an old woman selling candles
at a church door, or something of the sort, with
his usual humorous touch. He seemed to be a little shocked at the
suggestion, and said solemnly that there couldn't be anything comic
about anything connected with the Church. Nevertheless, he tried,
but his drawing was not what I could consider a success, and so we
decided to use the cuts we had made for the August, 1931, number of the
Magazine, of a painting by Felipe Roxas, dated 1885, of a picturesque
church and street in the village of Antipolo during Spanish times.
Felipe Roxas was born in Manila in 1840 and studied drawing and
painting under Don Agustin Saez. He later went to Paris and studied
under Prof. Leon Cognet. He came back to the Philippines in 1880
and painted a considerable number of landscapes and portraits here until
1890 when he again returned to Paris. He died there in April, 1899.
He was wealthy and did not sell his works, most of which are now in
the possession of friends and relatives. The painting reproduced on
the cover of this issue was loaned for the purpose by Mr. Simeon Garcia
Roxas.

"The Bishop Came to Town", a simple little story of some good
and simple-hearted people, by Lodivico D. Arciaga, is a timely contri-
bution just now. Readers may remember his story, "The Procession",
published in the May issue. He is a student in the College of Law
of the University of the Philippines and his home is in Gerona, Tarlac.

"The Heart of Christendom in the Far East" by myself is reprinted
at the request of a number of persons from the April, 1934, issue of the
Philippine Magazine, this number now being out of print. It appeared
originally as an editorial entitled "Spain, the United States, Japan, and
Christianity in the Far East."

A. B, Rotor, a doctor of medicine, graduate of the College of Medicine,
University of the Philippines, author of "The Filipino Short Story —
Ten Years of Experiment", is himself a writer of short stories as well as
a critic of the arts, including music, and his weekly column of critisicm
in the National Review is the best of its kind in Manila. His article
in this issue supplements my own more general article in this issue on
''The Importance of Filipino Literature in English". Both were first,
published in the "Philippine Yearbook, 1936-37" of the Philippines
Herald, and are reprinted by the kind permission of Dr. Carlos P.
Romulo, Publisher of the Herald. In my own opinion, Dr. Rotor is
somewhat too adversely critical of the best Filipino achievements in
English, and I believe that his final statement, "After ten years the Fili-
pino short story is still an experiment" is true only in the general sense
that everything ever done partakes of the nature of an experiment.

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THEME: The theme should be based on the WOMAN

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SIZE: Each poster submitted should be about 22 by 15

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MEDIUM: The medium used in making the poster should

be the preference of the artist. The poster, however,

should be done in full color.
IDEA: Copy and idea should be furnished by the artist.
TIME: The contest will end on January 30, 1937. Posters

submitted should be in the hands of the Poster Contest

Committee not later than 6:00 P. M., January 30, 1937.

Contestants should use pen-names on the posters. In a

sealed envelope, they should submit their real names,

pen-names and the title of the entry.
PRIZES i There will the THREE (3) prizes, and several

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FIRST PRIZE 1*25.00

SECOND PRIZE. . . . 15.00

THIRD PRIZE 10.00

The winning posters will be the property of the GENERAL

COUNCIL OF WOMEN. Non-winning posters will be

returned if adequate postage and envelopes are attached.

Winners will be notified by mail and through the leading

publications.
BASIS FOR SELECTION: The selection of the winning

posters will be based on their technical merits and the

idea conveyed.

Angel G. de Jesus, author of "The Strangers", wrote the fine short
story, "Exile" in the November, 1935, number of the Philippine Maga-
zine. He was born in Manila and is a civil engineer, connected with the
Metropolitan Water District office.

Mauro Garcia complements Mr. Ricardo C. Galang's article on
kinship terms among the Pampangos, published in the September issue
of the Magazine, with an article on the corresponding terms in Tagalog.
Mr. Garcia is a Pampango, but lives in Manila.

"Tracing the Original Sounds in the Languages of Today" by H.
Costenoble is the second article of a series. The first appeared in the
October issue.

"Rizal, Father of Modern Tagalog" by Antonio B. L. Rosales con-
cludes an article begun in the December issue. Mr. Rosales is connected
with the Ramon Roces vernacular publications.

For Christmas I received a box of cigars from one young lady, one of
the Magazine authors, whom I never met personally, and when I asked her
in a note of thanks how she knew I smoked she replied that "all editors
smoke". I also received Christmas cards and greetings — and thank them
all — from J. Shelestian, P. S. Gutierrez, Antonia F. Castaneda, E. B.
Bennett, Adolfo Garcia, Carmen A. Batacan, Victoria Abelardo, Fede-
rico Mangahas, Pura Santillan-Castrence, Guillermo V. Sison, Aurelio S.
Alvero, Thomas Pritchard, Jesus Jose Amado, Inocencio V. Ferrer, E. D.
Alfon, Mr. and Mrs. Pedro de la Liana, Juan L. Laso, Mr. and Mrs.
Manuel E. Arguilla, Mr. and Mrs. H. G. Hornbostel, Mr. and Mrs-
Tot ten, Mr. and Mrs. Luther Parker, A. E. Litiatco, Napoleon Garcia,
Olimpio S. Villasin, Bienvenido N. Santos, Gov. Frank W. Carpenter,
and others, also a letter conveying the season's greetings from Jose Garcia
Villa in which he said: "I am glad to see a magazine like the National
Review in the Islands; that increases the number of our intelligent maga-
zines to two. Imagine that. Our first snow fell today. Which reminds
me I should like indeed to visit Manila. Mr. Quezon should send me a
round-trip ticket for the good of the nation. Let him realize that and
his soul is saved.. ." The letter was dated November 24, from New York
City.

In his recent ranking of Philippine short stories for 1936, Villa gives
the Philippine Magazine a total of 30 points as against 43 for the Trib-
une (daily and weekly) and 44 for the Graphic (weekly), and he lists
only one story from the Philippine Magazine, "Holgar" by Palmer A.
Hilty, in his "Roll of Honor". He again "stars" heavily what he calls
the "experimental" stories. I don't quarrel with him over that, but
any "honor list" that does not contain, besides Hilty 's "Holgar", also
Delfin Fresnosa's "Villa Catalan", Estrella D. Alfon's "Those That
Love Us", N. V. M. Gonzales' "Far Horizons", and Angel G. de Jesus'
"Exile", all published in the Philippine Magazine, is an incomplete list,
to say the least. He gave two stars to Angel de Jesus' "Exile", Delfin
Fresnosa's "Lucia", Napoleon Garcia 's "They Told me My Father was
Dead", Francisco C. Cleto's "The Day Mang Julian Came Home a
Winner", and N. V. M. Gonzales' "Far Horizons" and "Planting".
Twenty-three Philippine Magazine stories he gave one star.

NOOTHEkLIKEIT

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Cream
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January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Rodolfo Dato has recently published a second collection of verses of
his brother Luis Dato. It is entitled, "My Book of Verses" and was
printed by N. S. Sanchez, Naga, Camarines Sur. Seven of the forty-
seven poems originally appeared in the Philippine Magazine, two son-
nets as far back as 1926. One of the most beautiful poems in the book
is "The Spouse", published in the January, 1934 issue. The little book
should be in the collection of every one interested in Filipino poetry in
English.

Pedro de la Liana brought me a copy of his "Philippine Common-
wealth Handbook," edited by himself and F. B. Icasiano and with a
special introduction by Speaker Gil Montilla. It runs to over 500 pages
and contains a number of interesting and valuable contributions by
leading authorities on various phases of Philippine life, — politics, in-
dustry, trade, science, the arts, and religion.

I had a letter from an editor of the Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad stating
that Wilbur Burton, whose letter was published in this column in the
November issue, 'is absolutely wrong in his sarcastic opinion about our
fear of Filipino independence". G. G. Van der Kop, editor of the
Batavia Weekly News, reprinted the letter in full in his publication and
commented editorially as follows: "Although in some degree Mr. Bur-
ton's reference to the attitude of the native leaders toward Japan is
correct, we are not surprised that the writer, who was only a short time
in Java, is not aware of the fact that these expressions of sympathy for
Japan to which he refers are largely of a demonstrative nature and are,
as will be seen upon closer examination, not to be taken too seriously.
To hold up Japan to the Dutch as the eventual benefactor and cham-
pion of the native population has been indulged in by certain native

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leaders for as long as fifteen years and more, but those who occasionally
do so are very well aware that from the Japanese they have even less to
expect than from the present Dutch regime. They know very well that
Japan would never come to Netherland India as the liberator of the
native population, but as a domineering foreign power whose hand
would most probably rest much heavier on the land than that of the
present-day Dutch government. On the other hand, we are convinced
that there is room for a more liberal policy towards what is called the
native or Indonesian movement in Netherland India on the part of the
authorities without any danger to the State. This would not fail to
smother all real or pretended pro- Japanese feelings among the native
population and remove a breeding ground for such feelings, by which
the position of the Dutch in Netherland India could only be strengthen-
ed."

The Hongkong and South China Builder in a recent issue reprinted
the article by myself, "Trans-Pacific Aviation", published in the Feb-
ruary, 1935, issue of the Magazine, also reproducing the map. That
shows how long interest in Philippine Magazine articles is sometimes
maintained. The article was previously reprinted in the China Weekly
Review, published in Shanghai.

Anent two editorials in the December issue, I received the following
letter from the Rev. Stephen Deegan of Convento Oton, Iloilo: "Dear
Mr. Editor, As a subscriber to your Magazine, I take the liberty of
discussing with you your notes in this month's 'Editorials.' Your
editorials are always interesting and usually instructive — this month
(December '36) though interesting I would say not instructive. I refer
to the editorial 'The German- Japanese Fascist Alliance'. One can not
but admit that in dealing with 'Politics' to-day one is tackling a most
complex question and therefore one can not be expected in the space of
an editorial to put in all the 'pros' and 'cons' in any particular question.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

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REFUSE IMITATIONS

Hence whether I personally agree with your comments as to the rami-
fications of this alliance — is beside the point. We are all at liberty to
forecast what the results may be. In point of fact I do agree with a
good deal of what you have said — -the alliance of the three powers and
its effect on France and England and ultimately on 'East* and 'West'
can hardly be gainsaid. But my quarrel is the 'whitewashing* of
Russia. Say what you win" about all the nations — you can scarcely add
to the criticism levelled against the 'League' — not even the Germans
could wish for sharper criticism of the Versailles treaty than was given by
English politicians lately. In brief — tar them all with the same brush,
Russia included! 'Russian policy as indicated by its course during the
past few years at Geneva as a member of the League of Nations has
stood in noble contrast to the policies of the fascist nations.' Noble —
Oh, Mr. Editor! Continuing the same paragraph of your notes you
say: '. . . and the ideology of communism is in fact far closer to
that of democracy than that of fascism, which is its absolute nega-
tion' I really can not understand that sentence. Surely the most
that could be said is that it is six of one and half-a-dozen of the other.
Taking a general view ©f each system as popularly presented — the
individual as such is of no more account in one than in the other.
That is without going into such important matters as religious worship
and questions of family life. Just a general view— then surely in
communism the state is supreme and the individual for the state;
in fascism the dictator is supreme and the individual for the dictator.
If a rose by any other name smells as sweet — then the subjection
of the individual is an evil whatever name it goes by. May I refer
you back to your notes of last July where you spoke of 'The people
and the state.' You said some very good things there — things that
would give a bad headache to any real communist — and things that
prove that Russia to-day is anything but a true democracy. Now I
have aired my grievance on that point, let's continue. . . . 'God save
the King'. I preface my remarks by saying that I am English bred
and born. I do not propose to answer the list of questions you proposed
— and it would not help in any case. But I am amused. As a piece of
irony I would say it is delightful but I am afraid it was not so written.
There is a lot that I could say — I am even tempted to indulge in some
'wisecracks' on the matter — but I'll leave it. 'Edward's is one of the
greatest love stories of all time'. The lady in question would enjoy
that . . . .'the press of the world has not been wrong in seizing upon
it. . . .' Good for 'copy'! Nothing like a love tangle — or a murder
'mangle' for 'copy'. But enough. No, one more word — '. . . for all those
simple but precious things in life, love and virtue'. 'Virtue' is the wrong
word to be used in this business. However now that the question has
been settled, let us hope that the ex-king will be allowed to go his way
in peace — as far as the press is concerned at least. There was enough
and too much of what I believe is called 'ballyhoo' in the papers on
this topic, and to me it seems a pity that you let something suspiciously
like 'ballyhoo' creep into your notes 'God save the King.' I find that
I have used up more space than I intended and taken more of your time,
so thanking you for the interest and instruction of the general run of
your editorials (and your Four O'clock column) and wondering too what
has happened to the articles on — 'Theories of the Origin of language'
I'll say good-bye and wish you a Happy New Year."

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From another friend, I received the following: "I can' not forego the
pleasure and satisfaction of writing a few words of praise and appre-
ciation of your three editorials in the December issue of the Philippine
Magazine. May they not bring you a whirlwind harvest! You have
affronted a regiment of dictators by the simple expedient of setting
forth a number of things as they are. Secretly, the world admires the
man who tells the whole truth, but only a slender contingent stands by
him when the chickens ccme home to roost. The popular idols in politics
and journalism to-day are those who are most adroit at juggling half-
truths. They wear diamonds! Those like yourself, instead are warned
by their pusillanimous friends that:

The Dictator '11 get you
If you
Don't
Watch
Out!
For we live in a world permeated by an unreasoning fear of what is,
after all, a monumental bluff that could not continue to wield its power
if honest men and women only knew their's. In your editorial on
King Edward, you have really anticipated what will be written a gene-

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

ration or so hence by the Gibbonses, the Leckys and the Sabbatinis of
that day. History sweeps aside a few of the immediate prejudices and
misconceptions even if it only slightly ameliorates the main issues.
We are, to-day, witnessing a frantic struggle for survival by a con-
tingent that is typically represented by those who have brought about
the abdication of Edward. The ray cf hope, for the rest of us lies in
that people are beginning to laugh at them. As you truly say, 'Edward's
is one of the greatest love stories of all time;' but how few there are who
can assimilate all the elements of the story and realize how truly great
it is. Possibly even Edward, himself, does not fully realize the pro-
fundity of it when it is stripped of the petty implications that have been
placed upon it by those who carried their half-truths as far as they dared
while Edward was still king, but who became magnificently valorous in
their righteousness— after he had abdicated! A few days ago I
talked about it at length with an old lady— nearly seventy years of age—
a woman whose life and work has brought her closely in touch with all
that is worst in human nature— who has seen men and women under
the most degrading and saddening circumstances that one may view
them. She was brought up in and has remained steadfast in the faith
of a church that is opposed to divorce and to the re-marriage of divorced
persons; but she sees these outlaws through the experienced and kindly

eyes of one whose life it has been to suffer with the transgressors.
That she saw above it all was clear when she turned to me and said:
'After all, what does the Archbishop of Canterbury know about life
and love?' How I wished that the Archbishop might have heard that
pronouncement of the utter failure of his life's work, as it was uttered
by that strong but kindly old lady who, in a sentence, had swept aside
unhuman precedent and revealed the inherent weakness of the head
of a State Church. The final paragraph of your Edward editorial,
better than anything I have read recently, tells us what is the matter
with the World to-day! To descend so completely from the sublime to
the ridiculous as to comment on Daylight-Saving-Time is, of course,
inept. You have, moreover, said about all that is worth saying about
this silly and annoying 'experiment.' The art of creating worlds out-
of-hand, and commanding the sun to stand still was lost with the de-
cline of The Miracle. Our rulers, here, being versed in such methods,
might overcome the passive resistance of the Sun and the Tides; but
I fear they will find insuperable opposition from the foreign radio broad-
casting corporations that will not submit to be ordered about in this
fashion.

"Faithfully yours,

"Frank G. Haughwout."

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News Summary

{Continued from page 7)

Eden tells the House of Commons that the Keelung
incident will have to be "cleared up" before the
British and Japanese navies will again exchange
courtesy visits with each other. He states that the
Japanese government sent an interim reply to the
British protests, expressing Japan's deep regret
that such an unpleasant incident should have occurred
and declaring that further inquiries were being made,
but adds, "I am unable to regard the incident as
closed".

Nov. 25. — Foreign Minister Baron Joachim von
Ribbentrop for Germany and Ambassador Kintomo
Mushakoje for Japan sign in Berlin an "anti-com-
munist" treaty under the terms of which the two
countries "agree mutually to inform each other
concerning the activities of the Communist Inter-
nationale and to consult concerning measures to
combat this activity and to execute their measures in
close cooperation". Other nations will be invited
to join the pact which is for 5 years. Each nation
agrees not to sign any international agreement without
first consulting the other and each will abstain from
any measures which might put the other at a dis-
advantage in event of a war with a third power.
The agreement provides for technical assistance in
all military aflairs, which is interpreted to mean that
Germany is obliged to aid Japan in aviation matters
and chemical warfare problems and in the production
of arms. The Japanese Foreign Office spokesman
states that the pact is against communism because
this "threatens world peace", and calls attention to
the fact that the Comintern Congress in Moscow
last year made it clear that its future objectives
would be Germany, Japan, and Poland, and that it
also resolved to support the Chinese communists.
"The agreement, however, is not directed against
the Soviet Union or any other specific country".
The move is disliked in London and concern is ex-
pressed in China. According to Rome reports,
however, Italian adherence to the new pact is im-
minent. A Department of State official at Washing-
ton declares that the United States has only an
4 'academic interest" in the matter.

Germany protests to the Norwegian government
against the award of the 1935 Noble peace prize to
Carl von Ossietsky, well known German pacifist,
who was released only a week ago after three years
in a Nazi concentration camp. The award is described
in the German press as a "shameless provocation
and insult to the new Germany."

A Spanish rebel general states in a radio broadcast
from Seville that the insurgents have sunk and will
continue to sink ships trying to enter Spanish ports
held by the government. Reported that a Nor-
wegian and a Greek steamer with a food supplies
were stopped and compelled to discharge their cargos
in rebel ports "by order of tne Burgos government".
Various British and French warships move into the
war zone.

The House of Lords approves the Anglo-Egyptian
treaty, approved by the Houseof Commons yesterday.
The opposition as well as the majority supported the
measure.

In sympathy with the American shipping strike,
French dockworkers at Havre refuse to unload two
American ships there.

Nov. 26. — The German- Japanese pact is strongly
criticized in Britain as cutting accross the British
policy of oppositon to the formation of blocs in
international affairs. " Regettable and unnecessary"
says the London Times. According to Genevieve
Tabouis, famed French political writer, the agreement
includes secret clauses providing for zones of in-
fluence, alloting Borneo to Japan and Java and Suma-
tra to Germany, Germany agreeing in the mean time
not to contest Japanese possession of the former
German islands in the Pacific. Reported from Mos-
cow that documentary proof is available of secret
clauses in the pact that have not been published,
and that Russia has ordered a census of all Germans
in the country to be ready in three days. The cool
reception given to the pact is reported to have caused
a "certain amount of disappointment" in Berlin.
Oermany explains to China that the pact is not
directed against China.

Reported that 2000 Japanese soldiers have arrived
to reenforce the Manchukuo and Mongol irregulars
in Suiyuan.

Nov. 27. — Announced by Russia that a new rail-
road paralleling the Trans-Siberian has been com-
pleted with its terminus at Konsomolik. G. M.
Krutuff, Premier of theFarEasternSoviet, declares,
"Our policy is one of peace, but we warn that if an
attack is made, we will deliver a crushing blow. We
will not surrender an inch of our Far Eastern terri-
tory."

Reported that the Chinese government will resist
any pressure brought to bear to induce it to join the
German- Japanese pact, as it is not concerned with
communism beyond its own borders and the question
of communism within Chinais its own affair, concern-
ing which it does not need to seek an understanding
with a third party.

The general in command of the government forces
in Madrid states, "We will drive the insurgents
from the gates of Madrid by Christmas".

Sir Basil Zaharoff, "mystery man" of the arma-
ment business, dies at Monte Carlo of a heart attack.
He was born in Turkey in 1850.

Nov. 28. — Maxim Litvinov, Soviet Commissar
of Foreign Affairs, charges that a secret military
alliance exists between Germany and Japan to launch
a war that will spread to all continents. He also
denies that Russia is trying to set up a communist
government in Spain, "although some simpletons
believe this".

The Japanese Minister of Finance states that the
record budget of 3,041,000,000 yen, just approved
by the Cabinet, will require a new national loan of

around 1,000,000,000, and that he hopes to raise
more revenue by a revision of the taxation and tariff
systems and by increasing monopoly prices. The
army and navy will get 1,409,000,000. Less than
5 % of the total appropriations is for education.

The Spanish government claims major victories
in the north, endangering the rebel strongholds at
Grado, Victoria, and Tolosa.

Nov. 29. — A bloody battle is reported raging in
Asturias with neither side asking or giving quarter.
Reported that rebels have had to alter the disposition
of their troops about Madrid in order to meet various
government threats. Over a fourth of the city has
been destroyed and is uninhabitable, and renewed
bombing kills hundreds of people who run through
the streets in terror. In the fields, cats and dogs
feed on the bodies of the slain. Reported that the
rebels bombed Cartagena setting fire to the arsenal
and the port works and sinking three government
warships.

China's famed 29th Army is ordered to move
eastward from Kalgan ia preparation for action
against Manchukuoan and Mongol invaders after
the Manchukuoan Foreign Office and the Kwantung
(Japanese) Army Headquarters in Manchukuo issued
a joint statement declaring that if the situation in
eastern Suiyuan and other North China points
"threatens to jeopardize peace in Manchukuo, the
authorities would be obliged to take adequate action."
Nov. 30. — Reported from Paris that Foreign
Minister Yvon Delbos will announce Friday the
conclusion of a tripartite military defense accord
between France, Britain and Belgium, and that ag-
gression against Britain or Belgium would result in
the immediate mobilization of France's entire fighting
force. Eden, however, dampens French hopes of a
military accord when he states before the House of
Commons that "His Majesty's government explicitly
deprecates any tendency to divide the world into
conflicting camps. Our policy continues to be to
promote friendly relations between all nations". He
states that the government has received official
assurances from Berlin that no secret military clauses
exist in the German- Japanese treaty and that it has
no information that Italy has entered into an agree-
ment with Japan.

Premier Benito Mussolini and Ambassador Y.
Sigimura sign a treaty in Rome mutually recognizing
Manchukuo and Ethiopia, the United Press reports.
It is understood that Italy is willing to join the Ger-
man Japanese pact, but that Italy wants to continue
its membership in the League and has thus to keep
the friendship of France and Britain.

It is stated in Chinese circles in regard to the report-
ed imminent I talo- Japanese agreement for joint
recognition of Manchukuo and Ethiopia, that this
would be another slap in the face for the League and
that Italy, besides risking the loss of China's friend-
ship, would gain nothing in Manchukuo while it
would lose in Ethiopia where the Japanese would
attempt eventually to dominate the textile industry.
Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg, Austrian Premier, tells
Hungarian Premier Daranyi who suggested that the
two countries join in an anti-communist bloc, that
Austria does not desire to create bad feeling in Britain
and France and that communism is not a real danger
in Austria.

Dec. 1. — "Reliably reported" in Paris that Britain
and France have concluded a treaty pledging to aid
each other if either is attacked. Premier Leon Blum
tells the press that a general world war can be avoided
if the three great democracies, Britain, France, and
the United States, cooperate to prevent it. "Stories
published abroad that France is on the verge of a
revolution are wholly unfounded," he states. "I
am merely giving France a 'New Deal' ".

The Spanish government states that the "striking
power of the rebels has been greatly weakened and
possibly broken" in a crucial battle which the govern-
ment forces won, and it is stated that two loyalist
armies are driving toward Burgos, the rebel strong-
hold, the government having suddenly changed from
the defensive to the offensive.

Chinese forces occupy Pailingmiao, former capital
of Inner Mongolia, and the Japanese are reported
to be withdrawing their military missions in the
region.

Dec. 2. — Eden tells House of Commons that Bri-
tain is negotiating a defensive alliance with France
and Belgium under which England's obligations
would approximate as closely as possible those of the
Locarno Treaty.

France announces plans for a huge naval and air
program in answer to increased construction in Ger-
many and Italy.

The Dutch Foreign Minister in a speech before
the Second Chamber states that reports that Ger-
many and Japan are planning to partition the Neth-
erlands Indies are absurd. He says Japan has
already officially denied the rumor and points to the
friendly relations existing between Holland and Ger-
many.

Rebels rain tons of bombs upon Madrid in four
raids within 24 hours, killing hundreds of men, wo-
men, and children. Premier Francisco Caballero
states at Valencia that a "European war is now being
fought on a small scale on Spanish terrain and that
unless the League takes steps to permit the legiti-
mate government of Spain to purchase arms and sup-
plies abroad, the war will inevitably spread to the
rest of Europe". He declares the rebels would be
subdued within a few weeks if they were not receiving
direct assistance from Germany and Italy. The
Spanish Foreign Minister telegraphs President Roose-
veltonthe occasion of the opening of the Inter- Amer-
ican Peace Conference at Buenos Aires, calling his
attention to the bonds uniting Spain and America
and to the declaration of 1932 of 19 American nations
against the recognition of territory acquired by force
of arms, pointing specifically to the situation in the
Balearic islands, "now occupied by foreign troops."

China issues a strong warning against any attempt
on the part of Japan to interfere in the fighting in
Inner Mongolia where Mongol and Manchukuoan

irregulars are attempting to invade Suiyuan.

The British press at last breaks its silence on a
matter which has filled the American press for weeks
— King Edward's rumored desire to marry Mrs.
Wallis Warfield Simpson, former Baltimore, Mary-
land, society woman, recently divorced for the second
time, a marriage reportedly opposed by British
political leaders and the clergy.

Dec. 3. — Chinese troops stop another offensive
of irregular Mongol and Manchukuoan troops sup-
ported by heavy srtillery and bombing planes at
Pailingmiao. Japa lese marines land and occupy
strategic points in Tsingtao following a lock-out of
3,000 striking workers from Japanese mills which
threatens to affect 23,000 Chinese workers. The
Japanese claim the Chinese municipal authorities
are responsible because they did not suppress strike
disturbances. They searched the headquarters of the
Kuomintang and other Chinese offices and seized
three prominent Chinese whom they are still holding.
Foreign Minister Chang Chun without ceremony
summons Japanese Ambassador S. Kawagoe to the
Foreign Office and protests against the landing,
demanding (1) immediate withdrawal, (2) return of
the documents seized when the Japanese raided
the Kuomintang office, and (3) release of the Chinese
officials arrested. Chang further informed Kawagoe
that "we are not prepared further to discuss any
Sino- Japanese issue until Japanese participation
in the Suiyuan crisis is withdrawn.

Representatives of the 21 republics of the western
hemisphere begin actual work on the American peace
program under the chairmanship of Carlos Saavedra,
Argentine Foreign Minister and winner of the 1936
Nobel peace prize. The United States is represented
on the committee by Secretary of State Cordell
Hull and his assistant Summer Welles, and A. W.
Weddell , Ambassador to Argentine . President Roose-
velt, after opening the conference, is on his way back
to the United States and today is received with great
popular acclaim at Montevideo, Uruguay.

Dec. 4' — Premier Stanley Baldwin tells the House
of Commons that "in view of the widely circulated
suggestions of certain possibilities in the event of
the King's marriage, I think it advisable for me to
make a statement. Suggestions have appeared in
the press yesterday and today that if the King
decided to marry, the wife need not become Queen.
These ideas are without legislative foundation.
There is no such thing as a so-called morganatic
marriage in our law. . . . She herself would enjoy
all the rights and privileges of her status which by
positive law and custom are attached to that position.
Her children then would be in direct line of succes-
sion to the throne. The only possible way this result
could be avoided would be by legislation dealing
with the particular case. His Majesty's govern-
ment is not permitted the introduction of such legisla-
tion, and moreover matters to be dealt with are the
common concern of the Commonwealth as a whole,
and as such the change would not be effected without
the assent of all the Dominions, I am satisfied. . . that
this assent would not be forthcoming. . . ." Par-
liament strongly backing him, Baldwin after the
session goes to Fort Belvedere where he is believed
to have informed the King that the Cabinet would
reign rather than capitulate to the King's wishes.
The Archbishop of Canterbury also calls. In the
meantime, the King sends Mrs. Simpson to seclusion
in France, placing her in one of his cars for the journey
to the coast where she takes a boat for the continent
accompanied by one of the King's secretaries and a
bodyguard. It is believed the King may accept the
challenge of the Cabinet by forming a cabinet of his
own headed by Sir Winston Churchill who has offered
to form a cabinet if Baldwin resigns. Josiah Clement
Wedgwood, laborite member of the House of Com-
mons, lays a motion on the table providing the coro-
nation of Edward should proceed according to sche-
dule regardless of the possible refusal of the Archbi-
shops of Canterbury or of York to officiate. "The chief
calamity which must be avoided is the abdication
of our beloved sovereign. If a general election follows
on this question, the country's reply will be on the
side of the King." (London masses are reported to
support the King in his difference with the Cabinet
and the church. Crowds gathering in front of Buck-
ingham Palace cheer for "the King and the new
Queen.",) It is rumored, however, that the King,
angered by the attitude of the Cabinet, will abdicate
within 48 hours unless a compromise is reached.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

January, 1937

Reports from the dominions indicate that they are
even less inclined than England to sanction the mar-
riage. The Statute of Westminster, 1931, includes a
clause requiring the approval of the dominion parlia-
ments for any alteration regarding His Majesty's
successor, and this would prevent Edward's abdica-
tion in the event any dominion refuses to approve.
Upton Sinclair, American novelist, is quoted
in the London press as stating that "American
sympathy is overwhelmingly with Mrs. Simpson
and the King's democratic attitude." In Pasadena,
California, Sinclair charges that the Tories of England
are using the King's romance as a "pretext of getting
rid of a democratically-minded king in favor of the
more conservative Duke ©f York, and states that
through suppression of the news in the British press,
the English people were blindfolded until it is too late
to bring influence to bear.

The Japanese accuse Chang of "unprecedented
insolence" when he returns to the Japanese Embassy
an "aide-memoire" which Kawagoe had left with
him during their stormy interview yesterday. The
Japanese claim that "diplomatic procedure" prevents
the Embassy from receiving the document and that
it is being returned to Chang. CV.ang dismisses the
incident by stating that the "contents of the memoire
are at variance with the facts".

Pope Pius XI is reported seriously ill both his
legs being paralyzed.

Dec. 5. — Churchill issues a statement challenging
the authority of any ministry to advise the sovereign
to abdicate. "If a precedent is established allowing
the government to fling a monarch off the throne
within 48 hours, it would be a calamity for the dy-
nasty and the Empire". Wedgwood states: "There
never should have been placed before the King the
choice between marriage and the throne. What
makes an American inferior to a German. The
crisis insults the United States". London crowds
are parading the streets carrying banners denouncing
Baldwin and others stating "Let the King know you
are with him", and shouting, "We want Edward!
Edward is our King!"

Dec. 6. — Sino- Japanese negotiations are indefinitely
suspended with the departure from Nanking of
Ambassador Kawagoe after the eighth meeting with
Foreign Minister Chang. He appeared satisfied,
however, by the fact that the Foreign Office has
finally retained the much-shuttled aide-memoire,
although it was not accepted as an accurate record.

The Mexican Foreign Relations Department
announces that the government has given Leon
Trotzky permission to come to Mexico and remain as
long as he wishes to.

Dec. 7. — Baldwin states in the House of Commons
that the King himself precipitated the crisis by in-
forming the Premier of "his intention to marry Mrs.
Simpson whenever she is free" and that the govern-
ment never had brought pressure upon the King or
offered him advice with the exception of the question
of a morganatic marriage. "It is the earnest desire
of the government to afford His Majesty the fullest
opportunity of weighing a decision which involves so
directly his own future happiness and the interests
of all his subjects. At the same time, they can not
be unaware that any considerable prolongation of
the present state of suspense and uncertainty would
involve the risk of very grave injury to national and
imperial interests. ... As soon as His Majesty
has arrived at a conclusion as to the course he desires
to take, he will no doubt communicate it to his
governments in this country and in the dominions.
It will then be for those governments to decide what
advise if any they would feel it their duty to tender
to him in the light of his conclusion". His remarks
are followed by cheers and Churchill's attempt to
extract a promise that no irrevocable step would be
taken before the House has received a full statement
of the constitutional and other issues involved,
causes hostile demonstrations and he is repeatedly
interrupted with shouts, "Sit down!" A "respon-
sible statesman" is reported to have told the United
Press that the King must choose between his love
and his throne within 48 hours. Crowds use the
National Anthem as a weapon against the police
for as officers attempt to clear the streets, the crowd
breaks out repeatedly into the song, "God save the
King", the Bobbies each time coming rigidly to
attention. Queen Mary and the King's brothers
are reported to have pled with the King to put his
"Kingly duties" above his personal desires. Mrs.
Stimpson issues a statement at Cannes that "through-
out the last few weeks I have invariably wished to
avoid any action or proposal which might hurt or
damage His Majesty or the throne. Today my
attitude is not changed and I am willing, if such
action would solve the problem, to withdraw forth-
with from a situation that has become unhappy and
untenable". The announcement creates a wave of
sympathy in England, but friends of the royal family
describe the statement as "impudent and melodra-
matic" and express the fear that the gesture of re-
nunciation may prompt the King to rush to France
to join her. Intimates of the King declare that they
believe he will refuse to relinquish her and that she
had made a similar suggestion before she left for
France.

Eden tells the House of Commons that information
has been received of large numbers of Germans and
Italians serving with the Spanish rebels and large
numbers of Russians and other foreigners with the
government and that he has expressed the British
government's anxiety to the international non-
intervention committee and suggested it should take
the matter into consideration at once and agree upon
means to end the situation.

Dec. 8. — Four persons are injured when a French
passenger plane flying over rebel territory in Spain is
shot down near Pastrana by an unidentified German
Junker war plane. Two Paris newspaper corres-
pondents were among the injured. It is estimated
that death in the rebellion now exceed half a million,

including those killed in the wholesale executions
carried out by both sides.

Reported in the Japanese press that Foreign
Minister H. Arita tendered his resignation, but that
Premier K. Hirota refused to fccept it. Arita is
reported to blame himself for the situation resulting
from the anti-communist agreement with Germany
whicn angered the Privy Council bee? use it delayed
the signing of the fishery treaty with Russia and
further strained Russo-Japanese relations.

Dec. 9. — Hirota and Arita are lengthily grilled at
a session of the Privy Council, the latter apologizing
for the state of Japan's diplomacy in every nation
named by the members of the Council. He urges
patience in regard to the situation in China, stating
that the Suiyuan trouble is delaying Sino- Japanese
negotiations but states he believes the problem can
be worked out through regular diplomatic channels.
The fishing agreement with Russia is ready for sig-
nature, he declares. The anti-communist agreement
with Germany will have little effect on Anglo- Jap-
anese relations, he opines.

Dec. 10. — Baldwin announces the abdication of
King Edward in the House of Commons and Lord
Halifax, Lord Privy Seal, makes an identical an-
nouncement in the House of Lords. In his message
read to Parliament, the King declares: "After long
and anxious consideration, I have determined to
renounce the throne to which I succeeded on the
death of my father and now I am communicating
this my final, irrevocable decision. Realizing as I
do the gravity of this step, I can only hope that
I shall have the understanding of my peoples in
the decision I have taken and the reasons which led
me to take it. I will not enter now into my private
feeling, but I would beg that it should be remembered
that the burden which constantly rests upon the
shoulders of the sovereign are so heavy that they can
only be borne under circumstances different from
those in which I now find myself. I conceive that
I am not overlooking a duty that rests upon me to
place in the forefront public interests when I declare
that I am conscious that I can no longer discharge
tnis heavy task with efficiency, or with satisfaction
to myself. I have accordingly this morning executed
an instrument of abdication in the terms following:
'I, Edwsrd VIII, of Great Britain, Ireland, and the
Dominions beyond the seas, King and Emperor of
India, do hereby declare my irrevocable determination
to renounce the throne for myself and for my des-
cendants and my desire to that effect should be given
to this instrument of abdication immediately. In
token whereof I have hereunto set my hand this
tenth day of December, 1936, in the presence of
witnesses whose signatures are subscribed. (Sgd.)
Edward, Rex'. My execution of this instrument
has been witnessed by my three brothers, their
royal highnesses the Duke of York, the Duke of
Gloucester, and the Duke of Kent. I deeply appre-
ciate the spirit which actuated appeals which have
been made to me to take a different decision and I,
before reaching my final determination, most fully
pondered over them but my mind was made up.
Moreover, further delay can not but be most injurious
to the peoples whom I have tried to serve as Prince
of Wales and as King and whose future happiness
and prosperity are the constant wish of my heart. I
take my leave of them in the hope that the course
which I have thought right to follow is that which is
best for the stability of the throne, the Empire, and
the happiness of my people. I am deeply sensible
to the consideration which they have always extended
to me both before and after my accession to tne throne
and which I know they will extend in full measure
to my successor. I am most anxious that there
should be no delay of any kind in giving effect to this
instrument which I have executed and that all neces-
sary steps should be taken immediately to secure
that my lawful successor, my brother, His Royal
Highness the Duke of York, should ascend the
throne."

Baldwin moves that the message be considered
forthwith by the Commons. "No more grave message
has ever been received by the Parliament" he states,
"His Majesty, as the Prince of Wales, has honored me
with his friendship for many years, a friendship
which I value. When the King and I said goodbye
Tuesday. . . I believe we both felt sad, but our friend-
ship is far from being impaired. Last week's dis-
cussions bound us closer. together. . . and that friend-
ship will last throughout my life". He states that
Edward never showed any sign of ©ffense or hurt at
anything he had seid to him.

Fifteen hundred Chinese bandits comprising one
the principal bodies of the irregular forces invading
Suiyuan, surrender to Chinese government forces
near Wuchuan after a mutiny against their leader,
Wang Ying. The Japanese Foreign Office spokes-
man states that Japan is "prepared to take adequate
measures" if China defaults on "promises made in
recent negotiations, among these being suppression
of anti-Japanese movements, revision of school
books, engagement of Japanese advisers in govern-
ment departments, control of the anti- Japanese press,
reduction in tariffs, and mutual development of
North China."

The Pope suffers a relapse after several days of
improvement.

Luigi Pirandello, famous playwright and Nobel
prize winner, dies in Rome, aged 69.

Dec. 11. — King Edward ends his brief reign by
giving royal assent to the abdication bill which the
House of Commons passed in brief debate and the
House of Lords in six minutes, Baldwin stating that
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa
"desired to be associated with this bill" and that the
Irish Free State would call a session of the Irish
Parliament today to deal with the situation. Bald-
win asks the House for understanding of his part
in the "most repugnant task ever imposed on a
minister", and the Archbishop of Canterbury, who,
with Baldwin was the other chief public figure oppos-
ing the King's marriage, states: "This is an occasion

when our thoughts are too deep for tears, too deep
for words". The sorrowing British Empire is re-
ported to be becoming resigned to the inevitable
voluntary exile of its monarch and, after a period of
bewilderment, to be rallying to welcome the new
King, the Duke of York, who, it is announced, will
ascend the throne with the title of George VI in honor
of his father. In a radio address during the after-
noon, speaking as a private person, Edward says
goodbye: "A few hours ago I performed my last
duty as King and I am now succeeded by my brother.
I want my first words to be those of allegiance to
him. You must believe me when I tell you I found it
impossible to carry out my heavy duties in the way
I should have liked without the help of the woman
I love. I want you to know that the decision I have
made was mine and mine alone. I judged entirely
for myself. The other persons most nearly concerned
tried up to the last to persuade me to take a different
course. I have made this the most serious decision
of my life only upon the single thought of what
would be best for all. The decision has been made
less difficult for me by the sure knowledge that my
brother, with his long training in the public affairs
of this country and his fine qualities, will be able to
take my place forthwith without interruption to the
life and progress of the Empire. . . . He has one
matchless blessing enjoyed by so many of you and
not bestowed on me, a happy home with a wife and
children. During these hard days I have been com-
forted by Her Majesty, my mother, and by my
family. The ministers of the Crown, particularly
Mr. Baldwin, have always treated me with full
consideration. There has never been any constitu-
tional difference between them and me and Parlia-
ment. Bred in constitutional traditions by^ my
father, I should never have allowed any such issue
to arise. Ever since I was the Prince of Wales and
later when I occupied the throne, I have been treated
with the greatest kindness by all classes of people
wherever I lived or journeyed throughout the Empire
and for that I am very grateful. I now quit alto-
gether public affairs and lay down my burden. It
may be some time before I return to my native land
but I shall always follow the fortunes of the British
race and Empire with profound interest, and if at
any time in the future I can be found of service to
His Majesty in a private station, I shall not fail.
And now we have a new King. I wish him and you,
his people, happiness and prosperity with all my heart.
God bless you all and God save the King." Follow-
ing a farewell supper with the royal family at Windsor
Castle, Edward drives by automobile to Portsmouth
and boards the royal yacht, convoyed by a destroyer,
a little after midnight, for an unknown destination,
accompanied by his equerry Lieut.-Col. Piers Leigh,
a personal detective, and one member of his domestic
staff.

Julio Alvarez, Secretary of State and Foreign
Minister of Spain, tells the League Council that an
international war is being fought in Spain and that
women and children are being butchered by the
hundred by bombing planes, under orders of rebel
generals, supplied by the states which in fact began
the war while their statesmen talked of preserving
peace.

Reported that the Japanese militarists have turned
their guns on their erstwhile Mongol allies in order
to prevent further defections in their ranks to the
Chinese side. Others, it is said, are being driven
to battle like cattle.

Dec. 12. — George VI is proclaimed King and Em-
peror at St. James Palace, London. In a speech
to the Accession Council he states that he will
adhere to the strict principles of constitutional gov-
ernment. He also says that his first act will be to
confer upon his brother a dukedom and that he will
henceforth be known as His Royal Highness, the
Duke of Windsor. The coronation will be held on
May 12, the date originally set for the coronation of
Edward VIII. The Irish Free State Parliament
passes the accession bill by a vote of 81 to 53, as in-
troduced by President Eamon de Valera, and
Governor-General Buckley signs it although it also
abolishes his office. Queen Mary states in a message
to the people: "I need not speak to you of the dis-
tress which fills a mother's heart when I think that
my dear son has seemed to lay down his charge and
that the reign which began with so much promise
has so suddenly ended. I know that you realize
what it has cost him to come to this decision, and,
remembering the years in which he tried so eagerly
to serve and help his country and Empire, you will
ever keep a grateful remembrance of him in your
hearts. I commend to you his brother, summoned
so unexpectedly and in circumstances so painful to
take his place, and I ask you to give him the same full
measure of generous loyalty which you gave to my
beloved husband and which you would willingly
have continued to give his brother. ..." The British
destroyer Fury which it is said carried Edward across
the Channel, docks at Bologne, where a special train
waited to take him to Switzerland.

The League Council approves a resolution urging
non-intervention in the Spanish civil war and provid-
ing for a more rigid international control of outside
assistance.

Dec. 13. — Admitted in Nanking that Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek, head of the Chinese government,
is being detained at Sianfu, together with other
national leaders, by Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang,
former Manchurian dictator and for the past five
years an active associate of Chiang, he now demand-
ing that the government go to war with Japan to
retake Manchuria. High officials at Nanking hold
an all-night meeting, dismiss Chang from all his
official positions and order his arrest, threatening
to launch a military drive against him unless he
release the Generalissimo immediately. In the emer-
gency, H. H. Kung, Minister of Finance, takes over
the leadership of the Executive Yuan and Gen. Ho
Ying-chin, Minister of War, assumes direction of the
military Affairs Commission, both positions normally
held by Chiang

January, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Get The Spirit Of The

OFFICIAL SHIELD

IMPORTANT

There is but ONE Official Medal com-
memorating the XXXIII I. E. C. and
these may be obtained ONLY from
the

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Sta. Rita's Hall, Taft Ave.

P. O. Box 1645, Manila

These Shield Cards and Seals may be
obtained from the

CONGRESS NOVELTY SUPPLY COMPANY

Official Distributors
931 R. Hidalgo P. O. Box 498 Manila

INTERNATIONAL

11(1 Al IMK
CONGRESS

Countries in all parts of the world will send
their flag and a large delegation of their
nationals as pilgrims to attend the XXXIII
International Eucharistic Congress to be held
in Manila from February 3rd to 7th, 1937.
The people of the Philippines can not fail to
show their appreciation of this important
international courtesy. The Executive Com-
mittee of the Congress state that this can be
effectively done by displaying the Official
Shield Card, and by using the Official Seals
on their correspondence, both of which are
now available to the public.

SH1ELDCARDS. These bear the Official seal of
the XXXIII I. E. C, printed in full colors
on a heavy card 22 " X28", and are intend-
ed for display in windows, both homes and
stores, especially in the city. Their beau-
tiful colors will definitely link you in
spirit with the courtesy we owe to our
many foreign visitors. These cards are
suitable for framing. Given to contri-
butors of P1.00.

SEALS. Distinctive seals designed for the
XXXIII I. E. C, and are intended for
use on your stationery, both local and
foreign, personal and business. They
are in the form of gummed stickers, 36 in
each full sheet, and are quickly attached
to the envelope.

Three Sheets (108 Seals) to contributors
of fl.00.

AN INTERNATIONAL EVENT OF UTMOST
IMPORTANCE TO THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Germany politely rejects the proposals of Britain
and France for firmer non-intervention measures in
Spain stating that although it sympathizes with the
plan it doubts that it would be able to achieve "the
desired object under current conditions". Accord-
ing to the German note, Germany would be willing
to "partake in a neutral examination of any practi-
cable concrete mediation proposal" but that it will
continue to recognize the "nationalist government
of Gen. Francisco Franco".

Twenty-one American nations represented at the
Buenos Aires conference sign a Pan-American peace
pact outlawing war on the American continent, pro-
viding for mutual consultation in case peace is threa-
tened, with an outside menace, consultations to be

January, 1937

widened to determine methods of mutual action-
It declares that no nation has the right to intervene,
directly or indirectly, in the internal or external
affairs of any other nation; any violation of this
article would lead to immediate consultation of the
other nations with the aim of arriving at a pacific
solution.

The Archbishop of Canterbury delivers a scathing
denunciation of the "social circle" in which he alleges
former King Edward moved prior to his renouncing
the throne, saying also that it is "sad and strange"
that he "abandoned his great trust" and that he
"sought happiness in a manner inconsistent with the
Christian principles of marriage and within a social
circle whose standards and ways of life are allien to

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the best instincts and traditions of his people".

Dec. 14.— Marshal Chang telegraphs Nanking
that Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek is safe in
Sianfu and that no anxiety need be felt for him. W.
H. Donald, adviser to Chiang and a former adviser
of Chang, has gone to Sianfu to negotiate. Reported
from Tokyo that the Japanese government is ready
to intervene in the present crisis and that it is also
"discussing with Germany" the question of commu-
nistic influence in China, reports allegedly having
been received to the effect that Marshal Chang is
receiving Russian support in his mutiny against the
Chinese government, and that cemmunists are par-
ticipating in the revolt. All eleven Japanese cotton
mills in Tsingtao open and most of the striking
Chinese are returning to their looms.

Edward arrives at Ensesfeld, eight-hundred year
old castle, now the property of Baron Eugene Rots-
child, near Vienna, accompanied by only a few
servants and his small Skye terrier. He was met at
the railway station by a few friends led by Sir Wal-
ford Selby, British Minister to Austria.

Dec. 15. — Adviser Donald telegraphs Nanking
that Chiang is safe, dispelling fears that he had been
killed. Martial law has been proclaimed in Shanghai,
Nanking, Hankow, Loyang, Wuhan, and other im-
portant cities, as excitement rises and the people
express general condemnation of Marshal Chang.
Sianfu has been surrounded by government troops,
but attack is withheld pending negotiations for the
release of Chiang Kai-shek.

Government troops force rebels out of the Pozuelo
sector outside Madrid, thereby reportedly striking
a major blow at rebel attempts to seize the capital.
Government successes are claimed in several other
places.

Astronomical Data for
January, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset

(Upper Limb)

4T^gg§Hi|f| Rises

Sets

ft^^T Jan. 1.. 6:21 a.m,

5:38 p.m

Wr^^\ Jan. 6.. 6:22 a.m.

5:41 p.m

r fe^i Jan- *2.. 6:24a.m.

5:44 p.m

jRftv Jan. 18.. 6:26 a.m.

5:47 p.m

^M^l^v Jan. 24.. 6:26 a.m.

5:50 p.m

^H TV Jan. 31. . 6:25 a.m.

5:54 p.m.

Mocnrise and Moonset
( Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

January 1 9:33 p.m. 9:22 a.m

January 2 10:23 p.m. 10:01 a.m.

January 3 11:11 p.m. 10:39 a.m.

January 4 11:58 p.m. 11:16 a.m.

January 5 11:54 a.m.

January 6 12:46 a.m. 12:33 p.m.

January 7 1:35 a.m. 1:15 p.m.

January 8 2:24 a.m. 2:00 p.m.

January 9 3:15 a.m. 2:47 p.m.

January 10 4:07 a.m. 3:38 p.m.

January 11 4:58 a.m. 4:31 p.m.

January 12 5:47 a.m. 5:26 p.m.

January 13 6:35 a.m. 6:20 p.m.

January 14 7:20 a.m. 7:15 p.m.

January 15 8:04 a.m. 8:09 p.m.

January 16 8:47 a.m. 9:02 p.m.

January 17 9:29 a.m. 9:57 p.m.

January 18 10:11 a.m. 10:53 p.m.

January 19 10:56 a.m. 11:50 p.m.

January 20 11:54 a.m.

January 21 12:35 p.m. 12:50 a.m.

January 22 1:31p.m. 1:51a.m.

January 23 2:30 p.m. 2:53 a.m.

January 24 3:31 p.m. 3:53 a.m.

January 25 4:32 p.m. 4:50 a.m.

January 26 5:31 p.m. 5:43 a.m.

January 27 6:28 p.m. 6:30 a.m.

January 28 7:21 p.m. 7:14 a.m.

January 29 8:12 p.m. 7:56 a.m.

January 30 9:08 p.m. 8:34 a.m.

January 31 9:49 p.m. 9:13 a.m.

Phases of the Mocn

Last Quarter on the 4th at 10:22 p.m.

New Moon on the 13th at 12:47 a.m.

First Quarter on the 20th at 4:02 a.m.

Full Moon on the 27th at 1:15 a.m.

Apogee on the 6th at 11:00 p.m.

Perigee on the 22nd at 11:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 6:20 a. m. and sets at 5:42
p. m. The planet is too close to the sun for observa-
tion.

VENUS rises at 9:17 a. m. and sets at 8:59 p. m.
Just after sunset, the planet may be found about 45°
above the western horizon in the constellation of
Aquarius.

MARS rises at 12:44 a. m. and sets at 12:20 p. m.
In the early hours of the morning the planet may be
found in the eastern sky in the constellation of Virgo.

JUPITER rises at 5:28 a. m. and sets at 4:38 p. m.
Just before sunrise, the planet will be found low in the
eastern sky in the constellation of Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 9:47 a. m. and sets at 9:33 p. m.
Just after sunset, the planet may be found in the
western sky in the constellation of Aquarius.
Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p.m.
North of the Zenith South of the Zenith

Regulus in Leo Procyon in Canis Minor

Castor and Pollux in Sirius in Canis Major

Gemini Canopus in Argo

Capella in Auriga Betelgeuse in Orion

Aldebaran in Taurus Rigel in Orion

Achernar in Eridanus

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February, 1937

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PHILIPPINE

MAG AZI NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1937 No. 2 (346)

The Cover:

Landscape Fabian de la Rosa Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 58

News Summary 59

Astronomical Data for February, 1937.. Weather Bureau 99

Editorials:

Too Much to Expect? — Social Justice and Quezon and

Roosevelt— The Woman Suffrage Plebiscite— The XXXIII

International Eucharistic Congress The Editor 65-67

Makiling National Park H. M. Curran 68

A Teacher Takes his Vacation Bienvenido N. Santos 70

Pamuhat — The Bukidnon's Religious Sacrifice Ricardo C. Galang 71

Padre Burgos Leopoldo Y. Yabes 72

Balagtas' Contribution to Tagalog Poetry Melchor T. Villanueva 73

Within a Little Grey (Verse) T. Inglis Moore 74

It Rained Saturday Afternoon (Story) Antonio S. Gabila 75

Monosyllabic Roots in Philippine Languages H. Costenoble 76

Tea Amador T. Daguio 77

With Charity to All (Humor) Putakte and Bubuyog 78

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 94

Evolution (Verse) Flavio Ma. Guerrero 98

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarinas, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

H. G. HORNBOSTEL
Advertising and Circulation Manager

Subscription rates: 1*2.00 in the Philippines, fM.OO elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change in address, please
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

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Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

J£XPORTS appear to
have increased in
December, chiefly due to
heavier shipments of new
crop sugar. All coconut
products went in consider-
ably reduced volume, which
was probably not quite
offset by the sharD in-
crease in prices. Abaca
exports were somewhat
reduced in quantity but
probably not in value.
Lumber exports were very good and there was a
substantial shipment of leaf tobacco to Europe for the
first time since August. Gold shipments continued
to increase.

Sugar prices fluctuated, with a firm trend in the
last half of the month. Exporters reduced their
quotations as they found it necessary to pay 40 to
50 percent over the contract rate for freight. The
market for domestic quota sugar was quiet and easy.
Copra arrivals continued very light, although
slightly better than in November. With an in-
sistent American demand for oil, prices advanced
steadily and rapidly during the month, closing at
P20.50 per hundred kilos for resecada, with some
lots quoted at considerably higher prices. It seems
unlikely that prices can go much higher and trans-
actions are principally spot.

The coconut oil market was also very strong, local
prices at the end of the year being double what they
were a year ago. The American market also con-
tinued strong with a premium for prompt delivery,
buyers being reluctant to make commitments for
future delivery at the very high price level now cur-
rent. Demand in December was to a large extent
from soap manufacturers, in spite of the high prices.
The American market for copra meal improved
unexpectedly. The European market for cake was
also very strong, but the price advance was not
sufficient to make European quotations attractive.
Exports of desiccated coconut were somewhat reduc-
ed, due to the shipping strike anc to the difficulty
desiccating plants are experiencing in buying coconuts.
Strength in the London market for abaca during
the month was reflected in the American and Japanese
markets and local prices advanced steadily through-
out the month on all grades. The market was strong
at the close. Balings were better than in November
but are still running considerably below the level
of a year ago. Exports were reduced but were still
a little in excess of balings, stocks being reduced by
about 5,000 bales. No very considerable increase
in production is anticipated in the next few months.

Leaf tobacco prices increased sharply, as a result
of floods in" the Cagayan Valley, but lost much of the
gain when it became clear that damage was not nearly
as great as at first believed. There was a substantial
shipment to Europe for the first time since August,
the destination being given as "France, with other
ports optional." Smaller production is expected from
the Cagayan Valley, particularly Isabela, in 1937.
Cigar exports continued disappointing.

The rice market continued easy, with the new crop
beginning to come onto the market. Threshing
reports indicate the likelihood of a good average crop,
which will probably make it unnecessary to import
much rice in 1937. The National Rice and Corn
Corporation continued to support the market for
palay.

Export of logs to Japan were particularly good in
December and exports of lumber to the United States
and Europe were about average.

Gold production reached a new record in December,
in spite of the fact that one placer operation was not
producing, another did not report and one lode mine
had only half its normal production due to mach-
inery break-down. Gold production for the year
slightly exceeded P44, 000,000.

Import collections increased substantially in spite
of the shipping strike. The value of commercial
letters of credit opened was seasonally lower.

Collections continued excellent, although there were a
few requests for extensions, when goods were delayed
in arriving. Domestic collections are very good
throughout the Islands.

Stocks of imported goods are generally low and in
many lines, including textiles, flour, fresh fruits,
iron and steel products and automobiles, there is a
shortage. Prices were very firm during the month.
Japanese prices on textiles and such iron and steel
products as wire, nails and galvanized sheets, were
increased sharply and there is evidence that Japanes
competition in this m?rket will be much less severe
in the next few months. Demand for imported pro-
ductsisvery good, with comparatively little opposition
to price increases, due to general prosperity and the
good prices being received for most Philippine pro-
ducts.

American textiles could have been sold in consider-
ably larger volume if it had been possible to get
reasonably prompt delivery on them. Arrivals of
Japanese cotton textiles continued heavy in Decem-
ber but are expected to be much lower during the
first half of 1937. Imports of Japanese rayon may be
fairly heavy in the next few months, however.

Flour imports were considerably below the average
for recent months and also apparently below the
consumption level, as stocks were reduced and
appeared low at the end of the month.

Demand for automobiles and trucks was excellent,
sales being limited by shortage of stocks. Imports
increased somewhat, new models of some of the prin-
cipal makes being received, but the new cars were sold
about as soon as received. Tire sales were very
good while business in parts and accessories was fair.

Export cargoes were very good in December, in
spite of the shortage of ships. Demand for cargo
space greatly exceeded the supply and there was a
natural tendency to give preference to cargoes carry-
ing the best rates. Ore shipments were suspended
on that account and sugar exporters had to charter
ships at 40 to 50 percent over the contract rate.

Railroad carloadings showed a seasonal increase
over the previous month, due to increasing volume
of sugar. Carloadings were lower, however, than
in December, 1935.

Consolidated bank figures show increases in cash,
loans and discounts and demand deposits, apparently
due mainly to the starting of the new sugar milling
season and to cashing of bonds by war veterans.
Circulation increased by P6, 700,000 for the same
reasons. Debits to individual accounts fell off due
to a decline in stock trading activities. The peso
continued strong in the exchange market, the buying
quotation for dollars being down to the treasury buy-
ing point.

Government revenues were unusually good, partic-
ularly Customs collections, sales tax collections and
highways special fund collections, the latter being
extraordinarily large due to heavy imports of gasoline
and oil for storage in anticipation of the tax increase,
which becomes effective January, 1937. Total
revenues in the General Fund for the year apparently
exceeded expeditures, being a little better than P72,-
000,000.

Power production was very good in December,
amounting to 11,636,614 KWH, which compares
with 10,725,731 KWH in November and with 10,-
888,943 KWH in December last year. The increase
over November is more than seasonal. Daylight
saving does not appear to have had any considerable
effect on the consumption of electric power, the extra
hour of daylight in the evening being offset by the
necessity of rising an hour before sunrise in the
morning. For the full year 1936, power production
totaled 128,039,606 KWH, a four percent increase
over the previous year.

December real estate sales totaled PI, 748,936 in
December, a 28 percent increase over the November
figure. The increase was chiefly in the principal
business district and the better residential districts.
Sales for the year are reported at P18, 557,530, the
largest since 1919. The 1936 figure does not include
three important transactions consummated during
the year, reported to involve altogether over IP5.000,-
000, which, if they had been recorded, would have
brought the total above P23,O00,000, or far ahead
of any previous year. Prices improved noticeably
during the year, although they are still below pre-
depression prices.

New building permits increased a little in Decem-
ber, amounting to P616,390, which compares with
P427.510 in November and with Pi 24,940 in Decem-
ber, 1935. Permits for repairs were small. For

{Continued on page 98)

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February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

News Summary

The Philippines

Dec. 17. — Reported in the
press that President Manuel
L. Quezon has invited Cardinal
Dougherty, papal legate to the
33rd International Eucharistic
Congress, to be a guest at
Malacaiiang Palace during his
stay here.

Dec. 18. — President Quezon
returns to Manila from a
vacation trip to H Hongkong
and Canton. At a press con-
ference, he states in reply to a
question of William H. Chamberlin of the Christian
Science Monitor that "the idea of neutralization for
the Philippines, I must confess, has lost its attraction
for me. For the time being, at least, neutralization
seems meaningless. Unless within the next four or
five years the attitude of the great powers to their
accords changes, I cannot believe that such a neutral-
ization treaty woud mean much to the Philippines.
I would not, however, object to a neutrality agree-
ment, provided it were merely a declaration of prin-
ciple to the effect that the Philippines would be con-
sidered as neutral. This would not involve a guar-
antee of this neutrality. Such guarantees by any
power might furnish the excuse for interference. A
treaty of such a character as suggested would not be
incompatible with the retention by the United States
of naval stations in the Philippines. Naturally, the
areas which the stations embraced would be outside
the normal effectiveness of such an agreement.
What other nations would wish or would suggest in
this connection, naturally, I can not know. ... If
coincident with the establishment of such naval
bases in the Philippines there were established some
special trade relations with the United States in-
dicative of future close association, such retention
would not be unreasonable. It would be, indeed,
not only in the interest of the Philippines but also
of the United States, since it would mean the pro-
tection of established trade routes. If, on the other
hand, the United States undertook no such special
relationship, there would be no justification for the
retention of naval bases here. Nevertheless, the
fixed attitude of this government toward the naval
base question must come up at a later date when the
proposals are actually made and we are ready to
determine policy".

Dec. 19. — In a report to the Secretary of War,
President Quezon places the number of casualties
in the recent Cagayan Valley flood at 74 deaths with
200 missing and the number of sufferers at 50,000.
Damage to property and crops is estimated at F4,-
500,000. He expresses appreciation of the coopera-
tion of the U. S. Army and the American Red Cross
in relief measures.

President Quezon names Assistant Director Flo-
rencio Tamesis Director of the Bureau of Forestry.
Arthur Fischer, for many years head of the Bureau,
becomes adviser to the President on natural resources.
Dec. 20. — Dr. Alejandro Albert, until recently
Under-Secretary of Public Instruction, dies aged 67.
He was a member of the first Malolos Congress at
which independence was proclaimed. He founded
both the now defunct Liceo de Manila and the Manila
College of Pharmacy. He was appointed Assistant-
Director of Education in 1917 and later that same
year Under-Secretary.

Dec. 28. — Jorge B. Vargas, local sugar adminis-
trator, imposes a fine of P205, 104.90 on ten centrals
which exceeded their quota by an aggregate of over
4,000,000 short tons, and announces that the govern-
ment will also confiscate the sugar without prejudice
to the prosecution of all those who are found to have
violated the sugar limitation act with fraudulent
intent.

Dec, 28. — High Commissioner Frank Murphy
after interviewing President Franklin D. Roosevelt
and State Department officials, sends President
Quezon a message stating that Washington officials
believe his presence indispensable and "that it is
hoped you can arrange to be present", and President
Quezon is reported to have replied that he expects to
be in Washington early in March for a preliminary
and informal conference. The State Department
issues an announcement expressing optimism for
satisfactory trade arrangements between the United
States and the Philippines for a "constructive pro-
gram of adjustments. . . in line with the general
commercial and other policies of the United States
as regards future trade relations between the United

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States and the Philippines and as regards the various
economic and related adjustments which may be
called for in connection with Philippine independ-
ence."

The National Development Company as a private
corporation is dissolved by its Board of Directors and
a new public corporation of the same name is es-
tablished with all the assets and liabilities of the old
company transferred to the new, and President
Quezon announces the designation of Gregorio
Anonas as the acting head of the concern. The new
company has much broader powers than any private
corporation, may hold vast tracts of land, and "may
engage in commercial, industrial, mining, agricultural,
and other enterprises which may be necessary or
contributory to the economic development of the
country or important in the public interest".

Dec. 29. — Malacaiiang announces that Dr. H.
Foster Bain, former head of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines, has accepted a position as technical adviser
in the newly created Bureau of Mines here.

Dec. 80. — Reported that a Japan-Philippine
Fishing Company will be established with offices
in Manila and a cannery in Zamboanga, to be capita-
lized at 500,000 yen (P300.000), Philippine interests
to supply 61 % of this and Japanese the rest. A
Japanese staff would initiate the work and all machin-
ery and ships would be supplied by them. The
incorporators are Miguel Unson, L. R. Aguinaldo,
Vicente Madrigal, (the late) Wenceslao Trinidad,
Ramon J. Fernandez, Yasaku Morokuma, and Yoshi
Karikoma. Members of the Assembly criticize
the development as contrary to the spirit of the

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

Constitution which is to restrict the exploitation of
the national resources to Philippine citizens.

Richard C. MacGregor, ornithologist, for many
years Managing Editor of the Philippine Journal
of Science and chief of the division of publications
of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce,
dies, aged 65. He came to the Philippines in 1901
and joined the Bureau of Science in 1903.

Dec. 31. — Announced that President Quezon has
appointed Marcial Kasilag, who was recently made
Director of Public Works, Commissioner of Mindanao
and Sulu with headquarters in Lanao, and that
Assistant-Director Vicente Fragrante has been
appointed Director. The old Bureau of Non-
Christian Tribes ceases to exist today and the retire-
ment of Judge Teopisto Guingona, Director, also
takes effect.

President Quezon conditionally pardons 22 pris-
oners and paroles 83 more, among the former being
Crisanto Evangelista, communist leader, who was
exiled to the Mountain Province some years ago.

Japanese merchandise to the value of P10,000,
offered by the government of Formosa to the Philip-
pine government for the relief of flood sufferers, is
landed at Aparri by a Japanese steamer, and a dele-
gation headed by S. Agoyasi, prefect of Takao prov-
ince, will formally present the gift. Malacafiang
officials previously indicated that a cash gift might be
preferable since its delivery would not involve sending
a steamer, but that the State Department would be
asked to give the necessary permit for the steamer to
call, which request was granted.

Jan. 3. — The first 20,000 trainees, drawn from
among the 138,000 registrants throughout the
country, are scheduled to begin five and a half
months of military instruction in 128 training
centers.

Dr. J. Murray Barlett, first President of the
University of the Philippines, and his wife, arrive
in Manila for a visit.

Jan. 4- — As a New Year honor, the Chinese govern-
ment awards President Quezon the "Order of the
Brilliant Jade", rarely bestowed and almost exclusive-
ly on the heads of foreign governments.

Market vendors throughout the country protest
against the new internal revenue taxes — the 1-1 /2 %
sales tax and the increase in the privilege tax from
P2.00 to P4.00 (sales under P200.00 monthly are
exempt), and Manila meat dealers are again on a
strike against the increase of the city slaughterhouse
fee from 2 to 5 centavos a kilo.

Celedonio Salvador, recently made Superintendent
of Manila City Schools, is appointed Assistant-
Director of the Bureau of Education.

Jan. 5. — According to press dispatches, the United
States Supreme Court has reversed a decision of the
Philippine Supreme Court, the American body ruling
that the retirement gratuity act of the Philippine
Legislature is not an appropriation act and therefore
that the veto of section 7 of the law by the Gover-
nor-General was unconstitutional. The ruling is con-
tained in a decision allowing the claim of Juan Beng-
zon, retired Lingayen justice of the peace, to retire-
ment gratuity. Some fifty other justices will be
benefited by the decision. The local Supreme Court
upheld the veto of section 7 declaring that the chief

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executive of the Philippines is an integral part of
the law-making power and that his disapproval of a
bill in the exercise of his veto power is essentially
a legislative act, and pointed out that the former
organic law granted the chief executive the power to
veto any item or items in an appropriation act.

Jan. 8. — Reported that Philippine gold production
for 1936 totalled P44.421.435, nearly Pll, 500,000
more than the preceding year.

Announced that Prudencio Langcauon, Division
Superintendent of Schools of Iloilo, has been appoint-
ed Superintendent of City Schools (Manila).

Jan. 9. — The papal mission to the 33rd Interna-
tional Eucharistic Congress to be held in Manila
from February 3 to 7, leaves Rome with the Pope's
message to the Congress "to pray for the reestablish -
ment of peace in a world which needs it badly".
The message is contained in a gold and silver casket,
the gift of the Pope to the Congress. The mission
is headed by Cardinal Dougherty of Philadelphia,
papal legate.

President Quezon accept the resignation of Dr.
Jacobo Fajardo, Director of the Bureau of Health,
"in the best interests of the health service", declaring,
however, that the charges against him affecting his
honesty were not proved and that he had filed his
resignation before his investigation had been ins-
tituted.

The beautiful new Los Tamaraos Polo Club in
Paranaque is inaugurated and a game between the
Elizalde Team and the Hunter River Team of Aus-
tralia results in a score of 6 to 5 in favor of the Eli-
zaldes.

Jan. 10. — Wang Ching-wei, former Chinese for-
eign minister, visits Manila for a day on his way back
to China from Europe and is a luncheon guest at
Malacafiang. He has been mentioned as the prob-
able next head of the Chinese government.

Jan. 12. — President Quezon tells Manila meat
dealers and market vendors at separate conferences
that they must abide by the new tax laws, otherwise
the government will step in to protect the public
interest. He states that the meat dealers' strike is a
defiance of the government and that until the law is
complied with he will not entertain any petition for
tax revision. He also instructs the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce to gather 2,000 heads of
cattle for slaughter beginning tomorrow if the strike
continues. Various members of the Assembly accuse
the meat dealers of profiteering, prices having gone
up over 100 %.

Dr. Eugenio Hernando, Acting Director of the
Bureau of Health, is appointed Director.

Jan. 13. — The Board of Regents of the University
of the Philippines approves the appointment of Dr.
Antonio G. Sison as Dean of the College of Medicine
and Director of the School of Hygiene. Due to the
recently agreed separation of the administrative
and medical work in the Philippine General Hospital,
Dr. Sison will be in charge of the medical work at the
Hospital, but will not be in general administrative
charge, as was the former Dean and Director, Dr.
Fernando Calderon.

The United States

Dec. 16. — Acting Secretary of State Robert W.
Moore announcing the creation of a new division of
Philippine affairs states that neither particular
political nor economic problems are responsible for
the move, but solely the desire to coordinate the
administration of affairs concerning the Islands.
Francis B. Sayre, Assistant Secretary of State, de-
clares that "the gradual shifting of Philippine matters
from the War Department to the State Department
seems inevitable as the date of independence nears"
and that the Department has been increasingly
involved in Philippine matters by preparations for
the economic conference — which will be "a construc-
tive and not a 'horse-trading' affair". J. E. Jacobs
with a background of long experience in the Orient
and in the Department has been designated head of
the division. The action meets with approval in
Philippine government circles.

Dec. 19. — Vicente Villamin, Philippine economist'
states in Denver that American farm organizations
are becoming "more reasonable" in their attitude
toward Philippine agricultural production. The
worst enemy of Philippine sugar, he declares, is the
Cuban sugar industry. "Those gentlemen hold mi-
litant views against Philippine-American relations."

Dec. 20. — The "American Foreign Policy Associa-
tion" in a "report on the progress of the Philippines"
written by David H. Topper, made public today,
declares that the national defense plan "amounts
to a covert conspiracy to keep the United States in
the Islands", the plan being "to strengthen the mili-
tary power in the western Pacific in the event of a
war with Japan". The report admits that "potential
threats that Japanese economic pressure will enve-
lope the Islands in conjunction with the incipient
commercial expansion toward the equator are indeed
great". As to the Commonwealth Constitution and
government, the report declares that "given an
advanced electorate and a strong two-party system,
the Constitution doubtless provides a sound basis
for a democratic government, but in the light of exist-
ing conditions it lends itself to the establishment of
an essentially legal dictatorship". The report urges
that Philippine- American trade conversations be held
at an early date to diminish the "potential hazard
which might break down the Commonwealth" and
that the Commonwealth be given trade autonomy so
it may conclude trade agreements with other coun-
tries.

Dec. 21. — Walk-outs are reported in a number of
automobile equipment factories, said to be prelimi-
nary to a general strike in the steel and automobile
industries.

Dec. 22. — Sen. M. E.Tydings denies that the Philip-
pine defense program is a "covert conspiracy", de-
claring that the Commonwealth government in
adapting the defense program of Gen. Douglas Mac-
Arthur to its needs was acting "without either the

sanction and approval or the disapproval of the
United States government. It is a purely local
matter with the Filipinos. They like others seem
to feel that when independence is an accomplished
fact they will need some sort of defense".

Dec. 23. — Secretary of War Woodring reports to
President Franklin D. Roosevelt that "in view of the
generally favorable auspices surrounding its begin-
ning, there appears every reason to predict a success-
ful future for the Commonwealth government." He
praises President Manuel L. Quezon and the spirit
of cooperation prevailing between representatives of
the United States and Commonwealth governments.
He points out that the inauguration of the Common-
wealth "did not change the sovereign relationship
between the United States and the Philippines but
greatly broadened the autonomous powers of the
insular government as regards local affairs." He
states the United States "proposed to help the Fili-
pinos to readjust themselves for national defense
during the transition period" in relating the dispatch
of the military advisory commission headed by Gen-
eral MacArthur.

Dec. 24. — Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins
telegraphs labor leaders in San Francisco that the
public interest demands an early peace and urges
greater cooperation in negotiating for a settlement
of the long-drawn shipping strike.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Dec. 25. — Arthur Brisbane, famed editor and
iolumnist, dies of a heart attack, aged 72.

Dec. 26. — Sen. W. H. King states that he favors
an agreement as soon as possible among world powers
guaranteeing the independence of the Philippines
and that he is opposed to the establishment of a
United States naval base in a future independent
Philippines because it is a "potential danger spot".
"In the event the Philippines is attacked or becomes.
the victim of aggression of some foreign power after
full independence, I would not favor the United
States fighting for them. We would have to accept
whatever developed as a fait accompli as in the case
of Ethiopia".

Dec. 28. — The State Department announces that
it has had to issue licenses to a dealer to export $2,-
7 77,000 worth of second-hand airplanes and parts to
Bilbao, presumably for Spanish loyalist forces, as
the neutrality law permits the shipping of arms to
countries engaged in civil war and the dealer persisted
in his demands despite representations that it would
be embarrassing to the government to issue such
licenses at the present time.

A number of American airmen having gone to join
Spanish government forces, Rep. S. D. Reynolds
states he will call the attention of the State Depart-
ment to the law prohibiting Americans from enlisting
in a foreign war under penalty of a year in prison or a
$3,000 fine. Sen. W. E. Borah states he is studying
means of disenfranchising such persons.

Dec. 29. — In a press conference, President Roose-
velt bitterly denounces child labor, long hours, and
starvation wages in American industry, and calls at-
tention to the break-down in maximum hours and
minimum wage limitations since the death of the
NRA, indicating that he thinks federal action is
necessary. He also announces his support of legis-
lation that would apply the arms embargo law to
nations suffering from civil strife.

Sen. K. Pittman states he hopes to rush a bill
through Congress which convenes on January 5 ap-
plying the arms embargo to Spain. Some European
commentators state that the United States action
in granting license for shipment of airplanes to Spain
will defeat European efforts to make the non-inter-
vention agreement effective. Others praise the
United States for the publicity given to the matter.
Robert Cruse, the business man who recently de-
manded and obtainedlicense to ship airplanes to Spain,
states that the planes are not designed for conversion
into fighting planes and are not intended for military
purposes.

After a call on General Malin Craig, Chief of
Staff, Frank Murphy, retiring Philippine High Com-
missioner, tells the press: "I am interested in further-
ing the security of the Philippines economically,
politically, and in every other way". "It is reported,
however," adds the Associated Press, "that Murphy
favors the avoidance of entanglements over the prob-
lem of the defense of the Philippines once independ-
ence has been granted".

Dec. 30. — Gen. Hugh S. Johnson states that "the
thought that Japan would certainly in all circumstan-
ces respect a convention neutralizing the Philip-
pines is somewhat like the idea a cat would respect a
convention to neutralize mice".

Jan. 3. — Reported that farm lobby groups will
make an effort to boost the present 3 -cent excise tax

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Jan. 5. — The 75th Congress convenes at Washing-
ton. Rep. William B. Bankhead of Alabama is elect-
ed Speaker on a strict party vote.

The State Department issues licenses to another
exporter of arms to Spain valued at $4,500,000 and
consigned to the Spanish Ambassador to Mexico now
on his way to Washington.

Jan. 6. — In his message to Congress, President
Roosevelt calls on the courts to do their part "in
making democracy successful within the framework
of the Constitution. . . The vital need is not altera-
tion of our fundamental law but an increasingly
enlightened view in reference to it. The process of
our democracy must not be imperilled by denials of
essential powers to a free government". He does
not specifically mention the Supreme Court in his
frank criticism, but adds, "because all of us believe
that our democratic form of government can cope
adequately with modern problems as they arise, it is
patriotic as well as legal for us to prove that we can
meet new national needs with new laws consistent
with the historic constitutional framework which is
clearly intended to receive liberal, not narrow inter-
pretation". He asserts that the "broad objectives
of the NRA were sound" and adds, "the statute NRA
has been outlawed, but the problems have not; they
are still with us". Among "far-reaching problems",
he includes housing, aid to tenant farmers, the broa-
dening of socialsecurity, the relief of unemployment.
He declares that federal laws need to supplement
state laws to provide "decent conditions and ade-
quate pay for labor and a just return to agriculture".
He states that the Inter-American Peace Conference
at Buenos Aires has improved existing peace ma-
chinery and has "sent forth a message on behalf of all
democracies of the world to those nations which live
otherwise". "It is high time for democracy to assert
itself", he declares. Shortly before the appearance
of the President, the ceremony of counting the elec-
toral votes was completed and it was announced that
President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance
Garner were reelected by 525 votes to 8 for the Re-
publican candidates Alfred M. Landon and Frank
Knox.

Congress at the request of President Roosevelt
adopts a resolution permitting him to apply the arms
embargo to countries engaged in civil war, but in the
mean time, a Spanish freighter leaves New York for
Cartagena with a cargo of airplanes and munitions,
foodstuffs, and medicines for the Spanish govern-
ment.

Shipping strike leaders protest to the Mayor of
San Francisco that "thugs and gun-men are attack-
ing union pickets nightly" and accuse ship owners of
seeking to use violence to break up the strike.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

Jan. 8. — President Roosevelt announces that the
immediate construction of two new battleships cost-
ing $50,000,000 each, will be immediately undertaken
while the government will continue with the construc-
tion of two new aircraft carriers, one heavy cruiser,
three light cruisers, twenty destroyers, four sub-
marines, and two gunboats. The government plans
to spend around $1,000,000,000 on the army and navy
in 1938.

President Roosevelt signs the amendment to the
neutrality bill permitting the President to apply the
arms embargo to countries engaged in civil war.

Jan. 9. — Acting Secretary of State Moore tells

Sress: "I do not believe that a war involving the
iading European nations is about to occur. I de-
cline to believe any such adventure in suicide is im-
minent".

With over 95,000 men in the automobile industry
in his state out on a strike, Frank Murphy of Mi-
chigan faces his first serious problem as Governor of
Michigan.

Jan. 1 1 . — President Roosevelt reports to Congress
that the number of persons on the relief rolls totals
3,150,000, lowest since November, 1935. Of the
number, 2,284,000 are employed by the Works Pro-
gress Administration.

Jan. 12. — Murphy calls out the National Guard at
a number of places for strike duty following rioting
in Flint.

Other Countries

Dec. 16. — The Inter- American Peace Conference
at Buenos Aires approves a resolution reaffirming
the present treaties between the American nations,
providing for consultation in case of disputes threaten-
ing peace, for the application of neutrality articles
in case of war and the prohibition of arms exports,
providing that the new agreement shall not affect
the rights and duties of American members of the
League of Nations, and providing that the agree-
ment shall remain in force indefinitely.

Seventeen full divisions, totaling 150,000 troops,
arebeing rushed to Shensi province together with air
and artillery units, to^quell the revolt in Sianfu where
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, head of the Chinese
government, is being illegally detained by mutineers
commanded by Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang. (Opi-
nion in the^Chinese press is overwhelmingly against
the mutineers.) The Tokyo Jiji Shimpo states

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editorially that Japan will support any Chinese
regime showing friendliness to Japan and antagonisms
to communism. The United States is reported to
view the situation with concern.

British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden tells the
House of Commons that while the government will
adhere strictly to its decision not to grant de jure
recognition of the Italian annexation of Abyssinia,
it may accord de facto recognition.

Havelock Ellis, famed English psychologist, states
he would have preferred Edward remaining on the
throne with Mrs. Simpson as Queen. "It would
have drawn the English-speaking people closer. . . .
I think the fact that she is divorced would not
have detracted in the slightest her qualifications as
Edward's wife and England's Queen. We badly
need a reform in our divorce laws".

Dec. 17, — Government leaders at Nanking state
it would be "beneath the dignity of the government
to negotiate with Chang Hsueh-liang, whom we con-
sider a bandit. Nanking might be prepared to offer
him assurances of his personal safety, but never will
any terms of a political nature be considered". The
Control Yuan, which has the sole power of impeach-
ment, unanimously demands that Chang be put to
death, "otherwise, how can national discipline be
enforced? He has shaken the nation to its founda-
tions. So enormous is his crime that it could not be
expiated should he die 10,000 deaths".

Radio criticism of former King Edward and his
personal friends by the Archbishop of Canterbury
raises a storm of protest in England, and the former
King himself is reported angered at the criticism of
his friends.

Dec. 18. — Japanese marines are gradually with-
drawing from Tsingtao which they occupied some
weeks ago in connection with the strikes in Japanese-
owned textile mills.

Dec. 20. — In a letter brought to Nanking by a
freed hostage, Generalissimo Chiang states, "As
far as I know, I shall return to Nanking Saturday",
but earnest hopes throughout political circles in
China that he would be freed are disappointed when
no further word is heard from him. Reports are rife
in Japan and Germany that he has been killed. The
Soviet charge d'affaires calls at the Chinese Foreign
Office and emphatically denies any Russian com-
plicity in the Shensi revolt and the seizing of Chiang,
as has been charged in a section of the Japanese
press.

Eden warns the German Ambassador that Britain
is taking a grave view of Germany's continued dis-
patch of "volunteers" to Spain which are said to
be regular army units. In the House of Commons
he states: "It is the duty of all nations to keep out
of the Spanish quarrel and allow the Spanish people
to settle their own sufficiently tragic difficulties in
their own way". More than 80,000 foreigners are
fighting in Spain according to an official French
estimate; on the side of the government — 12,000
French, 2,000 German anti-Nazis, 2,000 Belgians,
2,000 Poles, and 10,000 Russians; on the side of the
rebels — 30,000 Germans, 24,000 Moors, 800 Irish,
500 French. Russian officials charge the Spanish
rebels with having fired on and burned the Russian
ships, Komsomol, an "incredible, criminal provoca-
tion and an outrageous piratical act", and declare
that Russian may propose listing Spanish rebel ships
as pirate craft under international marine regulations,
to permit neutral vessels to fire on them whenever
they are encountered.

Dec. 21. — The United States delegation to the
Inter-American Peace Conference demonstrates a
quiet opposition to a plan to link the American peace
machinery with the League of Nations by refusing
to vote on a resolution urging American non-members
of the League to cooperate with Geneva in peace
efforts through attempting to coordinate inter-
American treaties with the League Covenant. The
American spokesman declares that the United States
policy has been to aid the promotion and preserva-
tion of peace through fullest international coopera-
tion but has also been one of "non-involvement and
non-entanglement in political affairs abroad".

Dec. 22. — France informs Italy it is transforming
the French legation at Addis Ababa into a consulate,
and it is stated in Rome that the Anglo-French de
facto recognition of Ethiopia as a part of the Italian
Empire paves the way for negotiations toward peace
in the Mediterranean.

Dec. 23. — Secretary of State Cordell Hull, of the
United States, speaking at the closing session of the
Inter-American Peace Conference, praises the con-
ference as having produced among American republics
"a common and solidary attitude toward attack from
abroad", this being accepted among informed persons
as the tacit establishment of the Monroe Doctrine
as a common policy of all American countries in-
stead of, as hitherto, advanced and supported by the
United States. Under this interpretation, all the
nations would share the responsibility for preserving
the American hemisphere against outside aggression.

Dec. 24. — Reported at Paris that the German
Ambassador to the Spanish fascists at Burgos has
gone to Berlin to ask for five divisions of 12,000 men
each, General Francisco Franco, rebel leader, having
said that he must have the troops to win the war.
France is reported to have warned Germany that it
will be forced to aid Spain if Nazi troops make a new
mass "invasion" of Spain.

The finance committee of the French Chamber of
Deputies unanimously approves a loan of 405,000,000
francs to Poland and an additional amount of
945,000,000 francs for the Polish government rail-
roads, a move considered of great importance in
consolidating the return of Poland to the French
diplomatic circle.

The Cuban Senate convicts President Miguel
Gomez of charges brought against him by the House
of "interfering with the free functioning of the legis-

lative power", thus removing him from the pres
idency. He resigned informally before the Senate
met. Vice-President Laredo Bru automatically
succeeds him. Gomez vetoed a bill taxing sugar for
the support of schools militarized by the army on
the grounds that it would "militarize childhood".
Colonel Fulgencio Bautista, Chief of Staff, and real
iuler of Cuba, supported the bill.

Pope Pius delivers a world-wide radiocast appealing
for peace. He bitterly refers to "atheistic commun-
ism" in Spain and pleads for vigilant action by a
union of "all men of good will against the propaganda
of the enemy". He also refers to those fighting com-
munist "with false and fatal ideas", believed to be
aimed at the German church policy.

David Lloyd George radios a Christmas message
to the Duke of Windsor in which he "deplores the
shabby, stupid treatment" accorded to the former
King, and "regrets the loss sustained by the British
Empire of a monarch who sympathized with the
lowliest of his subjects".

Dec. 25. — Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, released
by Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang who seized him on
December 12, arrives at Loyang by plane, accom-
panied by his wife, T. V. and W. H. Donald, and
adviser, and escorted by four military planes. The
news is sent throughout China and is celebrated
everywhere with impromptu parades and fireworks.

The Spanish press angrily replies to the Pope's
address, one newspaper stating, "the Church has
once again declared attachment to the provokers of
the civil war. He could have aided peace better
by exhorting the rebels to halt bloodshed instead of
by attacking communism". A Spanish gunboat
seizes the German ship Palos in the Bay of Biscay.

Dec. 26. — The French Foreign Office outlines
plans for returning German colonies held under
League mandate by France, if Chancellor Adolf
Hitler will agree to a "full and lasting settlement"
of European political and economic problems, re-
nouncing territorial claims in Europe, stop enlist
ment of German volunteers for service in Spain.
It is claimed that Britain would join France in further
ing this program. The colonies chiefly concerned are
Togoland and the Camaroons in Africa with an area
of 188,321 square miles. .

Germany demand the release of the freighter
Palos on pain of reprisal. In revenge for the fierce
bombing of Madrid on Christmas night, Astunan
miners blow up a rebel troop train near Talavera
de la Reina, killing hundreds of soldiers.

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February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

The Japanese Diet is formally opened by Emperor
Hirohito. The army and navy in a joint statement
propose radical reforms in the administration and
parliament, and in the election laws.

Dec. 27. — Generalissimo Chiang, who was officially
welcomed, crowds vociferously demonstrating their
joy at his safe return, issues a formal statement
blaming himself for being partly responsible for what
happened as he as head of the army evidently failed
to maintain adequate discipline. Marshal Chang,
who followed him to Nanking, issues a statement de-
claring "I am naturally rustic, surly, and unpolish-
ed, and it is for this reason that I committed this
imprudent and criminal act. Now I have penitently
followed you to Nanking in order to await punish-
ment befitting my crime. I will accept even death
if such should be beneficial to the country. Do not
let sentiment or friendship deter you in dealing with
me as I deserve".

Dec. 28. — Stated in authoritative circles that
Britain will refuse to "whet tne Nazi appetite through
trading financial assistance and territorial concessions
for a German pledge to observe strict neutrslity in
the Spanish civil war. Britain believes that the
time has come to call a halt to Germany's strategy
at hurling "faits accompli" at the rest of Europe and
taking a "what are you going to do about it" attitude.

Stated in government circles in Berlin that the
French and British notes regarding non-intervention
were "delivered to the wrong address" as Germany
made the first proposals in this connection, but these
efforts were sabotaged by the attitude of Russia
and France which caused such damage that it can
scarcely be repaired by renewed diplomatic activity.
It is "authoritatively revealed" at Rome that the
government has ordered the suspension of che transfer
of volunteer soldiers to Spain pending negotiations
for an international agreement on the subject. It
is also "reported without confirmation" that Italian
volunteers have been ordered removed from the
Balearic Islands as a result of an imminent Italo-
British agreement for cooperation in the Mediter-
ranean.

Dec . 29. — Russia approves in principle the Franco-
British proposals regarding the banning of foreign
volunteers from Spain. Government forces claim
successes in the south of Spain in the Cordoba sector
and also northeast of Madrid where they obtained
control of the Saragosa valley. Announced at Berlin
that the freighter Palos has been released. Accord-
ing to an Associated Press dispatch from Berlin,
it is reported that Premier Benito Mussolini has
abandoned General Franco and has advised Hitler
to do the same.

Dec. 30. — Mussolini is reported to view the Soviet
alliance with the Spanish leftist government as a
problem as embarrassing to England and France
as to Italy and Germany, and as feeling "why should
Italy and Germany alone pull the chestnuts of other
powers out of the Spanish fire?" Some German
militarists who doubted Mussolini as a reliable ally,
are reported doubly doubtful now.

The British Admiralty announces two new
35,000-ton battleships will be laid down on January 1
upon expiration of the Washington and London naval
treaties, "regardless of what other nations do".

Generalissimo Chiang is reported to have tendered
his resignation as Premier and to have requested
punishment for being ultimately responsible for the
lack of discipline in the army that resulted in his
detention and "nearly resulted in the collapse of the
foundations of the state", but the Central Executive
Committee issues a communique stating that he will
resume his duties as head of China's political and
military affairs.

Dec. 31. — Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang is sentenced
by a special tribunal to ten years imprisonment.
He accepted entire responsibility for the revolt and
said it had been motivated by a desire to achieve
freedom and equality for the country.

Jan. 1. — The Italian press ministry refuses either
to confirm or deny apparently reliable reports that
3,500 fascist volunteers left recently for Spain. Re-
ported that Hitler is also rushing "volunteers" to
Spain, taking advantage of the delay in the negotia-
tions of further non-intervention agreements.

Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher and
liberal, dies at Salamanca, aged 72.

Jan 2. — A German warship "provisionally" seizes
a Spanish government ship, and another German
war vessel drives a Spanish ship ashore by gun-fire.
The German Foreign Office announces that the
"rough treatment" of Spanish ships will be continued
until all Nazi ships on the high seas are respected.

Jan. 3. — The British Ambassador at Rome and
Count Ciano, Italian Foreign Minister, signs an
Anglo-Italian pact in which the two governments
"exchange reciprocal assurances regarding the Me-
diterranean". It is believed to include a provisions
for the maintenance of the status quo and the freedom
of transit and communications, and assurances that
the agreement is not directed against a third party.
The value of the agreement is thought to be prin-
cipally psychological, representing a reapproachment
after the Abyssinian war, although British recogni-
tion of Abyssinia as part of the Italian Empire is
said not to be mentioned in the agreement.

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The Spanish government terms the German action
against its ships as "an act of war" and a "flagrant
act of intervention".

Jan. 4. — The rebels again rain bombs on Madrid
and at least a hundred people are killed and several
hundred injured. A German warship captures an-
other Spanish merchant ship and a Basque patrol
ship captures a German steamer. A German Foreign
Office spokesman states that German warships will
continue to seize Spanish socialist ships to avenge
the capture of the Palos and that there "must be
more reprisals" unless the German demand that a
Spanish passenger on the Palos and a part of the
cargo that was confiscated be released by the Spa-
niards. While it is stated in London that the British
had obtained an Italian guarantee of "hands off"
Spanish territory before signing the Mediterranean
status quo agreement with Italy, reports from Gibral-
tar state that about 6,000 Italians vearing Italian
uniforms disembarked at Cadiz and boarded trains
to join the rebel troops the day before the signing of
the agreement.

The State Council grants an unrestricted pardon
to Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang. He is expected to
go into retirement.

Jan. 5. — The commander of the German fleet
in Spanish waters is announced at Berlin to have
issued an ultimatum demanding the release of the
remainder of the Palos cargo and the one passenger
by 8:00 a. m. Friday. The Basque radio station at
Bilbao announces that the Valencia government
will not bow to the ultimatum and that the seizure

of the cargo of the Palos, allegedly contraband, is not
comparable to the "illegal detention" of Spanish
ships by Germany. Eighteen rebel bombers, most
of them German, attack Bilbao and three of them
are brought down by the loyalists. It is stated in
Paris that 10,000 Italian "volunteers" have recently
(Continued on page 100)

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Editorials

Former High Commissioner Frank Murphy has
warned us "not to expect too much" of the coming

Philippine - American
Too Much to Expect? trade conference, the pre-
liminaries of which Pres-
ident Quezon has departed for Washington to dis-
cuss at the invitation of American officials. Mr. Murphy
pointed out that "any recommendations that are agreed
upon at the conference must run the gauntlet of a Con-
gress that may not be sympathetic/ '

The warning is probably a wise one, but what is it, under
the circumstances, "to expect too much"? In a carefully
reasoned article published some time ago in this magazine,
Mr. Horace B. Pond, President of the Pacific Commercial
Company, stated:

"Anyone who gives serious thought to our situation here must come
to two conclusions: 1st: That the present standard of living of the
Filipino people and the present services of the government are depend-
ent on the production of surplus products for export; and 2nd: That
our exports are overwhelmingly dependent on free trade with the
United States."

He then analyzed the effect of the economic provisions
of the Tydings-McDufne Act when the export duties begin
to be applied, and declared that we shall then face a situa-
tion in which

"the exports of a number of our products will slowly but steadily dimi-
nish, and, in some cases, finally end. The imposition of export duties
on coconut oil, even though but five per cent of the United States duties,
will probably finish the coconut oil industry in the first year; if it is
not finished in the first year, it surely will be in the second year, when the
export duties are raised to ten per cent. It is also probable that when
the export duties begin to be applied, cigar shipments to the United
States will cease, for the United States import duties on cigars are very
nigh, amounting to several times their value. Any imposition of export
duties, therefore, probably will close the United States market to Phil-
ippine cigars. The same thing probably is true of buttons, hats, em-
broideries, cordage, and a number of minor products. If exports do not
cease in the first year, they are very likely to cease in the second or
third years. Sugar probably will be able to survive the five per cent
duty which will be imposed in the first year, and possibly even the
higher duties in the second and third years, although this will to a
considerable degree depend on the price of sugar. Estimates which
have been made, however, and in particular by the Philippine Economic
Association, indicate that before the tenth year the United States

market will be closed to Philippine sugar. This third period
[of the three into which Mr. Pond divides the ten years prior
to independence] will therefore be a period of liquidation and
of the drying up of the flow of exports to the United States.
In the fourth period, that is after the independence of the
Philippines has been recognized, the flow of exports to the
United States will practically cease. No sugar, no coconut
oil, no cigars, no buttons, no cordage, no embroidery can pos-
sibly, be sold in the United States over the tariff wall which there has
been erected. . . Exports from the Philippines will . . . when free
trade ends, be reduced to less than what they were a generation ago.
Imports, so essential to the maintenance of living standards here,

must of necessity be correspondingly reduced Exports of some

products will entirely cease, others will be greatly reduced. New
markets will be hard to find. Is it not reasonable to suppose that our
producers and our merchants have sought markets for Philippine pro-
ducts, not alone in the United States but throughout the world? They
have been free to sell their products everywhere, but they have been
unable to do so because they have found either that costs are too high,
or, principally, that the erection of economic barriers has made sales
impossible. . . . The outlook for the Philippines is, therefore, as the
law now stands, very black indeed."

Is it too much to expect that the trade conference will
result in recommendations and action by Congress lifting
the pal that hangs over the Philippines? It is only the
confidence of the people that the American government
would never permit such a catastrophe as has been outlined
ever to take place, that has prevented a general paralysis
of all activity in the country. And this not without reason.

As Mr. Pond said in concluding his article:
''When the Ty dings- McDujfne Act was approved, there was a definite
understanding with the President and with the leaders of Congress that
a study would be made of the Philippine economic situation, and, while
no definite promises were made, it was indicated that if it is found that
the economic provisions of the measure are too onerous, they will be
amended. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a special message to
Congress stated ; 'I do not believe that other provisions of the original
law need be changed at this time. Where imperfections and inequal-
ities exist, I am confident that they can be corrected after proper hear-
ing and in fairness to both peoples. . . .' The Philippine Legislature
in its resolution accepting the law quoted this statement of the Presi-
dent, and added that it 'gives to the Filipino people reasonable assur-
ance of further hearings and due consideration of their views'. . . .
The measure itself provides in effect that at least one year prior to the
date of the recognition of independence, a conference shall be held
between the representatives of the Philippine Islands and those of the

United States for the purpose of discussing and submitting recommenda-
tions for the trade relations between the United States and the Phil-
ippine Islands after independence. The door is, therefore, open, and
steps should now be taken to secure amendments to the law . . . The
United States has, on the whole, played fair with the Philippines in the
past, and, therefore, I can not believe that it was the intention of the
United States, when independence legislation was approved, to give
the Philippine Islands both liberty and death. ..."

Mr. Pond ably presented the Philippine side of the situa-
tion. From the strictly continental point of view it can
be stated that the Philippines has long been among the ten
best customers of the United States and that an annual
reciprocal trade of a billion dollars between the two coun-
tries is well within the range of possibility. As a tropical
and chiefly agricultural country, the Philippines does not
compete in any important sense with the United States
which is a temperate zone and a largely industrial country.
While the Philippines is almost absolutely dependent upon
the United States market, America itself can not be wholly
indifferent to the rich and still rapidly developing Phil-
ippine market, and the Philippines is furthermore an im-
portant source of raw materials, including certain metals
now beginning to be mined, which the United States needs.

Is it, therefore, too much to expect that not only a spirit
of fairness and justice will be shown in Washington, but
ordinary common sense? Is it too much to expect that
America will not boot out one of its best customers? One
of its most important suppliers of needed products?

Is it furthermore too much to expect that America will
not be so blind as to cut off all its most important relations
with a country which has, in fact, become a "little America"
on the other side of the Pacific, of the utmost value not only
as a market and a trade base but a strong center of influence
in this part of the world, political and perhaps naval, a
center the vital importance of which is becoming more
and more evident year by year?

What nation in the world would do the like — deliberately
destroy a profitable mutual trade, strong ties of friend-
ship, trust, and mutual interests and support?

To expect anything but a complete reversal of the both
murderous and self- wounding so-called ' 'economic' ' pro-
visions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, would be to believe
that Washington has gone completely doltish.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first inaugural address
was remarkable chiefly for its courage; his second, delivered

in the rain and over an old
Social Justice and Dutch Bible on which he re-

Roosevelt and Quezon newed his oath of office, was

remarkable chiefly for its
honesty.

He did not blink the fact that although the nation's
progress out of the depression is obvious, there are millions
of families trying to live on incomes "so meager that the
pall of family disaster hangs over them from day to day";
that "millions lacking the means to buy the products of
farm and factory, by their poverty deny work to many
other millions"; that "a third of the nation is ill-housed and
ill-cared for"; that "millions are denied opportunity and
recreation".

What other President of the great and wealthy United
States of America, that has ever been so boastful of its
"standard of Jiving", has dared to face the actual facts

and state them so boldly? Neither did he hesitate to
allude to what he believes to be the fundamental cause —
"dulled consciences, irresponsibility, ruthlessness" ; "the
abuse of power by those who betray for profit."

He declared that he rededicated himself to removing
"the cancers of injustice" which causes "want amidst
plenty", and he again pointed to the goal he set in 1933 of
a national wealth that would vastly spread human comfort
and raise the standard of living far above the level of mere
subsistence. "Realization of this dream is a challenge to
democracy".

He looks forward with hope. "We are beginning to
abandon our tolerance of the abuses of power. . . . Auto-
cratic powers have been challenged and beaten. . . . We
are fashioning an instrument of power for the establishment
of a morally better world. . . . The pressure of extra-
ordinary circumstances has aided our present gains. . . . The
times were on the side of progress. . . . The greatest
change in the American people during the past four years
has been a change in moral fiber. . . . We are moving
toward an era of good feeling, but we realize there can be
no such era until we have men of good will".

This was on January 20. That same day, President
Manuel L. Quezon, at a banquet given by him in honor
of the members of the Cabinet, the National Assembly, and
the Provincial Governors and Treasurers, delivered a speech
that in part was notably similar in spirit to that of Pres-
ident Roosevelt.

"It is time", he said, "that we open our eyes to realities
and realize the actual state of the society in which we live.
You, the Provincial Governors, and you, the members of
the Assembly and of the Cabinet, should tell that part of
society which enjoys privileges and comforts that if they
wish to continue to enjoy them they must give to the less
fortunate part of our population the share to which they
are justly entitled because of their labor. Domestic
tranquility in the Philippines can only be guaranteed by
justice."

In a press conference on the 22nd, President Quezon
expressed his satisfaction with the state of public order
and the prevailing business prosperity, but stated that he
was unhappy over the signs of discontent among the people.
This he attributed in part to the general discontent existing
in all parts of the world, but another cause, he said, is
dissatisfaction with the treatment accorded to them by
landowners and employers. He declared he did not want
ever to have to order the army to shoot down peasants and
laborers out to defend their human rights, and proposed to
use all the authority vested in the government to secure
justice for the workers. He announced that he had ordered
various governmental entities to investigate and report on
the working conditions in the sugar and tobacco districts
with a view to increasing wages and crop-shares.

Far more radical changes may have to be introduced
into our economic system than seem to be entertained
either by President Roosevelt in the United States or by
President Quezon here to secure the social justice they both
speak of, and, if so, whether these can be brought about
wholly by political and peaceful means, is a grave question.
Yet that these two leaders, each great in his own sphere, are
sincere in their aims can not be questioned, nor that they
deserve the support of all men of good will. What they

are able to achieve will at least ameliorate present inequal-
ities and injustices and will perhaps make the final efforts
to establish an order of economic justice frought with less
bitterness than in countries where the issue has been or is
being fought out without compromise.

The writer himself is not one of those who believe that
the class conflict must inevitably result in bloody strife
before a classless society is established. It seems to him
that most economic theory, including the Marxian, is
based on the age-old "economy of scarcity* ' which is now
rapidly passing. With the development of human capacity
to produce enough and more than enough for all, and this
accomplished, as it well may be, by wholly peaceful means,
it would seem that the distinction between the possessors
and the dispossessed, the rich and the poor, will in time
lose all point and meaning.

The qualities of liberals such as President Roosevelt —
sympathy with the under-privileged, a sense of responsi-
bility, a disposition to appeal to reason and the moral
sense, are far higher and nobler and would seem to have a
far greater human attraction than the suspicion, scorn,
and bitterness of so many extreme radicals and the "or-
ganized hate" they seek to inculcate.

No one class is responsible for either all the good or the
evil present in human society, and cooperation rather than
competition has marked the life and progress of mankind.
And it is unintelligent as well as unfair to judge individuals
by abstract standards; each lives in his own time and in
his own metier.

It may be that in some countries the oppressed must
resort to violence to gain justice for themselves, but in
countries which have established democratic governments,
the interests of the greatest number should triumph with
nothing more deadly behind them than the power of com-
mon sense.

It is a pleasure to note that President Quezon has changed
his recent, somewhat luke-warm attitude toward woman
suffrage to one of strong endorsement. It
The Woman has all along been held in this column that
Suffrage the action of the Constitutional Conven-

Plebiscite tion in robbing the women of the right to

vote, which had just at long last been
extended to them by the Philippine Legislature, was a
contemptible act of betrayal, an injustice that had its own
bad effects, and, as well, did the Philippines much harm in
the eyes of all liberal-minded people everywhere. Instead
of confirming that right, as a constitutional convention
would be expected to do, the "fathers" adopted a provision
calling for a plebiscite on the question by the woman of
the country.

It is to be hoped that the women will reach and exceed
the necessary 300,000 affirmative votes, which is, however,
by no means an easy task, as the reactionaries in the Con-
vention well knew when they set that number. But Presi-
dent Quezon's open encouragement and support will greatly
aid the women in their efforts to get out the vote and in
insuring a fair attitude on the part of the local authorities
during the vote-taking.

The plebiscite is to be held on April 30. Every woman
able to get to a polling place should do her duty to the coun-
try and its womankind, half of the population, and vitally
concerned in much more than half of what goes on in it!

The XXXIII International Eucharis-
tic Congress held in Manila from the
third to the seventh
The Eucharistic of this month, with
Congress prelates and pilgrims

from many countries
in attendance and his Eminence Dennis Cardinal Dougherty
of Philadelphia, formerly a Bishop in the Philippines, as the
Papal Legate, was a notable event in Church history, for it
was the first of these great congresses held in the Far East,
and was also of significance from the secular point of view,
for it served to draw the attention of the entire Christian
world to the one Christian people in Asia and to the serious
problems that confront them in view of their changing
relationship with the United States of America.

The Filipino people owe the remarkable progress they
have achieved in great part to the Christian religion, which,
through over three hundred years first under Spain and
more recently under America, prepared the way for democ-
ratic statehood in a part of the world still largely feudal
and imperial and under the sway of religious systems that
teach resignation to what exists rather than faith and hope
and good works.

The Christian Church itself, however, especially its great
Roman Catholic nucleus, progressive as, in many respects,
it has proved to be through nearly twenty centuries, never-
theless, like all religious systems do, clings to tradition,
which, indeed, accounts for a large part of their strength.
Religious systems serve in general as great balance wheels
of society as well as sources of moral strength and inspira-
tion for the people.

This clinging to tradition, however, is unhappily espe-
cially discernible in the Church's hostility to the modern
trend toward socialism and communism. This antagonism
was noticeable in many of the sermons preached in Manila
and especially in the statement issued to the press by the
Japanese delegation to the Congress, which, in fact, was
little more than a political tract. It is unfortunate that
the Church, though it is the holder of large properties itself,
has not adopted at least a neutral attitude toward the great
economic problems of the time, as it well might, since its
principal mission is moral and spiritual, and has instead
made itself a virtual champion of the institution of private
ownership. The hostility of the Church to the changes
that are developing in public opinion in respect to the
"sanctity" of private property accounts to a great extent
for the misfortunes of the Church in such countries as
Russia, Mexico, and Spain. Yet some of the earlier teach-
ings of the Church are much nearer to communism than to
modern capitalism and its growing evils.

However, general critical reflections should not be per-
mitted to mar a reference in these columns to the impressive
and beautiful international celebration of the Eucharist,
central sacrament of Christian faith and worship, in Manila.
The difficult practical problems involved in the prepara-
tions for the Congress and, for instance, in the handling
of the vast crowds during the event itself, were solved so
successfully by the many able and zealous Churchmen and
their lay assistants, that nothing served to detract from
the spiritual aspects of the proceedings. The writer was
most touched during the five days of the Congress when,
following the children's mass on the Luneta, thousands of
singing children, being conveyed back to their homes in
buses, filled the down town streets, where usually nothing
but the roar of the traffic is heard.

Makiling National Park

By H. M. Curran

A RECENT trip to the national forests and parks
of California, Wyoming, South Dakota, Tennessee,
and North Carolina, brings home to one how different
a national park in the tropics can be from these beautiful
regions of the United States.

Makiling National Park,
near Manila, including the
campus of the School of For-
estry, offers to the visitor fa-
miliar with the beauties of the
United States and Europe a
chance to compare the charm
of the tropics with that of the
temperate world.

This national park, recently
developed, is now accessible
by motor road, completed to
an elevation which will give
the visitor the coolness of the
mountain, and views of the
lake, the rice fields, and the

endless coconut groves which are among the attractions
of this region in Laguna. The tourist with but a few
hours to stop over in Manila can see here one of the most
attractive bits of tropical forest and forest scenery to be
found anywhere in the world.

Two hours from Manila by motor road finds one deep in
the heart of the forest where one may lunch by a boiling
spring or by a clear mountain brook tumbling over gigantic
rocks. Over head the leafy canopy of the forest, tangled
with giant lianas, gives the setting for a tropical holiday.
If the visitor is fortunate he may see troops of monkeys
swinging through the trees, hear the birds, and see a myriad
of butterflies clustered on the rocks or the moist soil of the
creek bank.

To the visitor with scientific bent, the flora and fauna
offer a thousand delights. There are more kinds of trees
here on the mountain than in Europe or the United States.
The same is true of vines, and possibly of the ferns. The
palms, orchids, the parasitic rafflesia, pitcher plants, and
the myrmecopholus epiphytes add a strangeness to the
picture that will stimulate scientific interest.

The animal life of the mountain includes the native deer,
monkeys, and a cat-like animal locally known as musang
(and closely related to the mongoose). Wild pigs are com-
mon in the deeper forest and there are numerous small
rodents which are rarely seen.

Bird life is abundant, but the visitor is fortunate if he
sees even one bird on a short trip. Both the birds and the
monkeys have certain times of the day and certain times of
the year for visiting different parts of the forest, due largely
to the fruiting of the trees and vines, and unless one is for-
tunate enough to visit the forest at such a time one would
almost think the region uninhabited.

The jungle life is usually shy and the foliage so dense that
unless one has very sharp eyes or is willing to sit perfectly
still for a long period, the life of the woodland will rarely be
seen.

The hornbill and the brush turkey are perhaps the most
remarkable of the feathered life. The jungle cock or wild
chicken, similar to the brown leghorn of the barnyard, is
everywhere common. It builds its nest in the tangled
roots of the trees and the female when startled endeavors

to attract the attention from
her young by fluttering away
as though wounded. The
little chicks remain perfectly
still, hidden in the brown
leaves and twigs which match
their plumage.

There are snakes in the
forest but these are rarely
seen and one may pass along
the forest trails with as little
fear as in the forests of the
United States.

The tick, the red bug or
chigger, the mosquito, and the
other biting and crawling in-
sects common to the wilder portions of the United States ,
have counterparts in the tropical forest. The little wood
leech or limatic is the most pernicious of the wood pests.
Common in the rainy season at certain elevations of the
forest, one needs good boots or leggins for a tramp on
the mountain.

The ideal time for a visit to Makiling Park is during the
hot dry months from March to May. Here at a thousand
feet elevation the forests are delightfully cool, mosquitoes
are practically unknown, and the days are bright with
sunshine.

The picture often painted of the tropical forest depicts
it as a dark, gloomy, mysterious, and often sinister region.
The woodlands of Makiling on a sunny day are the brightest,
most attractive forest regions in the world. The sunshine,
filtering through the leaves high* over head, is brilliantly
reflected from polished leaf surfaces of shrubs and herbs
and makes its pattern of light and shadow on the forest
floor.

The forest parks of the United States were chosen because
of their natural beauty. The lakes, rivers, mountains, and
forests, and the protected wild life give to the city popula-
tions and the visitor from distant lands the change and
interest which means rest and recreation. These play
grounds were made accessible by railroads and paved roads,
and their interiors were further opened by the construction
of trails for the pleasure seeker on foot or on horse back.
Camp sites and shelters were provided along these trails,
cottages and hotels were sometime built.

For the protection and aid of the visitor, guides, guards,
and foresters were assigned to each forest region. Their
duties include protection of the forest, the building of forest
improvements, and the guiding and care of the visitors.

Mount Makiling forest was selected in the same manner
as the United States parks because of its accessibility,
especially its nearness to Manila, natural beauty, and the
fact that for twenty years the Bureau of Forestry had pro-

tected and improved the natural forest of its slopes. The
region will serve as a playground for the pleasure seekers
of the Philippines' largest city and the hundreds of thou-
sand in the nearby provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Rizal,
Cavite, Bulacan, and Pampanga. The local province of
Laguna already makes use of the forest.

No public forest of the United States is better served with
roads and other means of transportation. One may drive
around the entire base of the mountain on paved highways.
The new road now completed for four kilometers has been
surveyed to the summit. The finished road will be eleven
kilometers in length and is a government project, the build-
ing and maintenance being under the supervision of the
Bureau of Public Works.

In addition to the motor roads which connect the moun-
tain with Manila and the surrounding provinces, the main
line of the Manila Railway runs near the base of the moun-
tain and the local bus line connects the stations of Los Bafios
and College Junction with the Colleges of Agriculture and
Forestry. Makiling Road
starts from the campus of the
latter college. The initial
work on the road was begun
with funds furnished by the
Bureau of Forestry and the
University of the Philip-
pines. Los Banos has also
water transportation and
visitors can hire launches for
the trip through the Pasig
river and across Laguna de
Bay, the Philippines largest
lake, in a setting of rice and
sugar cane fields and tower-
ing volcanic peaks.

Though there are no land-
ing fields as yet in the vici-
nity of Makiling, visitors
may see the region from the
air by taking the commercial
lines of planes between Ma-
nila and Iloilo. These planes
pass directly over the
mountain on their regular
trips.

The distance from Manila
is roughly seventy kilome-
ters, an hour and a half for
the conservative driver and
an equal time on the fast
trains of the Manila Railway .

The grounds of the Los
Banos colleges of Agriculture and Forestry (University of
the Philippines) have long been a favorite objective of
tourists. Manila Y.M.C.A., and boy scout organizations
hold summer camps here and during the past year the
University cadets and Scout troops of Fort McKinley
used the camping facilities.

The University Forest School maintains a summer camp
at an elevation of a thousand feet on the mountain and the
forest is used as a field laboratory and for instruction in
forest management, protection, and utilization.

The forests of the tropics are everywhere being destroyed
by what is known as "shifting cultivation/' here known as
"kaingin agriculture". A portion of the forest is cut
down, allowed to dry, burned, and later planted in upland
rice, corn, and other crops. Later the area is abandoned
and becomes open "cogon land" (a common coarse grass
of the Philippines) used for pasturage and annually burned
over, preventing the return of the forest. Millions of acres
in the Philippines have become economically unproductive
and a menace due to this system of agriculture.

An interesting experiment (now covering a period of more
than twenty-five years) to control this type of agriculture
without depriving poor families about the mountain of their
livelihood, has been undertaken. Areas of brush land and
poor forest are surveyed, allotted in small portions to each
family, the areas are cleared, the fire wood and timber cut
and sold, and after a year or two these areas are replanted
or seeded naturally to commercial forest crops and new
areas allotted to the "kaingineros". Hundreds of hec-
tares have thus been re-
claimed and are yielding a
substantial revenue for the
maintenance of the Forest
School, and the dependent
families are never without
areas for cultivation.

Naturally, because this
forest is so close to the cen-
ter of population, its recrea-
tional use is given greater
emphasis than the production
of commercial forest crops.
The mountain furnishes won-
derful hiking trips to the
peak where on clear days a
panorama of volcanic peaks,
coconut groves, the lakes in
their mountain settings, and
even the tiny active volcano
of Taal greets the visitors"
eye.

Makiling is a game refuge
and the wild life is rapidly
increasing under the pro-
tection provided. It is hoped
that in the near future the
hunting of hogs and deer
under license may be allowed
in the open season.

The world tourist visiting
the beauty spots of the tro-
pics seeks places where he
may see native trees, shrubs, vines, orchids and other
flowering plants, and where the bird and animal life may
be seen and enjoyed.

The visitors to South America's most beautiful city drive
to Rio's botanic garden, lying at the foot of Corcovado, a
mountain very similar to Makiling. The beauty of the
mountain with its surroundings is unsurpassed. Makiling
offers much of the same pleasure to the tourist. The area
developed at Rio is much less than that occupied by the
(Continued on page 91)

A Teacher Takes his Vacation

By Bienvenido N. Santos

WE had sixteen days of vacation, but spent
them at home. Our house is not far from
the school building where both my wife
and I teach. On our way to school we pass by
the "Christian Center" where we often read in
large letters on a board by the door texts from the
Bible. In the early mornings, the soldiers of the barracks
near the school grounds, can be seen far afield drilling.
But at noon, we pass the soldiers' mess hall by the pro-
vincial road, the men orderly lined up and holding their
plates and spoons in their hands, waiting their turn to be
served. As we pass by them, they look at us knowingly.
Some smile maliciously and even wink at me, thinking per-
haps that my wife and I are sweethearts.

On the eighteenth of December, which was our last day
of school for the year, we walked to school very early. As
we passed by the Christian Center, the board by the door
greeted us with: "ON EARTH PEACE, GOODWILL
TOWARD MEN". Reveille sounded from the distance.
The wind that carried the familiar bugle sound to our ears
was bitingly cold.

There was a Christmas program that morning, and in
the afternoon, the male students dressed in their khaki
uniforms, marched to the grandstand to witness the ceremo-
nies attending the closing of the military school for those
who were to instruct the twenty-year old trainees for the
Philippine Army in January. It was their graduation day.

The provincial governor made a speech appealing to
the patriotism of the youth of the province. The students
listened quietly as they held tightly to their wooden rifles.
I had already heard most of them express the desire to be
soldiers, real ones. Even a lame student had said to me,
"If I could only be a soldier, sir!" Now as they gazed at
the soldiers standing at ease in front of the grandstand,
one could see that they envied those men in their trim
uniforms and with those real guns.

The next day, I was at the Daraga station to see a fellow
teacher off who was to spend his vacation in Manila.

There were many soldiers. They had just finished their
own training and were on their way to their respective
stations. They were now ready to pass on their training to
the young men of the country who, in January, would
flock to the different training centers in the Islands.

The small station building could hardly be seen from a
distance because of the baggage of the soldiers — cots,
trunks, satchels, etc., piled high around the station plat-
form.

There was a thin drizzle. Young third lieutenants paced
back and forth, impatiently waiting for the train, maybe,
or just showing off. Others held intimate conversation
with powdered and red-nailed girls sitting inside fashionable
cars. They would laugh now and then, and the people
around the station would look at them.

When the train arrived, there was hurrying confusion.
One husky lieutenant gave brisk orders as he supervised
the loading of the soldiers' paraphernalia. Another kept
on walking back and forth as if his long legs needed much

exercise. Still another remained leaning on the
door of one of the automobiles, whispering to a
slim girl behind the wheel.

When the train pulled out, there was a waving
of hats and handkerchiefs, and hasty good-byes
were exchanged. An old man, barefooted and
dirty, stood in the rain waving a buri hat at one of the
young soldiers waving, too, frantically from the rear end
of the last car.

"That is my son," he said to no one in particular, as he
brushed aside little drops that may have been tears or
raindrops from his wrinkled cheeks. There was a hint of
pride in his voice.

On my way home, I tried to figure out how I would spend
the sixteen days. I would read, of course, and write to
friends; our high school library would remain open, for-
tunately. And I would play pingpong or tennis or bas-
ketball.

But December in my province is a rainy month. So I
could not play tennis. I visited the Christian Center
frequently, but most of the time it was nearly empty except
for some little boys playing pool or an old teacher pensionado
reading the newspapers and searching the pages for news
about the pension fund. So I could not even play ping-
pong. The high school students must all have gone to
their respective towns to spend their Christmas vacation,
I thought, but I wondered vaguely where the students
residing in the locality had gone. I could see them
at night, strolling about along the provincial road when
it was not raining, some of them even coming to serenade
the foreign looking girl in our neighborhood. But in the
daytime these young men were nowhere to be found.
Even the training quarters were empty since most of the
soldiers had departed for their stations.

One rainy morning, I noticed that the shop of the training
school department was open. There was the sound of
bustling activity within. I thought the shop teacher was
busy working on our new standard basketball goals which
I had ordered, as the old ones had been blown down by the
recent typhoon.

But when I entered the narrow door, I found the young
men I had been looking for — high school and trade school
students — planing, sawing, scraping, bending over pieces
of wood that looked like rifles. They were rifles, wooden
ones, for drilling. These young men were paid thirty-
eight centavos for every one they finished. Some made as
many as four a day.

They worked hard; they did not even look up when
I entered. They were sweating and looked dirty in their
working clothes. I knew it was a labor of love as I watched
their young faces bent over the wooden rifles, measuring
the length, planing the barrel, sandpapering, attaching
the trigger. I felt they would have done the work for
nothing.

One morning I went to the school library to borrow
"Romeo and Juliet" which I wanted to reread* According
(Continued on page 91)

Pam uha t— The Bukidnon's Religious Sacrifice

By Ricardo C. Galang

SOMEONE is sick. A spirit was slighted per-
haps . . . pamuhat. An epidemic is taking
many lives. A spirit was provoked to anger . . .
pamuhat. Locusts are devastating the fields. Some
god or devil must be pleased by a sacrifice . . .
pamuhat. For the happiness of a new couple, for
a better harvest, for a successful hunting trip... pamuhat.
A young swain wants a sweetheart ... a lass strong, large
breasted, with big black teeth, abundant curly hair . . .
pamufaat.

There are numerous Bukidnon gods and goddesses. There
is Bulalacao, god of springs; Talabugta, god of agriculture;
Lalawag, of hunting; Talabusao, of war; Pamamahandi, of
riches; etc., etc. Then there is the almighty god, Maga-
babaya. There is a god of fire, a god of lightning, a god of
thunder, a god of rain, and many minor gods and goddesses
having power over lesser things. The Greeks had Mount
Olympus; the Bukidnons have Mount Balatocan. The
gods and goddesses and the spirits of their ancestors live
there. The food of the Greek gods and goddesses was nec-
tar; the Bukidnon's dew and ginger. The top of this
mountain is always covered with clouds which the Bukidnons
take for smoke. They say the spirits and their sakops
are ever busy cooking food for the welcoming of a brother
from the plains.

And they have an equivalent to the Christian Satan.
They call him Manunulay. . . an unusual individual with
fiery eyes placed nearer the ears than the nose, black teeth
like the tusks of an elephant. He has no wings, like the
Bible's fallen angel, but his legs are very long; from the
plains to Mount Balatocan takes him only a few strides.

Gologondo, tagolambong, sinablao. These are some
of the forms of pamuhat mentioned in the order of their
magnitude, from the biggest and most expensive to the
simplest and cheapest. The sacrifice is usually held on a
hill or near a spring. The gods are believed to be
usually in the fields watching over the lives of the people
or at the springs, fishing.

Generally children are not permitted to take part in the
ceremonies. When Lalawag's or Talabusao 's aid is invoked,
only men are allowed, these two gods being gods of men
only.

I shall describe a typical pamuhat: the sinablao.

Suppose a person is sick. As I said, a spirit was perhaps
slighted, who must be mollified. But which of the nume-
rous gods and goddesses? To answer this a bala-a is per-
formed first. A person gifted with the power of speaking
to the spirits, called a baylan, is summoned. He chews
buyo until his lips become red and until his sight begins to
fail. Then he procures a spear and measures it with his
outstretched arms. He marks the spear at the point where
the tip of his longest finger reaches and puts it on the floor
beside the sick person. Then he whispers: "Is it Bulala-
cao?" He measures the spear again. If the tip of his
finger reaches the mark, he puts it down again, whispers
another question, "Is it Talabusao?" and find out again

whether his finger reaches the mark. Numerous
names may be called, before the right spirit is named
which is indicated when the finger does not reach the
mark. The spear becomes longer!

There are other ways of bala-a. A bukala (brace-
let of brass) is suspended by an abaca fiber. The
baylan as usual chews buyo and calls the names of the
spirits. When the right name is mentioned, the bukala
moves as if swayed by the wind. A bottle full of water,
suspended in like manner, moves like a pendulum when the
baylan gets the right name.

When the spirit who caused the sickness is known, the
pamuhat is arranged. It usually lasts eight days. During
the first seven nights a group of elderly people gather in the
house of the sick person and recite in verse the life of the
spirit, telling of his adventures in which he is always the
hero, and praising his victories and virtues. This mono-
tonous sing-song recitation is called a kaliga. On the
eighth day the men gather weeds like the salabao, mangun-
bangun, and the kilala. These weeds, while burning, emit
an odor that the spirits are said to like very much, and they
are drawn to where the sacrifice is being held like Chinese
to an opium den. Ginger, gabi leaves, buyo, and pangasi
(a strong Bukidnon wine from corn) are always present.
The principal sacrifice, however, is a pig or three red chick-
ens.

The people in solemn procession proceed to a nearby
spring or a hill. Other animals such as a cat, a dog, a li-
zard, a cockroach, or even a worm are brought along. These
are not for food but are needed for entertainment. Upon
reaching a place where no dumagat (anyone coming from
the coast) can penetrate, they gather around the pig. The
baylan utters some words of prayer to the all-powerful
Magababaya, that he may intercede for them so the spirit
who caused the sickness may be appeased. Then the pig
is stabbed in the throat by a very sharp spear. The men
wash their hands in the hot blood. Some wash their faces
with it. That is a way of cleansing them of their sins.
Magababaya gives ear only to cleansed people.

The internal organs of the pig, excepting the intestines,
are boiled, without spice and sometimes without even salt.
In the meanwhile there must be absolute silence: no whis-
pering. The people squat on the ground, hands folded over
the breast, the women covering their faces with their hair.
If one moves unnecessarily, thus producing even only the
rustle of dry leaves, he might be struck by lightning when
he goes home.

After boiling a few minutes, the best part, the heart, is
separated, put on a plate, and this placed on an elevated
platform. A big rock near a stream may serve this purpose.
The heart is for the spirit. The people eat the rest, being
careful not to eat much. It would be impolite to do so
when the spirit eats only very little.

Then follows a series of acts of entertainment— for the
god. Bukidnon dancing, similar to the Igorot war dance,
and drinking pangasi are the most popular. The baylan

(Continued on page 80)

Padre Burgos

By Leopoldo Y. Yabes

THIS month marks the hundredth anniversary
of the birth and the sixty-fifth of the death
of a patriot and martyr who, on a comme-
morative tablet unveiled at Malacanang Palace in j
connection with the first anniversary celebration of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines last No-
vember, heads the list of the "leaders who contributed
in the most outstanding way to the establishment
of Philippine freedom,\1 Father Jose Apolonio Burgos may
not have made the most outstanding contribution, but he
did make the first important contribution, both in his life
and in his death, toward the achievement of independence
for the Philippines.

The martyr-priest was born in the town of Vigan, Ilocos
Sur, on February 9, 1837. 2 His father was Jose Burgos,
a Spanish lieutenant in the Spanish militia of the Ilocos,
and his mother was Florencia Garcia, a native of Vigan.
He was baptized on the 12th of the same month. He
received his first education from his mother, herself a woman
of education and fjine qualities.

In his early teens he was sent to Manila to study in the
San Juan de Letran College. Later he went to the Univer-
sity of Santo Tomas, where with his unusually brilliant
intellect, he made a good impression on his professors. He
received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1855,
Bachelor of Theology in 1859, Licentiate in Philosophy in
1860, Licentiate in Theology in 1862, and Doctor of Theo-
logy and Doctor of Canon Law in 1868.

His studies finished, and having passed a competitive
examination to secure an office in the Manila Cathedral,
he was ordained second priest of the Cathedral, Fiscal of the
Ecclesiastical Court, and Professor and Master of Cere-
monies of the University of Santo Tomas.

The general demand for reform at the time had its re-
ligious as well as its political aspects, and under the leader-
ship of Father Burgos, the native clergy began to insist
on their just rights and to demand that duly trained secular
priests (priests who do not belong to the religious orders),
most of whom were natives and who were discriminated
against by the religious authorities, be again permitted
to hold parishes, a right they had once enjoyed but which
had been withdrawn. Father Burgos hereby made power-
ful enemies among the friars, and the cause made very
little if any headway.

As a result of the Spanish Revolution of 1868, however, a
liberal Governor in the person of Carlos Maria de la Torre
was sent to rule the Islands. Filipino reformists rejoiced
over the victory of liberalism in Spain which also meant the
triumph of their cause, and when the Governor gave a
great reception in celebration of the Revolution, Father
Burgos, with his leave, organized a procession in honor of
the occasion. The liberalism and democratic spirit of the
new Governor were manifest throughout his incumbency,
although he met with rabid opposition from most of the
Philippine Spaniards. Unfortunately, de la Torre's ad-
ministration lasted only a year or two, for the anti-liberals
again came into control in Spain and Rafael de

Izquierdo, a blood-thirsty despot, succeeded him.

On the night of January 20, 1872, a revolt or

rather a mutiny among the native soldiers at the

Cavite Arsenal broke out, led by one Lamadrid, a

Filipino sergeant. They killed some of their

officers, but the uprising was soon suppressed by a

force of Spanish soldiers from Manila and their leader

killed.

The arrest of a large number of Filipinos who has been
conspicuous during the previous regime followed, foremost
among them Father Burgos and two other priests, Mariano
Gomez and Jacinto Zamora. It was charged that they had
urged the people of Cavite to rise against Spain. A council
of war condemned some of these men to death and others to
imprisonment and exile. Among the former were the three
priests. Gomez was parish priest of Bacoor and Zamora,
like Burgos, was one of the curates of the Cathedral. All
three were hated because of their advocacy of reforms and
their ability and influence.

On February 15, after a secret trial, during which the three
clerics steadily maintained their entire innocence, they were,
together with one Francisco Saldua, condemned to die by
the inhuman garrote, and the sentence was carried out two
days later on Bagumbayan Field. The people believed
them innocent, and the Spanish Archbishop of Manila,
also doubting their guilt, refused to unfrock them before
execution.

Father Gomez, a venerable old man in his eighties, was
the first to be garroted.3 He was followed by Father Za-
mora, not yet in his forties. Then came Father Burgos,
the youngest, only thirty -five, and most distinguished of
the three. As his guilt was considered the gravest, he was
executed last.

Seated on the fatal bench, he again protested that he was
innocent. One of the friars present is reported to have
answered him, "Jesus Christ was also innocent". The ex-
ecutioner said, "Father, forgive me for I am going to kill
you". Father Burgos replied, "I forgive you, my son. I
want you to comply with your duty".

In his prison cell in Fort Santiago, shortly before his
execution, he wrote the following message to the youth
of the land:4

"Get educated. Use the schools of our country for as much as they
can give. Learn from our older men what they know. Then go abroad.

"If you can do no better, study in Spain, but preferably study in
freer countries. Read what foreigners have written about the Philip-
pines for their writings have not been censored. See in the museums
of other lands what the ancient Filipinos really were. Be a Filipino
always, but an educated Filipino.

"Heretofore we have had thinkers among us but their thoughts have
died with them. Such progress as has been made has been individual
and not of the country. I have tried to pass on to you what I received
from my teachers. Do you now do the same for those who come after
you."

Not forgetful of the memory of its beloved son, Vigan has
named one of its main streets and one of its public plazas
after him. In Plaza Burgos stands a monument in his
(Continued on page 89)

Balagtas' Contributions to Tagalog Poetry

By Melchor T. Villanueva

THE poetry of Balagtas is rich with both the
spirit and the ideas of his time. Through V
such popular literary forms as the awit and ^
the moro-moroA he expressed the feeling of the need
for reform which stirred the Filipinos but which
they could not put into words without courting
persecution by the Spanish authorities. In many passages
in his masterpiece, the awit, "Florante at Laura",
as well as in other of his dramatic works, the reader per-
ceives the poet himself voicing his reproaches of the govern-
ment most subtly and yet effectively, for in spite of the
remoteness of its foreign setting and the strangeness of its per-
sonages, the inner meaning of this long romantic poem was
not lost upon the people. The fact that in places the
allegorical elements are somewhat far-fetched and confused,
helped the work to pass the scrutiny of the censors of the time.

The didactic elements contained in his poetry are even
now not displeasing because of the truth and wisdom of his
observations. Although there is an element of religious-
ness in his work, he never went to the extent of proselyting.
The Florante concludes with the conversion of the Moham-
medan characters to Christianity, as was, indeed, the po-
pular practice of authors of this type of literature, but his
conception of religion included more than church-going and
confessions and communions. He even advocated religious
tolerance and a universal brotherhood of man, as shown by
the friendship between Aladdin, the Moorish lord, and
Florante, the Christian prince.

Notable, too, is his use of allusions that reveal a mind well
versed in classical literature. Yet serious as was sometimes
his purpose and learned his allusions, he well knew how to
blend the playful and the humorous with the serious and
the satirical. Note the simple, idiotic comicality of Nubio
in the play, "Orozman at Zafira", and the clever witticisms
of Toming in the farce, " "La India Elegante y el Negrito
Amante"*

Balagtas deserves credit for incorporating his revolu-
tionary ideas in the popular metrical form of the awit, which
he did without sacrificing purely literary values. His stan-
zas possess a decided superiority over those of other metrical
writers of the time in their completeness of thought, bal-
anced construction, grammatical accuracy, verbal sweet-
ness, and undulating rhythm.

Not much can be said of Balagtas* original con-
tributions to the Tagalog poetic rhythm and meter.
No poet of his age could rid himself of the conven-
tional dodecasyllabic meter of the awit and the octosyl-
labic meter of the corrido. Balagtas used both accord-
ing to the mood of the poem. His most dignified
pieces of poetry like i(Pangaral sa Isang Binibining
Ikakasal" (Counsels to a Bride-Elect),1 are written in
twelve-syllable verses; and the lighter forms, such as the
jovial love songs in "La India Elegante", are composed
m octosyllabic lines. His flawless rhythm is one of the
great attributes of his poetry; one can not but surrender to

the regular movement and magical smoothness of his
verses. This rhythmic flow is produced by a not
too apparent yet regular observance of a caesura in
the middle of every line. This internal feature may
be common to other metrical romances or awits of
the Tagalogs because of the convention that they
should fit the sing-song manner of reading them, but
the special quality of Balagtas* verses is their inherent
musical rhythm when read, even without the flavoring
artificiality of music. The reader is irresistibly drawn into
the perfect rhythm.

Balagtas* rhyme scheme does not differ from the conven-
tional assonantic rhyme of Tagalog poetry, but it is notable
for its ease and simplicity. The reason for this is his fine
taste in rhyming. As the late Don Epifanio de los Santos
observed, "Balagtas, a diferencia de los demas poetas
tagalas, no acostumbra rimar la vocal e con la i, ni la
o con u". (Balagtas, unlike other Tagalog poets, is not
accustomed to rhyme the vowel e with i, nor o with u).2
His rhymes never seem forced or artificial, and the words
seem naturally and logically to be the right words for the
poet*s ideas and emotions. Yet he handles his rhyme
schemes with masterly skill. He employs rhyme freely at the
ends of his verses and at any place within the line, especially
in the syllable midway in the line. This internal rhyme is
largely responsible for the beautiful verse effects, and can be
employed only by a master of the art of versification. As a
matter of fact, Balagtas often rhymes three or four words
in a line, and repeats the same sound in the same stanza
two or three times without appearing to stuff his verses.
In most cases the effect is sonorousness and fitness to the
pervading sentiment of the poem rather than a verbose
alliterativeness.

Although Balagtas accepted the traditional formulae for
the different poetical and dramatic forms of his age, he
never submitted to such restraint as would have prohibited
full self-expression. He has a style genuinely his own.
The excellent diction that overcomes the artificiality of
Spanish borrowings is a notable feature. The presence of
foreign terms never does any harm either to the thought
or to the metrical construction.

Balagtas* high qualities as a poet are evident in the clear-
cut images he evokes. What is said by his characters may
be forgotten, but what he has described in his verses remain
uneffaced in the memory. His descriptions include the
most interesting details of persons and places — an attribute
of his style that shows breadth of experience as well as ac-
curacy of observation.

In his figures of speech there are no clumsy distortions
to suit desired effects. His similes and metaphors are as
natural and effortless as they are impressive, although in
many instances he must have found it difficult to ignore the
conventional rustic parallelisms. For instance note his

♦Editor's Note: See the "Four O'clock" column.

comparison of a lady's fingers to sea coral in a stanza of the
Florante: (stanza 72)

Ang aking plumahe kung itinatali

nang parang korales na iyong daliri,

buntong hininga mo'y nakikiugali

sa kilos nang gintong ipinananahi.

(When my bright plume you helped to sew,
With your sweet fingers, coral red,
Did not your sighs then come and go,
With movements of your golden thread?)

St. Clair's translation

His exaggerations are characteristic of his age and the
literature of the time. The most popular are those relating
such highly incredible achievements in battle as found in
this stanza of the same work: (stanza 362)

Bukod dito'y madl&ng digmA nang kaaway
ang sunod-sunod kong pinagtagumpayan,
anopaft sa aking kalis na matapang
labingpitong hari ang nangagsigalang.

(Besides, divisions there and here,
I vanquished, one by one, you see,
Till my sword puissant filled with fear,
Some seventeen kings, who dreaded me.)

St, Clair's translation

His apostrophes are his own in spirit and content, and
many of them reveal the fluency and nobility of his style
at their best. Florante's apostrophes to Albania, embody-
ing the poet's cry for radical reforms, may be recalled:

Paalam Albaniang pinamamayanan
ng kasamaa't, lupit, bangis, kaliluhan,
akong tangulan mo'y kusa mang pinatay,
sa iyo'y malaki ang panghihinayang!

(Goodbye, Albania, country meant
For swindlers, cheats, and rogues unfit;
Your savior, whom to death you sent,
Feels for you pity infinite.)

St. Clair's translation

The greatest attribute of his style is perhaps its epigram-
matic nature. In the Flo/ ante is stored a great wealth of
such favorite epigrams as:

... Kung maliligo'y sa tubig aagap
ng huag abut in ng tabsin sa dagat,

and his proverbial strophes on child training beginning with
the famous line,

Ang laki sa lay aw karaniwa'y hubad.

Not seldom have Tagalog poets of later days had recourse
to Balagtas' immortal verses. In them one finds the light
and truth that many perceive but fail to find words for.
Indeed, the Tagalogs find in his poetry the expression of
their inmost thoughts and feelings.

Regarding Balagtas' narrative technique, "Florante at
Laura'' is the chief work of Balagtas to serve for study, the
narrative element there being predominant. A cursory
perusal of popular Tagalog metrical romances, discloses the
preponderance of the story element for its own sake. The
opening passages are often very similar in their apologetic
tone, and well they may be because they all are heavily
stuffed with supernatural occurrences and other improbab-
ilities and impossibilities. Balagtas largely rids himself
of these conventional features. However, he, too admits
to the reader in his preface the probably shortcomings of
his work, but with modest self-confidence he warns: (stanza
25)

Di ko hinihinging pakamahalin mo,
tawana't dustain ang abang tula ko,
gawin ang ibigi't alpa'y na sa iyo,
ay hwag mo lamang baguhin ang verso.

(I hold it not in great esteem,
With noisy mirth my poor verse scorn;
You have the harp, what e'er may seem
Right, do; but change no line forlorn.)

St. Clair's translation

The reader is impressed by the completeness and unity
of the Florante, obviously produced by its epic structure,
the logical presentation of events, and the skill of the nar-
ration— characteristics seldom found in other popular
corridos and awits. Perhaps the greatest sign of the poet's
skill is his fine blending of the realistic and imaginative
elements in his tale. The strange setting, the exotic char-
acters, and the odd incidents in the story may be products
of Balagtas* creative imagination, but the somber mood

(Continued on page 90)

Within A Little Grey

By T. Inglis Moore

THE kind sun kindles colors bright
To fill my days with keen delight,
Singing like trumpets golden blown,
Or crooning low as cello tone: — •

The fire of flame-trees; damask deep
Of roses where the dewdrops weep;
Fresh red of apples; mauve of plums;
Brown fur of buds when springtime comes;
Fantastic tints of tropic fish;
Soft blue Mohammedan on dish
Of ancient Ming; the restful green
Of thick, lush grass; the orange seen
When orioles wing past; the gold

Gay, careless daffodils do hold,
Improvident; and purple wine —
All these are ecstasies of mine.

My eyes are drunk from day to day!
Yet all within a little grey
Are held, kept burnished, till again
The blackness comes upon the Brain.

O world I love of rainbow hues!
What irony could make you choose
That dull grey casket for your own,
Locked close away in secret bone?
Whence soon your garnered loveliness
Death takes to sad, blind nothingness.

It Rained Saturday Afternoon

By Antonio S. Gabila

IT RAINED at three, Saturday afternoon. And
we looked at the sky as if it could not be
true, at the slanting rain that fell in steady
streams, at the earth getting first moist, then
sticky, then watery.

We could not resign ourselves to the fact that
it should rain on Saturday. Why Saturday of all days?
Why not Monday and the other week days? Any day
but Saturday. Any day but Saturday — -and Sunday also,
that is.

All the week, week after week, we work in close, stuffy
offices from early morning until late afternoon, except that
promptly at half past twelve every Saturday, there comes
a break in the routine, after which we do not have to enter
our close world again until the following Monday morning
at seven-thirty.

On Saturday mornings, our smiles are wider and last
longer, our greetings are cheerier. For at the back of every
worker's mind is the thought that he may have that after-
noon all to himself, to do with as he pleases.

To some of us Saturday afternoon always means a rectan-
gular court of clay with white lime markings, racquets, and
balls about as big as a little boy's fist. On the court, one
can swing one's arms about and not be afraid of hitting
something, and after five and a half days inside an office,
you feel this is more important than anything else in the
world. Stepping lively on a marked court on Saturday
or Sunday afternoons, we forget about our close, dim offices
with their wall clocks that never seem to move at all, and
about the things one has to do, about work.

But it rained at three, Saturday.

And why should it rain on Saturday, and at three o'clock,
when we always feel that Saturdays just begins, and with,
in fact, the best part of the afternoon yet to be. At three,
one plays his best game because it is neither too warm nor
too chilly.

Some of us had played only a set, or, at most, two, while
the others were just arriving. We all always say we have
not really played until the third set. And here it was rain-
ing at three, raining so heavily that even the most hopeful
among us, looking up, could only shake our heads seeing
how black the whole sky looked. It rained so heavily that
shortly the clay court, just before so hard and smooth,
was sticky with mud and water, the white lime markings
becoming indistinct and finally disappearing altogether.

We picked up our things disgustedly, taking care the rain
did not wet the delicate guts of the racquets, and made
haste for the nearest shelter, a low concrete bodega beside
the town presidencia.

The rain made puddles at our feet in no time as we stood
under the overhanging edge of the concrete roof. The
puddles grew and became little running streams that twisted
about in their tiny tortuous courses to reach the nearest
deeper hollows which, when filled, became miniature lakes.
We drew gingerly back against the bodega wall as the
miniature rivers threatened our shod feet. Over the edge

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of the roof over us, fell a thick transparent curtain
of rain. We were trapped: but we were six, and
company made the trap less tragic.

We raised our eyes finally from our hypnotic
regard of the water at our feet to look into four
cells on that side of the presidencia whose barred
windows stared down at us, looking very much like
caves in the sheer cliff that was the presidencia's aus-
tere wall. The barred windows did not surprise us, for
we had long known they were there. Nor did the old,
ugly, vicious faces caged in them: we realized they
ought to be there too. Only when we looked into the
last cell and saw there a young face not so much vicious as
mischievous in a childlike way, were we taken aback.

The boy, he could not be over eighteen, had no clothes
on: even when hd stood on the floor of the cell, we knew he
was without covering because the slightly lighter .skin
below the waist showed above the ledge of the low, barred
window.

Seeing us, the boy started posturing, gesturing with his
hands, and rolling his eyes. Then he began to sing or rather
croon first one song then another, all from recent film hits,
his body swaying to the rhythm of the airs he sang, some
times leaping so that the pale portion of his unclad trunk
kept bobbing up and down over the edge of the window.

"My God, that boy's crazy!"

The boy was so obviously that, without anyone saying so,
that I half turned around to look at the speaker. And yet
I knew we were all alike: we did not understand such
things. I wanted to ask someone what could have caused
such a thing, why that youth should come to be in this cell,
stripped of clothes and shame, and keep on singing and
posturing. I wanted to ask how people come to lose hold
of reality, and what goes on in the mind of one like that boy
of no more than eighteen, but I realized we, toiling in close,
musty offices, would know nothing of such things.

"You are my sugar plum " The mad boy's

singing could be heard above the crash of the heavy rain.

In the other cells, the vicious faces were momentarily
still, listening, their ugly faces intent and looking now less
vicious, a^ if they too were trying to divine perhaps how
one becomes like this boy.

"Why do people become crazy," I finally asked a young
fellow who once worked in a physician's office — but who
played a poor game of tennis.

"Many causes. Love, for instance."

"You are my sugar plum ..." Perhaps the boy loved
deeply, and futilely. He may have thought the girl was
everything the world could hold for him; and yet the girl
thought nothing of him. Such things happen.

The boy had suddenly climbed up into the upper one of
two bunks affixed to one side of a wall of his cell, leaping
full upon it in all his uncovered state, and smiling down
upon us, baring white even teeth in an expression that must
have been one of geniality in a day now gone.

(Continued on page 89)

Monosyllabic Roots

By H. Costenoble

AVERY interesting and controversial ques-
tion is that of the existence q»f monosyllabic
roots, that is, roots of one syllable only.

In Kapampangan "drink" is minum, "water"
danum; in many dialects "drink" appears as
inum. These three words contain an element num,
which occurs in many dialects unchanged in this form,
while the accompanying syllable varies — in the above we
have i-, mi- and da-. The logical explanation is that
we are here dealing with an enlarged monosyllabic root
num. The original meaning of this was probably "drink",
either the verb or the substantive, or both; in this meaning
it runs through nearly all Philippine and Further Indone-
sian languages, while it occurs in only a few as "water".

In Kapampangan mahgan, kanan the latter from ori-
ginal Filipino kanen, which appears in Tagalog as kanin,
in Bisaya as kanon, etc., and in Ibanag kuman, we can
isolate another monosyllabic root kan, enlarged by the
formative elements man-, -um- and -an. This root
has the meaning of "eat" or "food"; often it names the
staple food, namely "boiled rice".

The monosyllabic root tay, "dead", "die", ^death",
appears in Tagalog pat ay, Kapampangan mate (from
mat ay) , Iloko natay, Bisayan diatay, and others.

The root bar "to like", "to love," "beloved person,"
"friend" is found in Tagalog, ibig, Bisaya ibug, Kapam-
pangan abe, and in Chamoro abog; the formative elements
with which the root is enlarged here are i- and a-.

Among the numerals we find three having a monosyllabic
root; these roots are: sa, pat, nhm — "one", "four," "six".
These appear enlarged either by reduplication, as in Agutay-
nem tata (from sasa) "one", and in Chamoro iatiat
(from patpai) "four"; or by addition of the formative
elements & — {in which case the 9 is changed according to
the peppet rule of the particular language) i-, a- and
seldomer a-. Thus we may explain Tagalog isa as com-
posed of the monosyllabic root sa and the formative ele-
ment i- which latter may be original or may have evolved
from Q-; in apat and anim we have formative a-.
In Ilongo isa, apat, and anum, we are dealing with for.
matives i- and a-, while in usa, upat, unum, of the
related dialect of Cebu, we are undoubtedly dealing with
the orginal element a-, as in Iloko ennem. In Iloko
uppat we have a a-.

Students of Philippine languages who do not recognize
the existence of monosyllabic roots in them always find
themselves in a quandary to explain these three numerals.
The original form of these numerals is supposed by them
to be &sa, spat, snom; the vowels with which these nu-
merals begin in the present -day languages are explained to be
evolved from the peppet, but the fact that they seldom
conform to the peppet rule does not seem to concern these
people, or if they notice the discrepancy they explain it
lightly aa a case of exception; which is no explanation at
all. That our explanation here is the correct one is proved
by the existence of the unenlarged monosyllabic form sa in

many languages, and of the reduplicated forms
of sa and pat. No reduplicated form of n&m has
as yet come to the writer's notice, but may very
well exist as nemnsm or non9m (namnam,
nanam, numnum, nunum, etc.); perhaps
some of my readers know of such forms.
The above named examples of monosyllabic roots may
not appear very convincing to some readers; they occur
only in a few words, in combination with but few formative
elements. It may be argued for instance that mi num
is a contraction of uminum, that is, a disyllabic word
inum with a prefix um-; and further that the similarity
between inum and danum is only a coincidence, and not
due to any common monosyllabic root num. Or that
pat ay, mat ay, natay, and diatay are all forms of a disyl-
labic word, say at ay. We must therefore give a few more
examples of monosyllabic roots occurring in a larger number
of words and with more varying formative elements.

ROOT pas denotes a sweeping motion with the hands, such as made
in whipping, mowing, striking, swinging.

paspas Tagalog "to wipe", "to swing with the hands"; Bisaya

"to hit by whipping a long pole"; Bikol "to make a whip-
ping motion with something"; Iloko "to strike or throw
down".

paraspas Iloko "cut down in one stroke".

palaspas Pangasinan "cut down in one stroke".

kumpas Tagalog, Iloko "whip"; Bisaya "motion with the hands".

gapas Tagalog, Iloko, etc. "mow".

tapas Bisaya "cut in one stroke" (as sugar cane).

hampas Tagalog "whip"; Bikol "strike".

ROOT buk "dust", "powder".

bukbuk Tagalog, Kapampangan, Iloko, Bikol, Bisaya "weevil

that eats wood to dust"; Tagalog "dust".
dabuk Pangasinan "dust"; Bisaya "fire place" (where ashes

blow about).
gabuk Tagalog "dust", "powder"; Bisaya "rotten, like old

wood".
yabuk Bisaya "dust", "powder".

habuk Bisaya "loosen up soil".

kakabuk Kapampangan "powdery soil".
galbuk Kapampangan "powdery soil".

labuk Tagalog "soft mud in water".

alabxik Tagalog "soft mud in water".

alikabuk Tagalog, Kapampangan "dust," "powder".

ROOT suk "enter", "force into".

suksuk Kapampangan "thorn"; Tagalog, Bisaya, Bikol "force

into an opening" (a hole or between two layers); Iloko

"hide in".

Kapampangan "disappear" (sun behind a mountain);

Iloko "stick in between", "force into an opening";

Bikol "stick in" (thorn into flesh).

Tagalog, Pangasinan "enter", "go in"; Iloko "pointed

stake".

Tagalog, Kapampangan, Pangasinan "stick in" (needle

in flesh, stake in ground); Kapampangan "pointed stake

or stick".

Bisayan "stab for the eyes".

Iloko "hole".

(Continued on page 82)

saluksuk

pasuk

tusuk

lusuk
lussuk

Tea

By Amador T. Daguio

TEA has always had a special, almost a ro-
mantic, appeal for me. My father brought
home one day when I was young, a red,
rectangular package of heavy lead-foil. "Nena," he
said to my mother, "here's something you've not
tasted for a long time.,, My mother's eyes sparkled
with delight as she jumped up from her sewing. "Itcha!
Itcha!"

Thus in the Mountain Province, in those days when it
took weeks to trek through its jungles to reach the place
where we lived, I had my first taste of tea. "No wonder,
nanang" said I, "it smells like the banana leaves you heat
over the fire to wrap around my stomach when I have an
ache." For my mother had said that tea was good for sto-
machache. And though I had derived comfort from a
concoction of salt and petroleum wrapped in warm banana
shoots over my belly when I had been particularly glutton-
ous, when once I knew tea, I exchanged my remedy for
belly-ache with it.

My tea parties with mother were countless. I remember
she used to cry because she wanted to go home to her
parents (this I was to understand later). My father often
comforted her by bringing home more packages of tea.
I myself lived in a sort of glamour, curious to know why
mother cried for things beyond the big mountains that
walled us in from the world, a grief to be assuaged only by
tea!

What was tea that it could make my mother forget?
What was in its taste that made one peaceful and calm?
And it cured belly-ache!

Thus at an early period my brooding spirit. Watching
her in pensive mood, with the cup of tea in her hand, and
some patopat or dila-dila before us, I wanted to know the
mystery of my mother's sadness. And this desire led me to
books, for I found one lying on the table of a neighbor, an
American history for children, with uncouth illustrations, one
of which showed the dumping of the tea into Boston Harbor.
"Surely," said I, "this shows the power of tea." In my
child's imagination the picture grew bright in pageantry
of brave Bostonians flooding the whole sea with tea and
drinking it! I did not know till later that the ocean is
salty, (all because a foolish man thought he could protect
his salt from the rain by putting it under his boat).

Yet not in books alone did I find facts about tea, although
I must mention that it was tea which made me search for
and love books. In my eagerness to know more of why
my mother's grief was forgotten in tea, I explored the whole
neighborhood for more books to read.

A few years later, I found myself in another pioneer
village, recounting lifted stories from "Alice in Wonder-
land" and the "Arabian Nights" to a group of elderly and
interested folk around a table in the dark cold of a Bal-
balan night. And tea passed around freely, warming and
herbaceous. I remember this night because it was the
first time that I was told one can drink tea without putting
in sugar. This was told me by an American mestiza
girl, a child of my age, in such a peculiarly authoritative
tone that I thought of her as indeed brighter than even the

wise owl in the "Arabian Nights." I told the
people all the stories I had read, and then heard
them admonish me not to tell stories too much or
I would become old too soon and have grey hair,
which half-frightened, half-elevated me.

In the days following in the dark wild woods,
this American girl and I often drank tea in a corner on
the veranda after we had spent hours in the forest
gathering mushrooms. Long were those somber after-
noons we had together in our innocence, and we drank
warm unsugared tea. One time I told her of the wild
hog that used to haunt an English countryside long
ago, and I remember the look of frightened wonder in
her eyes because around our own place hogs plundered
the fields at night, sometimes belching forth fire, so it was
said, a terror to hunters unable to shoot them under
the protection of their enchantment, and an incubus to my
already tale-haunted mind. Yet always we forgot our
fright by drinking tea, and this young daughter of an ad-
venturous American soldier who had gone off to God-
knows-where, brewed it for us.

Years afterwards my parents managed to scrape some
money together for a year's vacation in the Ilocos. At
last I would see my mother's town and understand her
grief and her love for tea. What a disappointment! In
that town we rarely had tea. It was indeed a big town,
with wide, straight streets, church processions on Sunday
afternoons, a town brass band playing for the weekly
funerals; but where was the tea? Indeed, I would have
died of disappointment had I not accidentally found myself
one day in the Chinese section of the town. My, those
people had tea, and they drank it every afternoon!

What did I do? I made friends with some of the Chinese
dry-goods merchants. I wonder now how I managed it:
I was only eight or nine then. But I used to go to them
of afternoons after school and help sell goods, much to
the amusement of Kee Sing & Company, where they took
a strange, devoted interest in me, even inviting me to go
to China with them where I would be made into a great
silk merchant. Sometimes I would call my classmates
for the sake of "showing off". I was permitted to get
writing paper and candy from the store, and to go into the
back rooms full of strange, aromatic smells. I might even
serve tea to my friends. It was real tea because the Chi-
nese made it and saved it from sugar.

I was not to become a Chinese merchant, however. At
twelve life found me in Rizal province where began years
of tea breakfasts. I lived with an aunt who used to send
me every morning to the Chinese store to buy one-centavo
cakes of sugar for tea. Enjoyable those mornings were,
for my meager plate of hard, fried rice was always softened
by sippings of this wonderful beverage.

There is in the university from which I graduated a
"department of tea" conducted by a cultured gentleman,
a connoisseur of the arts and of sandwiches. Here was one
of my real courses in the University — at which we assayed
to solve the world's problems over cups of warming tea

{Continued on page 87)

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

FIFTEEN questions to make you give
up thinking
(With apologies to Life)
Answers will be found at the end of the
last question.

1. One and only one of the following
statements is true:

General Santos dances the Ronda better than anybody else.

Last night after the session of the Municipal Board, President de
la Fuente kissed Mayor Posadas on both cheeks, and Mayor Posadas
threatened to retaliate.

Mr. McCulloch Dick has offered to give half of his fortune to the
Cause provided he gets it back.

Pan-American means American bread.

Mr. Ramon Torres is Secretary of Labor.

Two plus two equals four.

The laws of the Philippine Islands are made by the National Assembly.

General Reyes has shown that the poem is mightier than the sword.

Colonel Torres' hair has turned raven black from thinking too much
about traffic plans and Colonel Torres.

An alienist is one who alienates the affections of another man's wife.

Assemblyman Oppus is Mae West's latest boy friend.

Spinoza, of the geometrical ethics fame, was characterized as "a
God-intoxicated man"; Prof. Sugimori, who is also famous for his ethics,
is a Bushido-intoxicated man. . . we szink szo.

2. "We shall not be trembling in our graves listening to
the cries of our daughters and the daughters of our daughters
blaming us for repudiating the sacred duty to vote.,,

These words constitute the peroration of speech delivered

at Vigan

at Cementerio del Norte

at a wedding breakfast

at Rizal Natatorium

at Westminster Abbey

at Biak-na-bato

at her own funeral

by Agustin Alonzo
by a grave-digger
by Hadji Butu
by Johnny Weismuller
by Mrs. Wallis Simpson
by the Doubters of the Revolu-
tion
by a suffragette

3. The author of "My Country and My People" is:

President Quezon
Haile Selassie
Gandhi

Reichsfiihrer Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Lin Yutang

4. Emily Post says that dog should be eaten;

hot held in the toes

behind a curtain with a toothpick

as a finger food with gin marca Demonio

5. If you caught a young lady in the act of cachinnation
she would be:

smoking a cigar

washing the cat's pajamas

polishing her toe nails

shaving

reading the Free Press editorials

6. The letters Y. W. C. A. stand for:

Young Women's Criminal Association
Young Women, Come (to our) Arms
You Will Croak Anon
Yeast Water Culture Association
Y. M. C. A. for women

7. Katzenjammer is:

a cat in a jam
German beer
Pi Gamma Mu

Camilo Osias
Trombone
Lintik cocktail

8. One of President Quezon's hobbies is:

paying surprise visits to the University of the Phil-
ippines

riding tamaraos

writing pen pal letters

receiving orders from the Assembly
torturing all kinds of mosquitoes
Vargas

9. If you were a posthumous child, you would be:

born at the Post Office born after your mother's death

born before your parents' meeting born dead

born five years after its father's death not born at all

10. Members of the National Assembly are chosen by:

Charity Sweepstakes

Sakdals

force

tossing coins

President Quezon
rules of ettiquete
voting machines
taxi dancers

11. To be absolutely correct you should do one of these
things at a formal dinner:

quote Emily Post say "cha'med"

not polish your shoes with the napkin

swipe your neighbour's butter

lick the plate to show how you are enjoying the dinner

refuse Tanduay rum

not ask for the fifth helping of limburger cheese

ask to be introduced to the host and the hostess

not tip the hostess

12. Elpidio Quirino is a man you should identify as:

President of the U. P. S. P. (United Philippine Soviet Provinces)

the Filipino Goering

the Secretary of the Communist Party of the Philippines

the terror of the Sakdals

Elpidio Quirino

13. One of these is not a fish:

elephant

hanswurst

stag

member of the National Assembly
the League of Nations
the poor

14. If you were good at metaphysics you would also
be good at :

theology
praying
blue magic
green magic

deep sea diving
black magic
red magic
violet magic

exploring the strato-
sphere
white magic
yellow magic
ultra-violet magic

15. Major Manuel Roxas has recently done one of these
things:

adopted a seventeen-year-old baby

ironed his major's suit and polished his brass buttons and toe nails

shed tears while he was training in Baguio

fed the elephant in the Botanical Gardens with lighted cigars

taken to crooning

is growing hair on his chest

Answers: — 1. Two plus two equals four. 2. We tremble
to give the answer. 3. Lin Yutang 4. Behind a curtain.
(Continued on page 80)

February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

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February, 1937

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With Charity to All

(Continued from page 78)

5. Reading the Free Press editorials. 6. Y. M. C. A. for
women. 7. Camilo Osias. 8. Vargas. 9. Born after
your mother's death. 10. They are not chosen at all.
11. Swipe your neighbour's butter. 12. Elpidio Quirino.
13. Elephant. 14. Deep sea diving. 15. Is growing
hair on his chest.

Bukidnon Sacrifice

(Continued front page 71)

points at a dog and says, "Let him dance" or to a worm
and says, "Let him fly". It is understood that after every
such remark everybody must laugh: "Ha-ha-he, ha-ha-he.' '
One who does not force himself to respond in that way, will
meet misfortune very soon ! Or the disease of the sick man
may be transferred to him. So everybody, even at the
most non-humorous remarks of the baylan, laughs loudly.

At sunset the people disperse. The last act of sacrifice
of each of the participants is to leave beside the plate for the
god something of value in the life of the Bukidnon, such as
a coin, a bracelet, a bead necklace, earrings, etc.

Is the sick cured? Is the spirit pleased by the pamuhat?
If lightning flashes and someone is struck to sudden death;
if thunder rolls and someone's eardrums are broken; or if an
unusually heavy rain falls and floods the plains . . . the god
is pleased. His grudge against the sick man has been trans-
ferred to someone else. And the man is cured!

If not, another sacrifice is made, the next higher form.
This is more complicated and more expensive. If this still

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

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fails, the highest is performed, the gologondo— the most
elaborate and expensive. Only rich datos who can count
several head of cattle and many abaca plants can possibly
afford it. The poor, and most of the Bukidnons are poor,
die without being able to please a spirit who demands this
more elaborate and more expensive pamuhat.

this phenomenon of transition of meaning, in two more
monosyllabic roots.

dasuk

usuk

bugsuk

ROOT sale

saksak

gasak

lasak

lusak

alusak

bagsak

damusak

pisak

dasak

wasak

ROOT nu

nu?

sinu?

ninu?

kaninu?

kenu?

ano?

paano?

pano?

nanu?

Monosyllabic Roots ....

(Continued from page 76)

Bisaya "stuff into", "shove in".

Bisaya "peg".

Bisaya "pointed stake", "to stick a stake into the ground."

"smash to pieces".

Kapampangan "smash down"; Bisaya "chop up".

Tagalog, Kapampangan "cut down trees".

Kapampangan "tear down" (a house).

Iloko "break", "smash or press flat" (like in stepping

on a banana); Bikol "pound to pieces".

Pangasinan "blow down" (a house).

Bikol, Tagalog "smash down"; Bisaya "drop".

Kapampangan "step on and break".

Pangasinan "smash down".

Bisaya "step on with intent to smash".

Bisaya "fall out"; Bikol, Tagalog "break to pieces".

particle of interrogation.

Kapampangan "where?"

Tagalog, Bisaya "who?"; Iloko "who?"

Kapampangan "who?"

Tagalog "whose?"

Kapampangan "whose?"

Tagalog, Bikol, "what?"

Tagalog "how?"

Bikol "how?"

Kapampangan, Bisaya "what?"

'where?"

makananu? Kapampangan "how?"

anono?
mano?

amano?
kaano?
magkano?
sano?
unsa? (from

nusa)
&nusa?
isanu?
kainsanu

man
<finno?
addinno?

Kuyunen "what?"

Iloko "how much?" "how many?" Chamoro "which?",

"where?"

Chamoro "which?" "where?"

Iloko "when?"

Tagalog, Kapampangan "how much?"

Bisaya "when?"

Sugbuhanon "what?"
Sugbuhanon "when?"
Kapampangan "which?"

Kapampangan "any"
Iloko "where?"
Iloko "where?"

Readers familiar with dialects other than those included
in the preceding comparison could undoubtedly extend
these lists considerably. The lists could be lengthened
indefinitely if we were to include languages outside of the
Philippines.

I mentioned previously that the original meaning of a
word often becomes deflected, and the monosyllabic roots
I have given have again furnished examples of this pheno-
menon. Num., "to drink,", becomes "the drink", "water" ;
kan, "to eat" becomes "food," the staple food— "boiled
rice"; suk, "to enter", "force into", "stick in", becomes a
"pointed stake", "peg", etc."; buk, "dust", "powder",
becomes "a weevil that bores wood to powder"; etc. I
shall give two pretty, and I may say, classic examples of

ROOT tufig

tutting

tuftgi

tun go

atuhg
gat u rig
patung
tungtuhg
putuhg

dutung
putung

"to pile wood on fire". This is a complex conception,

and in the words built up from this root we find not only

the whole complex, but also the individual component

conceptions of piling or laying on top of wood and of fire.

Chamoro "to lay on the fire" — said of the fuel.

Chamoro "to feed with fuel" — said of the fire.

Pangasinan "to lay on the fire."

Iloko "firewood", "to lay on fire."

Tagalog "to lay on the fire."

Tagalog "to lay on", "pile on top" (as a box on another)

Bisayan "lay or pile on top".

Tagalog "carry on head"; "crown"; in other dialects this

word has the meaning of "turban", "headcloth."

Kapamgpangan "wood".

Sangir Islands "fire".

ROOT burig This root appears in the conceptions of (1) "ridge of the
roof"; (2) "sprout", "shoot of a plant"; (3) "to break off
a point". If we study these meanings we notice that all
three of them contain the conception of something point-
ed; we may therefore surmise that the original meaning
was "point," "corner", or "edge". In the preceding
three meanings we already see a widening or specification
of this meaning; in the following derived words we find a
further shifting of meaning away from the original:

(1) bubufig "ridge of roof"; in this meaning the word occurs in many

Philippine dialects; in Chamoro it appears as pupurig.
bubufig, bu~

bufigan "roof"; applied to designate the whole roof, the word

appears in Tagalog and other dialects.
abung "house"; in this extended meaning we find the word in

Pangasinan.

(2) bunga Madura (Java) "seed bud";

Chamoro "rolled up center leaf of monocotyledonous

plants, like gabe, bananas, palms, etc."

Toba "flower";

Tagalog, Kapampangan "fruit".
sabung Iloko "flower".

labung Tagalog, Bisaya "foliage"; Kapampangan, Tagalog

"bamboo shoot".
usbuftg Kapampangan "shoot", "sprout".

(3) buftgi Tagalog "with a tooth broken out".

upufig Chamoro "break off a point", "break out a tooth".

(In Chamoro original b in most cases becomes p, as in
pupufig, upufig; sometimes the b is preserved, as in
bufiga.

It seems fantastic to connect such words as Pangasinan
abung, "house", with Tagalog bunga, "fruit", and buhgi,
"toothless", but when we trace the root back to its original
meaning the connection becomes clear.

In the investigations of the preceding paragraphs we
encountered the following monosyllabic roots: nu, num,
kan, tay, bar, sa, pat, nam, pas, buk, suk, sak, tung,
bung. Of the fourteen roots listed, eleven were composed
of the sounds: consonant-plus- vowel-plus-consonant; one
of consonant-plus-dipthong (which latter may be set down
as being equivalent to the sequence: vowel-plus-consonant);
and only two were composed of only a consonant-plus-a-
vowel. This sound sequence: consonant -plus- vowel-plus-
consonant, is the most common and may be said to be the
rule; roots of only two sounds, like nu and sa, are the
exception. It must be mentioned that for original Indone-
sian even this latter word is set down with three sounds,
namely as sah.

The question suggests itself whether at the time the in-
dividual tribes separated themselves, these monosyllabic
roots still existed as such, or whether the formation of

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February, 1937

longer words from them had already taken place at that
time. The answer is, probably, that the monosyllables
still persisted, but that the tendency towards disyllabifica-
tion already existed and resulted in a number of words of
two and more syllables, which were even then widespread
if not universal. Such words as inum (or minum) and
kanon appear in most dialects and probably originated
in the mother tongue; danum and other words may have
been developed in a certain larger group but did not be-
come general property. When we study for instance the
derivations of the root suk from this viewpoint, we come
to the conclusion that the disyllabic words pasuk "to go
in", "enter", tusuk "to stick into a solid body", and
suksuk "to force into an opening" already existed before
the split-up, but that the monosyllabic svk still persisted as
such and was carried along, to enter into other combinations
later in the individual dialects, forming for instance such
words as lusuk, dasuk, usuk, and bugsuk in Bisaya.
In the case of the root sak, bagsak, wasak, and gasak
may ha ve evolved in the mother tongue, while Kapampangan
lasak, and damusak, Pangasinan pisak, Bisaya dasak
were independent developments in those languages. A
still better explanation is that the monosyllabic roots still
were felt as such throughout, and that the formative ele-
ments, as pa- (suk), ru-(suic), and the reduplication suk-
(suk) still possessed definite meanings and that words like
pasuk, tusuk, and suksuk were still felt as compound
words, which became hardened only after the tribe had been
separated from the main stock for some time. If we look
at the words formed with monosyllabic roots from this
angle, we come to the conclusion that the time when the

original Filipino race split up to form the present groups,
and the time when that original Filipino race separated
from the original stock from which all other peoples of
Indonesian tongue sprang, can not have been very far
apart, because a great many of the combinations we find
in the Philippines are common Indonesian.

The determination of roots in Philippine dialects is not
quite as simple as would appear from my comparisons. For
instance, we often find two roots with the same meaning,
roots that only vary from each other in one sound, or in
that in one of them the final consonant of the first is lacking.
This is called root variation. For example, besides the
root pas already mentioned there exists another root bas
of the same meaning, which occurs in Tagalog tabas,
"cut in one stroke", balibas, "throw a stick", and in other
words. Besides kan there exists a root ka, found in Taga-
log kain (from kasn). Besides suk there exists a root
sut. In the final article of this series an explanation of this
phenomenon is suggested.

In studying words with a view to determining whether
they contain a monosyllabic root and what this root is, it is
of great help to know in what position to look for the root.

To begin with, we must have other dialects available
for comparison. Then we must keep in mind that the
meaning of the root may be, slightly or greatly, different
in the two languages. The difference may be such as exists
between "drink" and "water", "root" and "medicine",
"hole" and "peg" and "enter", or it may be that the con-
nection is so far that only by way of a third intermediary
meaning can it be established, as in the case of the deriva-

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February, 1937

tion of the roots tung and bung. And finally the mean-
ings may be directly opposed, as in the case of the roots
wa, da, and ti, which is some dialects denote "existence",
in others ' 'non-existence.' '

To know where to look for the root in a word, we must
know how the root of one syllable is usually enlarged to
form longer words. We have seen that this may be done
either by reduplication, or by the addition of formative
elements.

These formative elements usually appear as prefixes,
seldomer as suffixes, and more rarely yet as infixes. A
case of an infix we found in Ibanag kuman, infix
-urn-; other infixes are -in-, -an-, -al-, or -at-. Suf-
fixes commonly found on monosyllabic roots are -an,
-i, -a, an. The prefixes are by far the most numerous
and consist in the majority of cases of two sounds, viz.
consonant-plus- vowel.

Reduplication may appear in many different forms, the
most common of which are:

Simple reduplication: the root is simply set down twice, as in

tuBgtuHg, tata, suksuk, fatfat, saksak, etc.
Abbreviated reduplication: the final consonant of the first syllable

is dropped, as in tutuflg, bubuHg.
Enlarged reduplication: a vowel is interposed between the two full

roots: Tagalog bagabag "trouble," "vexation"; bilibid "enprison".

Variations of these three forms exist in that in the simple
reduplication one of the sounds may be changed to cause
dissonance, or in the case of the abbreviated reduplication
in that the consonant in the middle of the word may be

doubled or in that the vowel of the first part may be changed
to a.

There is another way in which a monosyllabic root may
be enlarged, and that is by combination of two such roots.
Such a case we have in bagsak, which contains the two
monosyllabic roots bag "strife", "anger" (also contained
in babag and in bagabag) and sak "smash", and probably
also in the given examples bugsuk, galbuk, kumpas.

Of course the detection of the root is not always so sim-
ple as appears from all this. Often we have a combination
of several formatives, as in alikabuk, damusak, etc., or
of reduplication with one or more formatives, as in paraspas,
saluksuk.

And, let it be repeated, it is only through comparison
with other words of the same dialect or other dialects that
we may determine whether we are dealing with a monosyl-
labic root, or simply with one syllable of a root of more than
one syllable. Let us take for instance the two words for
"dead" and "alive". In the case of the former we found
in several dialects words like at ay, natay, mat ay, pat ay.
which suggest a root ray. For "alive" we find in Iloko
biag in Kapampangan bie, in Safigir bxaha, which suggest
a disyllabic root biar; Tagalog bujiay can not be explained
as being derived herefrom and seems to be another word.
Biar appears to have a fairly wide distribution in the
Philippines and may be the original word for "life", "live/'
"alive". It is disyllabic; it can not be explained as a mono-
syllabic root ar with a formative element bi-y because
nowhere do we find ar combined with sounds other than
bi-.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Tea

(Continued from page 77)

and good salad sandwiches. There were no formalities,
no dry lectures, no marks. We just discussed things, from
the latest fashions to Matisse, in sonorous tones over the
vapours of Cathay. This gentleman gave me an insight
into the cultural life. I once said to him that I liked his
tea, and when I said tea I meant art, science, books, all
the liveliness and living beauty of this world.

And what are among my dearest memories? Afternoons

I spent with the author of Four O' Clock, friend and adviser
of many a young Filipino writer striving for expression and
fame. His tea is as enjoyable as his acceptance slips, his
tea biscuits are as crispy as his rejections. Though I am
writing this for him I will be frank. In those days when
I was a hopeless, struggling sinner in a cruel, relentless
world, I used to climb those long stairs leading to his office —
a tower from which one has a commanding view of the city
with all its misery, beauty, wretchedness, and hope. And
all because his tea would "activate" an empty stomach,
because the words coming from him would be the kindest

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

one could hear after a day of rebuffs, because in his pres-
ence I saw hope was not yet lost, because in his sanctum
I had the honor to meet not only him but also other men
of intellectual calibre, inspiring to one who was at this time
in danger of losing all his ideals and all his faith in human
nature and the social order.

I remember him asking me on one occasion: "Why, are
the weather signals still new to you?'* This was after a
great typhoon had worked havoc in the city. And he
stood up, and going to the window, pointed toward Manila
Bay where I saw the Semaphore Station of the port. But
it was not the signals that caught my breathless interest.
It was this:

From that room I saw, framed by the window, a lovely
sight of the river and the harbor, with its sailboats and
ships at anchor, the piers in grey outlines — the busy streets
laid out between the caverns of factories and houses, smoke-
stacks fuming over the skyline and the shining water, the
skies in transparent white and azure softness almost like
sleep. That unforgettable beauty has often returned to
me in these neck of the woods where I write.

I looked at the signals after that, then went back to my
tea. The room seemed to change, the tables, the chairs,
the bookshelves seemed to be wrapped in a softness of
vision and I forgot that I was in a city full of toil and hard
knocks. That tea was one of, if not the best, I have ever
had.

I promised myself that in the future I would give teas
for friends. I would have them in a room where a view of
mountains or a river can be had. There would be a garden
across the veranda, splashed with the sun, where flowers

grow among trees burdened with their individual blossoms.
There would be laughter and talk, informal, gay, charmed
by youth and tempered by wise age. One more memory
I have of tea at that four o'clock room. I walked up one
time to bring a manuscript, though this time I did not think
of staying for tea. As I climbed up the circular stairway,
I came upon a tableau of gentlemen in the midst of whom
was a lady with her back toward me. Just a short swift
glance, but the picture was caught — I never saw the face
of the lady but her bearing was stately, dressed as she was
in cream lavender softness, with a hat! — -and who is the
lady not stately with a hat? The very fact that she never
moved, touched me. She was cast in statuesque allure.
I promised that should I have tea parties afterwards I
would have a lady just like her, a mysterious and royal lady.

And I would welcome young and starving people of pro-
mise too. Who knows but at one of those parties I would
accidentally point out to them some shining harbor, the
port of their fulfilled dreams? Or else give them a picture,
Hellenic in transcript upon the mind, of a lady who be-
comes forever a mysterious phantom of beauty, poised
like an angel, in her hands, most enchanting touch of all,
a cup of tea! Tea from ancient China, land of the great
philosophies, from whose ports sailed junks into the land of
the sunset, carrying in their hulls cargoes of celestial silk
and their tea which soothes and comforts.

I remember, as I went down the stairs again from that
tower that I was followed down by this gentleman. I for-
got the words he said to me, for I was in a hurry to steal
away with that group picture in my mind of maiden beauty
against the background of cultured men, and all I said was:
"Thank you, I can not stay today."

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february, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Padre Burgos

{Continued from page 72)

honor, first planned in 1903 and formally unveiled on the
anniversary of his execution in 1910. On the monument
is an inscription which reads:

DR. JOSE A. BURGOS

Priest

Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, P. I.

February 9, 1837

Martyred on Bagumbayan,

Manila, P. I., February 17, 1872.

A Victim of the Iniquitous

Persecution

Of His Perfidious Enemios

lEternal Peace to His Soul!

Imperishable Praise

To His Memory!

!Everlasting Opprobrium

To His Assassinators!

The Love of the Ilocanos

Dedicates this Memorial

To Thee.

1. In the Roll of Honor appear the names of seven Filipino patriots and martyrs,
four United States presidents, three governor-generals of the Philippines, and seven
authors of congressional acts. The Filipino patriots and martyrs are : Jose" Burgos,
Jos6 Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario
Mabini, and Antonio Luna.

2. Some of the people of Candon, Ilocos Sur, believe that Father Burgos was not
born in Vigan but in Candon. The writer has been informed that they have proofs
to this effect, but he has not had a chance to examine them and so can not make a
definite statement on this controversial point. The data used in this article were
gathered from various biographical accounts written about the priest. As this is
only a brief sketch, I do not feel it is necessary to give the specific sources of all facts
mentioned.

3. The garrote used in the execution of Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora
may still be seen in the National Museum.

4. Translation from the Spanish by Austin Craig.

It Rained Saturday Afternoon

{Continued from page 75)

"You may not be an angel . . ." he broke forth, swaying
his body and looking up every time he said ' 'angel". After
one song, there would always be another, as if he wanted
us to know that his repertoire of songs was not by far ex-
hausted, crooning in that soft voice of his as if he were ad-
dressing his songs to someone he held so near him he did not
have to raise his voice to be heard.

The boy had a good figure, with slight, shapely muscles,
and he seemed so healthy an animal that one could hardly
believe he had lost his mind. The unseemliness of his un-
conscious behavior was all the more pitiful because of his
splendid figure.

"Don't take away my dreams. ..." Now why does
he sing that? I thought.

They say madness is a thick fog; losing your mind is like
losing your bearings in the dark: you believe you are doing
the perfectly correct thing, not knowing that it is far from
what you think. That must explain the boy, his stripped
st;ate, his crooning, his friendly and shameless grin which —
God knows — he couldn't help.

"Don't take away my dreams. . . ." Just why had
that crazy youth hit upon that piece? Was there a reason?
For madness, too, is like being a child again, playing again
in that dream-world man loses as he grows up. Times there
are in a man's mature years when he regrets that loss.

This boy, suddenly grown a youth had asked to be taken
back to that world, and had been granted his desire.
Now he has what he wanted, nobody can take away his
dreams, nobody tear the toys out of his hands, nobody
come to him and strike him. For a mad boy is always a
child with dreams. . . .

The rain had stopped, we realized with a start. We
looked about us vaguely: even had it been possible for us
to play again, I doubt if we would have. A little while
before we had thought we were the most unlucky of hu-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

mans; but after what we had seen, we hardly knew what to
think.

We stepped forth from our shelter and walked through
the wet grass until we hit the hard pavement, when we
broke into a brisker gait, not one of us brave enough for one
backward glance at the boy whom we could still hear singing
about dreams, that no one please must take away from him.

Balagtas' Contribution

{Continued from page 74)

induced at the beginning of the tale and the warmth of
sympathy and sentiment evoked by the characters, are the
effects of genuine realism.

Balagtas shows a powerful dramatic sense. He reveals
this quality not only in his dramas but also in his other
poetical works. Even his soliloquys to which he resorts
for satirical, didactic, or allegorical purpose, reveal a perfect
unity and harmony with the action. One feels in them the
sense of conflict and struggle that must have possessed the
poet himself while writing them. From the biting denuncia-
tions of his allegorical figures to the most serious didactic
passages in his Florante, a single impression is always
sustained.

A most striking attribute of Balagtas* art as a dramatic
poet is his tactful use of dramatic situations in order both
to arouse and to veil the revolutionary spirit. Thus he
kindled in the hearts of others the fire of his own passion,
and instilled in them a raging spirit of revolt.

Not the least of Balagtas* contributions to Tagalog poetry,

is his lyricism, found not only in his purely lyrical works
like the kundimans (love songs), but also in some of the
more wistful stanzas of the Florante and in the dialogues
of some of his minor dramatic works. There is always a
personal element present even in his most subdued lyrical
notes. The reader as easily surrenders to the plaintive notes
of a deserted lover as he basks in the sunshine of a love at
first sight. In paying homage to a lady-love, Balagtas un-
restrainedly puts forth all the happy reminiscences of his
own lost but unforgotten love. In his idealization of woman-
ly beauty, he reveals a fine aesthetic sense, his human forms,
beautiful in their very closeness to nature, made more
vivid still by metaphor and swift allusion to classical char-
acters and ideas. In following his exaltation of the beauty
of Nature, the reader can not help translating this verbal
art into recollections of his own most pleasurable experiences
with Nature herself. In the verbal musicality and magical
sweetness of his lyrical poems, Balagtas has no peer among
the Tagalog poets of his day, excepting perhaps Huseng
Sisiw, his erstwhile tutor in the poetic art.

Taking into account Balagtas* original contributions to
Tagalog poetry — -the richness of his subject-matter, the
smoothness and fluency of his style, the accuracy of his
metrical form, the unity and coherence of his narration,
the power and suggestiveness of his dramatic poetry, and
the emotional strength of his lyrics — -this father of Tagalog
poetry be rated as among the best minds the Philippines
has produced.

1 Cruz, H. Kun Sino ang Kumatha ng Florante, pp. 151-2.

2 Balagtas y su Florante. . . . Philippine Review, v. 1, No. 8.

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February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

A Teacher Takes his Vacation

{Continued from, page 70)

to the papers, everybody in Manila was talking about it
because of a movie version being shown. To my regret
the book was not in the library. I noticed that our librarian
was busy indexing several books that had just arrived.
I picked up one. "Junior R. O. T. C. Manual", I read.
I picked up another: "Infantry Drill Regulations". With-
out picking up another that lay on the table, I could read
its title: "Map Reconnaissance". I did not look at the
others. Surely "Romeo and Juliet" would not be among
them.

The day before Christmas I did not go out. The mail
had brought us many gifts from relatives and friends in
Manila. My wife and I decorated our simple Christmas
tree. Our little daughter was greatly excited about the
tree and danced about it gleefully, stopping every once in
a while to reach for the spangles and the stars. She paid no
attention to the wind and the rain that shook our door
violently now and then. The rain did not stop the whole
day; not even on Christmas Day.

Most of the succeeding days I spent reading in the
library. I read the magazines, parts of "Leaves of Grass",
and a play by Anatole France. Some of the tragedies of
Shakespeare were there, but I did not feel like reading them.
I wanted "Romeo and Juliet". On the bulletin board,
outside the library, I noticed a list of the students who had
passed and failed in a test in Military Science which had
been given a few weeks before by the high school command-
ant.

The high school commandant is also the property
custodian. He is a gay, middle-aged man with a big
voice and a bigger heart. Late one afternoon, I found him
in his store room putting away a number of sabres which the
high school cadet -officers had used. There were also new
drums on the floor.

"Can those sabres kill?" I asked.

"You bet!" he roared, making a pass at me playfully.

On New Year's Day, we heard mass in the church on the
hill. As usual, among the pious worshippers, kneeling by
the pews, were uniformed men, private soldiers and ser-
geants, most of them. But they were fewer now.

The next day, as I passed by the Christian Center on my
way to the tennis court, I read on the board by the door:
"LET US GIVE CHRIST A CHANCE TO MAKE US
BETTER CHRISTIANS IN 1937".

That night, as I raised my eyes from the book I was
reading, my glance fell on our Christmas tree. Some of the
gay trimmings were hanging down limply, almost touching
the table. One of the stars had fallen to the floor. The
tree was almost bare except for a toy rifle and a tin soldier
with a gun. I had bought those myself, just why I do not
know. My daughter would not touch them. It would
have been different, I am sure, if Arme were a boy instead
of the charming little girl that she is. What does she know,
°r care about guns as she plays with me, trying to pull
away the book I have been reading since yesterday. She
cannot even read the title: "Infantry Drill Regulations",
Vol. I.

Makiling National Park

{Continued from page 69)

park and plantings on Mount Makiling. When funds for
maintenance and construction of the road, trails, and the
park now being developed equal or approach the appro-
priations for this Brazilian garden, the Philippines will have
a botanic garden second to none in the world.

Few people in the Philippines realise how famous Maki-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

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ling and its environs are to the scientific world. It has for
years been the happy hunting ground for biologists. Bo-
tanists from all parts of the world have visited the mountain
and many new species were named from specimens collected
here. The herbariums of Washington, London, Paris, and
Berlin pride themselves on the collections taken from this
region. There is probably no single mountain in the tro-
pical world better known to scientists than Mount Makiling.

The Los Banos colleges and their research staffs are busy
with the mountain flora and fauna and both maintain col-
lections of plant and insect life. The School of Forestry
has a flora of the mountain in manuscript which will soon be
published. Scientists are encouraged to visit the region.
Laboratory facilities and quarters can be secured for those
who are interested to pursue their studies on the mountain.
In recent years entomologists from Hawaii have spent long
periods securing beneficial insects and have reared broods
which have been sent home to combat insect enemies of the
sugar cane. At present an economic entomologist from
an African colony is in residence and has successfully ship-
ped live insects by air express for the control of pests on the
coffee of Kenya colony.

We are proud of our development in agriculture, forestry,
commerce and industry, and education. We are proud of
the thousand islands scattered through seas of emerald and
sapphire, and the pride we feel for our past is extended to
this newest recreation grounds.

It is hoped that this account will tempt more residents
of the Islands and world tourists to spend at least a few
short hours in the depths of this accessible forest with its
undisturbed natural beauty.

Hundreds of travelers have endured untold hardships to
discover and present to the world the beauty and wonder
of jungle life. Here in a few hours from the boulevards
and hotels of Manila, with no hardship whatever, one may
sojourn for hours in the heart of the jungle.

The native banyan trees or strangling figs, known as the
"balete", are always a delight to the visitor from the tem-
perate zone. Around these trees the mystery and supersti-
tion of the forest tribes cling. To the tiny Negritos they
are the abode of evil spirits, and it is curious to find small
crosses, crudely fashioned, driven into the pendent roots
as a protection from these evil spirits of the forest. The
Negrito has seen some of his Christian brothers plant the cross
in the clearings of the forest to protect his rice and assure
a crop, and has accepted this Christian symbol, but knows
nothing of its significance.

No account of the tropical forest is complete without
reference to the great lianas, or bush ropes which twist like
vegetable snakes in loops and spirals from the forest floor
to the tops of the tallest trees. On Makiling there are
regions so matted with these vines, that without the use of
the native bush knife or bolo, one could never penetrate
the forest. Not all the forest of the mountain is a tangled
wilderness. There are places where one may pass with
almost as much freedom as in the hardwood forests in the
eastern part of the United States.

February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

If one climbs from the lower slopes of Makiling, where
the giant trees reach over a meter in diameter with their
tops forty meters above the ground, one obtains an excellent
idea of the high jungle. This is the type of forest which
furnishes the bulk of the commercial timber of the Islands.

Leaving this behind, one passes to the narrow ridges of
the summit, and finds himself in what is known as the
"Elfin Wood,\ Here the trees are dwarfed and gnarled;
branched almost to the ground, the stems hidden with a
complete covering of mosses, ferns, and tiny orchids. Many
of the trees have their branches decorated with bird-nest
ferns, pendant club mosses, and the trailing stems of the
pitcher plant with their curious water-holding tips.

This is the land of perpetual spring time. It is the home
of the clouds. Moisture driven in from the sea on clear
days, condenses about these peaks, and nearly every day
the new-born clouds may be seen. These cloudy masses
sometimes linger at night as a downy cap over the summit.
At other times the mists sink down into the lower valleys,
leaving the tops like islands in a sea of clouds.

So little of the beauty and charm of a tropical region can
be shown by photographs or described in words, that one is
at a loss as to a method of bringing a sense of this beauty
to those who have never seen it.

The appeal of natural scenery depends on the individual.
There are those to whom barren mountains, desert wastes,
endless snow fields, or the empty horizons of sea or sky are
beautiful. To others the trim and formal landscape of the
old world is the acme of natural beauty. To those accus-
tomed to such surroundings the wildness, the rank vegeta-
tion, the minor discomforts of insects, and the showers so
common on the summits, destroy for them the pleasure
which we of the tropical world see about us.

Baguio and Dewey Boulevard are recommended to this
type of visitors. For those who love nature in its untamed
form and are willing to accept the slight discomforts of
forest life in the tropics, there are untold pleasures on the
Makiling of today.

If present plans are carried out, no word of caution need
be given to those who propose a Makiling excursion. These
plans include a beautiful two-way road climbing by easy
stages to the highest point on the mountain ; a rest house or
hotel with the necessary parking space, picnic grounds in an
attractive grove, and other facilities for the pleasure of the
transient visitor.

It is quite probable that sometime an attractive tourist
hotel and cottages will be constructed for those who wish
to spend the week-end or a longer vacation on the mountain.

There is talk also of developing a mid-mountain region as
a vacation city similar to Baguio, but on a much smaller
scale. How soon or to what extent these plans may be ac-
complished depends largely on the interest of the visitors.

Three hundred visitors a day on Sundays and holidays
visit the campus of the School of Forestry. Few of these

visitors venture up the Makiling road. This is due to the
fact that the completion of the lower portion of the road
was accomplished only during the past rainy season. It is
now possible to make the trip even on rainy days. Visitors
are invited and urged to make this trip which is probably
the most beautiful drive in the mountains and forests of
the Islands.

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February, 1937

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Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

H. M. Curran, writer of the interesting and
even surprising article on the Makiling National
Park, is a member of the faculty of the School
of Forestry of the University cf the Philippines
near Los Banos, Laguna.

Bienvenido N. Santos, formerly a frequent con-
tributor to the Philippine Magazine, makes a
reappearance with his "A Teacher Takes His
Vacation" which is indeed full of the times. He wrote me in a letter
that he had been tempted to entitle it "I Love My Own, My Native
Land", but don't let that turn you against reading it. "Please consider
it for publication," he wrote. "The Philippine Magazine editor can
do no wrong. You may even reject it, and still be right. ..." I
think the readers of the Magazine, however, will agree with me that I
would have been wrong in rejecting this story. Mr. Santos is a high
school teacher in Albay.

Ricardo C. Galang, \*ho writes on various forms of religious sacrifice
among the pagan Bukidnons of Mindanao, was formerly stationed
in that province, but is now a member of the Textbook Committee at
work in the Central Office of the Bureau of Education. The Bukidnons
number seme 50,000 people and inhabit parts of Misamis, Agusan, and
Cotabato as well as Bukidnon. "The wilder members of the group
live in tree houses or in houses built on platforms high above the ground.
Their clothing is distinctive and of unique design. They practice dry
agriculture and grow chiefly maize and mountain rice. They also use
the fire piston, and make unique pipes, tools, and implements. . . .
They are energetic workers and are now quite civilized; they are known
to have well-developed religious beliefs, and their culture is probably
similar to that of some of the pre-Spsnish Bisayan groups" (H. O. Beyer:
"Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916")

Leopoldo Y. Yabes, already well known to the readers of the Maga-
zine, contributes an article on the martyr-priest, Father Jose Burgos,
to this issue as the month marks the hundredth anniversary of his birth.
Some months ago, Mr. Yabes sent me a copy of his book, "A Brief
Survey of Iloko Literature", which I neglected to acknowledge. It is
paper-bound and runs to 156 pages. Copies may be obtained from the
author. One of the chapters, "Ilocano Journalism and Periodical
Literature", originally appeared in the September, 1936, issue of the
Magazine.

"Balagtas' Contribution to Tagalog Poetry" is based on a thesis
M. T. Villanueva is presenting for a master's degree for which he is a
candidate in the University of the Philippines. He is teacher-librarian
at the Philippine Normal School. He lives in Pasay, is married, and has
three children, so he wrote me in a letter. We published a critical article
on "Florante and Laura" by D. A. Hernandez in the July, 1933, issue
of the Magazine, and Mr. Villanueva's article will tend to balance that.
A biography of the poet by Jose T. Enriquez was published in instal-
ments in the December, 1927, and the January, February, April, and
May, 1928, issues of the Philippine Magazine. Some years ago, Mr. En-
riquez, Professor Ignacio Manlapaz, and I collaborated on a translation
of Balagtas' "La Filipina Elegante y el Negrito Amante" which
was published in the November, 1932, issue.

Antonio S. Gabila, author of the story, "It Rained Saturday After-
noon", lives in Davao. He was born at Molo, Iloilo, in 1913. Readers
may still remember his story, "Girl Coming Home", in the December,
1935, issue of the Magazine.

H. Costenoble, of Del Carmen, Pampanga, continues his series of
articles on Philippine languages with "The Monosyllabic Root in Phil-
ippine Languages." The first and second articles were published in
the October, 1936, and the January, 1937, numbers respectively.

Amador T. Daguio is already well known to readers of the Magazine.
His essay, "Tea", shows what exile to a place like Malaybalay, Bukidnon,
will do to the imagination. My office is not so out of the ordinary, nor
is the view from my window, nor, to be brutally frank, are the friends
who drop in occasionally for tea — or (sometimes) something a little
A\ stronger. As for that lady with a hat he once saw here who has become

February, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

for him "forever a mysterious phantom of beauty, poised like an angel",
I can not imagine whom he refers to. My visitors are almost exclusive-
ly of the other sex and while, certainly, at least one of the few ladies
who have dropped in at one time or another is a most beautiful girl, I
don't believe she ever wore a hat (for my foreign readers I must explain
that few women wear hats in this country), although she is probably
wearing one now pulled down about her ears, for she recently left for
the United States and it must be pretty cold for her there at this season.
If Daguio had not mentioned a hat, and had meant her, I could join
in his apotheosis, but that hat spoils everything. Among poor Daguio's
exaggerations, of course, is his making me out to be such a paragon of
kindness. He made me feel so ashamed of myself that I sent him a can
of the tea we brew here for a Christmas present. It is "Woo-I" tea
from the Anki district in Fukien and costs eighty or ninety cents the
can. It's good tea, though. A Chinese friend of mine put me on to it.

Pura Santillan-Castrence's series on the woman characters in Jose
Rizal's fiction will be continued in next month's issue. She has been so
busy on a series of sixteen pamphlets for the woman suffrage campaign
that she has had to put aside all other work. Those who read her
essays on Maria Clara and on Sisa would probably like to know which
character she will take up next. I don't know myself. The Woman's
Digest for January, by the way, published in New York, reprinted
part of her article, "'Oldest Sister' in the Philippines" in the September
Philippine Magazine. The editor of the Woman's Digest also asked
permission to reprint Antonia Bisquera's essay, "Chicken for Dinner",
published in the October issue, saying this is "a very charming story".
Another digest publication, the Fact Digest, asked permission to re-
print N. U. Gatchalian's "Pintakasi" and Marc T. Greene's " 'Pan-
demonium' in the South Seas", both in the October number. The
Fact Digest for January reprinted my own "Eastern and Western
Psychology" from the July issue, being the second American digest
publication to reprint this particular article. It is safe to say that no
other Philippine publication has its stories and articles so widely re-
produced in American and foreign publications. The Magazine must
be good!

The Magazine is "different" according to one gentleman, personally
unknown to me, who honored me with a brief note, George Hyde Preston
of South Norwalk, Connecticut. He wrote: "Will you kindly have my
address changed on your records from New Canaan, Conn, to Shorefront
Park, South Norwalk, Conn? I am writing to you personally rather
than your circulation department regarding my change of address, be-
cause I wish to take the opportunity to say that I find your magazine
very interesting and very different, to use that much abused word.

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It seems to me that you are doing good work for culture in the Philip-
pines by publishing so many conributions by Philippine writers. I am
surprised at the amount of poetic feeling shown in their verses. I was
especially struck by a verse — a passionate verse — which appeared some
time ago signed by our old friend 'Anonymous'. When I wanted to go
back to it, the number had disappeared. I can't quote it and all I have
left is the distinct impression of its quality. Wishing you every success,
Sincerely yours, etc." Now to let the readers of this column into a
little secret, I will say that the only anonymous poetry that has recently
appeared in the Magazine was my own! Tish! Tish!

It is a far jump from South Norwalk, Connecticut, to Moscow, Russia,
but here is what came on a postal card: "Moscow, December 16th, 1936.
To the Publisher of 'Philippine Magazine', Manila, P. I. Dear Sir:—
I have heard quite by chance that the best Fareastern Monthly is
'Philippine Magazine', printed in English in Manila, P. I. I take the
liberty to ask you to send me by post a sample copy of your publication,
for which I shall be very grateful. Awaiting the favour of an early
reply, I remain, dear Sir, Yours faithfully,—" On second thought, in
view of one of the editorials in this issued, I think I'll not print the
writer's name and address here. It might get him into trouble.

I have mentioned in this column various foreign institutes that have
wanted to be placed on the Magazine exchange list. I recently had a
letter from the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Melbourne.
I print it here, as I have other similar letters, to show the growing inter-
est in Philippine affairs abroad. The letter from the Secretary of the
Institute reads: "Dear Sir: I would very much appreciate your kindly
forwarding to the address given above any available literature published
by you which you would consider as being of interest to our organiza-
tion. The Australian Institute of International Affairs maintains a
reference library in Melbourne for the purpose of research by its mem-
bers interested in the study of Australia's contact chiefly with countries
in the Pacific area, from a cultural, political, and economic point of
view. The Australian Institute is closely connected with the Institute
of Pacific Relations, New York, and the Royal Institute of International
Affairs, London, both of which, I know have your publications on file
in their libraries. I would be glad to have full particulars of subscription
rates. Australian literature published by the Australian Institute of
International Affairs and from other sources will be gladly forwarded
to you in exchange for your publications. Thanking you for what
assistance you may^be able to extend in this regard, Yours faithfully,
W. M. Gray, Secretary, Austral-Asiatic Section."

I was confined to my house for several weeks this past month, in spite
of my youth and iron constitution, and it just happened that the first
dayjljreceived a review copy of the new "Webster's]Collegiate Dic-
tionary ,|Fifth Edition", based on the magnificent Webster's New In-

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february, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

ternational Dictionary, Second Edition, just out. This new Collegiate
edition is the largest and latest Merriam -Webster abridgment, and
while, at the office, I have the latest revision of the first edition of
the unabridged dictionary, and also the eight volume Century Dic-
tionary, not to mention the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Americana,
I found this handy Collegiate dictionary adequate for all my needs
while I was working at home. There was a reference to the Nicobar
Islands in connection with new British air developments in the Far
East in the newspapers, and not remembering just where they were,
and not having my great London Times Atlas and Gazetteer at hand,
I was on the point of telephoning my office to have someone look them
up, when I noticed that the little dictionary also contained a gazetteer.
I doubted that it would list these small islands, but there they were!
I had occasion to look up a number of matters that I doubted the
book could help me in, but each time I was agreeably surprised.
There is nothing more useful to one who has any writing to do than an
up-to-date unabridged dictionary, but if you can't afford one, then get
this new Collegiate. In many respects it is better than an old un-
abridged dictionary.

A letter from a friend of mine in one of our southern provinces I shall
reproduce in part, also without signature because of his first paragraph:
"Stictly off the record, although I haven't anything startling in mind as
I begin this. Your last issue is the stimulus. Your editorials are ex-
cellent although I could probably find points of disagreement. Our
main perpetual disagreement is the Tydings-McDuffie Act which I
think could well go further in the direction opposite to your wishes.
Independence is counter to my personal interests, but when I mull over
the matter from the point of view of America, I am convinced the quicker
it comes the better. To make up I'll enclose the price of a subscription
to [a college fraternity in the eastern part of the United States]. In
regard to typhoons: I have many researches unfinished, but did we not
have a Christmas typhoon early in 1932, which may be termed something
else — though the physical effects were certainly similar. If your
author, Haughwout, keeps on, possibly a special Manila Christmas
typhoon will be provided! [I might interpose here that Professor Haugh-
wout did not say there were no Christmas typhoons, but only that it
could not have been a Christmas typhoon that was described in Con-
rad's bookj. ... To me, Roy Howard and correspondents and others
who have been writing on China and Japan's change of tone, are letting
their hopes and surface appearances blind them to the logic of the
situation. The apparent relaxation is merely strategic. With leaders
unchanged, a little snag will not result in a complete change of basic
policy. But then I am not a 100% prophet like Farley and the Nation.
I batted about 53%. . . . How can anyone blame the speculators?
See what your editorial did to the mining stocks. (October issue). . . .
Your editorial on King Edward should get special mention. Stanley
Baldwin'is'a pet*aversion of mine because of his selfishness, hypocracy,
and almightyjgodliness, and if for no other reason I'd be for Edward.
I'd like to have seen it a fight to the finish. I can see possibilities of the
abdication having world effects. I'm a bit cynical about love that is
sentimental; it reminds me of Janet Gaynor, but the rest is O. K. . . ."
I find I had to leave out some of the best parts of this letter, but
I can't give the gentleman away.

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Index of Advertisers

'W6T:

Name Page

Alka-Seltzer 91

American Express Co 80

Apo Cement .... 79

Batavia Weekly News 61

Binncy 8b Smith Co 92

Books 100

Botica Boie 94-96-63

Campbell's Soups 84

Cebu Portland Cement Co 79

Chesterfield Cigarettes Back Cover

Chevrolet Cars 83

Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia . 89

Cosmopolitan Ballet and Dancing. . 59

Crayola 92

D. M. C. Threads. 62

Dodge & Seymour 93

Dr. West's Tooth Paste and

Brushes. 59

Elser, E. E 58

Emulsion 96

Encyclopedia Compton's Pictured. . 89

Garcia, A 97

Gets-It 61

Getz Bros. 8b Co 94

Globes Geographical 99

Haughwout, Dr. Frank G 63

Heacock's Inside Front Cover

International Harvester Co 87

Jacob's Biscuits 98

Jose Oliver Succ 80

Name

Page

Kolynos Dental Cream 97

Klim 94

Luzon Brokerage 95

Manila Electric Co 63

Manila Gas Corporation 95

Manila Hotel 90

Manila Railroad Co 88

Marsman 8b Co Inside Front Cover

Mentholatum 96

Mennen's 62

Mercolized Wax 59

Moutrie Pianos 80

National Life Insurance Co 81

Ovaltine Inside Back Cover

Pacific Commercial Co 83

Parker Vacumatic Pens 80

Pepsodent 93

Philippine Charity Sweepstakes. . . 86
Philippine Education Company

Inc 80-99-100

Philippine National Bank 64

Qui-Bro-Lax 94

San Juan Heights Co 85

San Miguel Brewery 61

Steinmetz, Dr. H. H 63

Stillman's Cream 60

Sonotone 63

Sweepstakes 86

Tattoo 60

Ticonderoga Pencils 58

Wise 8b Co 98

W. T. Horton 89

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

February, 1937

A letter from Richard Hayter, well known in the Philippines, from
Hastings, Barbados, in the British West Indies, reads in part as follows:
"Back in the tropics! Cooler than Manila, though, on account of the
trade winds that usually blow day and night. More isolated: only one
regular sailing from New York monthly and another from Boston about
the same day; about one ship a month from Europe, various lines, Eng-
lish, French, German, and Dutch. Am sending ycu a copy of the local
daily — a curiosity. No news service, but an astonishing amount of ad-
vertising. So I shall have to depend on Time et al. . . . I am an early
bird — the tenth guest. By December the hotel will be up to capacity —
135. Doing everything possible for my convenience and comfort. My
room is on the ground floor only one turn from the dining room — an
open porch. All life is outdoors. My room is a private grandstand
for tennis. Being British, men change from flannels and blazers at
4:00 p. m., later dress for dinner. For the first time since Manila I am
unpacked and my trunks have gone to the storage room. ..."

A letter from Dr. Luther B. Bewley received during the month asks
permission to reprint twenty-five different selections from the Philippine
Magazine in a series of reading and language texts for use in the public
schools. The books will be published by the Government for rental
to pupils. I willingly gave the requested permission, although the
Magazine will receive no payment for permitting the use of this material.
It includes a biography of Mabini by J. T. Rodriguez, of Francisco
Baltazar (Balagtas) by J. T. Enriquez, and of Epifanio de los Santos by
myself, several plays and poems by Mrs. Rachel Mack, the article}
"An Old Negrito Wedding" by A. A. Tiburcio, a story by the late Dr.
Alfred Worm ("The Kalaw Who Learned a Lesson from the Koran"),
"The Origin of Luzon" by Eulogio B. Rodriguez, something I wrote
about Lanao art, etc., etc.

A belated Christmas card from "Bob" and Margaret Yates — Navy
people with whom I occasionally spent a week-end at Sangley Point,
Cavite Naval Station, contained this message: "How are you, old
friend? How I would love to drop in on you again, catch you in your
under shirt, smoke a cigarette with you and leave, feeling all pepped up
and at peace — Do you think of us?" Do I? I have never spent such
easy and delightful days again as I did on that sand-spit with the Yates
family, and it seems a long time ago although it can't be much over
five years. Mrs. Yates when she came to Manila used to drop in at
my office occasionally and would catch me in my undershirt as I never
liked to work in the jacket coat I got accustomed to wear. It was on
that account that I went to the trouble of inventing and personally
designing a kind of sportshirt with a false collar which I can wear under
a closed coat that I can remove and still look "decent". This sartorial
triumph Mrs. Yates seems to have forgotten, but she remembers the
undershirt! Such is life! The Yates now live at Norfolk, Virginia.
Address, Hotel Monticello.

Evolution

By Flavio Ma. Guerrero

OTROLLING went a horse one day

Beside a nearby sea;
He spied a group of mermaids gay — -
The gayest he e'er did see.

"How would you like to be like us?"
They asked him, then and there.

He answered "Aye," — without a fuss
He changed to a sea-horse fair!

Philippine Economic
Condititions

(Contnuned from page 58)

the full year, new building permits were considerably
better than double those for 1935 and permits for
repairs showed a slight increase. Details for Decem-
ber and the full year are as follows :

December

1935 1936

(Pesos) (Pesos)

New Construction 124,940 616,390

Repairs 50,180 29,030

Total 175,120 645,420

For the Year

1935 1936

(Pesos) (Pesos)

Nsw Construction 2,773,950 6,140,230

Repairs 467,770 473,080

Total 3,241,720 6,613,310

There were 447 radio receiving sets registered i
November and 94 cancellations. For the first
eleven months of 1936, there were 5,167 new sets
registered and 1,162 cancellations. December figures
are not yet available.

There were 51 corporations newly registered in
November with P20,474,638 of authorized capital,
of which 1*6,449,188 was subscribed, 1*2,637,701
paid up in cash and P157,200 in property. In
December, there were 46 new corporations registered
with P12,061,500 of authorized capital, of which
P2,416,960 was subscribed and P809,208 paid-up
in cash. Of the total of 97 corporations registered
in the two months, 84 were controlled by Filipino
interests 6 by Americans and 3 by Chinese. Mining
corporations were as usual the most prominent, with
46 companies incorporated in the two months and a
total subscribed capital of 1*4,700,000. Two of
these companies were controlled by Americans, the
balance by Filipino interests. In addition, there were
three companies registered with aggregate subscribed
capital of 1*694,000 to act as consulting mining en-
gineers and nine companies with aggregate subscribed
capital of P494,000 to act as brokers. Investment
companies, a direct offshoot of the mining industry,

were registered in the number of 14, with aggregate
subscribed capital of 1*2, 153,000. There were two
management companies with subscribed capital of
P500,000, which also apparently have to do with
mining. Investments in other enterprises were
moderate, including F85,000 subscribed capital in
eight merchandising companies, P30.000 in one live-
stock company, 1*15,000 in a French restaurant and
P62,600 in a manufacturing company, the latter
being apparently a reincorporation. Of the total
subscribed capital of newly incorporated companies
in the two months, Filipino inerests subscribed P8»-
459,000, Americans 1*262,000 and Chinese 1*112,000,
the balance being largely French and German.

There were 22 partnerships registered in Manila
in November and December, of which two were
limited partnerships. November registrations in-
cluded P71.000 invested by Chinese, principally in
merchandising, and *10,500 by Filipinos, also in
merchandising. December registrations included
1*104,000 by Chinese, of which F7 1,000 was in mer-
chandising, and 1*33,000 by Filipinos, of which 1*25,-
000 was in merchandising. There was also one
brokerage firm with P200.000 invested, the national-
ity of which is not given.

BISCUITS

WISE ^C° Inc.

F=) I B t-J

february, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Astronomical Data for
February, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Feb. 1... 6:25 a.m. 5:55 p.m.

Feb. 6... 6:24a.m. 5:56p.m.

Feb. 12... 6:22 a.m. 5:59p.m.

Feb. 18... 6:20 a.m. 6:01p.m.

Feb. 24... 6:17a.m. 6:03p.m.

Feb. 28... 6:15a.m. 6:03p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
( Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

February 1 10:38 p.m. 9:50 a.m.

February 2 11:27 p.m. 10:29 a.m.

February 3 11:10 a.m.

February 4 12:16. a.m. 11:53 a.m.

February 5 1:06 a.m. 12:39 p.m.

February 6 1:57 a.m. 1:28 p.m.

February 7 2:48 a.m. 2:20 p.m.

February 8 3:38 a.m. 3:13 p.m.

February 9 4:26 a.m. 4:08 p.m.

February 10 5:13 a.m. 5:03 p.m.

February 11 5:58 a.m. 5:59 p.m.

February 12 6:42 a.m. 6:54 p.m.

February 13 7:26 a.m. 7.50 p.m.

February 14 8.09 a.m. 8.47 p.m.

February 15, 8.55 a.m. 9.45 p.m.

February 16 9.42 a.m. 10.45 p.m.

February 17 10.33 a.m. 11.45 p.m.

February 18 11:27 a.m.

February 19 12:24 p.m. 12:46 a.m.

February 20 1:23 p.m. 1:46 a.m.

February 21.. 2:23 p.m. 2:42 a.m.

February 22 3:21p.m. 3:35 a.m.

February 23 4:17 p.m. 4:23 p.m.

February 24 5:11 p.m. 5:09 a.m.

February 25 6:02 p.m. 5:50 a.m.

February 26 6:52 p.m. 6:50 a.m.

February 27 7:41p.m. 7:08 a.m.

February 28 8:30 p.m. 7:46 a.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 3rd at 8:04 p.m.

New Moon on the 11th at 3:34 p.m.

First Quarter on the 18th at 11:50 a.m.

Full Moon on the 25th at 3 :43 p.m.

Apogee on the 3rd at 8 :00 p.m.

Perigee on the 16th at 4:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 4:54 a. m. and sets at 4:10
p. m. The planet may be found in the constellation
of Capricorn just before sunrise.

VENUS rises at 8:53 a. m. and sets at 9:07 p. m.
Just after sunset, the planet may be found about 45°
above the western horizon in the constellation of
Pisces.

MARS rises at 11:48 p. m. and sets at 11:12 a. m.
At 3:00 a. m. the planet will be found about 45°
above the eastern horizon between the constellations
of Virgo and Libra.

JUPITER rises at 3:55 a. m. and sets at 3:05 p. rn
Before sunrise the planet will be found in the eastern
sky in the constellation of Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 7:54 a. m. and sets at 7:44 p. m.
Immediately after sunset, the planet may be found
low in the 'estern horizon a little to the south of the
constellation of Pisces.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m.

North of the Zenith
Regulus in Leo
Castor and Pollux in

Gemini
Capella in Auriga
Aldebaran in Taurus

South of the Zenith
Procyon in Canis Minor
Sirius in Canis Major
Canopus in Argo
Betelgeuse and Rigel in

Orion

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February, 1937

News Summary

(Continued from page 63)
joined the Spanish fascists forces. Britain mobilizes
its battleships in Spanish waters to protect its mer-
chantmen.

Jan. 6. — Stated at Rome that Italy and Germany
have decided to continue sending volunteers to the
Spanish "nationalist" side "until all direct and
indirect intervention by other nations has ceased".
Britain has expressed a "grave view" of the part
foreign volunteers are taking and has urged Berlin
and Rome to reply before the week-end to the Anglo-
French appeal that they halt the movement. It is
reported from Paris that if the replies are not favor-
able, a Franco-British naval blockade of Spain is
likely.

Jan. 7. — More than 3,000 international volunteers
reported to have entered Spain yesterday and the
Spanish government charges before the League of
Nations that Germany is endangering the whole
course of European peace through repeated acts of
intervention. A Basque loyalist radio announce-
ment declares that armed Germans captured with
insurgent forces will be treated as common prisoners,
subject to execution. Germany replies to Britain
and France it will accept the proposal to ban foreign
volunteers from Spain provided other powers agree
to do so and effective supervision is undertaken.
Italy also accepts "in principle" provided all direct
and indirect aid be stopped. The Italian budget
closed with a deficit of 1,550,000,000 lire, not in-
cluding any of the cost of the Abyssinian war which
was not budgeted for.

Princess Juliana of Holland, heir to the throne,

and Prince Bernhard zu Lippe-Biesterfeld are
married at The Hague.

Jan. 8. — Reported from Paris that Germans are
supervising the construction of fortifications and the
installation of German long-range guns in the Spanish
Moroccan port, Ceuta, held by the rebels, opposite
Gibraltar, and that more than 3,000 German troops
have arrived in Morocco. The French government
protests to the Spanish rebel government at Burgos,
and a French official tells the press, "France finds it
impossible to permit Germany to gain a foothold"
in Spanish Morocco. The British Cabinet holds an
emergency session. The British Embassy in Madrid
is hit by four incendiary bombs during a rebel raid
and a military attach6 is wounded. Belgium gives
Spain 40 hours to deliver with military honors the
body of Baron Borchgrave, Belgian Embassy Secre-
tary, allegedly slain by Spaniards, and also demands
an indemnity of $35,000. Reported that 3,500
Italian troops have landed at Cadiz and boarded a
train for Seville to join the rebels, and it is reported
from Rome that Mussolini will double Italian aid
to the Spanish fascists "if his proposal to prohibit
all direct and indirect aid to the combattants is not
accepted."

Jan. 9. — A French official in Paris states that
France will go to any length, even war, to eject the
Nazis from Spanish Morocco. French forces at
Fez in French Morocco are reported to be mobilizing.
Thousands of German and Italian troops are reported
to be landing at Cadiz in fiagless and nameless ships.

Leon Trotzky arrives at Tampico, Mexico, and
pledges himself to "complete and absolute non-
intervention in Mexican politics". He denounces
the Moscow "frame-up" that involved the execution

of some sixteen men, including leading communist,
some months ago.

Jan. 10. — A Berlin spokesman denies all knowledge
of Nazi troops landing in Morocco and constructing
fortifications and declares that France is resorting
to "Jewish, Bolshevistik lies". It is said in "informed
circles" in Berlin, according to a news dispatch,
that Hitler has sent between 15,000 and 25,000 men
to Spain and hopes to secure mining concessions in
Spain and possible colonial territory. Reported
that the British Admiralty is drafting plans to block-
ade the entire Spanish coast unless intervention is
ended. The French Atlantic fleet moves into Mo-
roccan waters and 100,000 French colonial troops in
French Morocco are said to be ready for any emer-
gency. The rebels are again at the gates of Madrid
after a week of fighting. ,-,•••.

Jan. 1 1 . — It is stated in London that Britain does
not take too serious a view of the situation in Spanish
Morocco, reports of German activity there having
been exaggerated. Reported, however, that there
are ninety British warships and 15,000 regular troops
concentrated near Spain.

Reported that Hitler has told the French Ambas-
sador that Germany has no intention of trying to
seize territory of Spain or a Spanish possession.

The former troops of Marshal Chang Hsueh-hang
are said to be on the verge of mutiny under Yang
Hu-shen who has proclaimed himself dictator of
Shensi province. The Chinese government at Nan-
king advises foreigners to evacuate the province.

Jan. 12. — The British Foreign Office states that
reports that Britain is considering collaborating with
France regarding possible occupation of Spanish
Morocco, are false.

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are a prospector or otherwise engaged in this most prosperous industry today, we have the books for you.
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Adorable &> Soriano: Philippine Mining Guide V i fi ' «!n

Beard: Mine Examination Questions and Answers, 3 vols. 13 20

Beringer: Textbook of Assaying. 770

Brush: Manual of Determinative Mineralogy ' ' jV

Bugbee: Textbook of Fire Assaying £ ' «n

Butler: Handbook of Mineralogy, Blowpipe Analysis and Geometrical Crystallography » »o

Butler: Pocket Handbook of Minerals • • jj " on

Campbell: Simple Tests for Minerals, or Every Man His Own Analyst • * -^

Choice of Methods in Mining and Metallurgy jj . 50

Crook: History of the Theory of Ore Deposits • ° • j*

Dana & Ford: Manual of Mineralogy jj ■ jjjj

Davis: Manual of Surveying for Field and Office I" : " \' ' ^ ' ". ? ™

Dickerson: The Development of Baguio Plateau: A Study in Historical Geology and Physiography in the Tropics 1 00

Division of Mines: The Mineral Resources of the P. I. for the Years 1926 to 1933 1 00

Eaton: Practical Mine Development and Equipment 1 4n

Fitzhugh: Treasures in the Earth (mining geology) ^ nn

Francisco: Location and Lease of Mineral Claims Under the New Mining Law lo'nn

Francisco: Understanding the Securities Act 1 9 nn

Fancisco: Inversi6n y Especulacion Bajo la Ley de Valores t'kn

Fulton #» Sharwood: A Manual of Fire Assaying 1 o on

Gaudin: Flotation t'it\

Gunther: Examination of Prospects: A Mining Geology %'m\

Hamilton: Manual of Cyanidation q oi

Hoover: Concentration Ores by Flotation • a An

Idriess: Gold-dust and Ashes: The Romantic Story of the New Guinea Goldfields 4. 40

Lindgren: Mineral Deposits • 7 7n

Loomis: Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals ' • ™

Low: Notes on Technical Ore Analysis £ . ©5

Osborn &> Von Bernewitz: Prospector's Fieldbook and Guide i o nn

Osias &> Others: Philippine Mining and Mining Law oo nn

Peele: Mining Engineers' Handbook, 1-vol. ed « sn

Rabone: Flotation Plant Practice ° • °JJ

Savage: Prospecting for Gold and Silver ^ . 80

Smith: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Philippine Islands 5 . 00

Taggart: Manual of Flotation Processes ?™

Thome & Hooke: Mining of Alluvial Deposits by Dredging and Hydrauhckmg 15.00

Thome: Testing and Estimating Alluvials for Gold, Platinum, Diamond or Tin 4.50

Von Bernewitz: Handbook for Prospectors ° . 60

Wilson: Hydraulic and Placer Mining i o" Ic

Winiberg: Matalliferous Mine Surveying \i'on

Young: Elements of Mining - 13 . 20

For sale by

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

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'^Igfllfllg:^

VOL. XXXIV

M&i^h, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

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PHILIPPINE
MAG AZ I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1937 No. 3 (347)

The Cover:

The Mountain Province From an Oil Painting by I. G. Ancheta . . .-. .', . Cover

News Summary 102

Astronomical Data . . . .» Weather Bureau ' . . 152

Editorials: British Policy and Spain— Wave of the Hand-
One, Two Sultans— Words of Wisdom from Japan — The

Pressing Airport Problem The Editor. . . 109-111

The Petrified Forest (Verse) Anonymous.. . Ill

Prospecting in the Old Days, The Discovery of Angelo W. S. Boston 112

"Narcotics" (Story). . . : Deogracias Iturralde. . . . . 114

Six Sonnets Virgilio Floresca 115

Agrarian Unrest and the New Tenancy Law Percy A. Hill 116

The Tirong, Ancient People of the Babuyan Islands. ... Inocencio B. Maddela 118

Pipe Smoking in the Philippines , Frank Lewis-Minton 120

Above Everything (Verse) Mariano Salvador Moreno.. . . 121

The Resignation (One-Act Play). . \ Manuel E. Buenafe 122

"216" (Story) Olimpio S. Villasin 123

Women Characters of Rizal, The Tertiary Sisters, III Pura Santillan-Castrence 124

Boc-boc-nit, the Bontoc Rock-Fight Dalmacio Maliaman 125

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog". .. 126

The Inuyat Industry of Cainta N. U. Gatchalian 128

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 147

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 193T

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News Summary

The Philippines

Jan. 15. — President Manuel
L. Quezon by proclamation ends
the daylight saving time ex-
periment fifteen days before the
time originally set for it to
expire.

Admiral Sir Charles Little,
Commander-in-Chief of the Ro-
yal British Fleet in the Orient,
arrives in Manila on the H.M.S.
Cumberland for an official visit.
Jan. 16. — Reported that the
Bureau of Aeronautics of the
Department of Public Works and Communications
has recommended that permits be granted to foreign
air line companies to extend their lines to the Philip-
pines after a study of the representations made by
the K.N.I.L.M. (Royal Netherlands-Indies Airline).
President Quezon appoints Judge Antonio Hori-
lleno President of the Court of Appeals and former
Senator Manuel C Briones a judge of the same Court.
He also appoints Dr. A. P. Villalon acting Superin-
tendent of the Philippine General Hospital.

Jan. 17. — Judge Juan Sumulong in an article in
the Tribune attacks President Quezon for preferring
the establishment of American naval bases in the
Philippines to neutralization, which would perpetuate
American rule here and involve the country in wran-
les between the United States and Japan, according
to him.

Jan. 18. — General Emilio Aguinaldo attacks
President Quezon for ignoring questions relating to
the political status of the country in his preparations
for the coming Philippine-American trade conference
in Washington.

In an address before R.O.T.C units and the facul-
ties of various colleges and universities in Manila,
given on the campus of the University of the Philip-
pines, President Quezon declares that the critics of
the defense program of the country are either ignorant
or are mischievously misrepresenting the objectives
of the Commonwealth government. He declares
once more that complete independence is the aim and
that the country is being prepared to meet the full
responsibilities of statehood. Those against the pro-
gram of national defense, he declares, are those who
are conspiring to keep the United States permanently
in the Islands. They are against the program be-
cause they want to perpetuate "our present helpless
situation, depending on American protection".
' 'The fact that the United States still is sovereign in
the Philippines does not relieve the Philippines from
arming for defense, especially in view of ihe fact
that the United States has publicly proclaimed that
the Philippines will become independent in July, 1946.
Morally and legally the United States can not regain
sovereignty over the Islands after that date except
with the consent of the Filipino people'*. He states
that it is false that he has expressed himself unqual-
ifiedly against a plan of neutralization or that he is
in favor of an American protectorate or the establish-
ment of American naval bases. "I am against an
American protectorate because I em for complete
independence. Neither have I declared myself un-
conditionally for the establishment of American naval
bases in the Philippines because that is a matter
which under the Tydings-McDuffie Act is for future
negotiation." As for the charge that the defense
plan aims to give the United States a big army in the
Philippines with which to wage war against Japan,
he declares that the idea of making Field Marshal
Douglas MacArthur military adviser to the Com-
monwealth in the preparation of the defense plan
"came originally from me and no one, whether Amer-
ican or Filipino, has ever suggested the thought*'.

Jan. 19. — President Quezon appoints Segundo M.
Infantado Director of the newly created Bureau of
Adult Education.

The H.M.S. Medway, British submarine tender,
accompanied by a flotilla of six submarines, arrives
in Manila Bay from Hongkong on an official visit.
They are on the way to Singapore to take part in
maneuvers.

Jan. 20. — President Quezon accepts the resigna-
tion of Vicente Aldanese as Collector of Customs,
effective January 31, with regret. Collector Aldanese
has served the government for over thirty years.

Jan. 21. — President Quezon entertains some fifty
provincial governors at luncheon and tells them that

their reappointment when their terms of office ex-
pires in July will depend upon their general record
in office, including their execution of the National
Defense Act. He also appeals to them to give their
support to the efforts of the women to win the suffrage
in the April plebiscite. Speaking of social justice,
he declares that "the national defense program would
be meaningless and would prove futile against a dis-
contented and threatening populace. ... A military
structure superimposed on a disgruntled people who
feel they are being wronged would be no guarantee
to peace and social stability, especially in the face of
the fact that the defense plan contemplates no more
than a military force of from 10,000 to 12,000 men.
There are about 15,000,000 people who could rise
against a government which they consider to be un-
just".

In a special message to the people, President Que-
zon states: "I desire to make an earnest appeal in
favor of woman suffrage which will be decided by the
qualified women of the country in a plebiscite to be
held on April 30, 1937. Almost every democratic
country in the world today has woman suffrage;
the Philippines can not afford to be an exception.
The common people, the farm laborers, the factory
workers, the small employees will be the first to be
benefited by the extension of the vote to womea
because the majority of these new electors, as tn the
case with the majority of male electors, belong to the
classes mentioned, and therefore their influence in
the government will be greater and doubtless will be
exerted in favor of measures and legislation that will
promote their well being. The women in the fac-
tories, in the barrios, in the far-flung communities*
who are qualified to vote, should all come out and
vote for woman suffrage on the appointed day. Our
cause in America will receive an added impetus when,
the American people learn that we have granted
the right of suffrage to our women."

At a dinner given by acting U. S. High Commis-
sioner J. Weldon Jones in honor of President Queeon,
the former states that "the officials of the government
of the United States in the Philippines are happy to
record the constructive and realistic accomplishment*
of the Commonwealth during the first year of *ts
existence". President Quezon states in reply that
"a large part of the credit belongs to the United State*
and to the helpful and generous action of its repre-
sentatives in the Philippines. One significant fact
about the work that has been done here is the lesson
it gives to the world as to how a great nation can be
greater by dealing with a weaker nation not only
with justice but with generosity".

President Quezon states at a press conference that
he has instructed Judge Francisco Zulueta of the
Court of Industrial Relations and Secretary of Labor
Ramon Torres to inquire into the working conditions
of the sugar and tobacco workers with a view to im-
proving their wages and crop-shares. He expresses
his satisfaction with the state of public order and the
prevailing business prosperity, and also with political
conditions but states he is unhappy over signs of
discontent among the people.

Jan. 23. — President and Mrs. Quezon inaugurate
the new span parallel to the Ayala Bridge, Manila.

The Confederation of Sugar Cane Planters presents
President Quezon with a check for P36,000, part of a
P 100,000 donation for the national defense system.

President Quezon, upon recommendation of Se-
cretary of the Interior Elpidio Quirino, exonerates
Governor Juan Cailles of Laguna of charges of malad-
ministration and tolerance of vice.

President Quezon leaves Manila for the United
States in response to an invitation of President Frank-
lin D. Roosevelt, conveyed in a radiogram from the
then U. S. High Commissioner Frank Murphy some
time ago, to join in preliminary discussion of the
plans for the coming joint trade conference. He
states on leaving: "I am not going to commit tne
government of the Philippines to a single proposition
in Washington without first consulting my colleagues.
in the government and in some way finding out the
reaction of the people". He is accompanied by Maj.-
Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Military Adviser to the
Commonwealth, Secretary of Justice Jose Yulo, Capt.
T. Davis and Capt. Bonner Fellers, U.S.A., Maj. Ar-
senio Natividad and Maj. Manuel Nieto, P. A., Df-
Manuel Cafiizares, Benito Razon, Primitivo Lovina,
Dr. Carlos P. Romulo, Apolinario Navata, and a few
others, including Jose Lansang of the Herald who will
attend the Pulitzer School of Journalism as a govern-
ment pensionado. The President's two daughters,
Aurora and Zenaida, also accompany him. Vicente
Madrigal and his two daughters also leave for Ame-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

103

rica on the same ship. It is reported that Mr. Lo-
vina, a broker, and one of the party, has been rein-
gtated in the Philippine National Bank from which he
resigned as manager of the Agencies Department, to
be the technical assistant of Secretary Yulo, who is
Chairman of the Board, and that he will be detailed
for some time to the New York branch office of the
Bank.

Jan. 28. — President Quezon is decorated al Shang-
hai with the Order of the Brilliant Jade, which he
provisionally accepts subject to formal acceptance
later with the consent of the National Assembly.

Secretary of Labor Ramon Torres states he will
seek revision of the Philippine immigration laws in
such a way as to fix quotas for all nationalities.

January 29. — Datu Ombra Amilbangsa, Assembly-
man for Sulu and husband of Dayang Dayang Hadji
piandao, is proclaimed Sultan of Sulu by a number
of his followers, with the title of Sultan Mohammed
Amirul Ombra Amilbengsa, the Dayang Dayang
taking the title of Pangyan. Ismail Kiram, son of
tiie late Datu Mualli'l-Wasit, brother of the late
Sultan of Sulu, is named Raja Muaa (Crown Prince)
caving given up his own present pretentions to the
sultanate. About the same time, at Igasan, Datu
Tambuyong is proclrimed and ci owned Sultan by
former Senator Haaji Butu, with tne title Sultan
Jainal Abireen II. He chose Datu Buyungan, his
brother and present husband of Princess Tarhata
Kiram, as Crown Prince, ana Datu Tahil, Tarhata's
first husband, as Melbahar (an official second in line
of succession). Provi icial government officials at-
tended both ceremonies but are mfcintaining a neutral
attitude.

Dr. Gregorio Singian, noted Philippine surgeon
and Director of the San Juan de Dios Hospital, dies
of a sudden attack in Hongkong, while preparing to
return to Manila. He was 65 years of age.

Jan. 80.— President Quezon is reported to have
approved the recommendation of the Aeronautics
Division for the extension to the Philippines of the
K.N.I.L.M. airline.

Reported that Primitivo B. Ac-ac, President of
Paete, Laguna, has resigned following Governor
Cailles' exoneration.

The 1937 Philippine Exposition opens.

The Philippine Red Cross sends the first donations
for flood relief in the United States, totalling Pl5,000.

Feb. 1. — President Quezon is paid signal honor in
Japan, Emperor Hirohito receiving him in audience,
U. S. Ambassador James C. Grew and General Mac-
Arthur accompanying him, and afterwards giving a
luncheon in his honor at the Imperial Palace. Other
luncheon guests included Prince Takamatsu, the
Emperor's younger brother, Ambassador Grew,
General MacArthur, Foreign Ministers Hachiro
Arita, and a few other Japanese officials. Arita later
gives President Quezon an official banquet and feli-
citates him on "the consummation of his patriotic
enterprises — the achievement of independence for
the Philippines". "The Philippines and Japan not
only are geographically close neighbors but friends
united by historic and cultural bonds centuries old.
There are infinite possibilities for expanding trade
between the Philippines and Japan in view of the
fact that the industries of the two countries are not
competitive but complementary. We have been
doing our best to establish a smooth development
of our commercial relations. We are prepared to
cooperate further with your country by all available
weans. I deem it a high and noble mission for the
Philippines and Japan to cultivate further their amic-
able relations and cement their economic and cultural
ties, joining forces for the maintenance of peace in
the Orient and in the world at large. In that sense,
the present visit of the first President of the Philip-
P'nes is an event of immense value and significance.
Let us hope it will be the beginning of many happy
contacts between us". Replying to Arita's address,
President Quezon states that "by a gracious act of
the United States government we now have in all
matters affecting our domestic affairs, a self-governing
commonwealth. Our foreign relations still are under
the control of the United States and will be until the
Philippines shall become wholly independent. It is
the duty of the government of the Commonwealth
to lay the foundations of the new nation. It is my
"°pe and earnest desire so to prove to the world the
Worthiness of our purpose in seeking membership in
the international brotherhood of free states than when
the day of our complete separation from America
Phall arrive, we shall be welcomed and given our
oightful place in the family of nations. Naturally,
°ur first concern will be not only to keep but to foster
sUr friendly relations with the government and people
rf the United States of America. No less can be ex-
pected of the grateful people that we are. % Concern -
"Jg our attitude toward the government and people
°f Japan, deeds speak louder than words. Our debi
°f gratitude to America and our friendship for the

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American people do not preclude our being friends
with Japan. Our policy will be one of affording equal
opportunity to all who desire to participate in the
development of our country and people. Only thus
can we show the world that our claim to independent
statehood is well founded. Our association with
Japan dated prior to the Spanish discovery of the
Islands. Some Japanese historians and ethnologists
say that the founders of this nation are of Malayan
stock, the race to which our people belong. Thous-
ands of Japanese subjects are residing and doing
business in the Philippines. It is our earnest desire
to always conserve our friendship and goodwill with
Japan".

Dennis Cardinal Dougherty, Papal Legate to the
XXXIII International Eucharistic Congress and
Archbishop of Philadelphia, arrives in Manila and is
given an impressive reception. After a welcoming
speech at the landing by Mayor Juan Posadas and a
reply by him, he proceeds to the Cathedral where
the clergy of the Philippines and visiting prelates
were gathered to await his arrival. Later he goes
to Malacanang Palace where he will reside during his
stay in the Philippines. During the day President
Quezon speaks to him from Tokyo by radio-telephone.
The Cardinal was at one time a bishop in the Phil-
ippines, serving in Nueva Segovia and later at Jaro.

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104

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

The Central Stock Exchange opens in Manila with
quarters in the former Monte de Piedad Building.
Former Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison
is Chairman of the Board of Directors and G. W.
Greene, former Hongkong broker, is Manager.

Feb. 2. — Secretary Jorge B. Vargas tells the press
that the U. S. State Department has consented to the
proposal to grant a permit to the Royal Netherlands
Indies Airline to extend its service to the Philippines,
and that terms are now being worked out in Wash-
ington under which the United States and the Philip-
pines will have reciprocal privileges.

Feb. S. — The XXXIII International Eucharistic
Congress is officially opened at 6:00 P. M. on the
Luneta, the beginning of a five-day program that
will culminate on Sunday evening. Around 100,000
persons attend the ceremonies, among them represen-
tatives from over fifty different nations.

Datu Ombra arrives in Manila and states that he
is undecided whether or not to accept the sultanate
proclaimed by his followers as he is anxious to pre-
serve peace and unity among the people of Sulu.

Announced at Malacanang that President Quezon
has appointed Capt. Rafael Ramos, acting Gover-
nor of Lanao; also that he has appointed Dean Con-
rado Benitez of the College of Business Administra-
tion of the University, economic adviser to Philip-
pine Resident Commissioner Quintin Paredes.

Dr. Austin Craig, well known authority on Jose
Rizal, returns to Manila after an eighteen-month stay
in the United States.

The Philippine Red Cross sends another P20,000
to the United States for flood relief.

Feb. 6. — The Filipino Veterans Association in
annual meeting adopts resolutions asking for imme-
diate independence or independence in four years
"without prejudice to the holding of a conference
for the purpose of drawing up a treaty establishing
and defining commercial relations between the Philip-
pines and the United States" ; and another resolution
asking the President of the United States to promptly
initiate negotiations with other powers for the neu-
tralization of the Philippines. General Emilio
Aguinaldo is reelected President.

At a meeting of the "National Socialist Party"
held in Manila, Judge Juan Sumulong declares that
questions of trade and of national defense must be
subordinated to the question of independence. He
criticizes the alleged extravagance of the Quezon
government, and also President Quezon himself for
not designating an "acting" President of the Com-
monwealth during his absence from the Philippines,
as this will lead to expensive radio communications.
A resolution is adopted asking President Roosevelt
to "ignore the suggestions made by some that Ame-
rican naval bases in the Islands be permanently
retained" and to grant complete independence in
accordance with the declaration made in the Pre-
amble of the Jones Act.

Miss Chita Zaldarriaga Bayot is proclaimed Miss
Philippines of 1937 in connection with the Philippine
Exposition. Miss Elisa Manalo, Miss Sonia Gamboa,
and Miss Adelaida Coscolluela are named Miss Lu-
zon, Miss Visayas, and Miss Mindanao respectively.

Feb. 7. — The Eucharistic Congress ends with a
four-hour procession along Dewey Boulevard to the

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Luneta where a throng estimated at several hundred
thousand gathers for the final radioed benediction
of the Pope at 9:00 in the evening. The Papal Legate
leaves at midnight on the Tatsuta Maru.

Feb. 9. — Malacanang announces that President
Quezon on the day of his departure ordered a five
per cent cut in the general appropriations of P56,-
000,000 because of a decline in revenues.

Twenty-three persons are instantly killed as a
Dangwa Transportation Company bus plunges over
a 200-foot precipice on the Baguio-Bontoc road
between kilometers 58 and 59. Four persons escaped
death, including a Japanese baby.

Feb. 10. — Announced that the War Department
has approved a request of President Quezon for the
use of part of the U. S. military reservation at Fort
William McKinley by the Philippine Army. This is
stated to be the second American Army reservation
which the Philippine Army is permitted to use in part,
the first being at Fort Stotsenburg, Pampanga.

Assemblyman Tomas Oppus, Chairman of the
Appropriations Committee, drafts a bill to appro-
priate Pi, 000,000 to be given to President Roosevelt
for flood relief in the United States. Assemblyman
Juan Luna states he will offer an amendment doubling
the amount. Red Cross collections now total P42,-
622.00.

H. F. Wilkins, former news editor of the Manila
Daily Bulletin, arrives after an absence of five years
to take over his old position left vacant by the recent
departure of Robert Aura Smith.

Feb. 11. — Collector of Internal Revenue Alfredo
L. Yatco reports that collections for 1936 amounted
to P56,591,599.89 as compared with ^46,971,774.93
in 1935, a gain of F9,619,824.96.

Feb. 12. — Upon the motion of Assemblyman Ma-
nuel Roxas, the Board of Directors of the University
of the Philippines Alumni Association favorably
endorses the woman suffrage movement in the Phil-
ippines.

Feb. 15. — Mrs. Aurora Aragon de Quezon and her
son Manuel Jr. leave for the United States. She is
accompanied by Mrs. Sofia R. de Veyra, her Social
Secretary. Accompanying her, too, are Maj.-Gen.
Basilio Valdes and Lieut. Dominador Mascardo.
Speaker Gil Montilla and his daughter Mercedes,
and Mrs. Jose Yulo and a number of her children also
depart for Washington on the same ship.

The United States

Jan. 13. — Stating that the "present legislation
enriches processors unduly and that growers have
not obtained a proper share of the profits", Secretary
of Agriculture Henry Wallace proposes a tax of from
$10 to $20 a ton processing tax on all sugar processed
in the United States.

Jan. 14. — Secretary of the Navy Claude L. Swan-
son announces that the two 35,000-ton battleships
the United States will lay down about June 1 will
have a speed of 3 or 4 knots less than the battleships
other nations are constructing but that they will carry
three gun-turrets equipped with either nine 16-inch
guns or twelve 14-inch guns, the decision to be de-
layed probably until April 1 when the London Treaty
expires. With a speed of from 26 to 27 knots, su-
perior striking power and superior armor are gained.
Exact specifications are secret, but it is said they will
be designed specifically to meet United States require-
ments— that is "to hold the first lines of defense".
He states the Navy will launch 12 new warships
during 1937.

Sen. E. Lundeen and Rep. G. W. Johnson simul-
taneously introduce a bill providing for government
ownership and control of the munitions industry and
prohibiting private firms from importing or exporting
munitions.

Jan. 18. — Sir Walter Runciman, President of the
London Board of Trade with Cabinet rank, arrives in
New York. He has been invited to spend the week-
end at the Wnite House. ,

Jan. 20. — President Franklin D. Roosevelt in nts
inaugural address opening his second term declares
that autocratic powers have been challenged and
beaten and that "our fathers created a strong govern-
ment with powers of united action then and now to
solve problems utterly beyond individual 01 local
solution. Nearly all of us realize that as intricacies
of human relationships increase, so the power to
govern them must also increase". He states that
thenation's progress out of the depression isobvious,
but that there are still millions of underprivileged
persons. "We are beginning to abandon our toler-
ance of the abuse of power by those who betray for
profit. . . . We are fashioning an instrument of
power for the establishment of a morally better
world". He declares that on March 4, 1933, he
sketched a dream of a nation whose great national
wealth was such that the "standard of living could
be raised far above the level of mere subsistence^-
"Realizing that dream is a challenge to democracy' •

Jan. 20. — Ten thousand additional automobile
workers strike, bringing the total to 125,000.

Jan. 21. — Serious floods are reported from the
Mississippi and Ohio valleys with thousands of
people driven from their homes by the rising waters.

Jan. 25. — Relief forces are now operating in the
Mississippi and Ohio valleys along an 1800-mile
front to combat illness, starvation, and terror among

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

105

9ome 450,000 refugees. Property damage is mount-
ing into untold millions. Floods reach the highest
marks in history and a big oil fire in Cincinnati adds
to the terror as the flaming oil floats to all parts of
the city. At various places martial law has been
declared and guards ordered to shoot to kill to halt
looting. The American Red Cross asks the Philip-
pine Chapter to contribute to relief. Raging bliz-
zards in some parts add to the suffering.

Jan. 26. — Army engineers warn that a "superflood"
is on its way in the Mississippi Valley and that the
river will rise ten feet above the disastrous 1913 and
192 7 floods Panic, famine, pestilence, and fire menace
the eleven-state flood area which contains one-third
of the population of the United States. More than
650,000 people are homeless and damage is estimated
at $300,000,000. Thousands of Public Works Ad-
ministration workers, Army, Coast Guard, and Na-
tional Guard troops, trained nurses, and volunteers
are administering relief. Deaths reported are still
low, only a little over 100.

Officials of the General Motors Company re-
ject the invitation of Secretary of Labor Francis
Perkins to resume conferences with strike leaders,
asserting that further negotiations are impossible
until the "sit-down" strikers evacuate the company's
plants which they now hold illegally.

Jan. 27. — Secretary Perkins announces she will ask
Congress for emergency powers to cope with the
automobile strike, including authority to subpoena
parties involved in the dispute. President Roosevelt
is reported disappointed at the decision of Company
officials not to attend the conference called by Secre-
tary Perkins an* to have stated that he regards it as
"a very unfortunate decision on their part".

Jan. 28. — Latest reports now indicate the loss of
life in the flood area at 500, the homeless at 1,000,000,
ana damage at $400,000,000. The Army prepares
forcibly to evacuate over half a million people in a
zone 50 miles on both sides of the Mississippi from Ca-
iro, Illinois, to New Orleans, a distance of 1000 miles,
and 35,000 trucks have been mobilized for the pur-
pose should the flood waters rise higher.

Jan. 29. — The American Red Cross reports it is
caring for 806,500 flood victims. The dykes along
the Mississippi are reported to be holding.

Twelve Navy bombers complete a mass flight from
San Diego to Pearl Harbor in 22 hours, 27 minutes
carrying a personnel of 78 officers and men.

Jan. 30. — Some 120,000 men are toiling to save
the $1,000,000,000 levee system safeguarding the
lives of 500,000 people along the Mississippi. Earth
tremors add to the danger.

Jan. 31. — The flood breaks through a half-mile
gap at the levee system near the Tennessee-Kentucky
border. Many cities and towns along the river have
already been evacuated and thousands of other
people are ready to depart at a moment's notice as
the flood continues to rise. The damage is estimated
at $500,000,000.

Feb. 2. — President Roosevelt invokes an emergency
regulation to permit the duty-free importation of
foreign donations of food, medicine, and other sup-
plies to relieve the hundreds of thousands of flood
victims.

Federal Court Judge Paul Gabola grants an injunc-
tion asked by the General Motors Corporation for
evacuation of some hundred "sit-down" strikers in
two plants in Flint, Michigan, and while county
officials prepare to enforced the order, the strikers
telegraph Governor Murphy that they will defy the
order "though many of us may be killed if a violent
effort is made to oust us".

Feb. 4. — The costliest maritime strike in history
ends as 40,000 men go back to work and 239 ships
Prepare again for sea, after an overwhelming worker
vote in approval of tentative agreements negotiated
between their representatives and the ship owners.
The strike lasted 98 days and is estimated to have
c°st $1,000,000,000. All but the longshoremen will
receive wage increases and stevedores will get a six-
»our day. All unions except the Masters, Mates,
and Pilots obtain full control of the hiring hall agen-
cies.

Governor Murphy confers with John J. Lewis,
head of the Committee for Industrial Organization,
and W. S. Knudsen, Vice-President of General Mo-
tors, but while the Governor issues an optimistic
announcement following the conference, Knudsen,
m answer to a question whether anything has been
settled declares curtly, "No, nothing". Murphy is
understood to have demanded that the United Auto-
mobile Workers, supported by Lewis, must be re-
cognized as the sole agency in the dispute, this elimi-
nating Lewis from the direct negotiations; and also
that the "sit-down" strikers must withdraw from the
Plants, in return, however, receiving a guarantee that

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the Company will not resume production in these
plants. At Flint, strike leaders sign an agreement
with the Mayor promising to avoid "violent demons-
trations" after which a hundred special police are
demobilized. The strikers had begun to mobilize
pickets around the plant when several hundred "vigi-
lantes" were organized after the sheriff had announced
he would not attempt to oust the strikers until the
corporation filed a complaint that the injunction had
been ignored.

Feb. 5. — In a surprise message to Congress, Roose-
velt recommends sweeping changes in court machin-
ery. A tentative draft of a bill accompanying the
message would give the President power to increase
the number of Supreme Court justices by a maximum
of six to a total of fifteen and to increase the lower
federal courts by two members each unless judges
more than seventy years old retire, which, under
present law, they may do at full pay. Six of the
present judges of the Supreme Court are over seventy,
and the President states that "life tenure, assured
by the Constitution, was designated to place the
courts beyond the temptations and influences which
might impair their judgment, but that it was not
intended to create at static judiciary. The constant
and systematic addition of younger blood will vitalize
the courts and better equip them to recognize and
apply the essential concepts of justice in the light of
needs and facts of an ever changing world. The
simple fact is that today the new need of legislative
action arises because the personnel of the federal,
judiciary is insufficient to meet the business before
them" and that conditions have assumed the pro-
portions of a "government by injunction". The
message is accompanied by a letter from Attorney-
General Homer S. Cummings asserting that delay
in the administration of justice "is the outstanding
defect in our federal judicial syscem". Stocks topple
from one to five points in the New York stock market
after the message and former President Herbert
Hoover brands it as an "attempt to make changes in
the Constitution by packing the Supreme Court",
urging Congress to delay action on the measure "until
the people have ample time to formulate their views
in regard to it". The bill is immediately referred to
the judiciary committees in the Senate and House.

The Red Cross reports that the homes of some 1 -
600,000 people are flooded and that 600,000 people
are living in some 800 concentration camps. The
organization has already spent $15,000,000.

Feb. 6.— The Federal Tariff Commission reports
that trade agreements with foreign nations would
prevent a preferential tariff arrangement with the
Philippines, but suggests that as the present com-
mercial treaties with other countries are subject to
termination not later than 1941 ana the Philippines
will not be given complete independence until 1946,
the United States "could probably renew the agree-
ments on condition that the various foreign govern-

ments recognize that the Philippines would be exempt
from provisions of the most favored nation clause . . .
Obligations of the United States to Cuba might have
to be clarified should the United States desire to ex-
tend preferential tariff treatment to products of
Philippine origin — . In determining upon future

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106

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

trade relations between the Philippines and the
United States we must consider not only our own
economic interests, but political and military in-
terests and international engagements. We must
consider further our obligations to the Philippines
inasmuch as we are largely responsible for having
fashioned the type of economy at present existing
in the Philippines." The Commission foresees pos-
sible doom of Philippine exports of coconut oil,
cigars, embroideries, and pearl buttons with the loss
of prefential treatment in the American market after
independence and states that the future of the Philip-
pine sugar industry depends upon the continuation
of the present American quota system and other
factors. "It appears improbable that by 1946 they
will be able to produce goods at sufficiently low prices
to enable them to compete in world markets. Even
before the Islands are independent, it is reasonably
certain that because of export taxes they will cease
exporting to the United States any substantial quan-
tities of their products". Cordage, desiccated co-
conut, straw hats, and canned pineapples may be
able to enter the United States after full duties are
applied, and hemp and hardwood should be little
affected, and concerning copra, leaf tobacco, and
gold, the Commission states that "the heavier taxes
which the Philippine government may find necessary"
are uncertain factors. American exports to the
Philippines will decline, states the Commission, since
the Islands must perforce restrict imports with the
curtailment of their export credits, but it minimizes
the effect on the total American export trade as the
whole Philippine market would not be lost and a
portion would probably be lost in any event to other
nations, and there "probably will be an increase in
American exports to other markets as a result of the
transfer of United States purchases from the Philip-
pines to other foreign suppliers which would partially
compensate for the decline in exports to the Islands."

Feb. 7. — Elihu Root, leading statesman and former
Secretary of State and Secretary of War, and author
of the famous "Instructions" to the First Philippine
Commission, dies in New York, aged 92. He also
devised the Constitution of Porto Rico and was the
author of the Piatt Amendment which defined Amer-
ican relations with Cuba.

Feb. 8. — Sen. E. Gibson states "The Philippines
hold the key to our Pacific trade. The Far East is
the world's greatest potential market which already
has a value of more than a billion dollars a year,
nearly a fourth of the total foreign trade of the United
States and exceeding the trade with South America".

Feb. 9. — At a mass meeting in New York a dramatic
offer of Leon Trotzky is read, wire-trouble over a
telephone hook-up with Mexico preventing him
from personally making the statement as had
been arranged, to the effect that he is willing to sur-
render himself to Soviet executioners if an impartial
inquiry commission should find him guilty in the
slightest degree of the crimes imputed to him by
Moscow courts. He asserts that he could not have
been implicated in such "absurd, inconceivable, and
senseless alliances" as those alleged with Japan and
Germany for dismemberment of the Soviet Union
because this would yield to revolutionary Marxists
nothing but "disgrace and ruin". He states he would
present testimony that would "demolish at their very
foundations the confessions of the whole series of
defendants" in the recent Moscow trials, two of

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which have resulted in twenty -nine executions of men
some of whom were formerly high in the government
of Russia.

President Roosevelt signs the $950,000,000 defi-
ciency relief appropriation bill which is intended to
keep 2,500,000 persons in Works Progress Adminis-
tration jobs until June 30, and also includes sums for
the Civilian Conservation Corps, for seed loans to
farmers, etc.

Feb. 11. — Settlement of the 42-day automobile
strike is reached — the General Motors Corporation
recognizing the Automobile Workers Union as a col-
lective bargaining agency, but for its own members
only; the unions agreeing to end the strike and eva-
cuate all plants; the Corporation promising to resume
operations as rapidly as possible and not to discri-
minate against those workers who took part in the
strike; and wage, hour, and other demands of the
Union to be negotiated at a subsequent conference.
The Corporation announces a five cent an hour wage
increase, equivalent to approximately six per cent
of the pay-roll. Governor Murphy who engineered
the negotiations is congratulated by President Roose-
velt.

Announced at the White House that telegrams
received run about two to one in favor of the Roose-
velt plan regarding the judiciary.

Philippine Resident Commissioner Paredes tells
the press that too quick a transition from free trade
with the United States would result in reducing the
Filipino standard of living "to that of their coolie
neighbors or that of fifty years ago, which is impos-
sible without disrupting social, economic, and poli-
tical order."

Feb. 12. — Sen. Carter Glass states that the Roose-
velt judiciary proposals are "frightful". Strong
opposition is reported to be developing in the Senate.

Feb. IS. — President Manuel L. Quezon of the
Philippines disembarks at San Pedro, California. He
is met by representatives of the City of Los Angeles
and of the Army and Navy, and is given a nineteen-
gun salute while 200 officers and men and a band
from the fort stand by.

Feb. 14. — Nine persons are wounded and eleven
arrested at Anderson, by Indiana National Guards-
men when they turn back a seventy-car caravan
carrying unionists from Flint, Michigan, seeking to
organize the workers in two General Motors plants
in the State Their leader Victor Luther telegraphs
President Roosevelt, protesting against this inter-
ference and charging Gov. M. C. Townsend with
responsibility for the clash which he allegedly pro-
voked in order to declare martial law. Militiamen
are reported to have dispersed Luther's press con-
ference attended by five reporters in view of the
martial ordinance prohibiting meetings attended by
more than three persons.

Attorney-General Cummings in a radio broadcast
defends the President's judiciary proposals and de-
clares that the "real objectives of those who wish to
preserve the status quo is that they want to retain
Supreme Court justices who may be relied upon to
veto progressive measures". He points out that the
Senate must confirm all appointments and states,
"Let us have done with irresponsible talk of dictator-
ships. If we are to defend our institutions success-
fully, we must make them work."

Feb. 15. — President Quezon's party leaves Los
Angeles for Washington in a special railroad car sup-
plied by President Roosevelt.

Other Countries

Jan. 13. — Five dealers in heroin are lined up out-
side Peiping's Temple of Heaven and shot as part of
the ceremonies attem ing the public burning of large
quantities of confiscated heroin, morphine, and other
drugs. Under the new drug-suppression law, both
dealers and adicts who refuse to seek cute or who
relapse after cure are subject to trial and execution.

Jan. 14- — Gen. Herman Goering, German Minister
of Aviation, is demonstratively welcomed in Rome
where he arrives ostensibly on vacation but is be-
lieved to be desirous of sounding Premier Benito Mus-
solini as to a promise said to have been made by
Italy last summer of a landing ground (air base) for
Germany on the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of
Asia Minor. Mussolini would have lo indicate to
Goering the full implications of Italy's recent agree-
ment with Britain to maintain the status quo in the
mediterranean.

Stated in Rome that unless Britain joins in an
Italo-German anti-communist agieement, Italy and
Germany would be greatly tempted to support the
Spanish insurgents. If Britain joins such an agree-
ment, strict neutrality in connection with the Spanish
civil war would be quickly assured, it is stated. A
similar "invitation" would be extended to France,
although its adherence is acknowledged to be not
likely.

The Chinese government intensifies its efforts to
forestall an alliance of the recalcitrant Shensi troops
with the communist forces now overrunning the
Kansu-Shensi border area.

Jan. 15. — According to London dispatches, Bri-
tain is "extremely cool" toward the Icalo-German

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suggestion to join in an anti -communist agreement.
French officials denounce the plan as a "trap" ana a
maneuver to force France to help Germany isolate
Russia, or, failing tnis, to win Britain to the Itrlo-
German bloc and thus swing the European balance
of power against France and Russia.

The French Chamber of Deputies, responding
to Socialist Premier Leon Blum's plea to show a "wil
to peace" unanimously (591 to 0) votes him power
to ban the recruiting of French volunteers for the
Spanish civil war. Reported from Rome tnat Italy
and Germany are prepared to dispatch as high as
100,000 troops to assist General Francisco Franco
"unless Moscow abandons its project to establish a
communist state in Spain".

Italy notifies Britain it will conform to the 1936
naval treaty between Britain, the United States,
and France by maintaining a maximum armament
of 14-inch guns on capital ships. The treaty provides
for tnis if Japan and Italy agree. British authorities
decline to comment on the Washington report that
two new American battleships may mount 16-inch
guns.

Reported that Yang Hu-chen is holding foreigners
in the Shensi capital believing the Central government
troops will withhold aerial attack while foreigners
are present.

Jan. 16. — The Japanese press quotes naval officers
as interpreting the announcement that the new Amer-
ican battleships may mount 16-inch guns as mean-
ing that the United States "intends to adopt cross
ocean tactics, using capital ships and monstrous guns",

George Bonnet, former Minister of Finance, ac-
cepts Premier Blum's offer of a special ambassador-
ship to Washington to negotiate for the settlement of
the war debt question. Washington officials are
said to have approved his nomination.

Jan. 17. — A contingent of 5,000 armed and uni-
formed Italians lands at Cadiz from an unidentified
Italian steamer to join in the heavy rebel offensive
against the port of Malaga. Russia agrees to Bri-
tain's request to prohibit volunteers from participat-
ing in the Spanish civil war provided other powers
do the same and effective measures are taken to
insure observance.

A reign of terror is reported to prevail in Kansu
and Shensi as a result of opposition 10 the Central
government's efforts to ieorganize the provincial
governments there, Yang Hu-chen and others of
former Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang's subordinates
having turned a deaf ear to overtures from Nanking
and having definitely thrown in their lot with the
communist-bandit forces in Shensi.

Jan. 19. — The International Non-intervention
'Committee's proposal to control shipments of muni-
tions to Spain, which would involve neutral obser-
vers reporting entries of soldiers and munitions,
forbidding recruiting of troops outside of Spain, and
punishing the sale of railroad and steamship tickets to
Spain, is reportedly rejected both by the government
of Spain and the rebels. The civil war is now in its
27th week. The government claims full or partial
control of 18 provinces and the Minorca Islands, and
trie rebels 32 provinces, Spanish Morocco, Spanish
Guinea, and the Balearic and Canary Islands. There
have been at least 250,000 casualties and half the
national wealth is estimated to have been lost. Ac-
cording to Reuter's, some 40,000 foreigners are serv-
ing with the government forces, and some 32,000 with
the rebels. The number of Russians does not exceed
1000, mostly technicians. Most of the foreigners
fighving with the government hed no military train-
ing, nowever, while those who joined Franco's ranks
are most of them highly trained soldiers.

Jan. 20. — Reported from Rome that Italy has
abandoned the idea of a four-power pact against com-
munism because of the tension over the Spanish war,
because Britain has "reacted unfavorably", and be-
cause of France's unwillingness to give up its alliance
with Soviet Russia.

The Norwegian Seamen's Tnion announces that
members working on ships bound for ports controlled
by the Spanish rebels must cease work at once.

Jan. 21. — Premier Koki Hirota requests a three-
day suspension of the Diet following stormy scenes
of laughter and hooting of the Premier nimself, of
Foreign Minister Hachiro Arita, and Finance Min-
ister Eiichi Baba. The Foreign Minister attempted
to explain the anti-communism agreement with Ger-

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March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

107

many and relations with China, and the Finance
lifinister the huge military budget. Botn were
shouted down with shouts, "Shame on you! We
can not accept such explanations". While Arita
was speaking, one member shouted, "You must accept
responsibility for your diplomatic failures. Stop
your speech!". Viscount Chijufu Watanabe warned
the House of Peers against the evils of fascims and
dictatorship which, he said, were not suited for Japan,
but were devised by countries defeated in war and
during periods of destitution, the by-products of mis-
fortune and desperation. Kunimarsu Hamada de-
manded divorce of the military from the civil govern-
ment and charged that the government devoted
itself to fascist politics and to unprecedented expen-
ditures which are leading the nation to financial panic.
The Premier was hooted when he said in reply to a
question that no results had been obtained in the
enforcement of stricter army discipline and in the
securing of administrative reforms but declared "the
government is sincerely determined to effect such
reforms". Later in the day Emperor Hirohito sanc-
tions the suspension of the Parliament for two days.
In a pamphlet issued by the Japan War Office at-
tempting to justify the huge armament budget, it is
alleged that Britain interferes at every turn with
Japanese continental policy and that other powers
are taking "unscrupulous advantage of the anti-
Japanism of the Chinese government, thereby endan-
gering peace in the Far East and precipitating an
unprecedented crisis. . . . The attitude of Soviet
Russia is undisguisedly challenging and provoca-
tive. . . The heart's desire of the United States is to
obtain control of the Pacific Ocean and increase its

hold on the Chinese market. For this reason Amer-
ica is strengthening its navy fortifications in the
Pacific with accelerated speed".

Foreign Secretary Ancnony Eden states that
Britain would strongly oppose any single power do-
minating Spain and rule its life and direct its foreign
policy, and so would 24,000,000 Spaniards.

Reported at London that the British Air Ministry
will establish air bases in Hongkong, Penang, and pos-
sibly the Nicobar Islands, besides Singapore.

Some eighty foreigners are evacuated from Sian,
capital of Shensi province.

Jan. 22. — The Japanese Cabinet is reported to
have decided to ask the Emperor to dissolve the Diet
tomorrow. This decision to ask far the dissolution
of parliament rather than to resign represents an im-
portant victory for army leaders wnom the navy
leaders have also voted to support. The War Office
issues a statement saying that the army is unable
to cooperate with the political parties, charging that
these place intrigues ahead of the national welfare,
thereby blacking the necessary reforms. Cabinet
members and parliamentary leaders are heavily
guarded by the police.

Spanish rebel ships aided by German warships are
reported to be blockading Spain's western coast to
intercept the ship which recently left the United
States carrying a $2,000,000 cargo of war materials
for the government forces. General Franco has
reportedly ordered that all suspicious ships be stop-
ped.

Chancellor Adolf Hitler's newspaper, the Voelkis-
cher Beobachter, attacks Czechoslovakia as "Russia's
military outpost in Central Europe" and declares

that the country is drifting into communism and
that airports are being enlarged in preparation for
their use by Russian bombing planes.

Tne English magazine Cavalcade states that King
George VI, upon the "advice" of Premier Stanley
Baldwin, forbade the Duke of Kent to carry out a
plan co visit former King Edward at Enzesfeld after
attending the wedding of Crown Princess Juliana of
Holland, because the Premier felt "the Duke of
Windsor should not be brought back into the lime-
light by the Duke of Kent".

Jan. 23. — Prime Minister Hirota presents the
resignations of himself and his Cabinet to the Em-
peror, said to be due to a lack of unity in the member-
ship, especially between Minister of War Juichi
Terauchi and Admiral Osami Nagano, Minister of
the Navy. Terauchi fought for the dissolution of
Parliament because of the attacks on tne army which
he considered "insults", hoping to destroy the exist-
ing political parties and to replace them with a single,
strong rightist party sympathetic to tne military
but this was opposed by the party ministers and by
Nagano as detrimental to the nation.

Stated by the government at the opening of the
anti-communist trial in Moscow that seventeen alleg-
ed plotters, including the noted Soviet journalist,
Karl Radek, have confessed to conspiring to over-
throw the government with German and Japanese
support according to a scheme said to have been
formulated by Leon Trotzky. The Ukraine would
be given to Germany and tne Amur maritime prov-
inces to Japan in exchange for this aid.

(Continued on page 151)

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March

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Editorials

The International Neutrality Commission sitting
at London with the professed aim to secure to the
people of Spain the opportunity to
British Policy settle their own unhappy internal
and Spain differences without foreign interfer-

ence, is becoming more and more
of an open swindle. At the time of this writing, the
Commission has just decided to postpone the planned
naval blockade for another two weeks, which actual-
ly does not mean much because the allotting of the
patrol of the east coast to Italy and Germany just where
these two nations have been landing most of their ' 'volun-
teers' ' and war munitions and supplies, was an obvious
fake anyway, and a move from which Russia at least had
the decency to withdraw. The only thing that still arouses
surprise is the saturnine daring of the Commission's
insincerity and its open flouting of the most ordinary pers-
picacity. Why hasn't the Commission broken up long
ago in all honesty if it was unable to secure real neutrality?
Because it was thought desirable to make some sort of a
show of good intentions. But only bad intentions have
been demonstrated.

The role of Britain in the Spanish trouble has aroused
much speculation, and competent students of British and
international affairs have said that those in control of the
British Government are willfully sacrificing British im-
perial interests to their class interests. It is very likely
that such a course would have to be expected from any
capitalistic government when the capitalistic regime it-
self is believed to be threatened. What has become known
as fascism is a step in the development of capitalism — prob-
ably the end-product, and is, in fact, nothing but state
capitalism under which the inconvenient citizen's privileges
of political democracy are decisively done away with.

However, the Baldwin government probably has other
motives — and imperialistic motives. It has been clearly
shown during the past year or two, especially during the
time of Italy's conquest of Abyssinia, that Britain can not
entirely rely on France. It was the ultimate though super-
ficially disguised French support of Italy that gave Premier
Benito Mussolini the opportunity to proceed in defiance
of Britain. France, like Italy, is a Mediterranean power.
The two are in some respects natural allies and are in a
position to cut the spinal cord of the British Empire at
almost any time. Consequently, Britain supports Ger-
many which may at any time create a helpful diversion on
France's northern frontier. At the present time it would
seem that Britain is giving a not too covert aid and comfort
to fascism, but this is only incidental. Britain is prolong-
ing and probably desirous of perpetuating conditions of
strife between France and Italy.

In the not too distant future, it may be that Britain
will see its way clear to return what was formerly
German East Africa to Germany, this to serve as an
offset to the Italian stronghold of Abyssinia. And
it may return the Cameroons on the west coast
of Africa to serve as a counterweight to France
in those parts. By this program Britain may be able
to repair some of the damage it has suffered during the
past few years in the region of the Mediterranean and North
Africa. In the mean time, Britain has begun building up
naval, army, and air forces to an extent that could probably
be matched by only two other powers — the United States
and Russia. This, however, requires time — another reason
why the hell's cauldron in Spain should be kept boiling as
long as possible and as long as Italy and Germany are
willing to oblige.

It is probably to some such program that tens of thou-
sands of men and women and children of Spain are being
bloodily sacrificed in what has become an undeclared war
between two Mediterranean powers — France and Italy
and its present unofficial ally, Germany — on Spanish soil,
while Britain, as usual, holds the scales with an eye to the
future advantage.

It is thus that the great empires will continue to make a
shambles of the world until they mutually destroy each
other or some other order of human living be found under
which cooperation rather than competition between indi-
viduals and nations will be the principle of existence.

The distinguished reception accorded President Manuel
L. Quezon as head of the Philippine Commonwealth, at
every halt on his way to Washington, in China
Wave of and Japan, as well as in the United States, is
the Hand indicative of the significance of the common-
wealth status and shows, too, that the Philip-
pines is coming of age or is at least presumed to be doing so.
Some of the too ecstatic dispatches to the local newspapers
and their comment might create a contrary opinion, but it
can not be denied that the Philippines has had a good gov-
ernment for over thirty years, even before the Common-
wealth was inaugurated, (a long time for this day and age),
and it is true, moreover, that there are few statesmen in the
world as well matured as Mr. Quezon, who has held impor-
tant public office ever since he was a young man and who
has wielded great influence and power longer than most
men now on the world stage. The Commonwealth of the
Philippines is a recent development, but Mr. Quezon is no
neophyte. President Roosevelt the other day called him a
"fellow Washingtonian", and Mayor La Guardia of New York
recalled their days in Congress together many years ago,
when Mr. Quezon was Philippine Resident Commissioner.

The evidences of good will and well-earned respect — at
times savoring almost of adulation — toward Mr. Quezon*
might go to the head of a lesser man than he, but it will
probably impress him with only a still deeper sense of his
responsibilities as the head of a people who have played
and will probably continue to play a unique and fateful
rdle in the history of Asia, not to say the world.

What may transpire in the Philippines during the next
two decades may determine to a very large extent the his-
tory of the Pacific, and the destinies of Japan, China, the
East Indies, Australia, India, the British Empire, and even
the United States. This may sound like an overstatement
to the average man, but it will not be challenged by those
able to take a world view.

Critical decisions may shortly be made in Washington
and among the leading persons to make them are President
Roosevelt and — very rightly — President Quezon. Ques-
tions to be decided far transcend those merely of trade, al-
though these are very important in themselves. There is
more at stake than some temporary advantage or other
for some American or Filipino group of producers.

.... And at this moment the afternoon paper is deliver-
ed and Mr. Quezon is quoted as having said before the
National Press Club in Washington: "The Philippines is
like that — it can not be dismissed with a wave of the
hand."

Overstatement or understatement; both emphasize the
fact.

The existence at the present time of two so-called sultans
of Sulu has awakened perhaps
One, Two Sultans more interest than the situation
warrants. Stripped as the sultan-
ate has been of all real power, the sultan is now no more than
the titular head of Mohammedanism, or what passes for it,
in the Philippines. The people of Sulu would unquestionably
be better off without any sultan at all, and it is to be doubted
that they want a sultan, let alone two of them. Readers
of the history of Sulu find it difficult to point to one really
able ruler in thf royal line, or even to cite one outstanding
act of disinterested service to the people. They all followed
purely predatory policies, and have served rather to hamper
the advancement of their people than to lead it. They
never hesitated to murder their own best statesmen when
they conceived such men stood in the way of their own self-
ish interests.

Neither of the two men who have recently been pro-
claimed Sultan by their respective followers actively
sought the position for himself. Both were pushed forward
by individuals and groups among their followers who hope
to create opportunities for themselves thereby and add to
their own prestige. Interest in the issue among the people
of Sulu generally is not high, but there is the danger that
the present division will cause a spirit of factionism to grow
as time goes on, when the one thing the people need is unity
if they are to make any considerable progress. What the
people of Sulu need is a leader — not a sultan, or two sultans.
In fact, a leader arising among the people of Sulu might be
handicapped rather than helped by a title that has become
practically obsolete, although it is true that the people still
respect the native aristocracy and a commoner is still ser-

iously handicapped as compared with say a datu who,
though he may be a man entirely without character, pos-
sesses influence and prestige because of his title. Datu-
ship is hereditary, a datu being supposed to have the blood
of either the Prophet or one of his wives in his veins —
naturally a pure fiction, but one that still governs the at-
titude of the people.

The great difficulty in Sulu and other Moro provinces is
the unlettered and backward status of many of the people,
due, of course, largely to the unique and hazardous cir-
cumstances under which they have been forced to develop
their culture. Education must come first before they will
be able to play any great part in their own government
under present conditions. Attempts at the preservation
of the sultanate will be idle for that purpose. They must
recognize that they, as "Moros", are no longer in control of
their own destiny — can not be. And being of the same
blood as the rest of the population of the Philippines, they
may well and willingly become an integral part of the Filipino
people. Anyway, it is thus for them to adapt themselves,
or perish. It should be stated that many prominent Moros
in Sulu today want just this — unity among themselves and
with the whole Filipino people and the fullest cooperation
with the Government.

Officials of the Commonwealth Government have pre-
served a neutral attitude in the factional division about the
two sultans, and wisely so. All the Government can do is
to appoint the best available men to governorship in the
Moro provinces, and what these executives should do is to
give opportunity to individual Moros of ability and char-
acter to draw the people to them and lead them, gradually
taking over the civil offices and thus achieving a more com-
plete form of local autonomy, exercised, however, in line
with the objectives of the Filipino people as a whole.

The wisest words that have come out of Japan for a long
time were those of Yuko Ozaki, aged liberal member of the
Diet, who is reported to have said
Words of Wisdom in a speech attacking the demands
from Japan for ever larger appropriations for

the army and navy, that "Japan
has neither sufficient population nor wealth to compete
with Soviet Russia, China, Britain, or the United States".

The head -strong though senseless chauvenistic policies
of the men in the fighting forces of Japan has brought about
counter-measures on the parts of other nations which have
resulted in a definite weakening, proportionally, of Japan-
ese power during the past few years, despite the increased
Japanese expenditures.

Russia has greatly strengthened its forces in Siberia,
China has gathered large armies together, Britain has built
an enormously strong fortress at Singapore and is further
fortifying Hongkong, even America has felt compelled to
augment materially its Pacific fleet and the strength of its
bases.

The Japanese government, if it is wise, can continue to
play perhaps the leading role in the Far East, or, at least,
a leading role, but it can not win absolute over-lordship in
Asia any more than Britain could achieve such power in
Europe.

The more liberal parties in Japan might well adopt a
policy of sending as many as possible of its military hot-
heads abroad from time to time to give them an opportunity
to acquaint themselves with the real strength of other great
nations, so they will not one day precipitate a needless con-
flict that now in the blindness of their insularity they do
not know they would not have a chance to win.

In connection with the fall of the Hirota Cabinet in
Japan there was a most satisfying and indeed unprece-
dented exhibition of plain speaking on the part of the more
sensible elements in the country. Though the Cabinet
fell before the liberal onslaught in the Diet, the liberals
were not ultimately successful, and the Cabinet of Premier
Senjaro Hayashi is perhaps even more reactionary than that
of Mr. Hirota. The general budget was slashed, but the
appropriations demanded for the army and navy are once
again the largest in Japanese history.

In refusing — because he was considered too liberal in his
policies — to cooperate with General Kazushige Ugaki, who
had previously been twice commanded by Emperor Hiro-
hito to form a Cabinet, the leaders of the fighting services
openly defied even His Majesty, which has greatly shocked
the people. Good may in the end come of this, because the
militarists can now no longer advance the Emperor's will
in justification of their own intents and purposes, and the
time may come when the Emperor and the people will
openly stand together against the power of the militarists
at home which paradoxically now appears to be growing in
inverse ratio to their proportionally lessening strength
abroad.

The Pressing
Air Port
Problem

The various United States and Philippine authorities
being in agreement, the inauguration of
the air service between the Philippines
and Java by the Royal Netherland Indies
Airways now awaits only the drawing up
of an aviation treaty between the United
States and Holland which will provide for reciprocal pri-
vileges, according to recent announcements, and the general
managers of both the K.N.I.L.M. and the K.L.M. (Royal
Dutch Airlines), have gone to Washington to discuss the
details with the Dutch Ambassador and with American of-

ficials, and also with the Filipino officials now there.

This Java line and the extension of the Pan-American line
from Manila to Hongkong, also soon to be inaugurated, will
definitely make Manila the "jumping-off" place for the
trans-Pacific air traffic, a matter of still uncalculable im-
portance to this country. It has been reported that the
British Imperial Airways has already applied for permission
to extend its lines here, and it is said that a Japanese com-
pany will make similar application. It is doubtful that
Japan wouM consent to reciprocal privileges, however, so a
Japanese airline to the Philippines is probably not a near
possibility. But, anyway, it seems clear that Manila may
before long become the Croydon of the Far East.

The building of adequate air port facilities in Manila,
therefore, becomes a matter of immediate concern. Grace
Park is far too small. Even the new Sikorsky plane of the
Iloilo-Negros Aerial Express Company can not land there
and must come down in the waters jf Manila Bay near the
Polo Club. The Pan-American Clippers come down near
Cavite. The I.N.A.E.C. and also the K.N.I.L.M., when
it begins operations, will probablv use the private airdrome
now being constructed by L. R. Nielson on the Fort Mc-
Kinley roai, ten minutes' drive out of the city. There
will be two excellent asphalted run-ways, 100 feet wide and
3000 feet long, a big hangar, and a good passenger station —
all to be completed in two months or so.

The facilities of this field, however, fine as they are, will
probably not be adequate to the demands of the air traffic
passing through Manila which may soon be expected, and
the Government is therefore said to be considering building
an airport in the harbor, near the Yacht Club. It is en-
tirely proper that the Government itself should undertake
such an enterprise. Airdromes all over Europe are built
and maintained by the various governments, just like sea
harbors and port works, and the cost is borne in whole or
in part by landing fees, a system far more desirable than
one of multiple, and largely unregulatable private land-
ing fields. However, the filling that would be entailed
in building an airport near the Yacht Club would be very
expensive and would take perhaps several years, and our
local officials do not yet seem to realize the pressing prob-
lems presented by a heavy air traffic which Manila may
soon and suddenly be called upon to meet.

The Petrified Forest

Anonymous

THROUGH pathless waste
In pitiless glare
With wounded feet,
Athirst and lone,
I stumbled;
And in a forest weird
Of branchless trees
Turned stone and fallen .
Like broken temple pillars,
All spent, I fell.

And methought
There came an angel
With shadowy wings
Who gave me drink,
And at once
The desert flowered
And birds sang wildly
In the blossoming trees.

But I knew it was a dream

Before I perished

In the Petrified Forest.

Prospecting in the Old Days

The Discovery of Angelo

By W. S. Boston

I ARRIVED in the Philippines in the early
part of 1900 with the United States Army, and
had my fling at chasing the "Insurractos,"
but as this is a story about prospecting I will not
go into that. While still in the Army I prospected
from Montalban, Rizal, to the headwaters of the
Marikina River, and at San Jose, Bulacan, where I discov-
ered platinum with placer gold. On my discharge from
the Army in 1902, I returned to Montalban and prospected
along the Puray River where there is considerable coarse
gold and platinum in placer deposits, but not in sufficient
quantity for sluicing. At this time, 1903, 1 covered the dis-
trict from San Jose up to Ipo trying to locate a place
where placers could be worked at a profit by sluicing.
I panned a quantity of free gold which contained
about 25% of platinum near San Jose, Bulacan. Not
being sure of the platinum, I furnished the former Bureau
of Mines, then only newly organized and poorly equipped,
and with Mr. H. D. McCaskey as head, with a sample.
They tested my specimen as best they could and decided
it must be platinum and asked me for a larger amount
which I later furnished them. They sent the sample to the
United States and later informed me that it was platinum
and promised to publish my name in the records as the
first discoverer of platinum in Bulacan. There was al-
ready a Spanish record of platinum at Montalban, Rizal.
I do not know whether or not they really gave me this
credit.

I again returned to the Puray River and with Charles
Stone, who was an employee of the Bureau of Audits and
on vacation, prospected along the whole of its course, but,
as before, we could not find any bench deposits with suffi-
cient gold to pay.

While stationed at San Mateo as a soldier, I had heard
stories of the Negrito people east of Montalban bringing in
gold to the priests at San Mateo, and I had been on the
lookout for actual proof of this. So when getting ready
to leave Montalban, having made up my mind to go else-
where, and as I was waiting for a car re tela, I noticed an
Aeta, or perhaps it was a remontado'% looking around the
tiendas for something. He would pick up a bottle and
then discard it, always apparently looking for a smaller one.
After watching him for some time, the story that gold was
being brought in by these people to the priests returned
to my mind and I concluded to get acquainted with this
man. Presently he started down the road toward San
Mateo and I followed in a carretela and overtook him just
outside the town. After some trouble I got him into the
conveyance. As he wore only a G-string I wondered where
he hid his gold if he really had any. He had a heavy head
of bushy hair however and I noticed that he leaned his
head as far away from me as possible. He had refused
to talk Tagalog to me up to this point, so there was no
other alternative except to search him and this I did, com-
mencing on his head, and, sure enough, on running my fingers

through his hair I found a small bamboo tube. I
stopped the carretela, and while my cochero held our
mountain man, I opened my grip, procured a piece of
paper and poured out on it the contents of his bam-
boo. You can imagine my surprise when out rolled
gold dust and nuggets up to one pennyweight in size.
These were the biggest nuggets I had so far seen in
the Philippines. Having some very nice test tubes for the
purpose of carrying just such samples, I put his gold into one
of them and it certainly looked beautiful, filling the tube
about half full. I estimated the weight at about one and a
half ounces. When I handed the tube to him, he said, "Sala-
mat Po," so then I tried him in Tagalog again, explaining to
him that I did not intend to rob him or hurt him in any way.
I soon found he could talk fairly good Tagalog, so I gave him
a sip of Three Star Hennesy Brandy and asked him where
he got the gold. He said "Angelo", and when I insisted
on his taking me there he told me that it took a mountain
man two days to go there and that the route was impossible
for a white man. I then took him off the road to a small hill
and had him point out the direction of Angelo, while I
noted the compass bearing. Afterwards I took him with
me on into San Mateo. I had carefully wrapped his test
tube of gold in paper and he carried it in his hand. I do
not remember of having ever seen a happier hombre in my
life than this man was when I let him out of the carretela
at San Mateo. I last saw him standing in the same spot
where he had alighted, saying "Salamat Po".

About one year after this occurrence, while prospecting at
Santa Ines, I was panning one day where there was some
gold in fair quantity and of fair-sized grains, when an old
remontado by the name of Julio came to me and told me he
knew where there was plenty of gold. I asked him where
and he said "Angelo", but like my friend from Montalban
he explained that it was impossible for a white man to go
there. So I had him point out the direction of Angelo and
I recorded the compass bearing as before. On my return
to Tanay, I took my old Spanish map and laid a piece of
Manila paper on it and punctured a hole through it at
Montalban and one at Santa Ines as shown on the Spanish
map. I then traced from the two points the bearing given
at each place and where these lines intersected I marked
"Angelo". As I could see that the Angelo was well over
the watershed, I knew that it could not flow into the Mari-
kina River, so I drew an imaginary river flowing north
emptying into the Dingalan Bay, on the east coast of Luzon,
little thinking at the time just how accurate this calculation
would prove to be.

In the year 1905, Mr. Billie Bingham and Mr. C. D.
Squires of Squires -Bingham Company came out to where
I was then prospecting near Santa Ines, for a deer hunt
and I told them my story and showed my rough map.

*Editor's Note:— See N. U. Gatchalian, "Non-Christian Tagalogs of Rizal Prov-
ince," Philippine Magazine, August, 1934.

They proposed that we make a try at testing the truth of
the story, and I agreed to organize a group of cargadores
and get a guide if possible. Old Julio, I knew, was not
strong enough to make the trip; besides he had not been
through that part of the country for fifteen years. The
mountain people at Santa Ines were former fugitives from
Spanish justice mixed with Aetas (Negritos), and were
very unreliable, in fact, dangerous, for they would kill
one in a minute to obtain his gun and ammunition. I
therefore hired most of my cargadores at Tanay and Baras.

Finally everything was ready and Mr. Squires, Billie
Bingham, E. C. Wells, B. F. Mackay, and myself started
out with some thirty cargadores from Tanay. Each of us
Americans car/ied a pedometer and a small compass. I
carried a Brunton compass, and it was well that I had a real
Brunton for while passing the magnetic iron deposits near
Santa Ines all the cheap compasses became magnetized
and, of course, useless. My Brunton stood up however.

We proceeded up the Lanatin River to Mount Irid and,
as I had expected, old Julio went out on us and we had to
depend entirely on following as nearly as possible the
imaginary line on my map. Not knowing anything about
the topography, it was most dfficult for us to get through.
From Mount Irid over to the headwaters of the Angelo
is really but a few kilometers, but all this section is covered
with heavy timber and undergrowth and is very rough.
Millions of leeches attacked us from head to foot and we had
to stop quite frequently to pick off these devilish blood-
suckers. Nevertheless, by using my Brunton and the
pedometers, we made a fairly accurate survey as we went.
Each evening I would plot our trail, taking the average
of the distances shown on all the pedometers. It would
make a long story to give all the details of what happened
on the trip, so I will give only those that seem the most
interesting.

When we arrived at the place of our first camp, I noticed
one of our cargadores sitting down on the ground and when I
asked him what was the matter he said his back was sore*
I then smelled the trouble and knew that an eight-ounce
bottle of nitric acid which he had with his pack had broken
and the acid had soaked through and run down his back.
Of course he was through as a cargador, and as he was
able to walk we decided to send him back the next morning,
but as he was afraid to go alone we had to send a man with
him, thus reducing our men to twenty-eight. On many
occasions we came to cliffs impossible to go down on foot
so we would tie bejuco vines together, making a rope, and
go down on that. We came to one such place on our
second day, about thirty feet high. There was a stream of
water about six inches deep running over some falls and
quite a large pool of water at the bottom. The fall was not
perpendicular, so Mackay decided that he would slide down
the fall, which was really a sort of chute about two feet
wide. He sat flat down in the chute and the next moment
he had disappeared completely from sight in the water
below. We waited some seconds and Mackay appeared
in the pool, yelling at the top of his voice for help. The
pool was about thirty feet deep and thirty feet wide and
Mackay had never swum a stroke in his life. We could not
help him as we had not finished our rope ladder. But
Mackay thrashed around in the pool for about ten minutes
and finally reached shore, where he stretched out and played
dead until we got to him. Believe me, he never tried such

a stunt again.

On the third day we knew we had crossed the
watershed between the Lanatin and the Pacific Coast.
We came to a creek running almost exactly on the line we
were trying to follow, so I left the crowd with instructions
to stick to the stream while I went ahead to do some scout-
ing. While going down this stream (which proved later
to be the headwaters of the Angelo), I shot nine snakes
(pythons) some of which were more than twenty feet in
length. That night I plotted our days's march and found
that we were at the intersection of that line from Montalban.

The next day we searched every gulch for gold without
result. We were discouraged, but I was not fully convinced
we had reached the place we were looking for because so
far we had passed no mineralized zones since leaving Mount
Irid. I concluded, therefore, that where the gold came
from might be further down the river, if this river were
truly the Angelo, so the next morning Squires and I started
down -stream. We could not get down following the
river-bed, so took to the hills parallel with the river. About
noon we came to a point from which we could see the river-
bed farther down the stream. Squires had field glasses
and I could see that we were really looking down on mineral-
ized rock. When I told Squires this, he said, "Let's
go," but the river-bed was about eight hundred feet below
us at an angle of seventy degrees. Squires being a heavy
man, I decided it was too dangerous to take him straight
down with me, so he went further around to find a gulch to
follow.

I had been down perhaps an hour when Squires showed
up, and had already panned about five pans of dirt. I
had kept the gold from the five pans and told Squires that
it was all from the first panning. Well, you should have
seen Squires' face! There were about one hundred pieces
of gold from dust to the size of rice grains. Squires had
never before seen gold panned out and asked me if it was
truly gold, and when I told him it was he just stretched out
on the sand and went to sleep. (He was good at that). I
went farther downstream, panning from time to time and
saving each prospect, thinking we would have to sleep
there that night anyway, but I had not gone far before I
noticed a barefoot track so I carefully followed and soon came
upon a very old Dumagat (a name given to the mountain
people of the East Coast). I sneaked up on the old gent and
before he knew I was near him I had him by the hair, the
only thing by which I knew I could hold him. Well, now,
the old boy was scared nearly to death and just lay down
and looked at me. I tried him in Tagalog and was sure
glad when he answered. He could understand some
Tagalog, and I took him back to Squires. The old fellow
admitted he knew our camp up the river so we concluded
to try and get back to it with the old man as guide. We
had been three-fourths of a day getting to where we were
but that old bird led us up the gulch which Squires had
come down, then along the ridge a ways, then down the
other side, and there was our camp. In one and a half
hours that old cuss has got us back. Well, when we showed
our gold to the other boys, they beat us with their hats and
we celebrated with the opening of our first bottle of brandy.

Next day we moved down to the place where we had
found the gold. The old mountain man had been wined
and dined and had promised that he would bring in other

(Continued on page 144)

113

"Narcotics"

By Deogracias Iturralde

I STILL remember how my father's face beamed
when I presented him with a briar pipe which I
had brought with me from the city. He said
he had never seen one like it. It had a longish,
curved stem, a wide bowl, and was too bulky to let
hang down out of one's mouth. It did not cost so
much and was not as smart as the one I smoked; in fact,
I bought the pipe in a second-hand store. Nevertheless,
to father it was precious. And his wonderment and pleas-
ure increased when with it I also gave him a number of
flat, tin cans of crisp, aromatic, finely cut tobacco. He
said he could now economize; he would no longer have to
buy rice paper for rolling cigarettes which must be thrown
away when they are only a little more than half-smoked.

Often as he stopped to rest in the field where we were at
work, he would fill his pipe. He would look up at the
gathering clouds in the sky while the smoke coiled around
his head like a thin veil. He looked like a philosopher
thinking great thoughts!

For mother I brought home a small stone mortar and pestle
for preparing her bvyo. It was light enough to be carried
from place to place in the house whenever she was pleased
to enjoy a chew. She would sit down on a bench near the
window and pound enough of the stuff to last her for
several hours. It was indeed a pleasure for me to watch her.
She would select the best betel leaves which she had gather-
ed in our backyard, remove the stems, and then with cut
pieces of betelnut, put them into the mortar. Chuck,
chuck, chuck, chuck. . . and soon the leaves and the nut
were pounded into a pulpy mash. From a clay container
she would get a pinch of wetted lime, and she was happy in
spite of her few teeth.

During the evenings, after our work in the fields, we
would sit together on the floor of our small bamboo house
and exchange stories which we had heard from other folk
in the barrio, and in the glow of the dim petroleum lamp
hanging over our heads, we were truly contented. Out-
side the house, the fields of rice were ripening; under the
house where was our rice bin, we knew we had enough of the
grain to last us till the month of December. Harvest
seemed very near. We would sell some of the rice, and with
the money we thought we could pay Don Marcos for a loan
we had made to buy the new plow and the carabao we were
using. Truly, good times seemed ahead of us. Some day
we would be independent farmeis. I would be able to
continue my studies in Manila. . . .

Tap, tap, tap, tap. . . came the sound as father emptied
the ashes from his pipe on the window ledge. Then he
would get a few more pinches of tobacco from the tin can and
refill it. I saw that he used more matches than before.
Formerly, in smoking his cigarettes, he could light one
after another from the still lighted butts. He confessed
that pipe smoking used up more matches. . . . Chuck,
chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck! Vigorously and with evident
enthusiasm, mother pounded her buyo. It was too dark
to see, but I knew that the saliva she bent down to spit
through the slats in the floor was a bright red, like blood.
More stories and expressions of hope for a good harvest.

The crowing of some sleepy cock in the neighborhood
would be the signal for us to go to sleep.

In bed I could still imagine the happy sound of
the tapping of the pipe on the window ledge, and of
the pounding of the stone mortar, and I prided my-
self on having given the two old people gifts that so
pleased them.

The month of August came with torrents of rain and
biting winds. The storm shook our small hut and lashed
the fields of rice with dreadful fury. The swollen rivers
overflowed their banks and flooded the fields, and when the
water subsided the crops lay flat on the ground, the stalks
and grain half buried in mud and sand.

The work of months had come to naught. Father and
mother were silent and sad. They seemed to grow older
and grayer with the passing days, and our stock of grain
in the bin under the house was fast nearing the bottom.
And Don Marcos was demanding payment of the loan.
He would sue us in court, he said. There seemed to be no
way out.

We went to bed early, those days. Father complained of
sleeplessness. I knew that was the result of worrying over
our misfortune. He would take his place on the bench
near the window. By his side lay his tin of tobacco. He
smoked ceaselessly. Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap! The
sound now was empty, hollow, and pathetic to my ears!

I, too, was beginning to feel a kind of wakefulness I had
never experienced before. What of my prospects to study
further, my desire to improve the position in which I found
my family ever since I could remember? The onrushing
flood burying under layers of mud the crop for which father
and I had worked so hard, flashed before my mind's eye
like a blurred picture. Other farmers were in the same
situation. Then I thought of Don Marcos, his eyes flash-
ing red, demanding payment. I could even see. . . . Tap,
tap, tap, tap, tap. Father was filling his pipe again. I
could even hear the faint noise he made in plugging the
pipe with fresh tobacco. Then a wedge of light illumined
his deeply lined face as he lighted it. He would sit down
again quietly and without a stir gaze into the leaden night.

I would doze off for a moment, hoping I would be carried
deep into the bosom of sleep till morning, but just then
mother would stir in her corner and sit up on her mat. She
would fumble for her mortar and pestle, and for the con-
tainer of betel leaves and nuts and lime. Chuck, chuck,

chuck, chuck The sound was not unpleasant. I could

not blame mother for that noise. . . . And as she spat
through the bamboo slats, I felt what she felt.

Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap! Father was refilling his pipe.
It seemed as if through the night those sounds never ceased,
and my temples ached. Sometimes mother would get up
and sit down beside father on the bench and touch him
on the shoulder.

"Do not forget to tell Ernesto in the morning to go to see
Don Marcos. Let him ask him to give us at least a few
months more to pay."

"Yes," father would answer. Tap, tap, tap, tap. . . .

Six Sonnets

From a Sonnet Sequence, "Tiger, Tiger"
By Virgilio Floresca

Did He smile His work to see?
Did He who made the lamb make thee?

William Blake

Thou must forever be unnameable:
Although thou fill'st the mind and rul'st the heart,
And at the sight of thy dear form I start,
And dizzying Passion burn with fire of hell;
Though raging fierce these feelings overswell
To utter bold how sweet to me thou art,
Though my whole being swift quiver with love's dart,
My love for thee, dear one, I dare not tell —
Dare be no more than silent worshipper
Adoring from afar, even as one
Enrapt doth contemplate God's avatar.
The dreams, the hopes, and all the thoughts that stir
Must be forever untold or I am undone.

0 cruel! cruel! so near and yet so far!

Even as the sun doth blind the gazer bold

Who temerous fronts that fount of light, — and now

He open eyes, he nothing doth behold :

A thousand suns around him burn and glow:

No more for him the mountain and the flower,

No more the leaf, the stone, the bird on high,

The gracious tree, the temple and the tower,

No more the storm-cloud darkling summer sky —

So thou bedazzlest me. The very time

1 saw thee thou d,idst fill and flood the space

And all my thoughts to thy dear heights did climb;
Thou wert alone Life's principle and place,
And when at last cold reason strove with me
Still everywhere could I see only thee.

Should I thy now unconscious heart dare stir

With the unquiet raging of my breast,

Show thee this baleful love an*5 sinister,

In very being most horrid and unblest, —

Should I cast off compunction, drive away

The holy fear of Heaven in this black hour

And speak out loud what I should never say,

And offer thee this deadly Upas flower

Of soul-destroying growth — would the dear trust

Which thou so innocently givest change

Its rose of free affection to dead dust

When heardst such vows unnatural and strange?

Ever the hopeless question at sight or thought

Of thee ,doth rise, in hope and terror wrought.

XVI

Unsatisfied that they have fanned this flame,
The sportful gods make heavier still my wrong,
Whisper in mock: 'Here comes the one shall claim
Her heart and win her with his lover's song
Poured forth to tranced ears. Even now her eyes
See him afar. Look! How glows her face
With the tumultuous joy that in her bosom lies,
As heart to heart doth leap the ambient space!'
Then do I watch each youth that comes thee near:
'Is't he? No, 'tis not he.' I breathe again.
— What wild demoniac laughter this I hear? —
Brief respite, bootless comfort, easement vain!
Deceitful anodyne that tortures slow
What it would soothe, and mirage-false its show!

XIX

Be there one man fair-minded doth refuse

The pharisaic strictures of this judge,

The world, set and unreasoning in its views

Dogmatic, strait, from which it will not budge;

Blindfolded arbiter that can not see

The case that it decides, but would assume

The awful sanction of divinity

For its own dubious right to bless or doom ; —

To such a man who doth disdain to follow

The patterns on which Righteousness doth prate

Of Right and Wrong, for that he knows these hollow,

This question do I lay: Can love so great

Be evil? Can evil come from God? Dare man

The dark and bright in brother man to scan?

XXI

Unnameable! is it not pitiful

That thou, fair one, shouldst be unnameable,

When thou hast name as dear and beautiful

As thou art lovely and adorable?

The heart doth tremble when that name so loved

Is uttered or wheresoever it is heard.

How strange it is the heart should be so moved

By casual utterance of one little world.

Uncrowned by Fame; all-revealing time

Shall hide thee ever, thy name to men unknown.

Whatever may become of this sad rhyme

This secret shall forever be mine own.

As if the Fates had written with this pen,

'Thou shalt be known yet be unknown to men.'

Agrarian Unrest— The New Tenancy Law

By Percy A. Hill

ACT 4054, entitled "An Act to promote the
well-being of tenants (aparoeros) in agricul-
tural lands devoted to the production of rice
and to regulate the relations between them and
the landlords of said lands, and for other pur-
poses", passed during the administration of Governor-
General Theodore Roosevelt, and approved by him on
February 27, 1933, was wilfully hamstrung by including a
provision declaring that the law would go into effect "only
in provinces where the majority of the municipal councils
shall, by resolution, petition for its application to the Gover-
nor-General who shall make the law effective by proclama-
tion". Only a few among the hundreds of these councils
in the provinces concerned did so, and the law lay doggo
for some years, until the National Assembly, last year,
spurred on by the growing unrest in the rice provinces,
passed a bill amending the Act so that it might be made
effective after January 1, 1937, "by proclamation to be
issued by the President of the Philippines upon recommend-
ation of the Secretary of Labor, when public interests so
require, in the municipalities and on the date designated
in such proclamation." The Act may similarly be sus-
pended— by presidential proclamation.

On January 20, 1937, shortly before he left for the United
States, President Manuel L. Quezon issued the following
proclamation:

WHEREAS, extensive agricultural lands in the Provinces of Bulacan,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan and Tarlac and dedicated, under
the "kasama system" to the rice industry; and

WHEREAS, time and again serious controversies due to conflicting
interpretations of the terms of verbal contracts and other matters
affecting the relationship between landlords and tenants in the afore-
said provinces have arisen, thereby menacing public peace and order;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, MANUEL L. QUEZON, President of the
Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by law, and upon the
recommendation of the Secretary of Labor, do hereby declare the pro-
visions of Act Numbered Four thousand fifty-four, otherwise known as
the Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act, as amended by Commonwealth
Act Numbered One hundred seventy-eight, to be in full force and effect
from and after the date of this proclamation in all the municipalities of
of the Provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan and
Tarlac.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.

Done at the City of Manila, this 20th day of January, in the year of
Our Lord, nineteen hundred thirty-seven, and of the Commonwealth of
the Philippines, the second.

(Sgd.) MANUEL L. QUEZON
President of the Philippines

The Law strikes in the main at the old evils of unwritten
contracts and usury, but it is so long and contains so many
ambiguous sections that it will probably have to be shorten-
ed and written in simpler language in order to make it
work. The writer went over many of the drafts of similar
bills proposed under former administrations, and found
that most of them tried to cover too much ground. The
writer has always suggested a simple law providing that all
contracts be reduced to writing in the dialect of the partic-
ular region; that the crop be shared equally between land-
lord and tenant, minus small deductions as for seed; that

116

all loans in cash or in kind be consolidated and
made to bear no more than legal interest; and
that penalties be provided against both parties
in case of non-compliance with the contract. Ex-
cept for these provisions, the writer suggested
that all other local customs be recognized so as to pre-
serve some of the so-called "offsets" from which ten-
ants have always benefited. Most of these suggestions
are embodied in the present law, but many other conditions
have been written into it which, it appears, can not be
uniformly and effectively applied.

Agrarian unrest in the Central Luzon Plain presents a
problem that is not so much one of tenancy contracts and
usury, as of the fundamentals of the rice industry itself.
The main problem arises from the inadequate earnings—not
more than a food subsistence at best — of the tenant farmer.
The average area under cultivation by a tenant family
with an average of four and a half members is less than 2.5
hectares. The average yield a hectare is 35 cavans of
palay (unhulled rice) or a family-unit yield of about 80
cavans.* This divided equally with the landlord and after
deducting seed and threshing percentages, leaves the family
with only some 35 cavans for its share — provided there are
no special debts to pay. Yields, of course, vary. In Nueva
Ecija the average yield is around 42 cavans a hectare;
Pangasinan 36, Tarlac 33, Bulacan 32, and Pampanga 28.
The average tenant family requires from 25 to 30 cavans
of palay a year for bare subsistence, so that there is hardly
anything left to sell to obtain money to buy clothing,
petroleum, and other such things. Sometimes the farmer
has not the money to buy even a little salt to go with his
boiled rice. The five-year period ending in 1934 was one
of such low pri;es that the average earnings of a rice tenant
farmer amounted only, in cash terms, to some P75.00 a
year. And it is to be noted that he raises little in the way
of secondary crops to add to his scanty and inadequate
diet. Under such conditions it was obvious that something
had to be done.

The principal provisions of the Rice Share Tenancy Act
are the following:

(1) Contracts between landlord and tenant are to be
drawn up in the local dialect.

(2) The cost of transplanting, harvesting, irrigation,
fertilizing, and threshing are to be borne equally by both
parties. (It would have been better if the law had pro-
vided that the cost of planting is to be borne by the land-
lord and the cost of harvesting by the tenant, for the tenant
has to borrow for planting expenses.)

(3) The crop is to be shared equally between landlord
and tenant and not more than legal interest is to be charged
for loans in money or kind. In case of controversy over
a debt, the evidence of the tenant is to be given preponder-
ance over that of the landlord. (This is intended to be
a check on greed as against ignorance, but may become a
very onerous provision for landlords, as in the case of some
of the so-called "people's courts" in other countries.)

*Cavan, 43 kilos, 2.128 bushels, (produces 28 kilos of cleaned rice.)

(4) Fifteen per cent of the crop is to be delivered to the
tenant, regardless of any indebtedness. (This is to assure
the tenant subsistence, but in practice it will probably prove
that he will turn this over to some outside usurer.)

The tenant has always lived from hand to mouth and
depended upon the landlord for subsistence. Under the
new Law this source of credit is likely to dry up, and usurers
will abandon him the first time he fails to make good
on repaying his loans. Then where will the tenant farmer
turn? This is the crux of the situation in a very vital
food industry.

In general, the small landlord is in no better case than is
his tenant. He is often equally improvident and must
himself borrow at high interest — which he naturally seeks
to pass on. Under the new Law, the landlord may still
have a moral, but has no legal obligation to supplv his ten-
ant with credit, and this will make for a most difficult situa-
tion that can not be ignored. It is not a simple matter to
scrap the customs of a thousand years.

The methods under which eighty per cent of the world's
rice is grown, are Oriental, which means hand labor applied
through a tenant or share system, known in the Philippines
as the kasama system. From time immemorial it has
proved successful and satisfactory in congested regions
where more attention must necessarily be paid to the land-
yield than the man-output. The growing of rice by me-
chanical means has not yet proved profitable nor has any
day-wage system proved successful. The crop requires
the closest personal attention of the cultivator. In some
phases of rice culture the Filipino farmer has attained as
near perfection as the physical conditions permit. People
juggle with such terms as * 'modern methods and appliances/ '
which may mean nothing at all. Agronomy is just a good
Latin word meaning what all successful farmers know.

There are over 1400 different varieties of rice in the Philip-
pines— hard, soft, long, short, white, colored, glutinous,
bearded, etc. — all adapted to specific soil, water, and cli-
matic conditions, presenting problems the "ignorant"
farmer worked out long ago. With the exception of the
separator, the small ricemill, and motor transport, which
have been adapted to fit conditions, the production of rice —
an "educated" water-grass — remains as difficult to improve
by mechanical means as ever.

In addition to the many forms of land tenure still prev-
alent, are other complex conditions that will render in-
effective any law that attempts to lay down anything but
the broadest principles. From Jolo to the Ilocos, each fifty
miles presents a separate problem in climatic and soil con-
ditions, type of rice, mode of culture. Even the ways of
Poking the cereal are different; and these things no law
can change.

The rice tenant system here is little removed from that as
Practised in the southern United States. Like other pro-
ducts, rice is subject to the law of diminishing returns, and
httle can be done about it by government bureaus. The
average insular rice production per hectare is still about 27
Cavans except in very favorable regions.

The status of the tenant or kasama was summed up by the
Writerasearlyas 1909, nearly thirty years ago, and the state-

ment is still carried in the Economic Readers in the schools-
Small change has come about through education, which
we then confidently expected would ameliorate conditions.
One of the reasons is that too large a part of the area culti-
vated to the cereal is sub-marginal land which rarely pays
expenses, and, cultivated by semi-starved tenants, adds
nothing to the prosperity of the country. However there
are rice regions where tenants may be quite content
with the proceeds of their labor, where contracts are not
onerous, and where in time of good crops a provident ten-
ant's earnings compare well with those of the average town
abogado. These regions suffer from no labor trou-
bles and testify to the fact that the tenant's case is not
hopeless. From such districts tenants emigrate when they
have the capital to acquire lands of their own, and as soon
as they turn the wild lands into tame, they also adopt the
tenant system. Their places are at once filled by others
looking for the same chance. This is progress.

For countless generations, contracts verbal or written r
between landlord and tenant have been based on the follow-
ing stipulations — somewhat paternalistic, but workable
nevertheless. When a tenant entered te service of a land-
lord, being characteristically improvident and owing cre-
ditors, he asked and received bugnus or an advance of
money with which to pay off his obligations. This sum,
varying, of late, from P25.00 to P125.00, bore no inter-
est whatsoever, but was returnable upon the denounc-
ing of the contract by either party. This was what is called
an "offset". In general, the landlord set aside for the
tenant a lot for his house, and, if physical conditions per-
mitted, a plot for a garden. This again was an offset, as the
tenant paid no rent and no land-taxes. Once a week or
month the tenant received a supply of palay for subsistence,
varying from two to three cavans per month during the
working season, May to September. This palay was re-
turnable in kind without interest or shrinkage. The price
of palay at its issuance last year was P3.25, and at its col-
lection in 1937, 1*2. 2 5 — a loss of one peso per cavan. This
was distinctly an offset to the tenant.

After the planting season ended the tenant had to live
and hence drew subsistence palay repayable usually at the
rate of three for every two cavans borrowed. Interest on
money loans was high. It must be remembered that the
tenant needs money to purchase such necessities as salt,
tobacco, petroleum, clothing, and also sums for fiestas,
births, marriages, and funerals, if not for the cock-pit-
During the transplanting season members of the tenant's
family in recent years received from P0.30 to P0.60 a day
with two meals. This money coming from the landlord
helped his budget in a small way.

Many landlords allowed the tenant to take palay from
the fields for his subsistence, this often amounting to from
three to five per cent of the crop, of which no account
was taken. In some places this has been modified and
rice is issued instead, returnable at harvest. But the tenant
prefers to consume his own crop. This is an offset, also.
Some stealing occurs in regions where conditions are strict.
Modern separators charge from four to six per cent for

(Continued on page 142)

The Tirong, Ancient People of the

Babuyan Islands

Bv Inocencio B. Maddela

GONE are all the Tirong, island people of the Babu-
yan Group, sans glory and without benefit of clergy.
Only their burial mounds, which have defied the
ravages of the taga-laud (west wind) for ten centuries,
are all that remain of them today. Did the Tirong suc-
cumb to some pestilence like those ancient island dwellers
off California's coast?

Historically, little or nothing is known of these people
and only extensive archeo-
logical studies may perhaps
unravel the mystery of their
existence. The few legends
about them are misleading.

We may assume that it was
on Calayan Island among all
the islands that comprise the
Babuyan Group that their
civilization centered, for it is
on that island where most of
their cunucun (ancient gra-
ves) are to be found. (The
Babuyan Group is composed
of the islands Calayan, Claro
Babuyan, Camiguin, Dalu-
piri, and Fuga). These cunu-
cun scattered all along the desolate and barren coast
of the island present a pathetic scene. Did these people
barter away their rich .fishing grounds in their dealings
with Death?

According to the people on Calayan Island today, it was
the Tirong who built these burial mounds. The Tirong,
according to them, were Moro pirates who settled there
after meeting with disaster in raiding some of the other
islands of the group. The word Tirong may be a corruption
of the name Tirones used in Philippine history.

According to that history, the Tirones were kinsmen of
the Joloano pirates, and together they were the terror of
the Philippine seas and all the coastal towns at the close
of the fifteenth century. Although they are referred to as
having been sent by Bantillan (brother of Ali Mudin who
seized the throne while the latter was in Manila), to the
north of the Archipelago to harass the Filipinos newly
converted there, and as having eventually reached only
Batangas, yet traces of their existence in out-of-the-way
islands farther north have been found. There can be no
doubt that the Moro pirates actually raided the Babuyan
Islands and made them their headquarters for piratical
operations in the north, as much evidence points to that
fact. Not only was the Babuyan Group brought under
the sway of these pirates but also many of the coastal
towns of north Luzon. In Buguey , a town fifteen kilometers
east of Aparri, Cagayan, stands today the ruins of a church
which according to various authorities was burned by the
Tirones. A ship laden with tobacco from the then port
of Nueva Segovia, Cagayan, (now Lal-lo), bound for Ma-
ns

Ancient Burial Mound on the Bleak Coast of Calayan Island

nila, was sunk by the Tirones off the coast of Buguey, from
which fact Buguey derives its name, buguey being the Iba-
nag equivalent of "the wreck". The surname "Ali", which
survives in Calayan Island today, is a Mohammedan name.
The wall (aroi in the Babuyan dialect) which now stands
in the town of Calayan, extending for more than two
hundred meters, was built by the early inhabitants of the
island to protect them from theMoros, after the Spaniards

had arrived there. The work
was initiated by a certain
cura and must have required
many hands. It is made of
faced coral blocks held to-
gether by lime mortar made
from burned sea-shells and
coral. Although the wall ap-
pears today to be less than
two meters high, because of
the accumulation of soil at
the foot, it is actually more
than that.

According to the present-
day inhabitants, many of the
Moros who settled on the
island gave up their piratical
career, but although they intermarried with Christian
women they were not converted to the Christian faith, and
consequently the cura did not allow their dead to be in-
terred in the Catholic cemetery. It is for this reason, they
say, that the Tirong buried their dead in the tombs along
the shore.

However, according to Professor H. Otley Beyer, the
builders of these mounds couldn't possibly have been the
Moros inasmuch as the objects excavated from their graves
at Tumulod and at Silpi, both on Calayan Island by A. E.
Lilius in 1932, and by Professor H. H. Bartlett on Dalupiri
Island during the course of his hunt for rare algae there
last year, show no traces of Mohammedan influence. Doctor
Beyer declares also that neither the cairns nor the urns are
of Chinese origin, as assumed by A. K Lilius. According
to a statement to the writer, Doctor Beyer belieyes that
these remains probably belonged to a strange people who
migrated from South China or Indo-China to these islands
more than a thousand years ago and from there passed on
to the Carolinas and Marianas, where similar burial jars
have been found. Apparently the Balintang Channel
current swept them past Luzon, dropping them here and
there on the way. It is a strong current, moving at times
at the rate of from ten to eleven knots, and is still feared
from its terrible tidal rips.

The cairns or cunucun are mounds of coral blocks two
and a half meters or more in diameter at the base and
generally one and a half or more meters in height, probably
according to the social position of the deceased when he
was alive. Some of these cairns have fallen and are covered

by the matted growth or the dalai-dai, a kind of vine, and
appear to the casual observer as just some coral stones
scattered along the seashore. In many instances, however,
they remain just as neatly piled up as when they were
built— and as if, perhaps, a later generation had repaired
them. No cunucun have as yet been discovered in the
interiors of any of the islands, although it is reported that
Lilius in 1932 discovered old Chinese jars and plates in
the interior of Calayan Island such as were brought here
during the time of the early "junk-trade" of China with
the Philippines.

On Balupiri Island, the cunucun are confined mostly to
the eastern half, and inside of caves near the seashore, being
therefore well preserved. Many of the bones are intact,
making possible a study of the skeletal remains of these
people. Nothing but charred b/Dnes are found in many
of the earthen jars excavated in Calayan Island. In sitio
Rarasis Calayan Island, the writer came across an interesting
cunucun atop a peaked rock, twenty-five feet high, and
half hidden by a thick growth of cycads (oliva). It is
said to be the grave of a "datu". By the difficulty I ex-
perienced in climbing; it, I judge that the Tirong who made
this cunucun must have had great difficulty in bringing
those coral blocks to the top.

The natives of the Babuyan Islands to these days look
upon the cunucun with superstitious dread. It is this
fear that has protected them from vandalism, although it is
generally believed that many golden onzas looted from the
Spaniards, have been buried in earthen jars in these mounds
by the Moros. So far no one has ever gone on a gold hunt
among the cunucun, which indeed would be considered
suicide in the Babuyanes. When I once proposd such a
thing, telling my friends on the island one might lead a
very good life on a jarful of these onzas, they broke into
derisive laughter.

Especially tabooed among all the cunucun in Calayan
Island is the one said to be that of "Apo Arok" at sitio
Silpi. The Apo's curse is fatal! One story has it that a
certain Romero, of resourceful disposition, took an urn from
this cunucun to use for a flower pot. The anger of the
spirit was provoked and Romero punished with the death
of his wife. The old men of the village were consulted and
caused warm blood just drawn from an ox to be poured over
the cunucun to appease the spirit.

The ancient people of the Babuyanes apparently follow-
ed a weird procedure in the disposal of their dead, for the
corpse was severed at the major joints of the body so that
it could be contained in the earthen jars. The corpse thus
dissected and drained of blood (and with the internal or-
gans of the body and even the brain removed and possibly
thrown into the sea), and then dried, was placed in earthen
jars, locally called ranga, and covered with a thick layer
of ashes and charcoal. The charcoal must have served
Partly to absorb the gases and odors.

The ranga is made of red clay evidently from the clay
deposits at Banga-an, a sitio in the southeastern part of
Calayan Island so noted for its potters' clay that it derives
lfcs name from that fact — banga-an being the local term
for rice pot. So well did the Tirong make the jars that
Practically all of them that have been excavated were
found unbroken despite the weight of the heavy coral
"locks ©n top of them. The ranga is like an ordinary

earthen jar, except that it is a little taller and devoid of a
neck. Rangas for adults measure two feet across the
mouth, and are two and a half feet deep. The walls meas-
ure about half an inch in thickness. Those containing
the remains of children vary down to one and a half feet
across the mouth, and two feet deep, the thickness remaining
the same. Incised designs around the rims of the jars
testify to the artistic conceptions of the people. The
ranga that contains what remains of the corpse is partly
buried vertically in the sand and another ranga of the same
size, mouth down, placed over it. Coral blocks were then
piled around the two rangas. Near the large rangas there
is always a smaller jar which perhaps contained food to
provide the deceased on his journey to the land of the
hereafter.

The excavation at Tumulod showed that the Tirong were
probably not a people benefited by the possession of metals.
Even the graves of the chiefs contained no metal ornaments
Only charred bones, ashes, charcoal, a few red carnelian beads,
and clay earrings, three centimeters in diameter, were
found at Tumulod.

The manner the Tirong arranged their graves is striking.
All the adult cunucun are in one row, the children's in
another row. The Tirong apparently observed strict social
distinctions and among them the women were also relegated
to a lower position. No earrings or beads are found in the
male cunucun. Isolated from the rest and considerably
bigger than the average, are prominent mounds which
must be the graves of the chiefs and other influential mem-
bers of that ancient society.

That the Tirong were not an agricultural people and that
they depended solely on the sea for their subsistence, is
indicated by the fact that the graves and therefore probably
their habitations were in those parts of the islands that are
unfit for agriculture, yet yield abundant sea food to the
present islanders, as probably also in the days of the Tirong.
In Calayan Island, the cunucun are found at sitio Banga-an,
Silpi Catanapan, Casurianan, Tumulod, and Dibai.

The clothing of these people may have been that made
of the bark of the aba tag tree which abounds in the Babu-
yan Islands. The present islanders of Claro Babuyan
still wear this bark which, when beaten enough, is as white,
smooth, and durable as cloth made from cotton. The
Negritos of the northern Pacific coast of Luzon wear it too,
and keep their newly born babies warm with it.

In the Babuyan Islands, it is a practice among the people
of the present day, especially among the islanders of Claro
Babuyan, to bury
human bones taken
from the cunucun
with proper cere-
monies, at the foot
of the stairs of their
houses and at the
base of coconut
palms and orchard
trees. It is be-
lieved that the spi-
rit of the bones

guards the property Diagram of a Cunucun

(Continued on page 139)

119

Pipe Smoking in the Philippines

By Frank Lewis-Minton

Bfii

IN 1917 one might travel all day long through
lowland towns in the Philippines, or prowl
about Manila's streets, except in the foreign—
particularly the British — communities, without see-
ing a single tobacco pipe. One morning last week
the writer stood at the corner of Escolta and T. Pinpin and
counted thirty-one pipe smokers in exactly five minutes.
In 1917, impressed by the dearth of pipes, I inquired of
tobacco dealers and others why so few people smoked pipes
in Manila. Answers were varied, generally not well con-
sidered. Some said that cigars and cigarettes were so
cheap that "it didn't pay to bother" with pipes. Others
said that the humid climate caused too much "sweating"
inside the pipe stem, resulting in excessive accumulation
of tobacco tar, which destroys the flavor of the smoke, and
often permanently discolors white clothing if the pipe is
carried in the pocket.

Last week I inquired of tobacco dealers and others the
reasons for the great change in our smoking habits. An-
swers were varied. The consensus seemed to be that pipe
smoking is merely a fad. Some ventured the opinion that
pipe smoking has been "introduced" in the Philippines by
British and American smokers.

None of the foregoing composite answers can be taken at
face value. For the Filipinos were smoking pipes of their
own manufacture before Sir Walter Raleigh astounded
London society with his famous long stemmed pipe, and
was "extinguished" by his terrified but valiant valet. It
may be said with a considerable degree of truth that British
and Americans have revived their pipe smoking in the
Philippines largely through developments in pipe manufac-
ture and the blending of pipe tobaccos. Moreover, a good
many Filipinos, traveling or sojourning in foreign lands,
have become addicted to pipe smoking, which would — more
or less — account for the spread of the habit.

However, I am inclined to believe that the local increase in
pipe smoking may be attributed largely to current literature
and, perhaps, Ja little high-powered advertising. Writers
of popular fiction are prone to portray their heroes with
pipes in their mouths, struggling with some knotty prob-
lem, contemplating the beauties of nature, or scratching
the ears of faithful dogs.

The cinema has also helped. Outstanding celluloid heroes,
such as Richard Dix, the late Tommy Meighan, and others
appeared in pictures with their pipes. Some four or five
years ago, about a dozen of our most popular female stage
and screen stars expressed — through the columns of the
movie magazines — their preference for men who smoked
pipes. An incredulous sophisticate who has endured the
tortures of testimonial advertising for a decade might sus-
pect that the statements of these stage beauties were in-
spired by something more negotiable than the approval of
the pipe smoking audience, even that the "survey" of
feminine opinion on the subject of pipe smoking was a

120

publicity stunt; but whatever the motive may have
been, the subsequent increase in pipe sales throughout
the United States and elsewhere was remarkable.

The history of pipe smoking in the Philippines
is rather sketchy, but, thanks to the researches of Dr.
H. Otley Beyer and others, one may arrive at some fairly ac-
curate conclusions. It is believed that tobacco was brought
to the Philippines from South America, via the Moluccas, by
Portuguese mariners before the advent of the Spaniards,
or— at the very latest— by the Spaniards in 1521 or there-
abouts.

Apparently the use and culture of tobacco spread through-
out the Philippines, China, and India with almost incredible
rapidity. Probably the first tobacco plants were brought
into China from the Philippines, and by the middle of the
sixteenth century we find mention of tobacco (ram bac cu),
in South China. With characteristic initiative and thrift,
the Chinese developed the tobacco industry, discovering
suitable fertilizers and otherwise improving the plant, and
by the beginning of the seventeenth century we find that
the production of tobacco in South China, and probably in
southern India, far exceeded the demand.

At this time the Chinese were already making pipes, but
whether pipe making in China resulted from the intro-
duction of tobacco or not is a debatable question. It
seems very likely, however, that before tobacco was brought
to China, pipes were used for smoking aromatic herbs or
leaves of other kinds, and that tobacco merely found favor
with smokers because of its superior flavor and the fact
that it was less harmful than any other plant known at
that time.

Travelers of this period found Chinese and Filipinos
smoking rolled tobacco leaves— forerunners of the modern
cigar -pipes, and cigarettes of tobacco rolled in the leaves
of "a certain plant". The Chinese favored pipes, and were
already making beautiful specimens of jade, often in the
form of birds— particularly the crane. They also made
small stone, and later metal, pipes with long, straight reed
or bamboo stems, and mouthpieces of stone or metal.

An Arabian traveler who passed through India, China,
and the southern islands in 1605 wrote of finding some
tobacco at Bajapur, and of contriving a beautiful pipe of
jade, with a velvet covered bamboo stem and a stone mouth-
piece, which he subsequently presented to the Emperor,
recommending its use for medicinal purposes. He also men-
tions the fine tobacco leaves of South China, near Amoy,
"that will burn continuously until consumed".

However, although Chinese merchants and factors were
undoubtedly exploiting the Philippines for centuries prior
to the Spanish occupation, there is little or no evidence of
Chinese influence in the manufacture of Philippine pipes.
One visiting anthropologist, at least, has suggested that the
Chinese may have taught pipe making in the Philippines,
but Doctor Beyer's researches have practically exploded

any such theory. In fact the contrary might conceivably
be true; for the small-bowled, straight-stemmed Chinese
pipes, specially designed for smoking their finely shredded
tobacco, might have been merely an "improvement' ' on
the early Philippine clay pipes.

The Philippine clay pipes compare favorably with the
clays used in Scotland and Ireland at a later period. They
are smaller than the European pipe, but heavier, stronger,
and more artistic in design, some of them quite ornate.
Moreover, the Filipino artisans apparently at once foresaw
the futility of a long clay pipe-stem, for even the oldest
specimens in the Beyer collection are "two piece pipes";
i. e. the stem is an inch or less in length, comparatively
rugged, and so fashioned as to receive a reed push-stem or
mouthpiece.

There is a marked "family resemblance" about Philip-
pine clay pipes. Throughout the entire pipe-making era,
manufacturers adhered markedly to tradition in form and
design of ornamentation. This resemblance is particularly
noticeable in one type — apparently the most popular one —
of which there are in the Beyer collection specimens ranging
in age from probably fifty years to two hundred, possibly
three hundred, years. The front and sides of this pipe-
bowl are covered with protuberances, in form something
like a human face. The shape of the bowls changed little
with the passing centuries, and the protuberances are very
nearly the same on all the specimens; the chief differences
in the ancient and modern models being that the latter are
slightly larger, and the ornamentation is slightly improved.

Other Philippine pipes were carved from bone or some
comparatively soft mineral substance. There are also the
metal pipes, generally made of brass, which are still used
largely by the mountain people of Luzon. It seems evident
that the Filipino pipe-makers were members of family or
clan guilds, similar to those of the cane makers of Ilocos,
the Baliwag hat makers, and the shoemakers of Mafikina.

In Doctor Beyer's collection there are some exceptionally
fine specimens of a type of carved, one piece pipe. The
similarity of these specimens, made at different periods, is
striking. They are all curved models, and on the stem of
each, near the mouthpiece, is a finely carved animal or
fowl. In the town where one of these pipes was unearthed
it was shown to one of the old residents, who recognized

it immediately, saying that it was probably made by his
grandfather.

With the advent of large -scale cigar manufacturing and
later the cheap paper-covered cigarettes, the pipe-making
industry seems to have died out in the lowlands, doubtless
because it was inexpensive and faddish to smoke cigars and
cigarettes which were, in appearance at least, like those used
by the aristocratic element. At any rate, when the Amer-
icans came to the Philippines they found practically the
entire nation smoking cigars and cigarettes, which were sold
at prices so low that, as an "old timer" aptly expressed it
during an interview with the writer, "if you dropped your
cigar you couldn't afford to pick it up again."

But times, or, to be more exact, customs, change. The
smokers of Manila and the larger provincial cities, at least,
are shifting definitely toward the pipe. Pipe smoking may
have started, doubtless did start, as a fad, but it has gone
beyond the fad stage now, and it has affected the smoking
habits of the Filipino to such an extent tftat one of our largest
tobacco companies will begin manufacturing blended pipe
tobaccos this year.

In 1934 the import of smoking tobacco amounted to
something over nineteen thousand kilos; while in 1935 more
than forty-four thousand kilo* of pipe tobacco was brought
into the Pnilippines. Dealers state that the Customs
Reports for 1936, which are not yet available, will show a
marked, not to say surprising, increase over 1935.

There are no available figures giving the exact number of
tobacco pipes imported annually into the Philippines, as
the Customs Reports classify all minor manufactured pro-
ducts under the heading "All Other Manufactures", which
in this case would include pipes, cigarette holders, tobacco
pouches, cigar lighters, humidors, and other smokers' re-
quisites. Suffice it to say that pipe imports have doubled — •
at least — each year for the past three years.

Importers are ordering moderately priced pipes in lots of
ten gross or more for the more popular models, and several
dozens each of the expensive pipes. Well over a hundred
firms are now importing tobacco pipes locally, and it is said
that one finds pipes on display in practically all provincial
towns; while only five years ago it was impossible to find
any considerable assortment of pipes outside of Manila,
and — perhaps — Cebu and Iloilo. So it seems that the lowly
pipe is again coming into its own in the Philippines.

Above Everything

By Mariano Salvador Moreno

ABOVE everything
I am I.
It matters not
What others say,
Or think of me.
I only know
I am I

Raised like a noon day sun,
Above everything
On earth or in the sky.

121

The Resignation

(A One- Act Play)
By Manuel E. Buenafe

CHARACTERS

Mrs. Maria Cruz

Dolores, an eight-year old

girl
Lourdes, a six-year old girl

Mr. Crescendo Cruz
Teodulo, a two-year

old boy
A maid

SCENE

THE modest sala of a teacher's home. There is a set
of rattan furniture, a portable phonograph, a sewing
machine, a book-case, a large mirror, a child's crib,
and a Big Ben alarm clock. The rattan chairs are arranged
in the center about a small rattan table. To the left is the
book case on which the clock stands. The mirror hangs on
the rear wall, in the middle. To the right is the phonograph
upon a small stool. The sewing machine is also on the
right.

It is late in the afternoon. As the scene opens, Mrs. Cruz
is at the sewing machine at work on some children's dresses;
the floor is littered with pieces of cloth and Teodulo, a two-
year old boy, crawls about among them. The door, on the
left, is closed to prevent the child from leaving the room.

MRS. Cruz: (rising at the sound of heavy footsteps and
a perfunctory knock) Who is that?

Mr. Cruz: It's me.

Mrs. Cruz: (opening the door) Ah, Cris. Good afternoon.
(He does not answer but goes directly to the low table where
he dumps down with a bang his pile of books, and pen and
ink. There is a worried look on his face. Mrs. Cruz
stands still, waiting for him to speak. He sinks down in an
armchair and begins to remove his shoes. Mrs. Cruz goes
to the bedroom and comes back with his slippers which
she gives to him. He removes his coat and tie and throws
them on the sofa. She picks them up and meticulously
hangs them over the back of a chair. He rolls up his sleeves
and sinks back, his arms hanging limply from the arms of
the chair. He breathes deeply and mutters tiredly, "Hay!"
Mrs. Cruz is beginning to look worried too. Finally, unable
to stand the tension longer, she speaks) Well?

Mr. Cruz: Well

Mrs. Cruz: Well, what is it anyway? Why don't you speak
up? Don't be so dramatic.

Mr. Cruz: (looking out through the window vacantly)
There is nothing dramatic about it.

Mrs. Cruz: Then what is it? Speak!

Mr. Cruz: (bluntly) I am going to resign.

Mrs. Cruz: Oh, weil . . . (She returns uncertainly to her
sewing. Teodulo is getting dangerously near the wheel of
the sewing machine.),

Mr. Cruz: Look, Maring! The child. . . .

(Mrs. Cruz moves the boy away from the wheel and he
cries for a short time. Then she resumes her work but
her mind is obviously not on it. She makes frequent errors
and this seems to get on her nerves).

122

Mrs. Cruz: Phew! (She tears hard at a wrong
seam which won't come apart. Then she lays aside
her work and faces her husband squarely.) Well,
what do you intend to do?

Mr. Cruz: (not looking at her) Wee! I toid you.
I am going to resign.

Mrs. Cruz: And then. . .

Mr. Cruz: And then. . .

Mrs. Cruz: And then what will you do?

Mr. Cruz: Oh, of course, go to the farm. (They remain
silent for a time.)

Mrs. Cruz: But what made you think of resigning? Have
you had trouble with the Principal again?

Mr. Cruz: (emphatically) No, not that. In fact, the
Principal has resigned already.

Mrs. Cruz: You don't mean Mr. Arciga has resigned?

Mr. Cruz: What else? Of course!

Mrs. Cruz: And you too are resigning? Do you mean it?

Mr. Cruz: Yes.

Mrs. Cruz: But why?

Mr. Cruz: Maring, I've been bossed too long, I can't
stand it any longer. ... If that son-of-a-gun of a Super-
visor comes around again, I'll bash his head in!

Mrs. Cruz: (reprimandingly) Crescendo!

Mr. Cruz: Yes. Mark my words. They think we're
soldiers here. They don't have any regard for the feelings
of the teachers. If they don't have any confidence in us,
then why. . . . They're getting to be so that. . .

Mrs. Cruz: (interrupting) Why don't you tell me all that
happened? Did you have trouble with Mr. Constantino?

Mr. Cruz: No, not Constantino. He is a good man. But
that shrimp of an Academic Supervisor. . . . Well, you
know the kind of a man he is. I don't need to explain.

Mrs. Cruz: Yes, you do. (She waits.) Did he scold
you? Did he. . . .

Mr. Cruz: (irritated and in a loud tone) Scold me? No-
body has scolded me during the last fifteen years. Let
somebody try that and see what happens!

Mrs. Cruz: But why then?

Mr. Cruz: You see. . . . (He takes a letter from between
the pages of one of his books). Now read this. (He folds
the upper half of the letter back so she cannot see it, and
holds the paper with both hands for his wife to read.
She tries to take it from him but he won't let go of it.)

Mrs. Cruz: (omitting the heading and the salutation) . . .
You are hereby requested to reply immediately by in-
dorsement hereon and to give your reasons, if any, why
you should not be punished. . . .

Mr. Cruz: (derisively) Punished!

Mrs. Cruz: Wait. Let me finish first . . . for the follow-
ing offenses. (She reads silently on until the end.)

Mr. Cruz: (raising his voice) For an omission in my
register and for lack of submitting one form, I'd be punished!

Mrs. Cruz: Now, now, Crescendo, don't be violent!

Mr. Cruz: (still agitatedly but in a lower tone) They
may do that with others but not with me. I can still live,
perhaps, without teaching. . . .

Mrs. Cruz: Crescendo. Don't be so touchy. Be pa-
tient. . . .

Mr. Cruz: (again in a loud tone) Patience! Pacjen-
ciaf. . . . Have I not been patient enough?

Mrs. Cruz: But are you the only one who received a letter
like this?

Mr. Cruz: No, of course not.

Mrs. Cruz: Then, why be so drastic?

Mr. Cruz: But you know the kind of man I am, Maring.
I do my level best, whatever I do, but when I feel slighted. . .
I tell you. . . . They can. . . .

Mrs. Cruz: Phew!. . . . Such language! (Teodulo, who
has been attracted by his father's talk and gesticulations,
tries to climb up on his laps and says, "Pa, Pa" lispingly.)
That's your child, Cris. Take care. You might hurt him.

Mr. Cruz: (stooping to lift the child and kiss it, and put-
ting him down again) I am not saying much, but let him
beware. . . .

Mrs. Cruz: In the meantime. . .

Mr. Cruz: (interrupting) In the meantime, I resign.

Mrs. Cruz: When?

Mr. Cruz: When? Now, of course.

Mrs. Cruz: And what shall we do then?

Mr. Cruz: Oh, let's go back to the barrio. We still have
that six-hectare patch.

Mrs. Cruz: And do you think we can live on that?

Mr. Cruz: Why not?

Mrs. Cruz: And do you think the children would be able
to go to school yet? There's Agustin in the high school, for
one. And there are Dolores and Lourdes who will be in the
intermediate grades soon. And there are the two small
ones, too. . . . Crescendo, please use your common sense.

Mr. Cruz: I am using my common sense, Maria.

Mrs. Cruz: How do you expect us to live then, with you
jobless. You are not fit to handle a plow.

Mr. Cruz: Handle a plow? Maria, I can. But listen.
We can still live. I've figured it out long ago. If I resign,
I'd be entitled to something like a thousand pesos more or
less on my pension deposit. We can put, say, eignt hundred
pesos in the bank and start a little business with the rest.
One or two hundred pesos as capital in business in a barrio
like Camp Overton is already big. There's Tio Fernando's
store, for example. Do you think his capital amounts to
as much as fifty pesos? Of course not. And yet he is
alive. Why can't we do the same?

Mrs. Cruz: But then. . .

Mr. Cruz: Besides, I have heard that a company of sol-
diers will be returned to the camp and we can make business
with them. . . . Furthermore, there's our little land, of
course, and we can plant coconuts on it. Six hectares of
coconut trees at the current rate of twenty pesos per hun-
dred kilos . . . My! that's big money . . .

Mrs. Cruz: But you see ...

Mr. Cruz: (unheeding) And do you know lyo Birut?
And Iya Tasyo? And lyo Goryo? And . . . oh, many more.
Do you know how they started? They came as immigrants

{Continued on page 140)

"216"

By Olimpio S. Villasin

FROM four to six o'clock on Monday, Wed-
nesday, and Saturday afternoons, 216 and I
are together. During these times I think
much about 216.

My town mates do not like 216. Last Christmas
vacation, I told them jubilantly that I am now in the
way of becoming a soldier.

"What for?" someone asked.

"Well," I hesitated; "Well, that is President Quezon's
policy."

"To fight for the Ameiicans, that is."

I would have admitted that I am willing to do just that,
but that would have upset the tenor of our conversation.
So I said, "America has no fight. And if she does get into
a war, she has more than enough men of her own to fight
for her." But my friends did not believe this.

Then they also reminded me of the Cabuyao incident.
Truth to tell, thinking of that happening and of 216, I
always find myself troubled. I imagine I can hear the pitiful
screams of the Sakdalistas as they fall before the disciplined
firing. Earnestly I pray that God will not let such a
thing happen again. If it is repeated, what should I do?
Like gallant Lee, I may say, "I am sorry, Mr. President,
but my own soil is calling me." Or I may re-enact the

soldiers' part at Cabuyao, and turn my weapon
upon my countrymen. Or like a policemen I read
about in the papers, I may stand loyally at my post,
and let myself be hacked to death by un-understand-
ing brothers. These are gloomy thoughts in con-
nection with 216.

Yet I think I am in love with 216.

I like the way it works. I "port arms," draw back the
bolt, push it forward, and press the trigger. All is smoothly
done. And the click, if only it has cartridges. . .! Too,
I love the way I can handle it. I am in "Company at at-
tention." Then my Captain says, "Right shoulder arms!"
"One, two, three!" presto, 216 lies gleaming on my right
shoulder, butt down, inclined 45 degrees. And then amidst
martial rub-adub, rub-adub-dub and a cornet melody, I am
marching with 216. At such times I feel that my country
is tapping me on the back. I am serving her now!

And this feeling has changed my spirit. Before, I used
to say I could fight for my country to the death: death was a
certainty, of course. But that is changed now. Still I
could fight for my country— but no longer is death certain
for me. With 216 and my knowledge of it, death may be
for someone else. As President Quezon said, now I feel
that I am not only willing to fight and die for my country,
but also— that I am able to kill!

123

Women Characters of Rizal

By Pura Santillan-Castrence

MARIA CLARA and Sisa are the two principal
women characters of Rizal's "Noli Me Tan-
gere." The rest of the characters in the book
play a lesser part in the unfolding of the tragic story,
yet they can not be overlooked. They are, so to
speak, like the shadings and the colorings that give depth
to a painting. They serve in their own way to complete
the picture of the times depicted by Rizal. These minor
women are varied in type, yet each stands out vividly.
I shall take them up, individually or in groups, in the
order of their importance, psychologically as well as real-
istically, to the author's purpose in writing his book.

The Tertiary Sisters

Of Rizal's depiction of those credulous women, the
Tertiary Sisters, fanatic in their extreme religious devo-
tion, Antonio Regidor is quoted by Epifanio de los
Santos to have had this to say: "The fanaticism of
the Tertiary Sisters completes the coloring of your
admirable description. . . ."* What are these women
like? Are they true to life? What was Rizal's motive
in presenting characters of such utter simple minded-
ness? Was he writing with his tongue in his cheek?
Epifanio de los Santos would have us believe so when he
says that Rizal "by merely relating in a clever manner daily
occurrences and anecdotes, or using irony or sarcasm"2
conveys to the reader a full sense of the ridiculousness of
what he was describing. There is no means of telling whether
or not, as in the case of Maria Clara3 and Sisa,4 the
characters of these Tertiary Sisters were taken from real
people, except, perhaps, the true-to-lifeness of the de-
scription of their persons, their speech, and their ways. We
still see counterparts of them in our qonventos now, old
maid manangs (elder sisters) in long-sleeved, turtle-necked
blouses that in their extreme modesty— or prudishness —
they wear under the ordinary camisa, which, due to the
unbeautiful undergarment loses its ephemeral qualities of
airiness and frailty, and becomes a grotesque ensemble
of severity and frivolousness. They still talk like Sister
Rufa and Sister Sipa; they still cross themselves at any
unusual happening, believing firmly that the simple gesture
makes them worthy of divine protection and intervention;
they still consider their parish priest the infallible judge in
matters heavenly or otherwise, and would be shocked to
be told that he is an ordinary mortal, with an ordinary
mortal's weaknesses and appetites. For Rizal's manangs
and these simple creatures, the padre's opinions form the
Summa6 of all earthly wisdom. So that when contra-
diction met Sister Rufa's explanation of the indulgencias,
she had only to refer to the curate's words for her own to
be given full Weight, much as a young student trying to
explain to his mother the wonders of our physical world
ends up triumphantly with: "My chemistry professor
said so." For her the most absurd statements of her
priest-confessor were sententious pronoucements which
she tried to impose upon her hearers with threats and
admonitions: "You'll go to purgatory for wasting the
indulgences. You know very well that for every idle

124

word one must suffer forty days in fire, according to
the curate; for every span of thread uselessly wast-
ed, sixty days; for every drop of water spilled, twenty.
You'll go to purgatory!"6 The curates had said that
one should not waste pity on the excommunicated,
therefore, Ibarra, who had deserved excommunication by
laying hands on the sacred person of Padre Damaso, was not
to be pitied. "It is a sin to take pity on the enemies of
God" ; 7 and Ibarra was such an enemy ! Yet Sister Pute had
known him, had knowi that he was a good man, "but he went
to Spain, and all those that go to Spain become heretics, as
the curates have said."* Rizal emphasized this strange
hold of religion and its representatives upon the weak, cred-
ulous minds of the people, and he chose the Tertiary Sisters
to give expression to the ignorant fanaticism prevalent every-
where. Like other writers whose aim was to reform, he
used his characters to speak for him. Montesquieu9 had
done the same thing before him, so had Cervantes,1"
Moliere,11 Swift.12 At times the reader deplores his having
sacrificed the literary side of his work to his desire
for reform; one senses the author's motive in every one of the
little picturesque scenes in which the Tertiary Sisters appear
and talk; one feels the bilious manner in which he gloated
over their stupid simplicity. Such a scene is the one in
which, a young woman, inviting the others around her to
pray for the soul of a man whose body was dangling from
the branch of a santol tree nearby, was severely rebuked
by Sister Pute: "Fool, heretic! Don't you know what
Padre Damaso said? It's tempting God to pray for one
of the damned."13

We sometimes wish that Rizal would not have had to
paint these pictures to bring out the ugly conditions of the
epoch, for we would fain linger on the other scenes in his
work where in a happier mood he allowed his truly rich
imagination to paint scenes of unfor^getable beauty:

"Arriving at the edge of the wood, the padre dismissed his carriage
and made his way alone into its depths. A gloomy pathway opened a
difficult passage through the thickets and led to the brook formed by
certain warm springs, like many that flow from the slopes of Mt. Maki-
ling. Adorning its banks grow wild flowers, many of which have as
yet no Latin names, but which are doubtless well-known to the gilded
insects and butterflies of all shapes and colors, blue and gold, white and
black, many-hued, glittering with iridescent spots, with rubies and
emeralds on their wings, and to the countless beetles with their metallic
lusters of powdered gold."14

Yet his work had to be done, so that instead of dwelling
on the picture of Sinang and Maria Clara, wading along
the border of a brook, fresh and pretty as daisies, "moving
forward with their eyes fixed on the crystal waters, seeking
the enchanted nest of the heron, wet to their knees so that
the wide folds of their bathing skirts revealed the graceful
curves of their bodies,"15 he had to describe for us with
still greater realism because his feeling went into the pic-
ture, the self-indulgent figure of Father Damaso, who, to
make an eloquent sermon had nothing for breakfast but
raw eggs beaten up in wine, a glass of milk, a cup of choco-
late, and a dozen or so of crackers, "heroically renouncing
his usual fried chicken and half a Laguna cheese, because

{Continued on page 135)

Boc-boc-nit, the Bontoc Rock-Fight

By Dalmacio Maliaman

ROCK fighting for amusement! It sounds
strange but it is true! And real, hard rocks
they are, and real, tough fighting it is. If
you don't believe it, visit the town of Sagada or
Bontoc in the Mountain Province some June, July,
or August afternoon and witness this exciting
spectacle, which I consider more thrilling than the finish
of a 1500 meter Olympic games final, or a home run scored
by the home team in the last half of the ninth with two men
out, two men on bases, and two runs behind. And why?
Because it is war! Actual war! with dozens — even hun-
dreds— of boys on either side organized by a leader; with
volleys of missiles — rocks and sharpened sticks like spears —
flying through the air and crashing into the shields (calasag),
if not injuring some unwary fighter's foot, side, or head;
with maneuvers and stratagems; with retreats and forward
charges as the tide of battle swings from one side to the
other; with hand-to-hand combats — all in the game!

You may think it a foolish practice; the Bontocs think it is
good, clean-cut fun. And then they don't do it just for the
fun. The Sagada and Bontoc lads play war in order that
they may become better future warriors. This game devel-
ops bravery, alertness, ability to hit the enemy and side-
step, dodge, and defend one's self. Here is the modern
Sparta.

Go back with me to the town of Sagada eight years ago,
about July. You will see how boys from the same town
who are friends and even relatives engage in such a fight,
just because their fathers and forefathers practiced it — long
before Magellan raised his musket against the Cebuans. I
was in a boarding school — too small to play the game. I
went to see the boc-boc-nit with two school -fellows, both
older than I was. Juan was from Dag-dag, the northern
section of the town; and the other, Carlos, was from De-
mang, the southern section. On the way down, Carlos, the
better braggart of the two, said:

"I'll bet Demang will chase Dag-dag clear up to the
Presidencia where they will need the whole police force to
help them."

"Oh yea!", answered Juan, "I'll bet our forces will drive
yours all the way to the lake and drown them."

"But your greatest hero was wounded last week. He'll
he out for the rest of the season", Carlos brought out.

"That's true, but we've got other fellows like him."

We reached the hill overlooking the half-mile-long "battle-
ground" on the outskirt of the town. A good crowd had
already gathered.

The Dag-dag contingent, about eighty in number, were
to our right, gathering pebbles and stones and sharpening
their sticks and seeing to it that their rattan-woven rono
shields were in good condition. Demang's army, which
was somewhat smaller, was making like preparation some
four hundreds yards away. Both groups consisted of boys
between the ages of fourteen and twenty. After exchanging
challenge songs, the battle began. The youngest and
smallest boys, about twenty on each side, led off. With

the left hand holding the shield, the concave side
of which has a sort of pocket for holding pebbles
and pieces of rock, and a stout staff attached ; and
with the right hand holding either a pointed stick
or a stone, bravely, steadily they marched for-
ward to meet the enemy. When they were about
thirty yards apart, a distance from which they could
hurl their missiles with telling effect, the engagement began.
Kab! Kab! Kab! it sounded, as large pebbles pounded
upon the shields. It takes skill to ward off those swift,
murderous stones and to dodge those piercing spears ! Now
and then, a fellow gets hurt — painfully, no doubt, but
retire from the field? No! Valiantly, he moves forward.
He wants revenge. Furthermore, there is always that
reward for valor — that pleasant-sounding praise from a
girl-friend—and that infamous reputation of a coward!

Then Demang was on the rout ! They moved backwards
foot by foot, the little fellows stoutly defending themselves.
The Dag-dag yells filled the air. Reinforcements came
from the Demang stronghold, some twenty-five strong
sixteen- and seventeen-year olds. They took up the front.
The boys of corresponding age from the other stronghold
also went into action and charged the enemy. More kab\
kab! More hurts! But still they fought. When all avail-
able stones and spears had been hurled the youths came
closer together unsheathed their staffs from their shields
and began striking and parrying in Robin Hood fashion.
What valor! What skill! What endurance! Demang this
time seemed to be getting the better of the argument. Then
the biggest and the oldest of the Dag-dag boys — thirty of
them — came to the rescue of their comrades. So did the
oldest boys on the other side, but there were only
ten of them. Apparently, the northerners had more of the
older boys mobilized. All in all, there were about eighty
northerners and only some sixty southerners engaged in
the melee.

Then all of a sudden, from nowhere it seemed, there ap-
peared about thirty stout Demang warriors who attacked
their adversaries from the rear. The Dag-dag fighters seem-
ed to be panic-stricken, not knowing how to cope with
enemies both in front and in back of them.

Carlos laughed and said to Juan:

"Look at your side now."

"Yea!" snapped Juan, "but I'll show your men!" So
saying, he swooped down, wrested a shield from a small
fellow and joined in the fray, shouting encouragement at
the top of his voice.

Carlos, inspired with a like burning patriotism to help his
side, also ran down, got someboy's shield, and went into
action. He met Juan and furiously they tried to bring
each other down with their clubs. Dag-dag fought va-
liantly, but outmaneuvered, hemmed in on both sides, the
boys were at a disadvantage. They were finally beaten,
bruised, and taken prisoners. Some managed to escape.
As captives, they were forced to relinquish their shields

(Continued on page 133)

125

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

TEN questions to make you give up
thinking. (With apologies to Life and
Putakte and Bubuyog)

1. One and only one of the following
proverbs is true:
Honesty is the best police.

I'd walk a mile for a Camel.

It floats.

Children cry for Castoria.

When nature forgets remember Ex-Lax.

Born 1820, still going strong.

Keep that school-girl complexion.

It is toasted.

2. Assemblyman Oppus has recently received publicity
as the President of:

The Association for Not Giving up Your Seat to a Lady.

The Philippine Unscientific Society.

The Philippine Association for the Advancement of Compadres.

The National Conference on Legalizing Free Love.

The Society for Fostering Discontent among the Capitalists.

3. Professor Kojiro Sugimori is the author of:

Your Country for My People Gas

Mein Kampf Manchukuoan Independence

"J szink szo"

4. If you were closetted with Mae West you would prob-
ably talk about:

gnosiology salvation functions of a

complex variable
orthogenesis the Baconian theory conditioned reflex
the morphology of culture protopathic sensibility

tensor calculus
the Critique of Pure Reason positrons Dia-

lectical Materialism
the expanding ring round Nova Aquilae Historical Pseudomorphosis
the beauty of self-sacrifice Schoenberg's Harmonielehre
the recent discoveries at Mohenjo Dara and Harappa synchronism
Phancmenologie des Geistes symbolic logic.

5. One of these breeds of dogs is largest in size:

English bulldog

Irish bull

Siamese fighting dog

Chinese non-fighting dog

bitch

cur

Hund hotdog

6. The Book Nobody Reads is:

Homer's Eyelid Calabrius Politer's Anaclea Putakte's Bubuyog
Bubuyog's Putakte the one- volume edition of all the unwritten

works of Milton
Mae West's Divine Comedy Shakespeare's Ham Omelette

Benedictine by D.O.M.

7. According to Emily Post limburger cheese:

is a toe food. was named after Lindbergh,

is a cure for halitosis.
is the cheese with a soul.

(Continued on page 130)

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126

March, 1937 PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE 127

Announcement

WRITING under the pen-name, John Truman, a gentleman of wide experience in bank-
ing and brokerage, will edit a Financial and Investment Section in the Philippine
Magazine, beginning with the next (April) issue.

Few men are in as good a position as he to review and comment on the market from month
to month with absolute impartiality. Chiefly to make honest and unreserved statement
possible, his anonimity will be strictly preserved, but the undersigned has such confidence
in this new contributor that he assumes full responsibility for all statements that will be
made by him, knowing they will express the honest opinion of one fully competent to
speak on general market values and trends.

Those who read the editorial attack in the October (1936) issue of the Philippine Magazine
on the wild -cat promotion rampant at that time, which contained the first outspoken edi-
torial warning to appear in the Manila press and which preceded the November crash by a
number of weeks, will know where this publication stands and will continue to stand as to
many of the stock issues on the market. It must be recognized, however, that the buying
and selling of stocks, especially mining stocks, has become an important part of every-day
business in Manila and will probably grow in importance with the rapid advance of the Phil-
ippine mining industry. Some honest expert's guidance has become a most desirable if not
an absolutely necessary thing for the many people who have money to invest.

The Philippine Magazine which circulates throughout the forty-eight provinces of the
Philippines and also extensively in the United States and abroad is unquestionably the most
suitable medium published in Manila for an ably conducted yet non-technical department
of this nature. It will be somewhat similar to the finance and investment sections in Amer-
ican monthly magazines of the quality group which address themselves to the more intel-
ligent and financially able readers.

The Editor

The Inuyat Industry of Cainta

By N. U. Gatchalian

WHENEVER the town of Cainta is mentioned,
one thinks of the dark, tall, and handsome inhab-
itants of the place, — and of its inuyat. The
making of this delicacy is one of the town's most important
industries, in which* at certain times of the year, nearly all
the women are engaged.

During the sugar season in Rizal, that is in the months
of March, April, and May, women from the town may be
met traveling afoot all over Rizal and other nearby prov-
inces, and also in Manila, peddling their sweet from house
to house. It is carried either in earthen jars on their
heads, in bucawe bamboo tubes, or in cans called tom-
bolete. Whenever you see an inuyat vendor, be assured
that she is from the "Little India" of the Philippines.

Inuyat is sold in dabs at two centavos and up. The pro-
fit ranges from fifty centavos to a peso and a half a jar.
This is not much considering the tedious labor of manufac-
ture and the hardship of peddling the inuyat, but the women
of Cainta are industrious and thrifty and content with a
small gain.

Inuyat competes with other Philippine sweets like cara-
melo, bukayo, panuchita, tiratira and panucha, but
is more sticky — and more delicious.

There is an old legend connected with inuyat. It is said
that in the glorious days before Cainta was punished by

Captain Juan de Salcedo, there lived a beautiful princess,
Dayang Inuyat, only daughter of the Lakan of Cainta.
The girl became ill and after the best witch-doctors had
failed to cure her, Bayani, the son of the spirit of the mea-
dows, came to the court and offered to make her well on
condition that the old Lakan give her to him in marriage.

She was cured and went to live with Bayani. One day
he told her he would teach her to prepare a delicacy which
only the gods and the anitos (ancestral spirits) had on
their tables.

Step by step, the son of the spirit of the meadows in-
structed her and when the delectable stuff was ready he
asked her to take some of it to her father as a present,
warning her not to taste any of it, for if she did, he would
vanish never to return.

The maharlikas (aristocrats) of the village had been
invited to a three-day feast, and when they saw Dayang
Inuyat's gift they wondered what it was. She asked them
to taste it, but they refused, fearing that her husband had
prepared a poison for them. In order to convince her
father and the rest, she forgot her husband's admonition
and tasted it herself first and then the others followed her
example, eating it all up with relish.

When she returned, she found her husband a corpse, and
strange plants were growing out of his body— the plants

"Long Distance,

Please!"

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tance Telephone. It's a quick, personal way of communication

between Manila, Hoilo, Cebu, Baguio and many other points in the
Philippines. Also to Overseas Countries.

HEN the family is scattered by business, school or vacation
keep in touch by telephone.

128

March. 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

129

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130

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

used by him in the preparation of the inuyat. Then she
remembered his admonition.

She returned to her father, ill with grief, and, feeling she
soon would die, she summoned the royal cook and told her
the secret of the sweet, sticky delicacy as taught her by
her husband. The plants which were growing where her
husband's body had lain, were gathered and pressed for
their juice. Thus before Princess Inuyat died, the cook
acquired the secret of the preparation. In honor of her
master's daughter, she named it "Inuyat".

The secret at first remained in the family of the royal
cook, but gradually the knowledge of its preparation spread
to all the people of Cainta.

Inuyat is dark, sticky, and like thick molasses, but much
more palatable. It sticks to the gums.

The name suggests the length of time the delicacy takes
to prepare. (I no ^—slowly, little by little. In u t-in u Un-
do it slowly.) The women do most of the work, the men
acting only as helpers. First they buy a low grade of sugar
cane from Marikina, San Mateo, or Montalban, from which
they express the juice by an alilisan, a primitive type of
stone mill operated by carabao power. The juice flows into
jars or big tin cans.

The juice filtered through a clean cloth, is poured into a
large kettle locally known as a kawa, which is placed on a
large earthen stove built for the purpose. Usually the
pressed dried sugar cane is used as fuel. It is stirred con-
tinuously with a paddle-like instrument, which takes strong
arms and hard muscles. Usually two or three men take
turns at this task. Next coconut milk, prepared in the
meantime, is slowly poured in while the stirring continues.

The "maestro", who is always an expert in preparing the
inuyat, occasionally takes a bit of the hot, sticky stuff,
cools it in water, and tastes it. When it has been boiled
long enough, the men take the kettle off the stove but
continue stirring it until it cools, after which the contents are
poured into small earthen jars, bamboo tubes varying from
six to ten inches in height, or into tin cans used for the
purpose.

Inuyat is popular not only with the poor but also with
the well-to-do in the provinces. Though it is made in a
crude way, the belief that the preparation of inuyat is un-
sanitary, is false.

The industry might become a really profitable one for
the people of the province if the government would show the
way to a more systematic and scientific method of manufac-
ture. The sweet might even be exported.

With Charity To All

(Continued from page 126)

8. Major Roxas has recently done one of these things:

shed tears while listening to President Quezon's speech against Sumulong

et al at the University of the Philippines,
disowned the seventeen year old baby,
is growing hair on his back,
set the press free,
has talked back to President Quezon.

9. "Anent the mention of my name in today's issue of the Tribune as
one of the presidential possibilities in the event that President Manuel
L. Quezon may not run for reelection contingent to a proposed amend-
ment to the Constitution, I desire to state that I am grateful to friends
who forecast such a flattering possibility for me, but at the same time
I would like to make it public and emphatic that I have decided

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March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

133

to continue in the public service without expecting to be compensated
by it by being some day catapulted to an elective office. I do not
propose to deviate from this norm of conduct. . . I am glad and grate-
ful for the opportunity afforded me by President Manuel L. Quezon of
contributing my grain of salt (our italics) in his present administration
and I choose to continue availing myself of the opportunity as long as
the usefulness of my service to the Philippine government and people is
felt."

The above is quoted from a letter written

to the Tribune (Roman, not Manila) by Cincinnatus.

to the Tribune (Manila, not Roman) by Eulogius Rodrigorum.

to President Quezon by the United Salt Dealers' Association of the

Philippines.

10. When praying you think of:

hormones Hermitian Matrices

the igneous activity in the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary Cenozoic era

the fourth Inter glacial period that followed the igneous activity

dies veneris osculating spheres circle of convergence

stream lines the Middle and the Dark Ages

the Oligocene epoch following the Obscene latent heat

nuclear bombardment orthogonal trajectories

die Unvereinbarkeit der Lebensvorgange la representation parametrique

onafhankeljkheid der onttrekkingsrelatie van de versmeltingsrelaties

un sistema chiuso di funzioni normali e a due a due ortogonali

ANSWERS: 1. ''Born 1820, still going strong.'' 2. The National
Conference on Legalizing Free Love. 3. "I szink szo." 4. We won't
be talking at all. 5. Hotdog. 6. Benedictine by D. O. M. 7. It is
a cure for halitosis. 8. Disowned the seventeen year old baby. 9.
To President Quezon by the United Salt Dealers' Association of the
Philippines. 10. Dies Veneris.

Boc-boc-nit

(Continued from page 125)

which had cost them a lot of labor in the making.

After the boc-boc-nit, Carlos, Juan and I went back to
our quarters with Carlos triumphant and Juan in utter
dejection. "Cheer up, old kid!" said Carlos, "you'll win
someday."

Spectacular and thrilling as it is, the boc-boc-nit some-
times presents an unfair, unsportsmanlike, savage action.
When one is captured, he is sometimes punched, beaten,
and kicked almost to death. However, this occurrence is
very rare. It happens in cases where a family feud, a per-
sonal grudge, or rivalry for a girl is involved. Ordinarily,
in a regular afternoon's play which runs to two hours, ca-
sualties number not more than two or three on each side.
The fighters are that good defensively. By "casualties"
I mean severe knocks that will likely produce scars. Many
get hit but they suffer no more than temporary pain.

The final event of the year is considered a holiday for the
entire community. Obaya (no work) is declared under
penalty of violation. All the available boys from each
section are mobilized. Crowds assemble as if to witness a
ball game. In the dap-ay (boys' community place), a big
feast of rice, beans, meat, and tapoi are prepared for the
boys to eat after their engagement. A story is told that
one year the Demang boys drove the Dag-dag boys clear
out of town and into the mountains. On their victorious
march back, the conquerors stopped over at their conquered

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134 PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE March, 1937

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March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

135

brothers dap-ay and made a banquet out of what they
found. They then returned to their own and bad a second
feast

Such is boc-boc-nit, a game which diverts, thrills, hor-
rifies, and trains. But with baseball, basketball, volleyball,
and track and other sports now occupying much of the time
of these youths after school, it is my belief that boc-boc-nit
will go the way of many other primitive customs, and will
soon be known no more.

Women Characters of Rizal

(Continued from, page 124)

the housekeeper affirmed that cheese contained salt and
grease which would aggravate his cough." 16 And with
naive credulousness, unless they, like Rizal, resorted to
subtle irony in their praise of so much sacrifice, the Tertiary
Sisters exclaimed, much affected: "All for the sake of
meriting heaven and of converting us!"17

Yet:, for alf his ideas of reform, and his use of the Tertiary
Sisters* to convey what he thought of the hypocrisy and
the*, false teachings of the religious orders, Rizal can not be
classified as one who would counsel too drastic a remedy

for the evils of the times. His novels are not the intem-
perate expression of an impulsive revolutionist eager to
overthrow those in power. Let him tell us in his own words
what he wanted to accomplish:

"Noli Me T anger e, an expression taken from the Gospel of St.
Luke18 means touch me not. The book contains things of which no
one up to the present time has spoken, for they are so sensitive that
they have never suffered themselves to be touched by anyone whom-
soever. . . , I have written of the social condition and the life, of our
beliefs, our hopes, our longings, our complaints, and our sorrows; I
have unmasked the hypocrisy which, under the cloak of religion, has
come among us to impoverish and to brutalize us: I have distinguished
the true religion from the false, from the superstition that traffics with
the holy word to get money and to make us believe in absurdities for
which Catholicism would blush* if ever it knew of them. , . . I have
told our countrymen of our mistakes, our vices, our faults, and our
weak complaisance with our miseries there. . . ,"19

The Tertiary Sisters were an important instrument in
these sinister revelations.

The scenes where these manangs appear are also, perhaps,
the most humorous parts of the novel. For instance, the
following picturesque sketch of Sister Pute, in whom the
fright of guns could not smother her old-woman curiosity,
is very droll:

"That opening and shutting of the window had no'doubt been heard
on all sides, for soon another window opened slowly and there appeared
cautiously the head of a wrinkled and toothless old woman: it was the
same Sister Pute who had raised such a disturbance while Padre Damaso

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March, 193?

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March, 1937

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137

was preaching. Children and old women are the representatives of
curiosity in this world: the former from a wish to know things and the
latter from a desire to recollect them.

"Apparently there was no one to apply a slipper to Sister Pute, for she
remained gazing out into the distance with wrinkled eyebrows. Then
she rinsed out her mouth, spat noisily, and crossed herself. In the house
opposite, another window was now timidly opened to reveal Sister Rufa,
she who did not wish to cheat or be cheated. They stared at each other
for a moment, smiled, made some signs, and again crossed themselves."20

The ridiculous views of the Sisters on how to earn in-
dulgences, and how to cheat in earning them, on what each
prayer is worth in extricating a soul from purgatory;21
on the sex of the different prayers: "You musn't mix up
males and females. The paternosters are males, the
Ave Marias are females, and the Gloria patris are the
children"22; the description of the "sacred 'garments"
which the religious people wore in processions, sacred
because they possessed the special merit of gaining their
wearers many favors in Heaven;23 the interesting beliefs
in what one might call the graduated laziness of the
religious orders: "What are you dreaming about? Do you
still think that the Popes even move their hands? The
curate, being nothing more than a curate, only works in
the mass — when he turns around! The Archbishop doesn't
even turn around, for he says mass sitting down. So the
Pope — the Pope says it in bed with a fan!"24; the colorful
account of the float of San Diego being drawn mournfully
by six Tertiary Sisters: "Whether because of some vow
or on account of some sickness, the fact is that they dragged
him along, and with zeal. San Diego stopped in front of
the platform and waited to be saluted"25 — -all these pictures
are rich with humour — bitter, twisted, if you will, for their

very ludicrousness evokes a mirthless laughter which might
be a sob. So that when this work of an "Indio miserable"
came out to portray with unimpeachable truth the con-
ditions that obtained during the rule of the friars, it was no
wonder that the very audacity of the thing left them breath-
less.26

Rizal could not always keep himself out of his "message."
He could not very well have the Tertiary Sisters speak for
him all the time. Hence his asides and digressions in
which he set forth his own sentiments and convictions.
We shall not dwell on Ibarra's conversations with Elias,
with the Sage, even with Maiia Clara, as opportunities
which Rizal took to express his thoughts, not only because
these are not within the province of this analysis but also
because they are artistically almost too obvious. We pre-
fer to call attention to subtle touches like the one in which
the husband of Sister Pute makes fun of her remark about
people coming from Spain becoming all heretics: ". . . and
the curate, and all the curates, and the Archbishop, . . .
aren't they all from Spain? Are they all heretics?"27 or his
remark informing us where to procure the "sacred garments
which become dearer in proportion as they are old, thread-
bare, and unserviceable. We write this in case any pious
reader need such sacred relics — or any cunning rag-picker
of Europe wish to make a fortune by taking to the Philip-
pines a consignment of patched and grimy garments, since
they are valued at sixteen pesos or more, according to their
more or less tattered appearance."28

There is no doubt as to the main purpose of Rizal's
novels; and history has shown us that he succeeded well —
indeed, too well for his own safety. Yet while he sought to

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138

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

arouse the sentiment of the country against the friars, his
novels, whose great artistic merit lie in their humanness
and realness, do not constitute a mere bigoted attack.
As Derbyshire puts it "Any fool can point out errors and
defects, if they are at all apparent, and the persistent search-
ing them out for their own sake is the surest mark of the
vulpine mind, but the author has cast aside all such petty
considerations, and whether consciously or not, has left
a work of permanent value to bis own people and of interest
to all friends of humanity."29 Rizal chose these women, the
Tertiary Sisters, to tell the country's story by telling their
own, because he wanted the story told in the simplest
language. If he had selected other bearers of bis message,
they might have spoken too profoundly to be easily un-
derstood by the people.30 And Rizal wanted his people
both to understand and feel. And perchance weep.

(1) From the Introduction by Bpifanio de los Santos to the second edition of
Charles B. Derbyshire's The Social Cancer, translation of Noli Me Tangere, Manila,
Philippine Education, 1931.

(2) Id.

(3) According to the translator, Charles E. Derbyshire, in his Translator's
Introduction, XXI, the story of Maria Clara, as told in Noli Me Tangere, "is by no
means an exaggerated instance, but rather one of the few clean enough to bear the
light, and her fate, as depicted in the epilogue, is said to be based upon an actuaj
occurrence with which the author must have been familiar."

(4) Epifanio ae Ids Santos, in his Introduction to the Derbyshire translation of
Noli Me Tangere, says that the chapters relative to Sisa and her sons are taken from
real life, the setting being San Rafael, Bulacan. Del Pilar communicated the facts
to Rizal "who transformed them into genre pictures pregnant like Luna's with
poetic and sinister flashes of lightning."

(5) The Summa Theologiae, written by St. Thomas Aquinas, the greatest theolo-
gian of the Middle Ages (1226-1274), embodies the most perfect exposition of the
philosophy of the Catholic church.

(6) Charles Derbyshire's translation, The Social Cancer, p. 120.

(7) Op. cit. p. 429.

(8) Op. cit., p. 430.

(9) In his Persian Letters, he had Usbeck and Rica, the two characters of the
book, write letters to each other voicing their opinions about eighteenth-century
France.

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March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

139

(10) In Don Quijote, the characters are made to voice Cervantes' opinion on the
society, the manners, and the literature of Spain's Edad de Oro.

(11) Almost all the plays of Moliere were written ridiculing the social and poli-
tical conditions obtaining in his country at the time of Louis XIV.

(12) His writings, of which the best known is Gulliver's Travels, exercised a great
influence upon the politics and the literature of his age, that of the eighteenth-
century England.

(13) Charles Derbyshire's Translation, The Social Cancer, p. 431.

(14) Op. cit., pp. 175-176.
Op. cit.t p. 177.
Op. cit., p. 228.
Ibid.

Sic. St. John XX, from Charles Derbyshire's Introduction to The Social
XXXI.

Ibid., XXXI-XXXII.

(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)

Cancert

(19)

The original letter in French is reproduced in W. E.

Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal, Madrid, 1907.

(20) Charles Derbyshire's Translation, The Social Cancer, p. 426

(21) Op. cit., pp. 118-122.

(22) Id., p. 122.

(23) Op. cit, pp. 228-229.

(24) Op. cit., p. 267.

(25) Op. cit., p. 298.

(26) Charles Derbyshire's Introduction to The Social Cancer, XXXIII.

(27) Charles Derbyshire's Translation, The Social Cancer, p. 430.

(28) Op. cit., pp. 228-229.

(29) Charles Derbyshire's Introduction to The Social Cancer, XXXII.

(30) Charles Derbyshire's Translation, The Social Cancer, p. 123.

The Tirong

(Continued from page 119)

and pronounces an an-annung, or curse which makes it
impossible for the thief to move away from the place or to
drop what he has stolen. He froths at the mouth and if not
attended to immediately may die on the spot. To break
the curse, the owner of the goods stolen is called to massage
the head of the victim with garlic, and, while gently pat-
ting the man's shoulders, he mutters the words "Diu
cayo" (Go away), which mean that the spirit must leave
the body of the victim as he has been forgiven. To secure
the human bones from the cunucun, a sacrifice is offered at
the mound which consists of a quid of tobacco, betel-nut,
and a coconut shell filled with basi (fermented juice*[of
sugar cane).

Thus lie the Tirong dead on Calayan's barren coast,
over them the sea chanting an eternal dirge.

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140

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, jg^7

The Resignation

(Continued from page 123)

to this province, much later thaa I. But now what are
they? Of course, they are dons now. And why can't we
be like them? Of course, at the start we will have to scrimp
and sacrifice, but there is no rosy path to success. Now, if
I continue teaching, what can we get? Fifteen years of
teaching and all we have is a humble home, a chair set, a
book-case full of useless books, a sewing machine, and a
portable phonograph that sings no louder than a mosquito.
Why should I stick to this dratted profession? Ah, to the
farm, I'll tell you. We must learn hard work. We must
learn to scrimp. We must begin to scrimp now.

Mrs. Cruz: But do you think we would be able to endure
life in the barrio? You know our children have been born
and raised in the town. They are accustomed to good
clothes, entertainments, shows. And there is their educa-
tion to look after.

Mr. Cruz: Maring, we will have to forego some things,
of course. Have faith in me. Or are you losing faith in
*ne already? But . . . but as to going back to teaching —
never!

Mrs. Cruz: Well, that decides it. You always have the
last say, Cris. . . But think of the future! (She sinks into
3 chair wearily and is lost in thought. Silence).

Mr. Cruz: (moving to the table and procuring several
sheets of paper and pen and ink) I guess I had better write

it down now — my resignation. (His wife looks at him and
waits to say something but checks herself. She bites her lip
as she looks askance at her resolute husband).

Mrs. Cruz: Etas ... (louder) Etas ...Bring that lamp
here. (The maid enters with a lighted oil lamp which she puts
beside him on the writing table. He ponders and scribbles
on. Mrs. Cruz is silent all this time. She has put the boy
in the crib and she extends a hand to rock it.)

Mr. Cruz: now it's done. (He lays down the pen and
covers the ink-bottle. Then he sits back in his chair, bis
head resting on his clasped hands with a look of relief,
He smiles wanly at his wife.) I will be a free man from
now on. I'll not have to write any lesson plans any more—
beginning tonight. I'll be a free man now. Do you hear me?

(The door creaks and Lourdes and Dolores enter, carry-
ing a basket of vegetables between them).

Lourdes and Dolores: (in chorus) Good evening, Pa, Ma.
(The two silent figures look at them but do not answer.
Lourdes proceeds to the kitchen with the basket while Do-
lores takes the boy out of the crib and hugs him.)

Dolores : (with the babe on her arm) Ma, Pa, are we not
going to the show tonight? Oh, Ma, let's go. There is a
very nice picture. (She leans against her mother with the
child.)

Mrs. Cruz: (sullenly) Why ask me? Ask your father. . . .
You know he has resigned? He is no longer a teacher. And
he said we must scrimp. Do you understand that? Your
Pa will not teach any more and we will have to ... oh well,

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1937

PHILIPPI NE MAGAZINE

141

scrinip. That is, we must not go to shows, for example,
beginning now. And ...

Mr. Cruz: (reprimandingly) Maring! Did I say that? Of
course, we are still going to the show as often as possible.
And what is more, we are going now.
Lourdes: But, Pa, are you not going to teach any more?
Mr. Cruz: (smiling at her) No, child, beginning tomor-
row. (He bends down and kisses her.)
Dolores: But why, Father? What will you do then?
Mr. Cruz: Oh, I am tired of teaching, children. Tomor-
row, or the next day perhaps, we will go to Camp Overton.
Lourdes: And live there?
Mr. Cruz: Yesss. . .

Lourdes and Dolores: Ah, Pa. We don't want to go
there! It's only a barrio and there are no cine houses, no
stores . . . Oh, we wouldn't like it there. (Lourdes climbs
upon his lap.)

Mr. Cruz: Oh, well, we'll leave you here then. But we
will sell our home and all our furniture.

Lourdes: Oh! (Silence. Mrs. Cruz goes to the kitchen.
Mr. Cruz goes to the crib and kisses the boy who is now
sleeping).

Mr. Cruz: Tomorrow, dear boy, your father will not be a
teacher any longer.

Dolores: But ... are we not going to the show, Father?
You promised us last night.

Mr. Cruz: Why, of course, we are, children. Go tell
your Ma to get ready now. I'll call a tartanilla. (The
children gleefully scamper away to their mother in the
kitchen. Mr. Cruz goes out to the street. In a short
while he returns and begins to put on his tie and coat once
more. He spends several minutes before the mirror comb-
ing his hair. The children come back disappointed.)
Djlores: Mother is not going, Pa.
Mr. Cruz: Why?

Lourdes: I don't know. She says we can go alone. (He
smiles to himself and whistles a broken tune. Fully dressed
again, he goes to the kitchen. He comes back with Mrs.
Cruz whom he pushes gently before him with both hands
on her shoulders. In the sala he loosens his hold.)

Mr. Cruz: Come now. Maring. Tomorrow we shall be
going to the barrio. Let's enjoy ourselves for once. (He
whistles.)

Mrs. Cruz: Yes, it's indeed very nice of you! You can say
that and feel happy! (She wipes away a tear with her sleeve.)
Yes, we go there tomorrow and I'll be a slave. (She sobs.)
Mr. Cruz: (sidling up to her with a smile) But why do
you cry? I thought you'd be game, as you always have
been, (She sobs some more. The children look on pity-
ingly. Mr. Cruz takes his wife again squarely by the two
shoulders) Come, Maring, tears are no use.

Mrs. Cruz: No, I am not going. You go alone with the
children if they want to go.

Lourdes and Dolores: (in chorus) No, we are not going
^y more. (They look quite angrily at their father.)

Mr. Cruz: Oho, a conspiracy. (The tartanilla noisily
Pulls up at the curb near their home and the driver shouts
to them. Mr. Cruz goes to the door and answers loudly in
return.) You wait a minute. We'll* be there soon. (He

returns to Mrs. Cruz and holds her again by the shoulders.)
Come, Maring. Get dressed now. The tartanilla is ready.

Mrs. Cruz: No. You go alone, I said. I don't care for
shows now. What's the use? After today I'll no longer
be Mrs. Cruz, but a slave.

Mr. Cruz: Now, now, Maring! Such talk! (He pushes her
to the bedroom.) Now, dress up, dear. (He tries to kiss
her but she turns her face away) Come now.

Mrs. Cruz: (resolutely) No.

Mr. Cruz: (laughing) Come now, dear. . . I am not going
to resign . . . (He grabs the letter he has written from the
table and tears it to pieces) Come, let's celebrate. You
see m # you see . . . (He fishes a letter from his coat-pocket.)
They made me Principal. . .

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142

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 193?

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Agrarian Unrest

(Continued from page 117)

threshing, which is borne equally by both parties. Before
these machines were adapted to rice, the tenant received
four per cent for cleaning the palay or one ganta per cavan,
He also took the straw, was entitled to the fish in the rice-
paddies, and was permitted to cut grass for sale and for his
work animals, which were further small offsets. He hauled
his ration to the home camarin free of charge, but now
generally receives from two to eight ceatavos a cavan for
hauling the palay to sales camarins in the barrios or towns,
according to the distance. The tenant has two or three
months each year in which he makes some extra money
hauling gravel, firewood, palay, and so on* He must,
however, also keep the dykes in order and repair his house
and equipment.

In general, the landlord furnished the land, house and
garden lots, paid all the taxes, advanced supplies and moneys
for loans, advanced other sums for irrigation fees, etc., and
sometimes he provided the work-animals. Irrigation fees
and fertilizer costs werejborne equally Jby Jboth. Secondary
crops are few in the rice region, the climate forbidding their

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ytarch, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAIZINE

143

growth. The sum total of all the offsets came to a consider-
able amount, and the landlords, following ancient custom,
thought themselves justified in charging the interests they
did in an effort to make the shares equal.

There is no trouble as difficult to settle as those conflicts
between capital and labor which have to deal under agri-
cultural conditions with the producing of food. There can
be no strikes, as the tenant would be the first to suffer. The
patent inequality of the landlord -tenant contracts lies in
the fact that the position of the landlord is made stable by
property, while the tenant has only his brawn. Hence the
paternalism of the ancient system, which advanced sub-
sistence. American governors from the beginning saw the
ill effects of such a submerged mass of tenant farmers as
we have in the Philippines, but could do nothing, unable
to overcome local customs.

The old tenant law No. 2098 was abrogated because it
allowed imprisonment for debt, and the late Governor-
General Leonard Wood would not countenance this as un-
constitutional. Then as "estafa" clause was inserted in
contracts for the repayment of the advance money, which
amounted to the same thing.

The right to dismiss any tenant should be as unquestioned
as is the right to dismiss a bad cook or incompetent chauffeur.
But the high cost of hiring and firing is usually taken into
consideration. Thrifty and efficient tenants are an asset.
They are familiar with the land and water conditions in the
area they cultivate. A new factory man mav break a tool
or so, and nothing happens, but if a new tenant makes a
mistake it may cost him and his landlord the crop.

With the new Tenancy Act in effect in five provinces of Cen-
tral Luzon, tenants seem to be coming to believe that they
are absolved from all financial obligations to their landlords.
This would have its repercussions in the stopping of all
credit, and trouble would undoubtedly ensue. The unrest
on large landholdings is in part due to absentee landlords.
If the owners will go back on the job, and take no provoca-

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144

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

tive action, such as denying credits in some form, or making
tentative blacklists, they will show wisdom. Tenants
under the new Law are due to lose their offsets, or so it will
appear to them as they are put into a cash form upon which
legal interest is collected, and this will meet with opposition.
This can not be avoided, however, if justice is done to both
parties.

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congested centers, but this would probably require consider-
able "regimentation". Far too many haciendas belong
in the sub-marginal class, as has been stated. Take for
example the one in San Ildefonso, Bulacan. Originally
this was a grazing grant for the support of a public hospital,
which still exists. It was only suitable for the purpose
intended, but the herdsmen and barrio people requested
and were granced the right to farm a few low places for rice.
This culture was gradually extended until it was turned into
a sub-marginal piece of rice-land, where a crop was only
grown if the annual rains allowed. The rent would not
be excessive! if good crops could be raised, but is entirely
too high for such poorly-yielding land. Short -sighted ly,
each party blames the other for this state of affairs.

In general, the buying up of haciendas for re-distribution
to the tenants will serve no purpose. The yield of the lands
will remain the same, and if the former owners made no profit,
neither can new owners. A large part of the Friar lands taken
over by the Government, remains undisposed of after some
thirty years, and such as are paid for have returned to the
same status as before. Paper schemes based on annual
payments for the land are also likely to prove a delusion,
for the tenant will promise anything if the payment is to be
made — manana. Witness the thousand tenants of the
Government on the Sabani Estate.

The ancient unit-area of 2.5 hectares should be discarded
for larger units. An efficient tenant can cultivate from 4
to 5 hectares or even more. The writer knows of one ten-
ant who produced 597 cavans on a little more than 8 hec-
tares this year. Such tenants not only earn a good liveli-
hood, but relieve the landlords from the need of supplying
subsistence, money loans, and what not. In regions of
congested population the tenant must realize there is no
hope for him and a growing family, and must move to public
lands or to regions where better conditions exist. While
the writer realizes the difficulty of a tenant farmer amassing
the P250.00 required before the Government gives him
free transportation to Mindanao, he believes this could be
accomplished for many by turnvhans such as those of
Laguna. The moneys collected from the membership
would allow of a number to emigrate each vear, and self-
help is always best.

A liberal use of commercial fertilizer is necessary in the
Luzon rice region. The soils are deficient in nitrogen and
phosphorus, although potash seems to be ample. The ex-
pense should be borne equally. There is no need of ex-
panding irrigation systems, but those in use should be
maintained and forest reserves supplying them should be
rigorously preserved.

After all the new Tenancy Act was due. It will not s jive
all the unrest nor bring the Millenium, but it is a step in the
right direction, painful to both parties perhaps, but it
speaks pi ogress in the main.

Prospecting in the Old Days

(Continued from page 113)

mountain men if we would let him go, and, sure enough, he
came back with two more Dumagats. After we talked with
them, we learned that they were afraid to bring their
women and children on account of our Christian Fili-
pino companions. They said that the Crist ianos had

March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

145

long had the habit of carrying away their children who
became slaves in Manila. So we finally agreed to send
away the cargadores provided that they would come and
help us and they made the promise. Next morning we
sent all the Tagalogs back except a cook and two helpers.

The next day about thirty Dumagats, including men,
women, and children, showed up and made their camp
near our own. These Dumagats are quite different from
the Aeta or remontado people, some of them being as
much as six feet tall. They are very athletic and sure-
footed. Some of the women carried as much as a half
sack of rice with a small child on top of that. With
this load they jumped from rock to rock over a rushing
torrent of water. The kid was always tied on to the load.
I often wondered what would have happened if any of the
women have fallen into that rushing water. In crossing the
river where it was deep and swift, the men would carry a
large stone to hold them down; sometimes they were so
long under water that we would think them finished, but
presently they would show up on the other side of the deep
water. We stayed near the first camp for about a month
and a half, prospecting, fishing, and hunting, leaving Mac-
kay in camp to look after the Dumagat camp and send us
supplies. When we stayed away some days, Mackay
kept his helpers busy panning and panned out ten ounces
of rough gold. I found one nugget which weighed one
and a fourth ounces. Mr. Squires still has that nugget.

I had warned everyone not to get too familiar with the
Dumagats, but Mackay failed to observe this caution, got
friendly with some of the most attractive children, and
finally proposed to the parents that he take three of them

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to Manila to educate. So next morning, when we called
the Dumagat camp, there was not a soul in sight. I
pinned Mackay down and he admitted he had made the
proposal. After locating all the best placer grounds, we
stopped and went on a search for the Dumagats. I was
not slightly worried but very much so when we could find
nothing of them, because this is usually a sign of trouble.
So I slept at the door of our shed on the ground beside my
old dog Cap. One night old Cap pushed up against me,
growling. I quieted him and began crawling along behind
him. When about fifty yards from our shack, Cap could
stand it no longer and with a savage growl rushed ahead.
Then from behind boulders and trees Dumagats began
running toward the river through the heavy underbrush.
I began firing at their retreat and to my surprise a gun
began exploding just behind me. Squires had followed
old Cap and me and was sure pumping his highpower
rifle into that brush. Next morning we could find no dead
hombres, but we gave old Cap credit for having saved
some lives that night, and those lives in all probability
would not have been Dumagat.

We then decided we would have to leave without car-
gadores, for our food supply was just about finished. Our
cook was a very old man, unable to carry anything, and his
helpers were sick and unable to carry even their blankets.
We decided that owing to the cold and rain we would have

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146

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

Children Need This Healthful Drink

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to at least carry our blankets, but everyone agreed to throw
away all clothing and everything not actually needed. We
had only about one ganta of rice, a little salt, about two
pounds of bacon, and two cans of milk. Of course, be-
sides our blanket rolls we had our guns and ammunition
which we did not dare leave. We divided the stuff and
started out.

After a couple of hours' hike over boulders and through
rushing water, coming sometimes up to our waists, Mackay
went down and out. His load looked much bigger than the
others and I opened it to see why. Well, he had kept a
heavy sweater, extra underwear, and several other articles
of clothing in his bag, and when I threw this outfit into
the river he put up an awful squeal but as all were against
him the stuff floated down the Angelo river. For three
days we went through the most gruelling torture I have ever
experienced in the mountains. We would cut the heart
out of the Palma-brava palm and chop it up, mix a little
bacon and rice with it, and boil this stuff until it became
soft, dividing it equally between us; then each man would
divide with old Cap, and always Cap had the biggest por-
tion. On the third day we were out of every kind of food,
but, lucky boys that we were, we came to a remontado's
shack which had some camotes and wild tomatoes growing
about it. We took sticks and began excavating camotes.
We did not wait to cook them but ate many raw, then
roasted the rest in the fire. That little shack was just big
enough for all of us to stretch out in, which we did, but when
those camotes began to operate, I concluded I'd rather
sleep outside the shack and so Squires and I slept outside in
the rain on the ground.

The next morning we came across a remontado carrying
two quarters of a deer. We tried to buy a leg of deer from
him but he said it belonged to a Mr. Tuason and he could
not sell it. Billie drew his Luger and soon convinced the
gent that we could have the largest of the two. We camped
right there and soon had venison roasting. We did not
wait for it to be fully cooked but began cramming it into
our mouths with the juice and blood running through our
whiskers. We had not shaved for two months and we were
certainly a hard-looking bunch. That same evening we
arrived at Santa Ines and rested up one day before return-
ing to Tanay.

There is not much more to tell, but some may be interest-
ed to know what happened with the property. Well, in
those days money for prospecting was not so easy as it is
today. Furthermore, as Angelo was so inaccessible it
seemed we would have to wait some time to properly ex-
plore our discovery. I mentioned that we had located
the placer gounds. We registered the claims but failed
to keep up our assessment work. Mr. Gus Heise found this
out through a man named Hagedorn, and the two went in and
located the property. It is now held by Judge Frank B.
Ingersoll. Mr. Charley Martin went in about three years
ago and located the lodes which are now being developed
by the Angelo Mining Company.

The only thing I have from that trip is the memory and
20,000 shares of Angelo Mining Company stock, for which
I paid cash. Today you can reach Angelo by way of Santa
Ines in two days, riding a horse over the trail just finished by
the Angelo Mining Company. Even though I did not great-
ly benefit bv the discovery of the Angelo, I am glad that the
part I played may some day be of great benefit to others-

March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

147

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

S. BOSTON, who writes on "Prospecting
• in the Old Days", is a well-loved Amer-
ican "old-timer" in the Philippines and his story
of his discovery of a now noted mining district
is a true one.

Percy A. Hill writes about the new Rice
Tenancy Law in this issue. As a rice planter
and the friend of many of the country's chief
executives and their advisers, he knows both the planters' and the
government's sides of the question. He himself has never had any
trouble with his tenants although he has been in the rice business for
thirty years. In a letter to me, he states: "Governor-General Theo-
dore Roosevelt should be given credit for at least getting the law on
the statute books, although it never went into effect during his admin-
istration, and President Quezon for courageously putting it into
effect. Nor should the work of men like 'Deacon' Prautch be forgot-
ten. The law may cause a wide rift lin class relations and more
trouble later. As a free man I have advised all three parties to the
best of my capacity, high and low, all who come to this house I live in

by the side of the road " Referring to Isome of my own problems

in his letter, he writes: "All editors have their troubles. That is why
they smoke!" The question of why editors smoke was brought up in
this column in the January issue.

Deogracias Iturralde presents his story, "'Narcotics'", as "a simple
and humble brain-child". Readers may still remember his amusing
story, "Marhuya", in the February, 1935, issue. "I am convinced",
he says in a letter, "that there is really no need of anxious hurrying in
this enjoyable game of writing, and a story, conceived and written after
much biding of time, becomes like Malaga wine, improving with the
time...." I'll say this is no idle boast as regards his present story. Mr.
Iturralde is Principal of the Aplaya Elementary School, in Bauan, Ba-
tangas, and states further: "I am still at my teaching job, no longer
hoping for a life pension, but earnestly wishing for luck in the May
sweepstakes. For although teaching and writing (the latter as a side
line) is the happiest of combinations, writing requires a certain amount
of leisufe and this is well nigh impossible to find while holding a
teaching job these days. I don't know what my bosses would think if
they saw my name in print very often. ..."

Frank Lewis- Minton, well known local American newspaper and
advertising man, writes on tobacco from the more practical point of
view and points out that the smoking of tobacco in pipes or otherwise
came from South America first to the Philippines, spreading from here
to other Oriental countries. Other articles on tobacco published dur-
ing the past few years in the Philippine Magazine were "History of
Tobacco and some Superstitious Practices that Developed from its
Use", November, 1934, and "The Old Tobacco Monopoly in the
Philippines", January, 1935, both by Ramon Valdes Pica.

Inocencio B. Maddela graduates from the Arellano High School this
month. He lived for four years on Calayan Island, his father having
been a municipal councillor t^ere. He visited the Island again in 1932
when A. E. Lilius was there and accompanied him on most of his ex-
peditions to the strange grave places of ancient days found on those —
except for the Batanes Islands — northernmost islands of the Philippine
Archipelago.

Manuel E. Buenafe's play, "The Resignation", is certainly not great
drama, but it is quite readable, and actable, too, and throws some light
on the type of characters involved and their ways of thinking. Mr.
Buenafe is a teacher at Iligan, Lanao.

O. S- Villasin, who has written a number of stories for the Philippine
Magazine, is now a "trainee" in the new Philippine Army and tells
us about himself and his gun.

Mrs. Pura Santillan-Castrence, in her series on the female characters
in Rizal's novels, writes of the famous Tertiary Sisters in the present
article— the name referring to "an order forming one of a particular
system of religious orders and comprising men and women devoted

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Binney 8b Smith Co 142

Botica Boie 106-143-146

Candies 152

Cebu Portland Cement Co 134

Chesterfield Cigarettes. . .Back Cover

Chevrolet Cars i29

Coolerator 13S

Compton Pictured Encyclopedia. 150

Coty 136

Crayola I42

Del Monte Foods IO3

Dodge & Seymour 139-144

Dunlop Tires 145

Eastern 8b Philippine Shipping

Agencies I26

Elizalde fit Co 135

Elmac Inc 148

Elser, E. E 102

Emulsion 143

Encyclopedia Compton's Pictured 150

Evershap Pens 8b Pencils 107

Garcia, A 148

General Electric 151

Gets-It 106

Gets Bros. 8b Co 145

Hershey's Cocoa 146

Heacock's Inside Front Cover

Insular Life Ass. Co 108

Jacob's Biscuits 143

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Kodak Philippines 141

Kolynos Dental Cream 148

Klim 145

Libby's Corned Beef 133

Manila Electric Co 104

Manila Gas Corporation 147

Manila Hotel 130

Manila Railroad Co 140

Marsman 8b Co Inside Front Cover

Mentholatum. 149

Mennen's 142

Mercolized Wax 103

Monserrat Enterprises Co 145

National Life Insurance Co 131

Ovaltine Inside Back Cover

Parker Vacumatic Pens 139

Pepsodent 144

Philippine Education Company

Inc 107-152

Philippine Long Dist. Telephone. . 128

Philippine National Bank 132

Qui-Bro-Lax 146

Royal Netherlands Indies' Airways 126

San Juan Heights Co 137

San Miguel Brewery 105

Speedwriting 105

Stillman's Cream 105

Sonotone 104

Ticonderoga Pencils 102

University of Sto. Tomas 150

W. T. Horton 150

Webster's New International Dic-
tionary 149

Wise 8b Co 143

148

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

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to a rule of pious living, called the third rule, by a simple vow if they
remain seculars, and by more solemn vows if they become regulars"
Mrs. Santillan-Castrence is on the faculty of the University of the
Philippines.

Dalmacio Maliaman, who writes on the Bontoc "Boc-boc-nit" or
rock-fight, is himself a Bontoc. He writes in a letter: "I first saw the
light of day in Sagada, Mountain Province, twenty-two years ago.
My father is an Igorot and my mother was an Igorot. That make
me one. I started school in 1920, two years after that calamitous
influenza epidemic which, I was told, I survived, but my mother did
not. The school I went to was and still is run by Angelican mission-
aries, at the time by the Rev. John A. Staunton, its founder. For
some reason or other, Mrs. Staunton became interested in me and cared
for me as if she were my mother. In 1925 the Stauntons had to leave
for America never to return and this about broke my young heart.
Three years later they sent for me to come and study in the United
States, and thus I left the Philippines at the age of fourteen. My eight
years in this country have all been spent in school — four years in high
school, one year in a stenography school in Indiana, and three years
in the University of Washington, here in Seattle. This is my senior
year, and my major is English Literature. Being old enough, I left
the Stauntons with great thanks and deep appreciation, and have been
entirely self-supporting during the last three years." Young Maliaman
is evidently something of a man, like his rock-fighting forebears.

I received a very much appreciated letter from the Rev. V. H.
Gowen of Besao, Mountain Province, renewing his own subscription and
that of St. James's School for two years. He writes: "I hope this does
not come too late to entitle me to the March issues. I have been away
taking my favorite rest-cure through the Southern Islands by the help of
the Kinau (in which my father used to sail out of Honolulu fifty years
ago!) and had intended testing the famous Four O'Clock hospitality of
your Editor's Office — but the days we provincianos spend in Manila are
beset by much shopping; four o'clock usually found me searching for a
taxi into which to pilte my packages. May I thank you for registering
the first outspoken blow (I mean 'striking the first blow* — a typewriter
always makes me verbose!) against the late unlamented Daylight Saving.
Daylight Saving did not trouble us, of course, here in Besao where the
people use the sun for their clock, but the sudden cancellation of this
absurdity — which your editorial predicted — did help to make my vaca-
tion more pleasant: one thing I enjoy above all else on shipboard in
the Southern Islands is a cup of coffee on deck at daybreak. The clocks
were pushed back just in time to save my having daybreak telescoped
into breakfast. If you ever consider visiting this corner of the moun-
tains (which is accessible by car nowadays), I can assure you of a genuine
welcome. We are grateful for what you do for us not only in the Phil-
ippine Magazine but in music. You have done a fine thing in encouraging
your contributors to outmode the imitative slush, a poor aping of poor
models, which still stands for Philippine poetry in the backs of the text-
books. It is a relief to find unassimilated terms from the completely
alien landscape of Greek mythology displaced by the terse, vital, authen-
tic phrases of the poets whose work you publish. With real gratitude,
I am, etc." I am sorry that Mr. Gowen could not drop in for tea when
he was in Manila and am thinking that he might some day find time

March, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

149

to write up his trip to the Southern Islands on the Kinau for the benefit
of the rest of us. As for the poetry, it pleases me to know that there
are persons who recognize what I am trying to do in that field. For
some reason I do not know, contributions of poetry by Filipino writers
received here in the office has been falling off lately both in quality and
quantity. I hope that I haven't discouraged our poets too much by turn-
ing down their offerings too regularly. But what can I do? It must come
up to publishable standards. I have no hope of finding, in these days,
a major poet. I can hardly say that I desire to do so because such a
man would be almost certain to starve to death. However, I believe
that people should write poetry — and that much good poetry could so
be written — on occasion, at times when, if they can write at all, they
naturally write poetry — moments of deep emotion, when self-
expression means intense relief. Such poetry is, of course, not
written for publication, but when it is published it is recognizable as
something real and worthy, a contribution to the spiritual life of the
world. It is that sort of poetry that I like to get for the Magazine.
I don't want made to order or made to pattern stuff, written to get the
writer's name in print. It never rings true.

What I said just now about the likelihood of even a major poet starv-
ing to death — not in the Philippines alone, but anywhere — serves as
an introduction to a letter I received from Marc T. Greene, a name
many of the readers of the Magazine will recognize because he has fre-
quently written for it as well as for many of the most noted newspapers
and magazines in the world. I had written him about some of my own
difficulties and he replied: "This only goes to show how ridiculously
underpaid the literary profession is, whether editorially or among con-
tributors to magazines and newspapers. I suppose I have as good a
standing as most, what with my name often in leading newspapers and
magazines all over the world, yet a good plumber in America would make
more than I do, if he has a steady job. In any other calling, the stand-
ing I have in journalism would be worth easily $15,000 a year, and I
dare say much the same thing applies to you. It is rotten. Here am
I, struggling to enlighten the world on the things it ought to be enlight-
ened on, not to say endeavoring to guide it a little — and make the pay

of a bookmaker's tout I quite agree with you that there is more

to journalism than the mere economic side — or ought to be — otherwise
I would have gone to Tahiti long ago and started growing coconuts — the
price of copra has now advanced again far enough to make it worth
while. There is great satisfaction in it (journalism) often — as when,
for example, you are able, as I have been recently, to attract the atten-
tion of a good deal of Europe by articles in the great Manchester
Guardian. I sent them some stuff from the Balearic Islands, about
the first unbiased reports of what the Italians were doing there from a
correspondent on the spot. The stories stirred up things considerably,
and received the distinction of a special 'categorical' denial from Musso-
lini. Subsequent developments have, of course, fully substantiated
my charges. Nevertheless, one has to live, and every dollar counts.
I think that the Spanish story of mine you published (October, 1936)

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was perhaps the best of many I have done on that subject, and it Was
so because it was a kind of well-considered digest of all I had written
before. And the Hebrides story (same issue) was certainly entertain-
ing. I am glad to hear that Sydney Tomholt has reached some degree
of success. He used to read me some of his plays when we worked on
the China Press together in Shanghai. I never could understand
why he could not put them across strongly. I hope he has now. But
it is very difficult to market plays, certainly unless you are in London
or New York. I expect to sail for India next week, and if there is
anything you think I could do for you there, drcp me a line, this time,
care of the Christian Science Monitor, Clarence House, Central
Building, Westminster, London. Best wishes, etc."

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The editorial "Nobodies Sons" in the January issue of the Magazine
has aroused considerable comment and a number of persons of pro-
minence in Manila plan to bring the matter discussed in the editorial
to the attention of the 'new U. S. High Commissioner when he arrives
here. The well known American lawyer, C. A. DeWitt, of the firm
of DeWitt, Perkins & Ponce Eniile, whom I asked for an opinion on
the editorial, wrote me: "I have read with interest your editorial in
connection with a recent ruling of the State Department that children
born in the Philippines of an American father and a Filipino mother
out of wedlock, are not citizens of the United States. I wish to inform
you that that has been the consistent view of the administrative officials
at Washington, as well as of the courts. (32 Op. Atty. Gen. 162; Ng
Suey Hi v. Weedin, 21 Fed. (2d) 801; Guyer v. Smith, 22 Md., 239,
85 Am. Dec. 650). It would seem to me that paternity should be re-
garded as sufficiently established, for the purposes of the statute, where
the father has acknowledged the child, either voluntarily or as a result
of judicial action. However, the Department has always ruled that
the child must be legitimate, or legitimated, under the local statute,

Questions

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March. 1937

and acknowledgment tinder our statute does not result in legitima-
tion".

"Putakte" and "Bubuyog" (the names mean "bee" and "wasp"
in Tagalog) won laurels last month with the "Fifteen questions to make
you give up thinking" in their "With Charity to All" department last
month. Among others, Lydia Belmonte wrote me: "Your new Ques-
tions Department conducted by Putakte and Bubuyog is very inter-
esting. My friends and I got a lot of fun out of it. It is similar to
the 'Are You Sure* Department in Life, but we think it is even better.
It is highly 'educational'. Let us have more of it." Another corres-
pondent, Ramon Beles, ranks the Putakte and Bubuyog page next
to the editorial page! "Let me congratulate you on the high quality
of the Magazine you put out", he writes. "I may particularly mention,
first, your editorials, and next, the Putakte and Bubuyog page. . . .
Putakte and Bubuyog in this February issue are surely great rib- ticklers.
Who are those fellows, anyway?" Well, that's their secret. Highly
diagramatic portraits of them appear at the head of their page. One
wears a halo and the other a high hat, and both carry their stings in
their "hands". All I will say is that they do not belong to the ordi-
nary garden variety of columnist. They move, all unsuspected, in

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Founded in 1611
MANILA

1937 SUMMER SESSION:

April 7.

Registration April 5-6; Classes begin

Faculty, College or School
FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW

FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY
AND LETTERS

FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND
SURGERY

FACULTY OF PHARMACY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

COLLEGE OF LIBERAL
ARTS

COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

(Under College of Education)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

(Under Facultv of Engineering)

Degrees Conferred

Bachelor of Laws (LI. B.)
Master of Laws (LI. M.)
Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.)

Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph. B.)
Bachelor of Literature in Journal-
ism (Litt. B.)
Licentiate in Philosophy and Lit-
erature (Ph. Litt. L.)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.)
Doctor of Philosophy and Lit-
erature (Ph. Litt. D.)

Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy

(B. S. Phar.)
Master of Science in Pharmacy

(M. S. Phar.)
Doctor in Pharmacy (Phar. D)

Bachelor of Science in Civil En-
gineering (B.S.C.E.)

Bachelor of Science in Mining
Engineering (B.S.Min.E.)

Master of Science in Civil En-
gineering (M.S.C.E.)

Bachelor of Science in Education
(B.S.E.)

Bachelor of Science in Home Eco-
nomics (B.S.H.E.)

Master of Arts in Education
(M.A.)

Associate in Arts (A. A.)
Bachelor of Arts (A.B.)
Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
Bachelor of Science in Chemistry

(B.S. Chem.)
Bachelor of Science in Chemical

Engineering (B.S.Chem.E.)
Master of Science (M.S.)
Master of Arts (M.A.)

Secretarial Course

Associate in Commercial Science

(A.C.S.)
Bachelor of Science in Commerce

(B.S.C.)
Master of Science in Commerce

(M.S.C.)

Bachelor of Science in Architec-
ture (B. S. Arch.)
Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.)

All courses, except Engineering and Architecture, are open to men
and women. Separate classes for women maintained.

Requests for Catalogue must be addressed to the Secretary.

high and dignified circles.

A friend told me the other day that the occasional references to
Lily, Esther, and the rest in this column remind him of Lamb's "Dream
Children". I don't know as to that, but I can assure everybody that
I claim a F500 exemption in my income tax returns each year for every
one of them (Although I have not had any taxable income for the past
few years, I have had to make out the returns.) The following has
nothing to do with literature, except that I was reading at the time, one
evening at home, shortly after supper. Lily rushed up and said excited-
ly that while doing her lessons under the table light she has accident-
ally swallowed a "bug". "Is it bad, father? Will it poison me?"
she asked. "Oh, no," I said. "Just imagine you are a little bird that
caught some insect or other and gobbled it down. As a matter of fact,
our remote ancestors used to eat all sorts of beetles, berries, and what-not
all the time." I could see, however, that she was not easy in her mind
about the situation, so I added: "You might drink a glass of water
and drown the thing." She disappeared for a while and when she came
back I asked, "Well, did you drink a glass of water?" "Yes," she said:
"And a glass of milk. Then I ate an apple " and, as if an after-
thought, "and an orange."

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fdarcht 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

151

News Summary

{Continued from page 107)

France and Turkey are reported to have found a
basis for compromise in their dispute over the Alex-
andrietta legion in Syria under a plan which would
provide that the district be given independence in
local affairs with the Syrian government controlling
foreign affairs and the customs.

Czechoslovakia government reported to have
decided to establish a consulate in Addis Ababa ac-
credited to the Italian government. Czechoslovakia
was formerly one of the most ardent supporters of
the League of Nations.

The rebels again bombard Mcdrid and many are
killed.

Jan. 24. — The Emperor withholds action on the
resignation of the Hirota Cabinet and commands
him to carry on pending a new appointment, the sus-
pension of the Diet in the mean time remaining in
force.

Reported from Rome that Germany and Italy will
take active steps to prevent a victory of the Spanish
government in its contest with the rebels.

In an address at Lyons, Premier Blum offers Ger-
many an agreement for economic cooperation in
return for a pledge to end the arms race. He hints
also that France is ready to assist Germany in obtain-
ing colonial sources for raw materials. If Geimany
refuses, he declares, France is prepared forcefully to
prevent German military expansion.

Radek testifies concerning a vast conspiracy to
sabotage the entire railway system of Russia in order
to insure its defeat in a war with Germany and Japan,
hoping thereby to secure the overthrow of
the Stalin regime. Later they hoped to regain the
teiritories surrendered to Germany and Japan. The
prosecutiondemandstne "merciless extermination" of
the defendants. Trotzky in Mexico calls the charges
"absurd and monstrous" and the "biggest frame-up
in the world's history". He states that he has not
been in contact with Radek for the past eight years.
"The new trial is again based on 'voluntary confes-
sions'. Everywhere in the world except in Russia,
criminals seek to hide their crimes, but in Moscow
they seem anxious to confess. Only a tribune inqui-
sitorial in character could achieve such a result. All
persons who refused to confess to what has been dic-
ta ced to them have been executed during the investi-
gations prior to the trial".

Jan. 25. — The Emperor accepts the resignation
of the Hirota Cabinet and commands Gen. Kazushige
Ugaki to form a government. The army is however
regarding him as too liberal in his policies, reported
to be opposing his efforts by refusing to name a war
minister, thus automatically blocking his efforts.

Britain receives replies from Germany and Italy
expressing agreement in principle of the proposal to
ban "volunteers" from Spain and it is believed a
control plan can be agreed upon without further
difficulty.

Jan. 27. — After the Emperor ordered General
Ugaki to redouble his efforts to form a Cabinet, the
army abandons its boycott and nominates Lieut. -Gen.
Y. Tachikawa as Minister of War. Ugaki offered
the post of minister of finance to Toyotaro Yuki,
President of the Industrial Bank of Japan, who ac-
cepts on condition that he be allowed to slash tne
budget by 1,000,000,000 yen or nearly one-third.

Radek at the Moscow trial predicts war between
Russia and Japan and Germany this year and de-
clares that the German- Japanese anti-communist
pact was formed for that purpose, claiming he re-
ceived a letter from Trotzky to that effect. The
prosecution demands the death penalty for all seven -
eert of the defendants who include a number of lead-
ers formerly in high^positions.

Jan. 28. — Reported that the army has reverted to
its original decision not to nominate a war minister
and to continue to oppose Ugaki. Premier Hirota
continues to carry on ad interim.

Reported from Kobe that an agreement has been
reached between an American textile mission andthe
Japanese limiting Japanese exports to the United
States to two kinds of cotton cloth during
1937 and 1938 — betchin, 2,000,000 square yards,
and cotton velvet, 750,000 square yards annually.
The Japanese are reported to be pleased with the
willingness of the American cotton trade to attempt
non-governmental negotiations, considered to be a
new departure in international trade arrangements.

Jan. 29. — Ugaki having given up his efforts to
form a Cabinet, apologizing to the Emperor and stat-
ing that he apparently "lacked the personality and
virtue to succeed and had therefore decided to resign",
the Emperor appoints Gen. Senjuro Hayashi, mem-
ber of the Supreme War Council.

The French Ministry of Marine announces a three -
year building program including two 35,000-ton bat-
tleships, two cruisers, two air-craft carriers, and
twelve submarines.

Radek and other self-confessed conspirators ask
for "nothing more merciful than death" from the
court. A few others, though confessing their guilt,
ask for the mercy of the court.

Reported that the Princess Royal, former King
Edward's sister, and her husband, the Earl of Hare-
wood, will visit Edward shortly.

Jan. 30. — Chancellor Hitler, addressing the Reich-
stag announces a decision to take complete control
of the German railroads and the Reichsbank as fur-
ther steps toward freedom from the Versailles Treaty
provisions. He also announces the withdrawal of
Germany's signature from the clause admitting Ger-
man responsibility for the World War. He praises
the four-year economic program now under way and
states he has redeemed all his promises. "I am con-
vinced European statesmen will be able to preserve
peace, but nations must consider the armament prob-
lem universally. Each nation must judge its own
defense needs. Pacification must be based on equal-
ity and mutual responsibility. Pacification is im-
possible while a clique of poisoners (apparently a
reference to Moscow) is allowed to continue its activ-
ities." The Reichstag votes to extend the "enabling
act" giving Hitler power to rule for four more years
by decree, beginning April 1.

Chancellor Hitler issues a decree prohibiting Ger-
mans from accepting the Nobel Peace Prize in reta-
liation for last year's award to the German pacifist
Van Ossetsky, and offering a substitute prize for
Germans only.

Thirteen of the seventeen defendants in the Mos-
cow trial are condemned to death and others, includ-
ing Radek, to from eight to ten years imprisonment.
Many persons are reported to have been arrested
throughout the nation as a result of testimony given
during the trial. The verdict marks the destruction
of the second large group of Trotzky followers within
a period of six months. Sixteen men were executed
after the first trial. Foreign observers declare that
the case proves the weakness of the vaunted Soviet
solidarity and say that the trial disclosed that the
Soviet industrial machine is honeycombed with op-
positionist intrigue and that Germany and Japan are
in possession of vital Soviet defense secrets.

The French Embassy at London announces that a
group of London banks have arranged to give a credit
of £40,000,000 to the French railways under guaran-
tee of the French government 8t 3-1/2% interest,
the loan to be repaid in ten months.

Four rebel planes which lost their way in a fog
ana descend behind Spanish government lines are
found to be Italian planes with Italian pilots.

Ugaki resigns his title as general, denouncing the
army for bringing the Japanese nation to the cross-
roads of fascism.

Feb. 1. — A group of leading Chinese officials and

business men launch a campaign to raise $60,00a
(gold) for United States flood relief. Chiang Kai-
shek states that each time Chins has suffered a
national calamity, "America always assisted a*d now
it is China's turn to show in words and deeds our
sympathy".

Feb. 2.— The new Cabinet formed by General
Hayashi is installed in office by the Emperor. Diffi-
culties with the Diet are anticipated by observers a*
the new Cabinet is frankly fascist for the main parU

Feb. 8.— Battles rage on three Spanish civil war
fronts — in the north, at Malaga, and around Madrid.

Foreign Secretary Eden staces in the House of
Commons that the government has no intention of
returning any of the mandated territories to Ger-
many, and refers a questioner to his statement in the
House on July 27 when he declared that any question
of the transfer of the mandated territories would
inevitably raise difficulties, moral, political, ana legal
for which "His Majesty's government must frankly
say it has been unable to fLid a solution".

Following the new status of Egypt, the govern-
ment hands a note to the capitulary powers stipulat-
ing that the mixeo courts should be abolished with
twelve years.

Italian calendars are said to designate 1936 as the
Year I of the Empire. Premier Mussolini has con-
ferred the title of Emperor of Ethiopia on the King
and upon himself the title of Emperor Founder.

Feb. 4. — Maneuvers at Singapore, including both
naval and air attacks and counter-measures, end in a
decision in favor of the defense. Some 80,000 men
participated.

Feb. 6. — The Princess Royal and her husband, the
Earl of Harewood, leave London to pay former King
Edwcrd a visit at Enzesfeld, the first members of
his family to do so.

pelfm 7. — Fascist rebels reach the ga.es of Malaga.
It is reported that 16,000 Italian "volunteers" nave
reach Spain during the past few days to assist them.

Feb. 8. — Premier Hayashi states that the imme-
diate policies of his Cabinet will not be changed from
those of the Hirota government and warns the party
leaders in the Diet that Parliament will be proro-
gated if it remains hostile. The Premier is reported
to be dubious about the plan of Toyotara Yuki, who
was appointed Minister of Finance, to lop off 50,000,-
000 yen from the army appropriations, 50,000,000*
from the navy's, and 50,000,000 more from other
items.

Reported that the rebel troops have withdrawn
from Sian, capital of Shensi province, and that
Central government troops now occupy tne city, and
it is hoped that an early settlement of the revolt
which led to the retention of Generalissimo Chiang
Kai-shek recently can be arrived at.

Feb. 9. — Malaga is reported to have fallen to the
rebels. Gen. Queipi de Llano orders the immediate
execution of all "Marxists" as "swift justice" for the
alleged execution of rightists. The Spanish govern-
ment charges that the Italian navy played an im-
portant part in the taking of the port which "climaxes
a long series of direct acts in support of the rebels,
making a mockery of the non-intervention agreement.
"Foreign intervention will not shorten the war but
will lengthen and intensify it, bringing Europe each
day nearer to the abyss".

Feb. 10. — Premier Blum's own newspaper, Le
Populaire states that "there is no doubt that »f. ItaJy
and Germany do not cease their sabotage immediateftr
and if international control is not established, an ir-
resistible movement of democratic opinion in thi*
country will oblige the government to review its
decision to remain neutral in connection with the
Spenish civil war".

Feb. 11. — Neville Chamberlain, Chancellor of the
Exchequer, surprises the House of Commons by an-
nouncing an impending defense loan of approximately
£400,000,000 (P4,000,000,000) spread over a period

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152

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

March, 1937

of five years to meet the rapidly growing expenditures
for the rearmament program. Opposition leaders
call attention to the serious import of such an unpre-
cedented proposal in time of peace.

The rebels claim complete control of the strategic
Madrid-Valencia highway and the government is
said to be feeling the effects of diminishing supplies as
trucks are routed over the dangerous Guadalajara
road. In Malaga some 150 loyalist leaders are exe-
cuted. The evacuation of the city by thousands of
noncombatants is described as having been horrible
as defenseless people were bombed on the open road
and in places where they had congregated at night
for rest.

Astronomical Data for
March, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

^S^^S2=l=i==3| Sunrise and Sunset

^^xp^^==-^=*' {Upper Limb)

k§^w\ Rises

Sets

W^y^\ Mar. 1.. .6:14 a.m.

6:04 p.m

V\k Mar. 6.. .6:10 a.m.

6:05 p.m

fl&S. Mar. 12.6:06 a.m.

6:06 p.m

^WtC^ Mar. 18.. 6:03 a.m.

6:03 p.m

^■1 TV Mar. 24.. 5:58 a.m.

6:07 p.m

_ m \ Mar. 31.. 5:53 a.m.

6:08 p.m

Spring's Equinox on the 21st at 8:45 a.m.

Moonrise and Moonset

{Upper Limb)

Rises

March 1 9:18 p.m.

March 2 10:08 p.m.

March 3 10:57 p.m.

March 4 11:48 p.m.

March 5

March 6 12:38 a.m.

March 7 1:27 a.m.

March 8 2.16 a.m.

March 9 3:03 a.m.

March 10 3:49 a.m.

March 11 4:33 a.m.

March 12 5:17 a.m.

March 13 6:02 a.m.

March 14 6:48 a.m.

March 15 7:36 a.m.

March 16 8:27 a.m.

March 17 9:22 a.m.

March 18 10:20 a.m.

March 19 11:19 a.m.

March 20 12:17 p.m.

March 21 1:16 p.m.

March 22 2:12 p.m.

March 23 3:05 p.m.

March 24 3:56 p.m.

March 25 4:46 p.m.

March 26 5 :35 p.m.

March 27 6:23 p.m.

March 28 7:12 p.m.

March 29 8:01 p.m.

March 30 8:51 p.m.

March 31 9:41 p.m.

Sets

8:25 a.m.

9:06 a.m.

9:48 a.m.

10:32 a.m.

11:20 a.m.

12:10 p.m.

1:01 p.m.

1.55 p.m.

2:49 p.m.

3:44 p.m.

4:39 p.m.

5:36 p.m.

6:34 p.m.

7:33 p.m.

8:34 p.m.

9:36 p.m.

10:39 p.m.

11:40 p.m.

12:38 a.m.

1:32 a.m.

2:21 a.m.

3:06 a.m.

3:48 a.m.

4:28 am.

5:06 a.m.

5:48 a.m.

6:23 a.m.

7:03 a.m.

7:44 a.m.

8:28 a.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 5th at 5:17 p.m.

New Moon on the 13th at 3:32 p.m.

First Quarter on the 19th at 7:46 p.m.

Full Moon on the 27th at 7:12 a.m.

Apogee on the 3rd at 4:00 p.m.

Perigee on the 15th at 11:00 a.m.

Apogee on the 31st at 3:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY RISES AT 5:43 a.m. and sets at 5:25
p.m. Immediately before sunrise, the planet may be
found very low in the eastern sky in the constellation
of Aquarius.

VENUS rises at 8:02 a.m. and sets at 8:40 p.m.
Just after sunset, the planet may found about 40°
above, the western horizon between the constellations
of Cetus and Arie.

MARS rises at 10:43 p.m. and sets at 10:01 a.m.
After rising the planet will be found in the eastern
sky in the constellation of Scorpius.

JUPITER rises at 2:25 a.m. and sets at 1.38 p.m.
In the early hours of the morning, the planet will be
found in the eastern sky between the constellations
of Sagittarius and Capricorn.

SATURN rises at 6:16 a.m. and sets at 6:08 p.m.
The planet is too close to the sun for observation.

Principal Bright Stars at 9:00 p.m.

North of the Zenith South of the Zenith

Arcturus in Bootes Spica in Virgo

Regulus in Leo Procyon in Canis Minor

Castor and Pollux in Sirius in Canis Major

Gemini Canopus in Argo

Capella in Auriga Betelgeuse and Rigel in
Aldebaran in Taurus Orion

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VOL. XXXIV

April, 1937

:JN*M (348)

A MANILA CANAL

From a Pastel V^Q^WJ^t.^pU

.. IT'S,'., ■

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

That home and garden which

you always dreamed of—

San Juan Heights

is the best place for it.

San Juan Heights Co., Inc.

680 Ave. Rizal —P. O. Box 961— Tel. 21501
Manila

PHILIPPINE

MAG AZI NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1937 No. 4 (348)

The Cover:

A Manila Canal From a Pastel Drawing by Juan F. Nakpil Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 154

News Summary ; % 155

Astronomical Data for April The Weather Bureau 196

Editorial:

Philippine Independence in 1938 The Editor ,... 161

Portugal and Spain Today . . , Marc T. Greene . . . 163

Danse Au Sol Edith Emmons Greenan 165

The Socialists (Story) ...,., Manuel E, Arguilla, 166

The Ilocos Pot Industry Noe Ra. Crisostomo 168

The Philippine Verb. .......'....,....... H. Costenoble .. . 169

The Beetle (Story) . . ...., Consorcio Borje, 171

With Charity to All (Humor) , "Putakte" and "Bubuyog". . . 173

When You Buy Mining Stock (Financial Section) John Truman 174

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 188

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarinas, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: F2.00 in the Philippines, F4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change in address, please
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

153

154

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

f°GES PLEASE 1*

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Distributors

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

EXPORTS appear to
have been substan-
tially greater than in
January, although still
somewhat below normal
due to continued shortage
of ships. Sugar exports
were considerably increas-
ed and only slightly
below those for February,
1936. No copra was ex-
ported but coconut oil,
cake and meal and desic-
cated coconut were exported in fairly good volume.
Abaca exports were a little lower than in January
or in February last year. There was a fairly good
shipment of leaf tobacco to Japan and Korea but
this is not likely to be repeated for some months
and tobacco exports will continue at a low level
until Spain is in a position to buy. Log shipments
to Japan improved somewhat. Lumber exports
were good to Europe but light to the United States.
Gold shipments were lower than in recent months.
The price of sugar was easy but prices of other export
products were fairly substantial.

Export sugar prices were weak in the first half
of the month, falling about 50 centavos per picul,
but remained steady in the last half. The cur-
rent crop appears to be more than sufficient to
cover all quotas.

Copra arrivals continued very light and a local
situation caused prices to increase sharply. Oil
prices increased more moderately and fell off toward
the latter part of the month as a result of competi-
tion from other oils in the American market. With
the alleviation of the local shortage, copra prices
followed oil prices down and closed the month at
approximately the opening level. There was no
copra exported in February, Europe being out of
the market and shipping facilities lacking to the
American Pacific Coast. Oil shipments were fairly
good, however, and exports of copra cake to Europe
were a little better than in January.

Abaca prices fell off a little in the first half of the
month but regained most of the losses before the
end of the month. The higher grades preferred in
the American market showed net gains, as did all
of the Davao grades. Both balings and exports
fell off a little from the January level, possibly due
to the shorter month. Balings exceeded exports
and stocks increased by 24,000 bales although they
are still lower than last year.

The leaf tobacco market was steady but dull.
There were some sales of La Union leaf tobacco for
export and export shipments showed a temporary
increase due to ordering by the Japanese and Korean
monopolies. Cigar shipments showed a marked
improvement over January and were about the
same as in February last year.

Rice prices continued steady throughout the
month. The crop just harvested appears adequate
for domestic requirements this year.

Gold production fell below P4,000,000 for the
first time since August. It is expected again to
exceed the P4,000,000 mark in March, however,
with a longer month and some mines anticipating
increased production. Iron ore shipments to Japan
were below average and there were no exports of
base metals to the United States.

Import collections increased in February and are
expected to show a further substantial increase in
March due to the resumption of normal shipping
and the longer month. Domestic credit condi-
tions also continued good in Manila and through-
out the Islands, although cash payments declined
due to higher prices of imported goods and a tendency
to accumulate large stocks in anticipation of further
price increases.

Stocks of imported goods increased substantially in
February and demand fell off in most lines, although
prices generally continued firm. Flour imports
from the United States were a little better and are
expected to increase heavily in March. No canned
fish was exported from the United States in February.

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental Insurance Co.

Imports of American textiles increased but few new
orders are being placed. Japanese textiles continued
to be imported in fair volume, but it is expected
that arrivals will be sharply reduced in the next few
months as the quota is nearly exhausted. There
was little competition from Europe or Japan on iron
and steel goods during February.

Imports of automobiles by dealers were heavy in
February but still insufficient to keep up with the
demand. Stocks were increased somewhat, imports
exceeding sales by a fairly good margin, but there is
still a shortage of cars. Truck imports were compa-
ratively light in February and were exceeded by
sales, reducing stocks to a low level. Sales of tires,
parts and accessories were very good.

Railroad carloadings were considerably improved
due mainly to sugar, lumber and manufactures.
Increased freight rates on hemp, coconut products
and other commodities were announced by steamship
companies.

Consolidated bank figures showed an increase of
about P8, 500, 000 in loans, discounts and overdrafts,
offset by declines in cash and in balances abroad.
Demand deposits also fell off 1*3,000,000 while other
deposits were practically unchanged.

Government revenue was about the same as in
February last year, an increase in collections by the
Bureau of Internal Revenue being approximately
offset by a decline in Customs collections.

Real estate sales fell off only slightly in Feb-
ruary amounting to Pl,315,939, about 30 percent
over the figure for the previous February. For the
first two months of 1937, sales have totaled P2,760,-
668, compared with P2,353,312 in the same period
of 1936. With several important transactions not
yet reported, it is believed almost certain that real
estate sales in 1937 will substantially exceed those
reported in 1936, which were in turn greater than
for any year since 1919.

New building permits were again comparatively
moderate in February, permits for new construction
totaling P459.300. For the first two months, permits
for new construction are about 35 percent lower
than in the same period of 1936. There are a number
of projects under consideration, however. Permits
in February and for the first two months of 1937,
compared with those for last year, as follows (in
pesos) :

February Total 2 Months

1936 1937 19S6 1937

New construction . 878,880 459,300 1,373,600 859,580
Repairs 34,170 17,210 73,300 37,270

Total 913,050 476,510 1,446,900 896,850

There were 444 radio receivers sold in January
and 83 cancellations, compared with 426 sets and
100 cancellations in January last year. m

There were 49 corporations newly registered in
February, with Pll, 727,000 of authorized capital,
of which P2,868,000 was subscribed and PI, 209, 182
paid-up in cash and P181,039 paid-up in property.
Eight of the new corporations were controlled by
Americans; one by Chinese; one by Greeks and the
balance by Filipinos. As usual, most of the new
companies are concerned with mining and invest-
ments. There were 24 mining companies incor-
porated, with PI, 854,400 of subscribed capital,
of which P451,125 was paid-up in cash and P85,000
in property. Of these companies, 20 were controlled
by Filipinos and four by Americans. There were
five investment companies incorporated with P380,-
000 subscribed capital, of whichiP265,508 was paid-
up in cash and P53,668 in property. One of these
was American, the balance Filipino. One large
distilling company was formed with authorized
capital of Pi, 900,000, of which P387.800 was sub-
scribed and paid-up. There was also a fishing com-
pany registered. It was merely a reincorporation,
however, its P40,000 capital being paid-up mainly
in property. Two mine management companies
were registered with P90,000 of capital subscribed,
of which P32,500 was paid-up, all by Filipinos.
One Chinese merchandising company with P32,00U
capital subscribed and paid-up was registered by
Chinese interests. Of the total subscribed capital
of corporations registered during the niontn,
P2.772.400 was subscribed by Filipinos; P62.600
by Americans; P32.000 by Chinese; and P1.000
by Greeks. , . .

There were 12 general partnerships registerea
during the month with paid-up capital of P466,600.
Of these, six, with P41 1,000 authorized capital,
are engaged in the brokerage business.

The Employer's Liability

Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
Orient Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America

E. E. ELSER, ING.

GENERAL AGENTS

Kneedler Bldg. No. 400

Telephone 2-24-28

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

155

News Summary

The Philippines

Feb. 16. — Secretary of Agri-
culture and Commerce Eulogio
Rodriguez is reported to be
seeking authority to organize a
coconut products board author-
ized by an old and apparent
forgotten act of the Philippine
Legislature.

Police are rushed to the
Sabani Estate, owned by the
National Development Com-
pany, where trouble has arisen
over the division of the harvest
with the tenants.

Feb. 1 7.— News of the appointment by President
Roosevelt of Governor Paul V. McNutt as U. S. High
Commissioner in the Philippines is generally well
taken in Manila although regret is expressed that the
appointment did not go to Acting U. S. High Com-
missioner J. Weldon Jones. Mr. Jones himself ex-
presses his satisfaction and telegraphs his congratula-
tions.

The Philippine Coconut Planters Association after
a meeting at the Manila Hotel sends a telegram to
President Quezon asking him to make representations

i behalf of the industry in Washington, declaring
that the revenue tax on Philippine coconut oil is a
"tax on poverty and an unfair burden on 4,000,000
Filipinos who are dependent upon the industry for a
livelihood". The Association backs the Dockweiler
bill which would abolish the tax.

Secretary Jorge B. Vargas announces that the ten
sugar centrals fined nearly 1*500,000 for producing
sugar in excess of their quotas have offered satis-
factory explanations and have been exonerated, and
the fines cancelled. The surplus sugar will be turned
over to charitable institutions.

Feb. 18. — General Emilio Aguinaldo states he may
jo to the United States to confer with leaders of the
Washington administration regarding the need of
panting the Philippines early independence. Friends
of Judge Juan Sumulong state he may accompany
the General to personally present the resolutions
recently adopted by the "National Socialist Party".

James H. Keefe, Assistant Chief of the Customs
secret Service, is reported to have been sent to nor-
thern Luzon to check up on reports of rampant smug-
gling of foreign merchandise through closed ports.

Officials find that the old coconut board law went
"i10^ discard as unconstitutional after the Board
m,r°ntro1 was declared unconstitutional by the
Philippines and the United States Supreme Courts.
*ne creation of an advisory board by executive order
is now being studied.

yo. 19. — -Judge Quirico Abeto, former Secretary

Justice and an opposition leader, declares he does
not favor the plan of General Aguinaldo and Judge
.U?ug goin8 to the United States at this time
and that he will do his best to dissuade them.

Announced at MalacafSang that President Manuel
nf fSCZOn pardoned twenty more prisoners, most
Toh £onvictecl of sedition during the Minerva

iqC° Factory riots and in various uprisings.
rafi ***sh Commissioner Jones transmits to Mala-
""ang dispatches received from the State Depart -
hT?h sxrlggesting that the Philippines send delegates
I J5e Jlnternf tional Sugar Conference to be held in
London shortly.

ofW /l'~'Tenants of the Sabani Estate reject the
t« ok tne Company to reduce the land rent from 35

to 25

Per cent of the annual harvest, asking that it

dism' UCted to 20 per cent- Thev also demand the
trato j°f Guillermo Francisco, estate adminis-
are w 3i? of two foremen» claiming that these men
thep ? g to Preven* the planned subdivision of
claim taue tor sale to the tenants. Local authorities
tenant- is the tenants are well treated and that
for thi ers are stirrin8 up trouble to gain prestige
and * comm8 election. Soldiers armed with riot guns
thresh^ g8S bombs are supervising the present

radio I /^r~Malacanang announces, following a
0u*»* p ne conversation between President
ElS ?*}? Secretary Vargas that Joaquin M.
deSIr ( Mike") has been selected to head the
taHrm tlon to the London international sugar limi-

"°n conference opening on April 5.
Order6 ReV' *• F- Hurley, new Superior of the Jesuit
standi m tne PniliPPmes, announces that the long-
EstaJ g controversy with the tenants of the Lian

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has been settled, the Order having granted all tenant
requests, condoned all delinquencies in the payment
of instalment fees, and reduced the price per hectare
at which the land is being offered to the tenants from
P250.00 to P200.00, payable in ten years, 30 % off
for cash Since the signing of this new contract,
he states, 60 per cent of the hacienda has already
been sold. Tenants who do not wish to purchase
the land will be permitted to continue to rent their
respective lots. Father Hurley states: "The low
price is an attempt to put into execution the principles
of social justice of Pope Pius".

The old red and gold flag of the Spanish monarchy
is hoisted at the Casa de Espana in Manila in con-
nection with the induction of the new directors and
it is declared that the flag will hereafter be the official
flag of the Club. The Spanish Consul-General who
formerly had his offices in the building, has moved
out.

The corner stone is laid at Kawit, Cavite, of a

monument in commemoration of the foundation of

the first Masonic Lodge in the Philippines in 1856.

The Philippine Industrial Fair and Exposition

closes.

Erlanger & Galinger, Inc. announces the early
establishment of a powerful short-wave radio station
to be ready for operation about June 30. The instal-
lations will enable the station to cover adequately the
entire Far East and, under favorable, conditions,
Europe and America also.

A new Sikorski S. 43, sixteen passenger amphibian
plane recently acquired by the Iloilo-Negros Air
Express Company, inaugurates its service between
Manila and the Visayas after a number of preliminary
flights.

Feb. 23. — Bureau of Customs figures released show
that Philippine exports for 1936 amounted to P272,-
896,106 and imports to P202, 252,349, a gain of P84,-
404,746 and of P70,643,757, respectively over 1935.

The Fourth Annual Convention of the Philippine
Scientific Society opens under the auspices of the
National Research Council, Vice-President Sergio
Osmena delivering the opening address. Other

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156

PHILIPPINE MAG^AZJ[NJS_

April, 1937

speakers during the day warn against the effects of
the exodus of scientific workers from the government
service, induced by offers of greater remuneration
from private enterprises. k-*:*

The Manila Harbor Board rejects all bids submit-
ted for the operation of pier haulage in Manila.
The firms were the Manila Terminal Company
(present ooerators), the Philippine Terminal Com-
pany, the Insular Arrastre Service, and Santos & Co.

Assemblyman Manuel Roxas, a major in the Philip-
pine Army reserve, is called to active duty, he and a
number of other assemblyman reserve officers to
conduct a campaign of public information on the
defense program. . «„„.„

Feb. il.—The annual report of American Trade
Commissioner J. Bartlett Richards m Manila shows
that the inclusion of gold exports amounting to some
F42,000,000 and approximately f>6,000,000 m sugar
benefit payments, which may be considered as equi-
valent to exports of sugar, g»ves the Philippines a
favorable 1936 trade balance of ^l1^0.0^00?"^
record figure. This augments the official Customs
figure of ?70,643,757, the visible balance of mer-

The* new city government of Cebu is inaugurated
with Secretary of the Interior Elpidio Quirino repre-
senting President Quezon. Similar ceremonies will
be held at Zamboanga on February 26 and Davao

°\lalacanang announces that President Quezon
approved last Saturday the designation of Gregono
Anonas, Manager of the Metropolitan Water Dis-
trict, as acting Manager of the National Power

^S^cretary of Finance Antonio de las Alas announces
that the arrastre service will be transferred from .the
Manila Terminal Company to the Manila Railroad
Company, a government corporation, as after the
Manila Harbor Board has rejected all bids and the
terms offered have been made public, it is inadvis-
able to call for new bids. No time has been set

Tudse J W. Haussermann, after speaking before
the science congress in Manila and advocating a
steadv raising of the Philippine standard of living,
is reported ^o have donated in 0 000 tnrough the
National Research Council and the Philippine Scienti-
fic Society for the furtherance of research.

Seven British destroyers from Hongkong arrive
in Manila for a visit. „nrn*A

Feb. 25.— Reported that the *wernment-owned
companies did better in 1936 than in 1935 the ^ Cebu
Portland Cement Company making a profit of nearly
half a million pesos and the Manila Hotel a profit of
P200,000. The National Rice and Corn cor-
poration made a profit of over 100 per cwtfromrts
sales of imported rice, but the gains will be added
to the organization's capital The Man^ Inroad
Company showed a loss of about Pi, 5 00, 000 as
again* Ks40,000 in 1935, largely due to burden-
some conditions in connection with the payment of

interest on loans. ^^>*.\na

A group of anti-aaministration leaders, meeting
in the house of Gen. Jose Alejandrmo, send a tele-
gram to President Roosevelt asking him to veto Act
2336 because it seeks to grant ''excessive delegation
of power to the President of the Commonwealth .
The Act which would empower the President to raise
tariff schedules by not more than 400 per ^cent .and
lower them not more than 75 per cent and also ap-

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tariff commission, was siened bv President Quezon
in December and is now before President Roosevelt
for his approval. Those signing the telegram are
General Aguinal'do, Bishop Gregono Aglipay,
Celerino Tiongco, Sakdal head, Judge Sumulong,
Judge Abeto, General Alejandrino, and former
Senator Emiliano Tirona, executive secretary of the
so-called "Popular Alliance."

Tenants of the Lian Estate institute an action in
the Court of Industrial Relations, it being stated that
proprietors in the region are taking advantage of the
sales terms offered by the Jesuit Order and buying
up the land for themselves.

U. S. High Commissioner Jones, speaking before
the Manila scientific congress, warns against an
undue fear of "duplication" in scientific work,
against excessive government regimentation, and
against a spirit of nationalism in scientific work.

Feb. #£.— Rev. Hurlev states that the trouble
brought before the Court of Industrial Rela-
tions by the tenants of the Lian Estate was broupht
about by a decision of the Jesuit Order to sell tjie
land to others after the tenants had failed to take
advantage of the terms of sale offered in 1931. We
gave them until January 15 of this year", he declares.
"That the prices asked are reasonable (F300 tor
first-class sugar land, P250 for second-class, and F20U
for third class, with 25 % off for cash) is shown by the
fact that we sold about a quarter of a million oesos
worth of land to farmers from Balayan and neighbor-
ing towns". Father Hurley claims, however, that
the annual rents collected have not been enough to
pay even half of the taxes paid the government.

Reported that the Philippine government has been
informed of the intention of the British Imperial
Airways to seek permission to extend its lines to the
Philippines and that a Japanese company is planning
to ask for a similar permit.

Maj.-Gen. Paulino Santos urges the construction
or roads leading from the provincial highways to tiie
various military training camps throughout tne
country, tne cost being estimated at F230.000.

Assemblymen criticize the opposition of General
Aguinaldo, Judge Sumulong and others to tne
act now before the President of the United
States for approval which would give the President
of the Commonwealth power to alter phjhPPme
tariffs within certain limits. Assemblyman Maximo
Kalaw states the act would give the Philippines vir-
tual tariff autonomy and that the projected visit to
Washington of some members of the opposition would
be "ill-advised, illogical, unreasonable, and destruc-
tive of democratic principles". . « ,
Feb. 27.— Reported at Malacanang that President
Quezon in a radio-telephone conversation witn
Secretary Vargas informed him that the London
sugar conference is to be attended only by govern-
ment officials, a member of the Cabinet to represent
the United States, and that he may therefore appoint
Secretary of Justice Jose Yulo to represent the Philip-
pines, J. M. Elizalde, now on the way to Washington
on the Philippine Clipper to go as adviser. President
Quezon is also reported to have asked for an explana-
tion of the rejection of all bids in the arrastre matter,
having stated that only very strong reasons would
justify such action. ^ . t«„^»
The Fourh Philippine Science Convention closes
after adopting a number of resolutions urging tne
sending of more government pensionados abroad,
more adequate funds for Philippine representation
at international scientific conferences, stronger sup-
port of the government's industrialization projects,
an appropriation of F30.000 by the Manila city
government for the study of the algae nuisance
funds for water power studies, more adequate tunas
for maintenance of the scientific library, etc. Ihe
conference opposed merging the science library witn
the National Library. Dr. Arturo Garcia is elected
president of the Philippine Scientific Society, succeed-
ing Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing. «
Director of Science Angel S. Arguelles is elected
Chairman of the National Research Council, succeed-
ing Dr. Manuel L. Roxas. .

Five foreign steamers with heavy cargoes being
due, and a dispute having arisen relative to the turn-
ing over of the arrastre service from the Manila
Terminal Company to the Manila Railroad Company,
Secretary de las Alas is reported to have threatened
the use of the Philippine Army to operate the pier
haulage. It is finally agreed that the Terminal
Company will continue the service until the Railroad
Company can take over, the latter having declined
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The Supreme Court rules that provincial sheriffs
are not empowered to destroy tenants' homes when
tenants are delinquent in rental payments and lssuea
a permanent writ of preliminary injunction in such
cases. The matter was carried to the Court by the
lawyer of the owners of some 450 tenants whose
houses were demolished on the Tunasan Estate a
year or two ago. . .

Feh 28. — Budget Commissioner Serann Marabut
points out that the proposed creation of a coconut
board would violate the Congressional excise tax
law which prohibits any subsidy to be paid to copra

PrinTscuffle over a loaded revolver during an indoor
baseball game at Paranaque, Corporal Alejandro
Flores of Camp Murphy accidentally shoots and kills
Feliciano Caguioa, another soldier.

March 1.— Lian Estate officials agree before Judge
Francisco Zulueta of the Court of Industrial Rela-
tions to mill the sugar cane of the tenants at F4.50 a
ton the tenants having for some time refused to mill
their cane in order to force the owners to desist from
selling the land to outsiders. Judge Zulueta informed
the tenants he could not cancel the sales of land
already made, as they requested, but promised to use
his influence to have the owners sell the land only

° Corporal Flores and a number of other soldiers are
reported to have assaulted a reporter of the Philip-
pines Herald when he questioned them for his paper
at the Philippine General Hospital, allegedly in the
presence of some officers who failed to interfere.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

157

March 2. — President Vicente Carmona of the
Philippine National Bank reports at the annual
meeting of the Bank's stockholders that the institu-
tion made a net profit of 1*9,582,519.75 in 1936, as
compared with P3,719,996.87 in 1935, due largely
to recoveries from previously charged-off assets, ba-
lances of loans to various sugar centrals written off
some years ago which were later reinstated at full
face-value. The entire Board of Directors is reelect-
ed and the executive officers also remain the same.

Corporal Flores having reportedly resisted arrest
by Paranaque policemen and to have surrendered to
his officers instead, the question is taken up by the
Cabinet which rules that the civil authority is su-
preme over the army. A complaint for homicide
is filed against Flores in the justice of the peace
court of Paranaque.

March 3. — An investigation is begun of the Insular
Psychopathic Hospital as a result of the recent deaths
of two inmates who are alleged to have been mistreat-
ed by the Hospital attendants.

March 4. — Due to a dispute over the election of
officers of the Philippine National Federation of
Labor, the Confederacion Nacional Obrera de Fili-
pinas is organized and it is reported that some forty
labor organizations have already agreed to join the
new body.

March 5. — Local sugar men are reported to feel
that the loss of some 70,000 short tons from the
present quota, as specified in the new sugar quota
and tax plan now being considered at Washington,
would not seriously affect the Philippine industry
because most of this represents the dutiable portion
of the quota which it is not contemplated to fill any-
way.

March 8. — The Board of Directors of the National
Power Corporation authorizes the drafting of plans
for an auxiliary Diesel power plant in the Port Area,
supplementary to the so-called Angat project, which
woud supply light and power to the piers, Engineer
Island, the Manila Hotel and other government
institutions. Gregorio Anonas of the National
Development Company states that the Company
contemplates establishing cotton yarn, spinning,
and food factories and that it must have cheap power
to push these projects through.

Judge Ricardo Nepomuceno, Exchange and Secu-
rities Commissioner, promulgates a set of new rules
supplementary to and modifying those issued by
the Bureau of Commerce, in accordance with the
new Securities Act. Short selling and trading on
margin is prohibited, except under certain conditions.
Secretary Vargas states, in reply to criticism
of the government for putting a stop to the privilege
granted some government employees to teach in pri-
vate schools, which policy is being blamed for certain
resignations from the government service, that the
action is the outcome of studies of an economy and
efficiency committee and that the privilege of outside
teaching has seriously interfered with the government
plan of frequent provincial inspections, temporary
provincial assignments, etc.

March 9. — Secretary Vargas announces the open-
ing of a nation-wide contest for the best book-length
biography of Jose Rizal. The contest is open to every
Filipino citizen and substantial monetary prize
awaits the winner. The bringing to light of obscure
or hidden facts in the life of the hero is principally
encouraged.

March 11. — Secretary Rodriguez and a party rep-
resentingfourdifferent departments visit variousplaces
in Nueva Ecij a to investigate tha growing unrest among
the tenants. It is stated that provincial and muni-
cipal officials are showing partiality with the land-
owners against the tenants.

March 12. — Angry farm tenants resort to incen-
diarism and looting in several places in Nueva Ecija
and jails in Cabiao and San Antonio are overcrowded.
Tenants say justice of the peace do not investigate
persons brought to them by landlords before throw-
ing them into jail. Faustino Aguilar, Under-Secre-
tary of Labor, states he will bring charges against
landlords who are defying the new tenancy law.

At a meeting of government and aviation company
officials at Malacafiang a committee is formed to
study the airport question headed by Captain Har-
vey W. Prosser, Chief of the Division of Aeronautics
of "the Department of Public Works and Communica-
tions. . t A

March 13. — Reported that twenty -two farm te-
nants have been arrested in Pampanga and charged
with "robbery in band", their bail being set at P6,000
each, which they can't pay, because they were caught
harvesting rice planted by them but upon land from
which they had been evicted. A

Manila authorities announce they will investigate
the charges brought by the Chinese Consul-General
that certain police officers are blackmailing Cninese
residents by framing cases against them and planting
false evidence, ana that upon payment of certain
amount of cash an enemy may be falsely arrested. t
Judge Sumulong announces he wil! reenter
Politics. "I thought I was through, but recent events
*.>t ce me to take active part once more in the discus-
si n of questions vitally affecting our country."

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Earlier in the day he was quoted as warning against
mixing political with economic questions in Washing-
ton, stating these should be taken up separately.
While he would favor the shortening of the transition
period, he states he does not believe an early grant
of independence would solve Philippine economic
problems. He asserts that President Quezon has
now so modified his commitments in Manila that it is
difficult to ascertain just where he stands.

General Aguinaldo states he is delighted
with tne present trend toward earlier independence
and that in view of this he is giving up for the time
being the idea of going to Washington. Various
assemblymen are quoted commenting favorably on
the new developments in Washington and others
declare the people should have confidence in President
Quezon.

The United States

Feb. 15. — Former Maj.-Gen. Johnson Haygood
issues a statement that the United States should
withdraw its military forces from the Philippines
and give up the idea of defending them, and he also
advocates the withdrawal of American forces from
China. "We should confine our operations to our
own frontiers, roughly from New Foundland to the
Caribbean Sea, Panama, Honolulu, and Alaska. We
have sufficient arms and ammunition to equip an
army of 3,000,000. By use of a regular army of ap-
proximately the same size as the National Guard, our
reserve divisions can defend America against any
foreign nation or combination of nations. We
should adopt a new military, naval, and diplomatic
policy based upon the idea of keeping out of war
rather than on winning a war when we get into one".
Haygood was displaced last year after open criticism
of the Administration's policy and shortly thereafter
resigned.

Sen. S. Minton states that five Supreme Court
justices have more power than Congress and the
President, because of their veto power, and declares,
in answer to charges that the Roosevelt program
with regard to the judiciary would pack the court,
"It is packed now, by appointees of administrations
gone and repudiated. This bill would unpack it."

Feb. 1 7.— Questioned as to the effect on American
naval policy of the British program, Admiral W. D.
Leahy states that "the United States is committed
to a policy of maintaining a navy second to none and
that it is a fair presumption that the United States
will follow suit if another power raises its sea strength.
America, however, would welcome additional British
ships in the Pacific Ocean".

Rep. F. L. Crawford, Michigan Republican, in a
House speech opposes the negotiation of a reciprocal
trade treaty with the Philippines. "Japan has made
it clear to the thinking world that it will in the future
be the guardian of the Philippines. If we are to
concede to Japan guardianship over the Islands as
soon as independence is granted, let us proceed on

such a basis in working out our economic and political
relations with the Filipinos. Why should we be
entangled in a set of policies which we could not sup-
port when Japan really says, 'If no reciprocal agree-
ments are made with Japan, then why are they made
with the Philippines?' " He contends that the sugar
tariff "subsidy" would in six years cover the entire
investment in centrals, lands, crop loans, etc., and

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158

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

that American sugar consumers will soon weary of
auch a self-imposed tax through subsidies granted to
Philippine and Cuban sugar interests.

The executive committee of the Cotton Textile
Institute at Washington approves the textile agree-
ment initiated in Osaka last month under which
Japan will export to the United States 155,000,000
yards of cotton goods in 1937. The President of the
Institute states that the new agreement makes Con-
gressional action to further restrict Japanese cotton
piece goods unnecessary. Division of the Philippine
market is a problem that still remains, according to
him, but a committee has been formed to discuss this.
It is revealed that the agreement provides for an
increase of 180 % over sales during the past two years,
but that this is at least 250,000,000 square yards less
than it might be in 1937 without the agreement.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Paul
Vones McNutt, lawyer, until recently Governor of
Indiana, and former head of the American Legion,
U. S. High Commissioner in the Philippines. He
declares he considers it an honor to represent the
President of the United States among the "17,000,-
000" people of the Philippines and that he is vitally
interested in their affairs. Regarding Philippine
military preparedness, he states: "I favor prepared-
ness for any people who have their heads up, and that
includes both them and us". Former High Com-
missioner Frank Murphy terms the appointment
"splendid" and states he is "singularly qualified."
He was born at Franklin, Indiana, Juy 19, 1891;
has an A.B. degree from Indiana University and from
the Harvard Law School, 1916; honorary law degrees
from the University of Notre Dame and Indiana

University; was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1914;
became assistant professor of law, Indiana Univer-
sity, in 1917, later professor, and from 1925 to 1933
was Dean of the Indiana Unversity Law School.
During the World War he was commissioned captain
in the field artillery reserves in 1917, major, 1918,
lieutenant colonel, 1919, later full colonel. He was
National Commander of the American Legion in
1928 and 1929. In 1933 he became Governor of the
Stete, his term having just expired. He is a member
of many societies and clubs, a Mason, Elk, Methodist,
end Democrat.

Feb. 18. — Sen. D. I. Walsh, Chairman of the naval
affairs committee, states that "if the British navy is
to continue new building operations it will become
necessary for us to adopt a new naval program."
President Roosevelt confers with the Assistant Se-
cretary of the Navy who is reported to believe that
British bids for materials in the United States would
hamper the government in getting materials for its
own ships.

President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine
Commonwealth, on the way to Washington, states
at Chicago, "I have never met the new U. S. High
Commissioner, but I suppose it is a good appoint-
ment because the President made it." He tells the
press also that he does not believe Japan presents a
menrce to the Islands or that a "Japanese situation"
will arise after Philippine independence in 1946.

Dust storms which have been blowing intermit-
tently for the past ten days spread over many parts
of the Middle West.

Feb. 19. — Sen. J. T. Robinson states that the court
reorganization program is a mild one, but that a

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Feb. 20. — President Quezon is welcomed in New
York at the Pennsylvania railroad station by some
two hundred notables and over a thousand members
of the city's Filipino colony. After official ceremo.
nies on the steps of the City Hall, with Mayor F. H.
La Guardia officiating, he attends a luncheon at the
Waldorf-Astoria, attended by nearly a thousand
civic, political, and army dignitaries, including Maj..
Gen. Frank B. McCoy, James G. Harbord, and Roy
W. Howard. He brands as absurd all rumors that
the Philippines is training an army to assist the
United States in an invasion of Japan. "We are
training our men because whether the Philippines
can resist all attacks or not, it is the duty of every
man to resist conquest to the last ditch. We want
every nation to think twice before entertaining any
thought of invading the Philippines . . . Our
people have never been so prosperous and happy as
now. . . . Of course, when independence conies the
American flag will give way to the Philippine flag,
but friendship will live in a new and more stable
relationship." According to press dispatches, his
remarks were "wildly acclaimed".

Feb. 21 — Sen. G. P. Nye proposes that the govern,
ment manufacture its own armor plate, American
steel companies having reportedly refused to bid on
furnishing materials for the navy's building program
as they do not wish to comply with the Walsh-Healey
Act fixing minimum wage and hour standards for
firms working on government contracts, the construe-
tion program being seriously endangered thereby.

Former President Herbert Hoover states in a
speech at Chicago that "the greatest constitutional
question in seventy years has placed the nation face
to face with the proposition that the Supreme Court
shall be made subjective to the executive. That is
the heart of the proposal. It reaches the very center
of human liberty. The ultimate safeguard of liberty
is the independence of the judiciary. . . . The real
issue is whether the President by appointment of ad-
ditional judges shall revise the Constitution or whe-
ther a proposed change in the Constitution shall be
submitted to the people as the Constitution itself
provides. ..."

F. J. Libby, Executive-Secretary of the National
Council for the Prevention of War, issues a state-
ment asking the President to withdraw the appoint-
ment of McNutt as his appointment U. S. High Com-
missioner in the Philippines "would add to General
Douglas MacArthur's militarization of the Islands".

Feb. 23. — The Senate confirms the appointment
of McNutt after some questioning as to his record
in regard to his relations with labor, it being stated
he called out the National Guard on a number of oc-
casions during labor disputes.

Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins reveals that
the administration has prepared a series of measures
designed to restore the labor provisions of the defunct
National Recovery Administration, including flexible
control over wages and hours and the establishment
of standards in the various industries.

Feb. 24. — Secretary of the Navy Claude Swanson
reveals he has asked for an appropriation of $5,000,-
000 for the construction of a dry dock in Pearl Har-
bor in addition to the $10,000,000 already appro-
priated. .

General Mac Arthur has an interview with President
Roosevelt.

President Quezon reviews army troops at Gover-
nor's Island as guest of General McCoy.

Feb. 25. — Sen. W. E. Borah introduces a consti-
tutional amendment that would limit the "due pro-
cess" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment so as to
permit the respective States to deal with social and
economic problems within their borders, making
constitutional such laws as the New York minimum
wage law, recently declared unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court.

Deputy sheriffs at Waukegan, Illinois, drive some
sixty "sit-down" strikers out of a steel plant by means
of a one-hour barrage of tear and knock-out gases.
A strike at Santa Monica California, halts work on a
$24,000,000 government airplane construction pro-
gram. Various strikes are reported in progress through-
out the country and dissatisfaction is reported m
automobile, aviation, ship-building, shoe, printing,
bread-baking, steel, electric equipment, wall paper,
electric power, rail-road, and coal industries.

Sen. H. C. Lodge of Massachusetts introduces a
bill granting an $1,800 annuity to Frank W. Car-
penter who rendered the nation "distinguished and
conspicuous service" and who is now totally disabled
and a patient in the Soldiers' Home, Washington.
A similar bill is introduced into the House by Rep. B.
Wiggleworth of Massachusetts. A plea on behalt
of Governor Carpenter was previously endorsed
by the late General Leonard Wood, Henry C. Ide,
and General John J. Pershing. Governor Carpenter
played an important role in the Philippines as head
of the Executive Bureau, Governor of Mindanao
and Sulu, and in various other capacities. When ne
retired from the Philippine service, the Legislature
granted him a bonus of P50,000 in appreciation of his
outstanding work.

Feb. 26. — President Quezon arrives in Washington,
the American and Philippine flags being flown at tne
railroad station, and proceeds to the executive omces
of the White House where he has an informal tray
luncheon with President Roosevelt. Later he teas
the press that he is very much satisfied with the pre-
liminary parley. In answer to questions, he .8ta*r"
he is not establishing "a legal dictatorship' m tnc
Philippines. "I believe in democracy; I believe i»
the ordinary man and in the soundness of the reac-
tions of the masses. However, it is true that I aj»
believe in a strong government in accordance wi
the Constitution that gave life to the government.
He declares that the Filipinos are determined. J.
achieve independence according to schedule, rcg™Zi.e
less of any trade or neutralization agreements orJ*
lack of them. He also states, "We have nevw

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

159

doubted Japan's good intentions. We have never
feared that Japan will conquer the Philippines".
He declines to comment on whether the United
States will retain naval bases in the Islands, pointing
out that under the terms of the Tydings-McDuffie
Law, this is to be taken up after independence has
been declared.

Reuter's reports that the prevalent feeling in
Congress is that the Philippines can not have both
independence and trade preferences but will have to
take a chance with other nations in negotiating reci-
procal trade pacts. William Simms, foreign expert
of the Scripps-Howard newspapers, states that if the
United States scorns the Philippines in the matter of
trade, Quezon might strike a bargain with Britain
whereby the British fleet based on Singapore might
be utilized in Manila in time of emergency while
Britain would "absorb the exportable surplus".

John S. Farnsworth, former naval officer, is sen-
tenced to from four to twelve years imprisonment
on charges of having sold naval secrets to the Ja-

Paul V. McNutt takes oath of office as U. S. High
Commissioner for the Philippines in the presence of
President Quezon and others. He declares he will
"stay in the Philippines as long as the President
wants me to". Previously he stated in reply to press
questioning, "six months is not very long, but a year
is quite long". . , , _ A .

President Quezon, accompanied by Secretary of
War Harry Woodring, calls on Secretary of State
Cordell Hull. In an interview with the United
Press he denies he has any intention of seeking a
second term as president. "I am out of politics when
my term is completed ana I am not running for re-
election", he declares. As to the tariff act, passed
by the Philippine Assembly and now before President
Roosevelt for approval, and opposed by some mino-
rity leaders in the Philippines, he states: "I am in
favor of the measure. I believe it is more in the
interest of the United States than the Philippines.
The Philippine chief executive could use the power
it gives him to place America in a position to obtain
a better balance of trade which at present is predomi-
nantly favorable to the Philippines. It would em-
power the Philippine president to give the products
of the United States preference in the Philippine
market. It may provide a point of discussion m the
coming American-Philippine trade conference, where
it may be necessary for the Philippines to make
certain trade commitments". _!,„:„„,»

Feb 28. — The new "sit-down" strike technique
imported from Paris, is reported to be arousing stif-
fening opposition from state and local officials who
are advocating arrest and the use of force s for -the
eviction of "sit-downers". The Governors of Illinois,
Connecticut, and New Jersey all have uttered warn-
ings they will not tolerate sit-down strikes, ine
unions have answered defiantly. Loyal employees
of a leather company in Michigan, unionized under
the American Federation of Labor, are reported to
have planned to divide into shifts and sleep in tne
plant each night in order to forestall a possible sit-
down strike sponsored by the Committee for Indus-
trial Organization, rebellious offshoot of the A.* .1-.,
headed by John L. Lewis.

March 1. — President Roosevelt signs the bill ex-
tending his authority to negotiate reciprocal trade
agreements with foregn nations for three more years.
He also signs the bill permitting Supreme Court
justices to retire on full pay at the age of seventy.
In a special message to Congress he proposes a sugar
quota system to be financed by an excise tax on raw
sugar of not less than 3 /4 cents a pound and provid-
ing for a control that would eliminate child labor and
establish minimum wage standards.

March 2.— Subsidiaries of the U. S. Steel Corpora-
tion which has for fifty years refused to recognize
any but company unions, are negotiating with the
Committee for Industrial Organization, and a number
of plants announce adjustments in wages and hours,
a Steel official declaring this was necessary to enable
bidding on government steel contracts.

The proposed new sugar program would shave
some 70,000 tons from the Philippine quota bringing
it to the Tydings-McDuffie Act level, while other
quotas are boosted, but Philippine growers are not
expected to oppose the program except for its exclu-
s no of them from the projected benefit payments.
Cuba is vigorously objecting to the proposed law ol
3/4 cent a pound on raw sugar.

General MacArthur tells the Washington press
that "there is nothing that will tend to keep peace
in the Pacific as much as a secure, strong, and neutral
Philippines. . . They are a strategic key in the
Pacific . . . and this key will be m the hands of the
Filipinos, a wholly peaceful people." He states the
defense program is "wonderfully exceeding all ex-
pectations and is rapidly progressing". ^

March 3.— The Senate passes the Pittman neutra-
lity bill, 62 to 6, providing for the mandatory em-
bargo on arms and munitions and implements of war
and presidential discretionary powers to prohibit
shipment of additional articles or materials which
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and credits to belligerent nations; prohibition of
travel by American citizens on ships of belligerent
nations; and discretionary presidential application
of all provisions to both sides in a civil war. Sen.
Hiram Johnson and Senator Borah bitterly opposed
the bill as "forcing the United States to become an
ally of Britain in the Atlantic and Japan in the Pacific
because these nations possess the strongest navies"
and asserted the measure would "result in contempt
and assault".

Lewis wins a number of other automobile strikes
and reveals plans to organize the textile industry
following completion of the present negotiations with
the automotive, steel, and coal industries.

President Quezon is the guest of honor at a formal
White House luncheon and later expresses himself as
"very hopeful" over the prospects of the trade mis-
sion. "I have been impressed with the sincere desire
of American officials to find means whereby the
national economy of the Philippines can be stabiliz-
ed". A number of farm organizations are reported
to have privately entered into a gentlemen's agree-
ment to resist any alterations in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act which would be disadvantageous to American
farmers, particularly to sugar and vegetable oil pro-
ducers.

March 4 — President Roosevelt speaking at a De-
mocratic "victory dinner", appeals to agriculture
and labor for support, stating that majority decisions
of the Supreme Court have made impossible adminis-
tration aid to farmers and workers and have imperiled
the programs outlined for the Tennessee Valley
Authority and by the Social Securities Act I

defy anyone to read the majority opinion invalidat-
ing the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and
tell us with any reasonable certainty what we can do
in the present Congress that will not be nullified*'.
He states that the administration made a "gallant
and sincere effort to raise wages, reduce hours, abol-
ish child labor, and eliminate unfair trade, but you
know who assumed the power to veto and did veto our
program, invalidating in quick succession the Railroad
Retirement Act, the National Recovery Adminis-
tration, and the Guffey Coal Code. . . It pleased the
personal economic predilections of a majority of the
Court that we should live in a nation where there is
no legal power to deal with the most pressing prac-
tical problems — a no man's land of final futility. . .
Widespread refusal to obey the law incited by the
attitude of the courts endangers the whole adminis-
tration program, including helping the unemployed,
nsurance for old age, security against monopoly and
against speculation, protection for investors, slum
clearance, and cheaper electricity".

President Quezon in speaking before the National
Press Club states that the great work of the United
States in the Philippines will be wasted unless some-
thing is done to correct the present "absurd" Philip-
pine-American commercial and political relations,
and that a reciprocal trade agreement similar to that
with Cuba would be beneficial to both countries
after the Islands become independent. He also
states that the power given to the High Commissioner
"to over-rule the Philippine government" is unfair
and that the tendency of present relations has been
to divide sovereignty and has resulted in confusion.
(Continued on page 192)

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160

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

From a charcoal drawing by Pablo Amorsolo

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General Agent Ass. General Agent

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P. O. Box 676

Editorials

Philippine
Independence in
1938

The slump in the Manila stock market imme-
diately following publication of
the joint statement of President
Manuel L. Quezon and Assistant
Secretary of State Francis B.
Sayre to the effect, principally,
that the former had suggested that "the date of Philippine
independence might be advanced to 1938 or 1939", is in-
dicative of the nervousness that has been engendered by the
perilous position in which the Tydings-McDuffie Act has
placed the Philippines and of the fear that something even
worse may take the place of that Law.

The shock-reaction in the Philippines was in part due
to the fact that President Quezon's suggestion was so gen-
erally unexpected, and he might, indeed, have done more to
prepare the country for such a move. It is a fact, however,
that on a number of occasions President Quezon had indi-
cated that earlier independence is possibly the only alter-
native to amending at least the economic provisions of the
Tydings-McDufrie Law under which the country faces
nothing more than slow economic strangulation.

An analysis of the Quezon-Sayre statement shows that if it
is found possible and advisable to adopt President Quezon's
suggestion, a condition worse than that obtaining under
the Tydings-McDiiPie Law need not necessarily follow;
quite the contrary, in fact.

The Quezon-Sayre statement read in part: "Inasmuch as
the Independence Act [the Tydings-McDuffie Act] provides
that complete political independence of the Philippines
shall become effective on July 4, 1946, and inasmuch as
President Quezon has suggested that the date of independ-
ence might be advanced to 1938 or 1939, it was agreed
that the joint committee of experts [a committee of Amer-
ican and Philippine experts to be appointed shortly] would
he expected, in making their recommendations, to consider
the bearing which advancement of the date of independence
Would have in facilitating or retarding execution of the
Program of economic adjustment of the Philippines. It
Was further agreed that preferential trade relations between

the United States and the Philippines are to be
terminated at the earliest practicable date con-
sistent with affording the Philippines reason-
able opportunity to adjust the national econo-
my. Thereafter, it is contemplated, trade relations
1 between the two countries will be regulated in accord-
ance with a reciprocal trade agreement on a non-pre-
ferential basis".

Not a word in this statement supports the fear-interpre-
tation that preferential trade relations would be abolished
upon the Philippines becoming independent. On the
contrary, the statement makes it very clear that such
relations would be terminated only at a time consistent
with affording the Philippines reasonable opportunity
to adjust the national economy. It is only thereafter
that such preferential trade relations would cease.

Practically all experts have agreed that the ten-year
transitional period provided in the Tydings-McDuffie Act
is not long enough. It would seem that a period twice
that length would hardly be long enough.

The interpretation that preferential trade relations
would not be cut off immediately if the Philippines were
to be declared independent, is borne out by a statement
by Secretary Sayre after a second conference with Presi-
dent Quezon. He said: "We agreed that the common
objective of the joint committee should be to work for
the best interests of the Philippines during the Common-
wealth period and after complete independence in
order to set the Philippines on their feet and give them a
proper chance to maintain their freedom". Even the
Tydings-McDuffie Act contains a provision that "at least
one year prior to the date fixed . ..for the independence
of the Philippine Islands, there shall be held a conference , . .
for the purpose of formulating recommendations as to
future trade relations..''

But why suggest — Mr. Quezon said in his message to
Vice-President Sergio Osmena that he had recommended
it — the advancement of the independence date? Would
it not be more logical to expect that the Philippines could

161

better maintain preferential trade privileges as a part
of the United States than after it achieves a more or less
independent status?

Paradoxically enough, this may be less logical. As the
situation stands, the Philippines has already lost its former
free-trade position with regard to the United States, not
only by "virtue" of the economic provisions of the Tydings-
McDuffie Act which are to go into effect within a few years,
but because of what may almost be called a constant war-
fare waged against Philippine interests by American pres-
sure-groups which exert a strong influence in Congress.
In spite of the fact that when the Tydings-McPuffie
Act was approved there was an understanding with the
President and the leaders of Congress that if the economic
provisions were found too onerous they would be amended,
and the Philippine Legislature accepted the Law on that
basis, it is quite possible that the Philippines will not be
able to secure such amendments because of the opposition
of groups in the United States which will not be convinced
that the economies of the United States and the Philippines
are complementary rather than competitive. Further-
more, it would seem that the Philippines will continue to
be constantly exposed to the sniping activities of such
groups. Congress has already legislated against rather
than for the Philippines in a number of instances during
the brief time the Tydings-McDuffie Law has been in
effect, although this Act, which did not become law until
it was formally accepted by the Filipino people, was gen-
erally looked upon as partaking of the nature of a compact
that would not be violated.

Were the Philippines to achieve the status of a more
or less independent nation, a treaty could be entered into
between the United States and the Philippines (impossible
now) that would establish relations that could not be
changed during the term of the treaty, thus providing
a period of economic stability and security which the Phil-
ippines so greatly needs if it is to realize its rich potentia-
lities.

Is there a risk that sovereignty might be surlily flung
at the Filipino people and their independence balefully
granted under conditions that would insure their defeat
and ruin — in other words, without a treaty that would,
in the words of Secretary Sayre, "give them a proper chance
to maintain their freedom"? Apparently President Quezon
has based his suggestion on the belief that this is not the
American way.

Recently, in an address before an American audience,
President Quezon said that the natural, human desire of
the Filipinos for independence does not mean a desire
for complete separation from America, and he further
expressed the hope that some way might be found by
which the two peoples could go on together. Perhaps
some special treaty relationship between the United States
and the Philippines would be the answer.

Such a treaty, which the President of the United States
could be authorized to negotiate in the act of Congress
which would declare the Philippines independent, would
not be one-sided in its benefits, for any privileges granted
one of the parties would be granted reciprocally to the
other. Preferential treatment of Philippine products in
the American market would mean preferential treatment
of American goods in the Philippine market. If the

United States would decide to maintain a naval base in
the Philippines — as it must do if it is to retain its influence
in the Far East, lessen the danger of an upset in the status
quo, and avoid an ultimate war in the Pacific — > this would
entail certain limitations on Philippine sovereignty which
would no doubt be willingly accepted by the Filipinos in
exchange for the security from aggression such a base,
plus their own land forces, would give them. Special
terms for American loans and investments would have
to be agreed upon. Special civic and even political rights
might be provided for Americans who live in the Philip-
pines. Provision should also be made for those who have
invested capital in the country on the basis of the ten-
year transition period laid down in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act is a blind-alley leading
nowhere but to ruin. Even if the economic provisions
were amended to make them less severe, the Act compre-
hends a period of only ten years, and after that, what?
A special treaty relationship between the United States
and an independent Philippines could provide for almost
any desired set-up, and could be made practically
permanent.

Independence, however, could probably not come as early
as 1938 or 1939, for the present commercial treaties of the
United States with foreign nations do not all expire or
come up for renewal until 1941, and until then, therefore,
it would not be possible to revise them in such a manner
as to make it possible to extend preferential treatment
to an independent Philippines, at least without the consent
of the nations concerned. It is most significant, however,
and encouraging, that the reciprocal trade agreements
which the American State Department has recently nego-
tiated with a number of foreign nations contain a clause
to the effect that the terms of these agreements shall not
preclude "advantages now or hereafter accorded to the
Philippine Islands notwithstanding any change that may
take place in the political status of the Philippine Islands".

Other facts that make immediate action unlikely are
that various committees are still to study and report upon
the various questions involved and President Roosevelt's
desire to visit the Philippines before formulating his con-
clusions.

All the indications are that President Quezon's dramatic
proposal has aroused a new interest in Philippine affairs,
definitely breaking up the apathy that reigned in Washing-
ton when he arrived there, and has called the general
attention to the in fact impossible position in which the
Philippines has been placed by the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
Politically, this Law meant a decided advance in local
autonomy, which the past year of the Commonwealth
has shown has been wisely exercised; but economically the
Law is a garrote that will, unless there is a change, choke
the life out of the country.

While the proposal of President Quezon is therefore
to be definitely interpreted as a move toward the establish-
ment of a possibly more propitious regime than that estab-
lished by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the immediate effect
has been to greatly add to the fear and uncertainty that
has underlain the superficial optimism of the past year
in the Philippines. Under the Tydings-McDuffie Act

162

the country was guaranteed relative stability for five years
and the worst that might happen during the rest of the
ten-year transition period was definitely known. Now
that it seems that President Quezon's suggestion for earlier
independence will be given serious consideration, only
the greatest uneasiness can exist until it will be known
under just what conditions it would be granted, and what
the terms of the treaty would be to be concluded between
the United States and the Philippines. Everything would
depend on that. While it is probably to be expected
that the Executive arm of the United States government
would treat with the Philippines in a more responsible

id realistic manner than Congress, which is more subject
to purely local influences, shortsightedness might still
prevail, and the Philippine leaders might be placed in a
position where their natural aspirations to independence
would cause them to accept even more ruinous conditions
than those in the Tydings-McPuffie Act. For the United
States, too, withdrawal under such conditions would be
most unfortunate, for, even if such withdrawal might
seem to be to the immediate advantage of the United
States, a ruined and helpless Philippines would before
long be certain to bring about a Pacific war that would
be certain to involve the United States.

Whether there shall be an American High Commissioner
in Manila or an American Ambassador is less important,
practically, than whether the future of the Philippines
and the interests of the United States on this side of the
Pacific are secured economically and politically by some
sort of permanent partnership between the United States
and the Philippines, no matter how established and even
if it takes independence to do it!

Because of the significance of the Philippines historically
as the only Christian and democratic nation in the Far
East, because of its geographical position, of key impor-
tance from the military and naval point of view, because
of the political advancement of the Filipino people, and
because of America's own traditions and policies, the
Philippines could not much longer have been held as a
"colony". The CQmmonwealth status promised more,
but the present government is definitely limited to a meagre
ten years by the Tydings-MqDuffie Act and burdened
down by stupid and cruel economic impositions, and even
so Congress has continued its short-sighted, discriminatory
policies with reference to the country. As stated many
months ago in these columns*, a partnership, voluntarily
entered into, instead of the persistence of a connection be-
gun under the compulsion of the accident of war, on the
one hand, and the bitterness of defeat, on the other, is
ultimately the only possible solution to what has come to
be known as the Philippine problem.

President Quezon said recently that the Philippine
question can not be dismissed with a wave of the hand.
The larger issues that are involved are clearly in the minds
of at least some of the persons who have been delegated
to deal with the issue. Secretary Sayre was quoted as
saying that the ' 'committee of experts to be appointed
by both countries should be personalities possessed of
sufficient foresight and knowledge to prevent the major
issues becoming submerged in minor details".

Those the most vitally interested in the ultimate fate of
the Philippines could not ask for more than such an attitude.

* See editorials in the March and July, 1935, issues, Philippine Magazine.

Portugal and Spain Today

By Marc T. Greene

PORTUGAL, once a mighty world force, rich in
Oriental possessions, renowned in a long line
of explorers that included the great Magellan,
discoverer of the Philippines, even yet the fourth
colonial power, finds itself in a difficult and uncer-
tain position as a result of the Spanish civil war.
Whatever the ultimate result of that may be, the effect
uPon Portugal will be marked and perhaps vital. Should
a soviet state by any possible chance be set up in Spain,
0r anything approaching one, it will almost certainly bring
^ end to the Salazar regime which has meant to the little
country several years of well-balanced peace, amicable
e*ternal relations, and an internal stability that has achieved
a steady improvement in economic conditions, under the
highly efficient leadership of the dictator and one-man
brain trust, Professor Oliveira Salazar.

Out of Portugal's once far-flung possessions, gained by
^trepid pioneers of empire, it still possesses large tracts in
Afferent parts of the world, mostly in Africa, but sufficient
^ the Far East to make the changes and turns in its

national fortunes of interest and perhaps of ulti-
mate significance there. Portugal owns half of
huge Timor, where Bligh, captain of the Bounty,
landed after the epochal small-boat voyage across
the Pacific; that airy little isle of unrestrained
pleasure-seeking on the China Coast, Macao; and
a small colony on the Indian coast. Rumors as to the
disposition of Portuguese Timor, in the possible event
of a colonial realignment have, of course, not been lack-
ing.

But until the Salazar regime, Portugal's colonies, instead
of being the asset they might have been, were for a long
time rather more of a liability by reason of the fact that,
in the disordered civil state of the homeland, they were
incompetently and dishonestly administered and exploited
by self-seeking officials. One of Salazar's first moves was
to end all that and, even as he reorganized the financial
system of the empire, to restore order in colonial affairs,

Oliveira Salazar is, as a matter of fact, a new and unique
personage in the history of dictators and dictatorships.

163

He departs from the tradition thereof first of all in his
intense dislike of the limelight and determination to stay
out of it. He has forbidden anyone to call him dictator,
fuehrer, tfuce, or any such megalomaniacal appelation.
He will give no interviews, pose for no photographs, receive
no honors of any kind, and the only financial honorarium
he will accept is less than $5000 a year. He lives in the ut-
most simplicity, attended by a single old servant. He is
a veritable Cincinnatus among modern leaders, unmarried,
and beyond any manner of doubt sincere and unselfish in
his desire to improve the affairs of his country.

No fair-minded person questions that unselfishness,
however much he may dislike the Salazar methods and
however bitterly he resents governmental authoritarianism
in principle. And, as I discovered myself when I was in
Portugal not long ago, most of the Portuguese people
approve of him and trust him. And that is a good deal
more than can be said for other dictators, once you gain the
people's confidence sufficiently for them to tell you what
they really think.

However, whatever the merits of the Salazar r6gime, it
stands now, and will stand until the Spanish struggle is
settled for or against authoritarianism, at the parting of
the ways. In all the present chaos and uncertainty of
Europe, no country, perhaps, finds itself in a more difficult
position. In such a dilemma one can hardly withhold
sympathy from Portugal which, so far as the regime which
has so greatly benefited it is concerned, is almost in the
position of fighting for very existence.

It is true, of course, that Salazar and his government
strongly favor the Franco side in the Spanish struggle. It
is also true that every kind of indirect aid, if not direct, has
been given that side and still is being given it. The Salazar
regime being what it is, one could hardly expect it to with-
hold some measure of implementation of its desire to aid
the Rightist rebellion in the neighboring country. Trotsky
was not thinking of Spain alone when he prophesied a
"Europe red at both ends by 1937," and a "red" Spain
would impart a very pronounced crimson tinge to the
political affairs of Portugal, barring definite foreign inter-
vention.

It is that which has withheld Portugal from joining in
any European non-intervention pact as to the Spanish
war, at least further than "in principle," which means
little more than nothing at all. Authoritarianism in
Portugal can easily stand or fall by the result in Spain.
And what the effect on it of a very liberal Spain might be,
became evident immediately the Spanish elections of a year
ago reestablished the left parties which had lost power in
1934. The Portuguese communist group, by no means
negligible even if kept strongly in leash by Salazar, derived
much encouragement from the Spanish results and at once
commenced plans for activity. Moreover, any number of
Portuguese liberals, exiled by Salazar, found their ways
from various places back to Spain and took up positions
close to the frontier so as to revive if possible, with the aid
of extreme elements in Spain itself, the flagging and some-
what discouraged Portuguese opposition. Their deter-
mination grew apace as the newly-elected Spanish Govern-
ment swung rapidly toward the extreme Left, and there
was every reason to fear a weakening, if not a fall, of the

Salazar regime should radicalism finally dominate in the
neighboring country. That fear, of course, still exists, but
not so greatly because there is little reason now to anticipate
anything more than a moderately liberal government in
Spain, at the most, in case foreign intervention ceases and
the Franco party is, therefore, unable to gain a complete
victory.

Portugal has, then, been in a very uncomfortable position
and that position has been a good deal accentuated by the
existence of the commercial and partly political pact with
England, one of the oldest European alliances, which dates
from 1703 and really unites the two nations very closely.
It includes a defensive alliance in military concernments
which was really what brought Portugal into the World
War on the Allied side.

Thus had real pressure been exerted by Britain to keep
Portugal from rendering aid of any kind to Franco, that
pressure must have been too strong to withstand. No
such pressure has, of course, been applied, partly because
British conservative circles are sympathetic to the rebels
in Spain and have fought, secretly so far as was possible,
any definite or decisive move by Britain for the purpose
of compelling non-intervention, partly for other reasons.
So Portugal has had to move warily, rendering such aid
as was possible to a Spanish cause whose defeat would be a
serious matter for it, without so flagrantly taking sides as
to outrage popular sentiment in England and France.

But where Salazar himself stands is declared unequivocally
enough by this recent utterance to the British press: "A
state is based on the concepts of nationhood and its values,
the citizen and his rights, the purpose of life, and the nature
and limitations of authority. And since it is of the essence
of power to maintain itself, there must be a certain number
of principles and tendencies which can not possibly be
accepted, and which must be considered as being beyond
the pale of liberty as sanely understood."

This, daintily wrapped in professorial language, is of
course precisely the position of Mussolini, Hitler, Napoleon,
Caesar, Rameses II, or any other dictator or authoritarian
leader in any land in any epoch of human history. In
adroit words, but nevertheless definitely, it throws down the
gauntlet to communism, or even to true liberalism, any-
where. "Principles and tendencies which can not be ac-
cepted— " or rather, will not be — "essence of authority to
maintain itself," "liberty as sanely understood," and so on.
The last phrase, indeed, might well serve as a slogan for the
"Key Men of the Republic", in America, or some other of
the organizations established in the hope of defeating
Franklin Delano Roosevelt and which failed ignominiously
of their purpose.

But there are still in Portugal a few who entertain prin-
ciples and exhibit tendencies — when they dare — that
"can not possibly be accepted," and against these Professor
Salazar, ruthless foe of radicalism as either of his dictatorial
colleagues in Germany and Italy, has now and then taken
severe measures. During the past decade he has made
short work of any radical movements, however weak, and
early in his regime he established a kind of Portuguese
Ogpu, a secret service organization which spreads all over
the country and keeps him thoroughly informed of any
(Continued on page 187)

164

Danse Au Sol

By Edith Emmons Greenan

PRELUDE

(moderate)

TROPICAL islands
Burning suns
Nights of incredible splendor
Lashing rain
Smothered isolation
Lurking death

I am drunk with warm glittering scented nights
I am sunk in a stupor under the beat of endless rain.

ALLEGRETTO

(quasi scherzando)
In my garden
Tall tree ferns
Weave a misty lace
By the mouldering moss-grown walls;
Papaya trees sway silently
Like frilled and tripled umbrellas
From a Khymeer ceremonial;
An enormous spreading mango tree
Tips its branches heavily
Over the red tile roof of my house;
Up the path to the verandah
Blue-globed hydrangeas grow
In low interlocking clusters.

(cantabile diminuendo)
Beside the steps
Are tall gardenia bushes
Lacquered, metalled, dazzling white,
Interspersed with coral hibiscus;
Under the tree-ferns
Little violet beds
And patches of mint
Seek dim corners
Close to the cool mossy stones.

(poco crescendo)
Great white spider lilies
Droop heavy heads at the top of the path,
Starry jasmine,
Waxy- white and sweet
Hedge the rock borders.

(crescendo assai, grazioso, triunfo)
Orange trees and lemon trees
Incense the heavy air,
Round beds of cannas
Multi-colored, flamboyant, incroyable;
Thick bamboos where the wind whispers;
Roses and flaming bougainvillea
Fill my garden.

(tranquillo, e poi accellerando)
On the long verandah
Are trellises
Supporting matted copra de oro vines;

Their great golden bell-like flowers
Turn their faces to us as we sit
In the warm dusk;
The dainty dama de noche
Spreads its sweet fragrance
Through the garden,

And the air is heavy

With its permeating cloying scent.

Blue velvet is the night

And the stars let fall a veil

Of silver radiance.

Out between the canyon walls

A sickle moon drifts serenely.

Up from the canyon

Comes the steady beat

Of the mill on the still air,

And the lights of the mine village

Make small shining spots

Against the dark lift of the mountains.

(appasionato — a piacere)
Men, white clad,

Mingle with filmily gowned women
Under a soft glow of shaded lights.
The garden's intoxicating fragrance
Is heavy about me,
It enters into my blood,
Dizzies my brain,
And I am submerged
In this silvered dusk,
In this lazy

Scintillating, swooning, odorous
Tropic night.

LARGO

(con basso ostinato)
Rain! Rain! Rain!
Heavy, grey, drowning,
Dull, leaden,
It drips and patters,
Falls in soft showers,
Beats in heavy squalls,
In sheeted downpours,
Torrential,

Steady, insistent, incessant,
Days of rain
Nights of rain
Beating
Beating. . . .

(un poco pesante)
The paths ooze mud,
The gardea is saturated,
All the delicate flowers
Are beaten and torn;

165

The shrubs bend

Under the heavy surges of water;

Out of the canyon

The road is blocked

With the sliding unstable earth

Returned to its primal, amorphous state.

The odor of mold and decay,

Of putrefaction, of death,

Floats on wisps of air;

Down in the canyon

Dark flood waters

Race furiously.

Mold, decay, death. . . .

The odor seeps through the house,

It fills the nostrils,

And a clammy dampness

Hangs in the air.

(recitativo a sot to voce)

Strange diseases,

Sinister, malignant, hidden,

Seem to spring up overnight;

The earth,

The air,

Seem to the sodden brain

To be filled with contamination.

I shrink in dread,

In fear;

(diminuendo, morendo)

No color

No fragrance

No sunlight sprinkling the paths,

No moon-silver flooding space,

No sky, no horizon, no earth, no air,

No day, no night,

Only the rain, rain, rain,

Endless, insistent. . . .

Lethargy, suffocation,

Death.

The Socialists

By Manuel E. Arguilla

ON a windless, white-hot day in May, a man
stood upon the western slope of Mount
Arayat, under the broiling sun, reciting
Edwin Markham's "The Man with the Hoe." The
brown suit he wore fairly smoked with the heat,
and in a moment tiny streams of perspiration ran
crookedly from behind his large ears down his thin, red
neck. He was without a hat. At the back of his head
where the hair was short, bright beads of moisture
gathered and gleamed in the sun.

Near him, a little farther up the slope, another man,
leaning on a hoe, stood gazing down on the dry brown sod
at his feet. A piece of red cloth bound his shaggy head,
leaving the top exposed. The ragged cotton shirt on his
shoulders appeared ready to fall to pieces. One leg of
his kundiman trousers was rolled up to the knee, the other
sagging loosely to his ankle. He gripped the bamboo
handle of the hoe with bony hands, and the emptiness of
ages was on his face, and on his back the burden of the
world.

Is dis da Ting da Lord God made and gabe
To habe dominion ober sea and land;
To trace da stars and sirch da hibens for poweh,
To feel da passion ob eternitee?
Is dis da dream He dreamt who shaped da suns
And markt der ways upon de ancient deep?
Down all da caber ns oh Hell to der last gulf
Der is no shape more ter-rible dan dis — ;
More tongued wid cries against da world's blind greed-
More filled with signs and portents for da soul —
More packt wid dangeh to da uniberse.

166

words.

The reciter's voice was bad and his pronunciation
worse. But he made up for these obvious defects
by a great deal of sincerity. Coming to the last
three lines of the stanza, he swung around drama-
tically to face the sun, throwing wide his arms,
and at the top of his voice shrieked out the
From his two front gold teeth, the sun's rays
struck lurid flashes, and the man with the hoe, bowed down
with the weight of centuries, sweltered mutely in the baking
heat.

There was also a third man on the slope, a dark man,
powerfully built, pock-marked, blind. He sat on a rock,
mindless of the heat, and on an ancient-looking guitar
made accompaniment to the recitation of the poem. His
short-cropped, rounded head swung jerkily to his strum-
ming, and his eyes, blueish-white, glared sightlessly at the
burning sun.

Below the three men on the heat-flooded slope, under a
tall and leafy camachile tree was gathered a motley crowd.
There were young women in the country costume of thin,
gauzy camisa. with gay silk panuelo tied around the head
or draped over the shoulders, and bright-coloured skirt
under brighter-hued tapiz. They were most of them dark-
brown, looking more so because of the contrast of their
sun-burned skin with the brightness of their apparel. There
were older women, fat and heavy around the hips, with breasts
sagging opulently against loose white bodice, or thin as
sticks, withered, sapless, wrinkled, — lips smeared with
buyo stains. Some of these women wore on their heads
the salacot, large, wide-brimmed hats made from anahaW

leaves. There were mothers with babies astride their
hips suckling well-filled breasts. There were children in
various stages of undress, dark, wiry creatures, full of shrill
noise and restless movement. The majority of the men
wore homespun barong Tagalog with trousers that bagged
easily at the knees since every man sooner or later squatted
on his heels, tired from standing. Some of the younger men
wore cheap, Japanese-made polo shirts that revealed thick,
bfawny arms and chunkily-muscled chests, which, with
their plucked eyebrows and shaven foreheads, gave them a
sinister, withal comic appearance. Scattered among the
crowd were a few in white drill coats and one or two in
wool. These had the look of office workers on their faces-
pale, pasty brown, pimpled, and two showed around the
eyes traces of having lately heavily powdered themselves.
At the foot of the camachile tree was an isolated group of
some ten persons about whom more anon.

As the reciter came to the end of the poem, while he shook
aloft a clenched fist and strained his shrill voice against
the midday silence of Arayat, three women with baskets
on their heads came down the path that lay between the
crowd and the performers upon the slope of the mountain.
Glancing to neither the left nor right, the three women
filed one behind the other, the shuffling of their bare feet
and the rustling of their skirts audible beneath the impas-
sioned recitation of Markham's masterpiece.

The three women were lost in a clump of dry reeds into
which the narrow path vanished. The reciter reached the
end of his piece. From the crowd arose prolonged cheering
in Tagalog, Pampango, and English. They clapped their
hands and raised their voices against a blue, blue sky that
stretched full of light from east to west and from south to
north. From the towering brown dome of Arayat not an
echo was awakened. The enervating heat seemed to have
all things bound under its spell. But as the people's
shouting died down and the heat -ridden silence closed in
again, there was suddenly heard, incredibly cool and sweet,
the purling of the little stream that circled the base of the
mountain, its clear waters lapping the great roots of the
camachile tree that spread its branches over the crowd.

Wiping his flushed, sweaty face with a large red handker-
chief, the reciter descended from the slope. A young man,
immaculate in perfectly creased white wool trousers and
glossy double-breasted coat of first class alpaca, with a
gleaming straw hat on his head, now detached himself
from the isolated group seated on two long wooden benches
near the foot of the camachile tree, behind a small, square
table. Throwing away a half -smoked cigarette, the young
man sauntered over to meet the descending reciter. Held
against his chest under his left arm, the voung man carried
a thick red book the title of which in bold black letters
could plainly be seen: DAS KAPITAL by Karl Marx.

The persons composing the groups at the foot of the
camachile tree were ten in all, including the young man with
the double-breasted coat. There were five girls, — -two
unmarried, tall slender mestizas, with fine, well-bred
features, thin, shapely lips rouged blood-red. They looked
very chic. The other three girls were the wives of three
of the young men in the group. One, the smallest, thin,
brown, and pretty, wearing a sport suit of English wool,
was married to the young man now shaking hands with the
reciter of the poem.

"Congratulations, Comrade," the young man was saying,
smiling graciously.

The other clutched the hand within his own and smiled
fatuously, continuing to wipe his neck with the red hand-
kerchief.

"Tank you, Mr. Lirios," he said, his voice harshened
by his recent exertions. "Tank you — ■, Comrade," he
repeated, shyly. His two front gold teeth flashed brightly.
He drew the young man under a banana tree, saying:
"Let's get in da shade. Let's get in da shade. It is bery
hot out dere."

"Yeah, hot, isn't it?" the young man said, lifting his
straw hat, fanning his face. He replaced the hat on his
head, taking care to tilt it more rakisly to one side.

From where they stood, they could see over the heads
of the people under the camachile tree. Comrade Lirios,
the well-dressed young man, caught his wife's eye, and he
raised the book, "Das Kapital," to her. She smiled affec-
tionately, dimpling the right cheek.

"I wish to meet the man with the hoe," he said, turning to
Comrade Bautista, for that was the name of the reciter.
"He is a good actor."

"Ah, Comrade Esteban. I'll call him. Wait here. I'll
call him here."

Left alone, Comrade Lirios watched the proceedings
below him. A barrel-chested individual with round, pro-
minent eyes, a bullet head scarred whitely on the sides, was
announcing the next number of the program. He spoke
in Pampango. His voice was pugnacious and his round
eyes bulged fiercely. Comrade Lirios, not understanding
the words, felt an irresistible desire to laugh. He opened
"Das Kapital" and ransacked its pages feverishly. The
sun's rays striking the smooth white paper threw a glare
upon his eyes. He desisted and listened once more, the
impulse to laugh gone.

When Comrade Bautista returned, he had in tow besides
the impersonator of the man with the hoe that was Comrade
Esteban, another, a slight, sparsely-mustached person
wearing a white closed coat that emphasized his narrow
shoulders and hollow chest. He was introduced as Com-
rade Manacis, legal adviser to the Frente Popular, as the
gathering called itself.

There were now four of them in the scanty shade of the
banana tree. Comrade Lirios turned his back to the sun,
and, pressing close to the back of his neck his straw hat,
pretended not to mind the heat. However, since in that
position he could not see his wife, he turned around now
and then to give her a quick glance. She was chatting
animatedly with the other married women in the party.
The two very chic young women sat at one end of the bench
with long legs gracefully crossed, red-nailed fingers putting
cigarettes to red mouths, the while thick-lashed eyes were
turned up interestedly toward the four males of their party
now engaged in a heated debate.

Meanwhile, a young, dark-looking girl, dressed in pale-
green skirt and camisa with a red -striped panuelo, had been
helped atop the little square table by the muscular toast-
master. Followed a clapping of hands, then silence. The
girl who had large, extraordinarily alive eyes, darted swift,
flashing glances over the crowd, then with a quick lift of
(Continued on page 183)

167

The Ilocos Pot Industry

By Noe Ra. Crisostomo
Photograph by the Author

IN the Ilocos, if a pot is broken, it is taken philosophic-
ally, the argument being, "If no pots are broken, how
can the potters live?" This attitude may be explained
by the fact that there are many pot makers in the Ilocos
provinces.

Most of the potters in the Ilocos, however, engage in the
industry merely as a sideline, and are able to supply only
those around them. But it is different
with San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, where
the industry is so developed that
students from there who go to the
Laoag High School are derisively called
hang* which means "pot". Fully se-
venty per cent of the workers in San
Nicolas are engaged in the pottery
business.

Earthenware from San Nicolas is
sold in nearly every nook of the prov-
ince, and also finds its way to the
Cagayan provinces and Mountain Prov-
ince. In a recent visit to Claveria and
Aparri, Cagayan, the writer found that
many former residents of San Nicolas
have established flourishing pot stores,
their supply coming from the home
town. They claim that pots can be
sold in Cagayan at double their price
in Ilocos Norte.

The potters of San Nicolas market
most of their wares in Laoag, however.
Every Sunday morning, San Nicolas vendors bring their pro-
duct to the market there, some carrying the pots in big
baskets balanced on their heads. People from adjacent
towns flock to Laoag to buy what pottery they need.

Other vendors do not wait for their customers to come to
them, but walk all day long shouting their wares, and cash
being scarce, they are frequently willing to take rice or
palay in exchange* In some places such products as salt,
betel nuts, fish, and even logs are accepted in trade. The
Tinguians from the borders of Ilocos Norte come down from
the mountains and exchange rattan, tobacco, and deer
meat for earthenware. Truckloads of rice which pot
vendors barter for their ceramics, are brought from Claveria
and Aparri to Ilocos Norte during the harvest season.

Strangely enough, the increasing use of modern kitchen
utensils in the Islands does not seem to have damaged the
pottery industry, at least not that of San Nicolas. As a
matter of fact, even in the homes of the rich of the province,
clay stoves and clay pots are still very much in evidence.
It is not only the spirit of the "NEPA" (National Economic
Protective Association) that holds the people of Ilocos
loyal to native utensils, but the belief that rice and other
dishes cooked in the old-fashioned clay pot taste better than
those cooked in aluminum or iron pans.

It is not only pots and jars that the San Nicolas potters
manufacture. Tubing for wells, stoves, basins, flower pots,
wall and flower vases and even inkstands are also fashioned
out of lowly clay.

Visits to the schools in Ilocos Norte will disclose that

every classroom is decorated with native-made flower pots

and flower vases, all of which had their origin in San Nicolas.

Small earthenware basins, jars, and

pots are widely used by primary

teachers as teaching devices too.

During the visit of Director Cornelio
Balmaceda of the Bureau of Commerce
to Ilocos Norte, he bought a hundred
pesos worth of earthenware in San Nico-
las. This he brought to Manila to be
displayed at the Government Trading
Center and Exchange. Manila buyers
claim that the earthenware manu-
factured in San Nicolas compares favor-
ably with that made in China and Japan.
Progressive as the industry is, there
is a great need for its further develop-
ment in order that it may meet the
increasing demands of the public.

Recently, the pioneer manufacturers
of earthenware of San Nicolas, Luciano
Bonilla and Flor Anama, asked the
aid of the Bureau of Commerce in seek-
ing improvement of the antiquated
methods of manufacture, as even the
local demand can now hardly be supplied. Director Bal-
maceda assured them that he would endeavor to help them
in the advancement of the industry. At present, there
is no really organized production of pottery in San Nicolas,
the industry being carried on by individuals or groups of
only two persons at most.

The rice fields of San Nicolas furnish an unlimited
supply of the plastic clay needed in the manufacture. The
clay is dug from the fields, placed in big wooden basins,
moistened, and thoroughly mixed with a fine sand which is
likewise plentiful in the locality.

The potters, with nothing but their hands, wooden pad-
dles, and smooth stones, fashion the mixture into all sorts of
shapes. The "raw" vessels are, after being patted into
the desired shapes, placed under the house to be
"retouched" at night when the temperature is low and there
is little fear of cracking. Far into the night, workers fill
the air with the sound of patting, patting, patting. They
do not stop working until every pot has been retouched.
The vessels are then placed on mats laid on the floor in
the sala (main room) of the house to dry. After a lapse
of four or five days, they are taken to the outdoors and placed
in the sun. The dried earthenware is then colored by
(Continued on page 183)

The Philippine Verb

By H. Costenoble

THESE notes on Philippine languages were
initiated by a discussion of individual
sounds; this was followed with an article
on whole words; in the present paper I shall take
up the sentence.

The attention of the reader is again called to
the fact that in every case I have picked out only
a few items from the infinity of interesting material.

What constitutes the typical grammatical characteristics
of the Indonesian languages spoken in the Philippine
Islands, that set them apart as a group from other Indo-
nesian languages?

The most important characteristic, and one which I shall
take up here, has been interpreted in different ways by various
writers, each investigator's views being determined by his
own knowledge of particular Indonesian languages. It
has been described as consisting in the extensive use of the
passive voice, where other Indonesian (and Indo-European)
languages employ the active voice. It has also been con-
sidered to lie in the absence of the transitive series of the
personal pronouns, a series which exists in most non-
Philippine Indonesian languages and is used as subject in
conjunction with the active transitive verb.

Some writers, finally, believe to have found the out-
standing characteristic of Philippine languages in the use
of the genetive (possessive) series of the pronoun in con-
junction with the passive form of the verb. This may,
indeed, be something that distinguished Philippine from
Indo-European languages like English and Spanish, but it
is a very widespread phenomenon among Indonesian
languages and therefore not typically Philippine.

I would say that the particular that all Philippine lan-
guages have in common, and in which they differ from nearly
all other Indonesian languages, is the complete absence of
active, transitive forms of the verb. The various points
stressed by other writers are but the logical result of this
fact — where there is no active form of the transitive verb,
the passive must of necessity be employed to take its place,
and the pronominal series usually connected with the active
form has no reason for existence.

For the sake of readers who have forgotten their grammar
I shall digress a little here and explain the terms active and
passive, transitive and intransitive.

In the sentence "I killed the chicken", the subject is
"I"; the action, as expressed by the verb "killed", was
executed by the subject; the verb is said to be active. In
the sentence "The chicken was killed by me", the subject
is "the chicken"; it suffers the action, and the verb "was
killed" is called passive. The subject of a sentence is the
word that stands in the nominative case.

In the sentence, "I killed the chicken", the action of
killing passes over to and affects an object, "the chicken"
which is ruled by the verb directly without intervention of

a preposition (of, to, by, etc.); such a verb is call-
ed transitive. In the sentence, "I walk", the ac-
tion of walking has no object — -it is called intransi-
tive. If I say: "I walk along the seashore", "the
seashore" is an object, but it is ruled by the pre-
position "along"; "walk" is thus still intransi-
tive.

Intransitive verbs may also be said to be those which
describe an action that is being undergone by the subject
(instead of being consciously and intentionally executed
by it) such as "sleeping", "breathing", "dying", "living,"
etc. They may be said to describe a state, a condition, in
which the subject finds itself. In Indo-European lan-
guages the boundary between active verbs, even if they are
intransitive, on one side, and passive verbs, gerunds, and
adjectives on the other side, is very marked, formally;
in Indonesian verbs this border line does not exist. This
fact is responsible for many wrong conceptions of Philippine
verb forms by various writers.

Philippine grammars were written by people who may
have been good students of Spanish or other Indo-European
languages, but not so in the line of Indonesian linguistics.
These writers used terms applicable to Indo-European
languages and thoughtlessly applied them to certain phe-
nomena in the Philippine dialects they described, without
first investigating thoroughly whether they would be jus-
tified in doing so. We find for instance that all grammars
claim the existence of active transitive verbs. As such, are
described in Tagalog, for instance, the verbs formed with
the elements ma — •, man — and mag — •; yet these verbs
are not transitive, but intransitive.

In English we have the expression "to be cognizant",
"aware", or, to use a provincialism, "aknowing". These
are intransitive expressions; they rule their object by means
of the preposition "of". The Tagalog sentence, "Nakiki-
lala ako nitong rao", does not literally say that "I know
this man," but "I am aknowing of this man," or "I am fami-
liar with this man". True, the ma — ■, man — •, and mag —
verbs may have an object, but it is always ruled by a
preposition — n ( — ang, etc.) sa, kay, or others. This
object is usually considered only of secondary explanatory
importance; the fact that the subject is in a state of being
engaged in the action being the primary point to be empha-
sized, as in, "I am ashooting, namely, of snipes"; or else
action and object form a single conception, as "chopping
wood,", "catching fish," "building houses," etc., in which
case again it is the occupation that is being emphasized.

The formative elements employed to make intransitive
words out of the word bases are in Philippine languages
usually the prefixes n — • (or fig), r,* a — ; and ma — , or
combinations of these, such as ag — , mag — -, man — . The
exact shades of meaning these formatives give the word
vary; in Tagalog mag — ■ generally implies temporary
occupation, man — • permanent avocation, ma^— ability

169

or accidental happening. Kapampangan has mag—,
man — , mi — , a — , ma,—, and n — ; of these mag— was
probably borrowed from the neighboring Tagalog, because
according to the rules governing the sound r in Kapam-
pangan m$r should have become may and then me; this
me, it may be assumed, has been changed to mi, because
another formative, tar, appears in Kapampangan as ti—,
showing identical development. Bisaya shows ma — ,
mag — , maga — .

The English active transitive sentence, "I killed the
chicken", can be translated in most Indonesian languages
by sentences of equivalent construction, as follows:
Chamoro, "Hupuno i manok" ; Toba Batak, "Hu bunu
manuk"; and Karo Batak, "Ku bunuh manuk."

Chamoro is spoken on the Mariana Islands, Batak on
Sumatra. The sentence, "I dug up the tree" is in Chamoro,
"Hu hali i hadju" ; in Toba, "Hu hali hau"; and in
Karo, "Ku kali kayu."

These sentences contain the hypothetical original Indo-
nesian, and incidentally original Filipino words: ku, "I";
bunu, "kill"; m^nuk, "chicken"; kali, "dig"; kayu,
"wood, tree". Bunu in the Philippines does not mean
"to kill", but "to stone", "to kill by throwing something
at", "to spear," "to throw in wrestling," (sham killing).
For the article "the", of which several seem to have existed
in the probable original Filipino, we may set down the form
most extensively used today— ang.

Now, if active transitive verbs existed in the Philippine
group, the above sentences would be: "Ku bunu ang
manuk" (or to use the Philippine word for "killing" "Ku
patay ang manuk") and "Ku kali ang kayu" Instead
of that the prototypes of these sentences are: "Binunu
(pinatay) ku ang manuk", and "Kinali ku ang kayu."
These sentences are passive. The literal translation of these
sentences into English would be: "Killed mine the
chicken", and "Dug-up mine the tree", where "killed"
and "dug-up" must be conceived as passive verb forms.

Since the passive voice is used so much more widely than
in Indo-European languages, it is but natural that it has
been developed much further than there. Not only do we
have special forms to show past, present, and future tenses
of the passive, but one can express whether the action was
intentional or accidental, or in what connection the subject
suffers the action, that is, whether directly, whether purely
in a locative sense, or whether as cause or reason thereof.

Philippine languages have what grammarians style
the three passives, which denote the connection in which
the subject suffers the action. These three passives are
characterized by the formative elements — en, * —an, and i— .
(Readers who have read the previous articles of this series
will remember that —on remains unchanged in Iloko, Panga-
sinan, certain Bisaya dialects, and others; becomes — an
in Kapampangan and Ibanag; —in in Tagalog, —on or
un in most Bisaya dialects and Bikol.) The difference in
meaning given to words by these three formatives may best
be seen in an actual example; as such we take the Tagalog
word-base akyat, which has the meaning of "raising",
"rising", "going up," "lifting."

"Akyatin mu ang bata sa bahay!" "Lift the child
up into the house!"

"Akyatan mu ang bahay!" "Go up into the house!"

"Iakyat mu ako nang fyata sa bahay!" "Lift me up
the child into the house!"

In the first sentence the subject "child" directly under-
goes the action of lifting — the formative — in (—an) is
used ; in the second the subject "house" is the place at which
the action of going up is to be performed — ; — an is the
proper formative here; and in the last sentence the
formative i— is used, because here the subject "I" is the
cause or recipient of the action.

It must be mentioned that frequently the use of the
formatives does not follow the rules here given; —an or i—
often take the place of the —in, and — in or — an that of
i— . Just which formative to use with a particular verb
can only be learned by experience.

The three formatives sometimes give to verbs shades of
meaning other than those they have in the sentences I
have given. So i— may indicate that the subject is the
instrument with which the action is to be performed, and
—an that the subject is an indirect sufferer of the action
upon the logical object— "Pina tay an nila ako nang
aking kalabao; itak ang ipinatay nila," "They have
killed my carabao; they killed it with a bolo." The literal
translation would be: "Killed theirs (am) I of my carabao,
bolo the with-which-killed theirs."

In Indo-European languages we have three main tenses-
past, present, and future; Philippine languages usually
have only two main formal subdivisions, which I shall call
preterite and future. In the preterite the action has
already been executed or is going on; its subdivisions are
past and present. In the future the action is still to be
done; the future term proper, the imperative and future
infinitive may be its subdivisions.

The three passive elements -on, —an, and i— when
alone are future formatives. The preterite is formed by
addition of the formative —in, which may be a prefix or
an infix.

This — in — is supposed to be the original Indonesian
formative for the expression of the passive. In the Phil-
ippines its function in the future tense must then have
been absorbed by the above named three elements —an,
—an, and i— ; as a result the formative ^in— today has
acquired a secondary preterite meaning it did not originally
possess. This secondary value as a preterite has in some
languages even become its primary meaning, so much so
that it may be used not only with transitive verbs, but
also with intransitive ones. So from the Kapampangan
word muli, "return home", we can form the sentence
"Minuliya", "He has gone home".

Originally, as I have stated, —in — was purely passive
in nature; so is today the formative —an without any other
shade of meaning. When we form the preterite of a verb
formed with — an, we would thus have in one word two
formatives of purely passive value; most Philippine dialects
in this case drop the —on as being superfluous. The two
formatives —an and i— , however, can not be dropped upon
addition of —in—, because their particular shade of
meaning would then be lost. The preterites of akyat in
Tagalog are thus: of akyatin, anakyat; of akyatan,
inakyatan; and of iakyat, ini akyat.

(Continued on page 180)

170

The Beetle

By Consorcio Borje

LEAVING for the rice fields of Don Tinoso
that morning, her mother had said, "Gela,
my child, keep watch until I return. For
your noon meal, there is the left-over rice and
the fish stew in the kitchen."

So, that morning and afternoon, Gela has been
playing house in the front yard. Some mud in a can repre-
sents cooking rice, a few santol leaves represent vegetables.
The front yard is a square patch of violent-red earth, with
a bamboo fence around it to keep the neighbors' pigs out.

Now, it is late afternoon but Mother has not yet come
home. Already, under the house the chickens are going
to roost, and men and women are coming up the road,
their feet caked with mud and on their broad, anahaw-leaf
hats bundles of fragrant, newly-harvested rice.

Gela squats on the ground, digging her big toes into the
fine crust made by the rain. The men and the women
glance at her.

"Na-ay, look at the daughter of Kaka Sibbi, widow
of Cuan, may the priest see his soul to heaven."

"How quiet the child is! What a good child!"

"Has your mother come home yet, Gela?"

The answer is "No, Nana;' or "No, Tara", or "No,
Manong"; and, "Mother has not yet come home."

"Gela, we go on."

Gela watches the harvesters go by, their long, brown
arms swinging wide at their sides, the sweat glistening
upon the back of their necks.

"Ay, you, Gela. What are you doing there?"

"Nana Basiang, waiting for Mother."

"Your mother has not come home? She started home
before me. Your mother said, 'My child Gela is alone at
home waiting for me.' Have you cooked the rice?"

"No, Nana. Mother has told me I must not cook rice."

The old woman contemplates the girl in her muddy
little dress, then turns on her heels and ascends the path
that leads to a cogon-grass house that stands in a thick
grove of santol trees on the rise across the road. Soon
smoke seeps through the wet grass roof.

It is twilight. The slow, lambent tolling of the church
bell announces the Angelus. Men and women pause and
cross themselves piously.

"Gela."

On the child's face the eager look of welcome becomes
one of disappointment.

"Has your mother still not come home?" Nana Basiang
asks anxiously.

"Nana Basiang, not yet."

"What has happened to that woman? Never mind, I
shall cook some rice for you. Where do you keep it?"

The rice is in a basket on a bamboo shelf over the fire-
place. That is to keep the bocboc out. "Where is Pitong,
Nana Basiang? He did not come to play with me."

"That boy? Ha! I think he went swimming in the
river again, the rascal."

Nana Basiang cooks the rice on the broad, shallow
box, filled with earth and set on a level with the
bamboo floor, that serves as a hearth. The
potful of rice soon boils merrily. Red light and

shadows chase across the sooty bamboo rafters

and sooty bamboo walls, and across the dark,
thin face of Nana Basiang.

There is a noise outside, then feet scurry up the bamboo
ladder of the kitchen. A boyish face, split by a wide,
big-toothed grin, hair tumbled down the wet forehead,
pokes from the darkness into the red, wavering light.

"It is Pitong!" exclaims Gela.

"Aha! so you are here, at last!"

Pitong steals sheepishly into the kitchen, accepts his
mother's scolding meekly, and sits down besides Gela on
the floor. He keeps his hand closed behind his back.

"What do you have in your hand, Pitong?" asks Gela.

Pitong closes his hand tighter and shakes his head un-
communicati vely .

Gela edges closer to him and smiles. "Ala, Pitong, let
me see it."

Pitong shows her his big teeth but clenches his fist more
firmly.

Gela puts all feminine wile and charm in her smile and,
failing to impress, she crouches and dives at the hand, but
clutches only empty air.

"We are friends, Pitong. Why don't you show me what
you have in your hand? Just a little peek."

Pitong starts to shake his head, but on second thought
reconsiders the matter. "Give me a kiss, then," he says,
placing a finger on his cheek that is faintly powdered with
the mud from the river.

"No!"

"I'll show it to you then!"

Gela ponders a moment, then says, "No".

"All right," says Pitong, thrusting his fist into his pocket,
"you shall never see it."

Gela gives a yell and bursts into tears. "Wah, wah,

wah."

Nana Basiang fixes a red, truculent eye upon her son.
"Now, what have you done to her? What have you done
to her, you son of the devil?"

"Nothing, Mother", Pitong protests. "Nothing at all."

The rice bubbles over and, as Nana Basiang turns away
to take the lid off the pot, Pitong kicks sidewise at Gela,
who gives another yell and starts crying afresh.

"Come here, you; come here," shouts the woman, pre-
paring to take Pitong's measure.

"But, Mother", expostulates Pitong, who views his
mother's preparations with alarm.

"What did you do to Gela? Come here!"

Nana Basiang rolls up her sleeves and selects a fair-
sized stick from its pile near the hearth. "Come here."

Pitong gives Gela, who is watching the proceedings with
interest, a devastating look and edges toward the door.
"Na, Mother, Gela is crying because I wouldn't show her

171

the thing in my hand because she would not — ". He
stops short.

"What wouldn't she do?"

"She would not — " Pitong racks his facile brain in vain.

"Because he asked me for a kiss," Gela puts in.

The woman glowers upon Pitong. "What! You son of
the devil!"

"Just a little kiss, Mother," says Pitong.

"And when I would not kiss him, he kicked me," Gela
adds.

The mother glares at Pitong. "What! You son of the
devil!"

"Just a little kick, Mother", says Pitong. "The kick
would not have hurt an ant."

The woman's eye rests upon Pitong's closed hand. "What
is that in your hand?" Pitong, with a backward glance at
Gela, opens his hand before his mother near the fire and
closes it again as Gela steals up behind him.

"Ay, just an abal-abal (edible beetle)," exclaims the
woman. "Have you been quarreling just because of that?"

The secret is out. "Ay, just an abal-abal," says Gela
deprecatingly.

"Na, but you wanted to see it," Pitong retorts derisively.
He opens his hand and the beetle crawls up one of his
fingers. It is fat and grayish-brown, and the fire-light
gleams on its wings-covers. A length of thread secures
it by two hind legs to one of the boy's fingers.

"So the abal-abal came out this afternoon, Pitong?"
asks the mother. "Yes? Have you caught any for
supper?"

"Yes. Father is already boiling them in vinegar."
He turns around and sticks his tongue out at Gela who is
watching the antics of the beetle enviously. "La! We
shall have abal-abal for supper tonight."

"La! I do not like abal-abal," lies Gela weakly, her
eyes still glued to the beetle, noticing which, Pitong puts
it in the center of his palm and closes his fingers over it.

In the happy anticipation of a meal of beetles boiled
in vinegar, Nana Basiang neglects to castigate the errant
Pitong and occupies herself with cooking the rice. She
rests the pot on a bed of embers on one side of the fireplace
and replaces the lid, first putting a piece of green banana
leaf over the cereal. The escaping steam fills the air with
a fine aroma.

"What have you for supper, Gela?"
"The fish stew in the little pot, Nana Basiang."
The woman takes down the pot and examines its con-
tents in the glow of the embers. She sniffs it.

"It is spoiled. Hoy, Pitong, run up to our house and
get some of the boiled beetles. For Gela. Hurry, you
son of the devil."

Pitong tarries to give Gela a baleful look, then disappears
into the velvet night which is full of the smell of flowers.
Silence settles upon the kitchen. The deep red glow of the
embers pulsates among the soot-black pots, the row of
shiny, battered tin plates and the black coconut bowls on
the bamboo shelf hanging from the dark loft, and one or
two five-gallon cans filled with water. Nana Basiang,
squatting before the fireplace, stirs restlessly.

172

"Are you lonely, child?"

"Oh, I am lonely, Nana. Won't my mother come home
soon?"

There is the noise of bare feet outside. The two look
at each other with a glad light in their eyes. "Your mother
is home now." Angela rushes to the door, crying,
"Mother, Mother."

But it is Pitong standing outside in the dim light coming
from the door. He looks at Gela foolishly, holding some-
thing wrapped in a green banana leaf in his hand. On
his shoulder the gray-brown beetle is resting, its white
string falling away.

Pitong delivers the boiled beetles with a grand gesture,
and his mother sends him back. "Tell your father,"
she says, "to see if your Nana Sibbi is anywhere among
the neighbors."

While Gela eats on the floor, Nana Basiang stares over
the low wall of the kitchen after the figure of her son dis-
appearing in the dark. Later on she descries her husband
hurrying down the path with a lantern in his hand. He
vanishes down the road, the lantern casting huge, swinging
shadows. Nana Basiang sits down on the floor beside
the girl, only to start up at the sound of voices on the road.
A party of men and women are passing by on their way
home from threshing rice at the mill of the rich man Don
Tinoso. In reply to Nana Basiang's shouted inquiry they
say they have not seen the missing woman.

Gela finishes her meal, drinks from the coconut dipper,
washes the plates, throws the dish-water into the night,
warning away the spirits lurking nearby with a "cayo-
cayo" lest they get drenched. Someone outside calls for
Nana Basiang. It is Tata Iban, her husband, looking
tired and pale in the dubious light of the lantern. He
beckons to Nana Basiang to come out quietly.

"She is in the house of Lacay Bansiong. She is dead."

"Dead?"

"Yes," the man whispers. "Dead. Bitten by a rice
snake."

"I did not see her when I passed by the old man's house."

"There was no one in the house when she got there. I
arrived with Lacay Bansiong himself and his wife. They
had just come from threshing rice at the mill of Don Tinoso.
We found her there, lying on the floor."

"And— Gela?"

They glance back at the kitchen. Gela is sitting on the
small wooden mortar, solemnly watching fireflies at play
around the gumamela bushes.

"People are bringing the body over," says Tata Iban.
"What shall we do?"

Nana Basiang decides promptly, "We'll take her home
with us."

/^vutside the door, Gela sits newly washed and solemn in
a clean white dress, stiff with starch. Strange men and
women, men and women in black, come in and out of
the door. There are men talking, drinking the sweet
sugar-cane wine, chewing buyo and spitting red out of
the window. There are women playing pangvingue with
decks of Spanish cards on mats spread on the floor.
(Continued on page 182)

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

The Ronda

A READER of the Magazine wishes to
know how to dance the Ronda. The
inquiry struck us at first as very re-
freshing, but later it proved to be very em-
barrassing. We found ourselves saying with St. Augus-
tine, "If you do not ask me, I know; if you ask me, I know
not." Frequent visits to world centers of learning and
culture such as the University of the Philippines Browsing
Room and the Round Table at Tom's Dixie Kitchen,
where we delved deep into the wisdom of the ages and
the aged, did not yield satisfying results.

Ourselves, when puzzled did eagerly frequent
Elder statesmen and heard great argument
About it and about: but evermore
Came out by the same Door as in we went.

Rhubarbiy at ; Omar Kawayan.

At last, light dawned on us. What one woman has
done, two men can do and do better. Mrs. X gave us
her Philippine folk dances. Why can't we give the readers
of the Magazine — nay, to the whole world, yes, to Professor
Eddington's "expanding universe" — -the Ronda?

"De dust moest er afgeveegd, hier en daar een bur wat aangetight,
de kussens een weinig opgefixt, en de bells vooral nauwkeurig onder-
zocht."

It occurred to us that the Ronda is like M. Jourdain's
prose. He had been speaking it for forty years without
knowing it. The world, too, has been dancing the Ronda
for more than 4000 years without knowing it. Many
centuries before General Santos, Cleopatra danced
it before Caesar, who liked it. She danced it before
Anthony, who liked it, too. But Octavius, who was no
reader of this page, nor of the Four O'Clock column and
therefore no admirer of women even when they wore hats,
did not like it. "One man's meat is another man's poison.,,

Says Havelock Ellis in the "Dance of Life", "I hear
from a physician, a gynecologist now practising in Egypt,
that a dancing girl can lie on her back, and with a full
glass of water on one side of her abdomen and an empty
glass on the other, can by the contraction of the muscles
on the side supporting the full glass, project the water
from it, so as to fill the empty glass." This, says Havelock
Ellis, is not strictly dancing. Yes, but it is the Ronda.

The Eighth Henry danced the Ronda to perfection.
So did the Pope of his day. But they did not like to dance
the Ronda together. Henry elected to dance the Ronda
with the girls.

It should be noted that the Ronda is best danced to
the rondo. Many composers of the rondo were incu-
rably addicted to the Ronda. Mozart himself frequently
danced the Ronda with his wife's sister.

During the Victorian era the English were the champion
Ronda dancers of the world, although they did not want
the world to know it. Like trousers it was unmentionable,
and therefore should be unknowable. But the way Oscar

Wilde — he did not belie his name — danced the
Ronda was too much for the B.P., and you
know what happened. How strongly the
British hold on to the conservative style of
Ronda dancing was seen by the controversy
between Edward Windsor and Baldwin over the Ronda.
Edward would not dance the Ronda in the Baldwin High
Church style, and so he said, "Let George do it."

In these days the Ronda has thrown out grotesque muta-
tions with the result that as the poet says, "One man's
Ronda is another man's undoing."

•'Quanno me scietaie, me trovaie ncoppa lu marciepiedi cu nu pulizio
vicino che diceva; Ghiroppe bomma!"

Or as Lewis Car oil puts it,

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves
And the mome raths outgrabe.

Consider Mussolini. All the world knows that Musso-
lini's Ronda is castor oil for the non-fascists and thumb-
tacks for the Ethiopians.

"Mi laico mio contry! Mi laico Italia! Russia non guddef Nglese
non gudde! Ethiopia non gudde! Orre' for Italia! Orre' for il Duce!
Wazzo mar so Francia?"

In Germany they do not dance the Ronda, they dance
the Ronda. Man sagt auf ur-Deutsch: die first Schteppe
ist, Heil Hitler! die sekonde ist Heil Hitler! die tharde ist
Heil Hitler!

Der Vielheit ist Adolf feind;

Drum zieht er uns so ein

Das alle Deutschen soll'n

In Hitler einer sein.

Here in the Philippines we have different styles of
dancing the Ronda. The Assemblymen's style consists
of only one ster>— Yes, sir ! The Pros' version has two steps —
No, sir! and Yes, sir! Prof. Abdon Llorente, we are sorry
to say, bungled his Ronda and seems to be in trouble now.

Our own interpretation* of the dance is simplicity itself.
First step: sit down. Second step: remain seated. Third
step: a glass of pick-me-up. Fourth step: another glass
of the same. Fifth step: same glass refilled several times.
Sixth step: raise the right leg. Seventh step: raise the
left leg. Eighth step: hold both legs high. Ninth step:

higher. Tenth step: still higher Eleventh step:

we sing with Angelus Silesius,

Der Schlaf is dreierlei
Der Sunder schlaft in Tod
Der Mud' in der Natur,
Und der Verliebt' in Gott.

(Of sleep there are three kinds:
Sinners are death-oppressed,
The faint in nature lie
In God true lovers rest.)

Translation by Car us.

♦The Editor refuses to allow us female partners for this dance. He is afraid of
the S.P.C.A.

Finance and Investment Section

When You Buy Mining Stock

By John Truman

TWO groups of buyers are to be distinguished
on the stock market: those who desire to in-
vest their money in solid enterprises in the
hope of doubling or tripling the invested amount with-
in some undetermined length of time, and those who
are always on the look-out for "hot tips" in the hope
of doubling or tripling their money within a week or two.
The first are "investors"; the second "speculators". The
investors prefer a steady market with prices advancing with
growing production. The speculators like a booming market
and many of them can not understand why the market does
not continually rise. Many of them do not realize the fact
that there must be a relation in the case of mining shares, for
instance, between the market value of the stocks and the
gold production of the respective companies. Indeed, it
often appears there is no such relation. The production of
a mine does not usually change very suddenly, but the value
of the stock may go up or down very rapidly, following
the old law of any market that the ratio between demand
and offer determines price. But over any extended length
of time, the price of a stock always returns to a certain
point which is more or less the result of the production
figure of the mine, or, rather, the profit figure of the
company in question, or, in some cases, of the estimated
actual value of the property.

A solid investor, who pays for his stock purchases in
full, has therefore no reason to despair when prices drop,
or to go insane when prices rise. He knows that in the
long run, the shares he holds will be priced at the real value
they represent: shares of the profit of the companies in
which he owns stock.

The speculator, especially the one who gambles on the
money of his broker, has to watch the market closely to
avoid the danger of losing everything. Every time prices
at the stock exchanges go down, a large number of such
people are eliminated from the market. Brokers are
forced to "sell out" their stocks in order to protect them-
selves against losses; or the speculators themselves are
forced to sell their stocks, and their selling orders play a
large part in breaking a weak market down completely.
When, subsequently, the market shows signs of recovery,
they again want to get in on the expected profits and buy
without calculation, as much as they can with their own
money and that of their brokers. Thus they drive prices to
an unnatural height, far above the real value of the stocks.
Then, when "projit taking" begins, prices must collapse,
and many people who have bought at high prices lose large
amounts and may be out of the market for years after.

It is therefore the speculators who make the market so
unsteady and uncertain. That is one reason why I like
the new regulations of the Securities and Exchange Com-
mission for they fix a limit for the credit a broker

174

may give a client. No stock listed on the board
of a ]stock exchange may be bought by a speculator
unless he pays sixty per cent of the actual market
value. If he jwants to buy unlisted stock he has
to pay down seventy per cent. This protects the
buyer himself and makes the market steadier. With
sixty or seventy per cent paid, most of the speculators
are able to cover their debit balances when the market goes
down and are not then forced to sell at unfavorable prices.
They are able to hold their stocks until the purchase
values can be recovered.

My first advice is: Do not gamble on other people9 s
money. Buy as much stock as you can pay for, so
that it will be your property and you will not be forced
to sell it when its market value drops.

From Whom To Buy

HPhe reader will already have noticed that this column
is not written for the speculator but for the investor.
I can not give you any tips. No writer in a monthly maga-
zine could, because a tip is a very short-lived thing and
would be dead before the magazine is off the press. But
I can and shall, through the Philippine Magazine, render
the investor some service, and will begin by telling you
from whom to buy.

If possible, do not buy stocks from —

(1) good friends,

(2) stock peddlers, and

(3) those brokers who offer you a larger credit margin
than the law permits.

To buy stock from friends is a sure way to lose them.
Your friend would probably not sell if he really believes
in the stock he has. If he needs money, let him sell the
stock at the exchanges. If he offers you stock that is not
traded in at the exchanges, keep away from it.

Such obscure stocks (most of my remarks are in regard
to mining stocks as these are the principal offering on the
Manila market) are also frequently offered by stock ped-
dlers. They may tell you wonderful stories about the ore
deposits of the property in question, about the intensive
exploration work going on, about the unlimited profits
in sight. But good stock does not need to be sold in that
way, as good properties are always known to the various
import axit financial groups.

It may be a different question, however, with new compa-
nies. These often call on the general public for the capital
needed to start exploration work. They advertise the
gold content of samples and tell you of their hopes of a
bright future. I do not want to discourage the investing
public in participating in new mining ventures, and I will
come back to this matter later, but I definitely advise

175 PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE April, 1937

PHILIPPINE

NATIONAL BANK

MANILA, PHILIPPINES

(Sole Depository in the Philippines of the Commonwealth)

NEW YOKK AGENCY

25 BROADWAY, NEW YOKK CITY, NEW YOPvK

Complete

BANKING AND TRUST FACILITIES

Agricultural Banking Letters of Credit

Commercial Banking Travelers' Checks

Deposit Accounts Cable Transfers

Commercial Credits Personal Trusts

Foreign Exchange Corporate Trusts

Executor and Administrator

BRANCHES IN TEN PROVINCES
AGENCIES AND SUB-AGENCIES IN 1010 MUNICIPALITIES

Correspondents in All Important Cities of the World

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

176

against buying obscure stock from already existing compa-
nies that is not traded at the exchanges. It is usually
stock that somebody subscribed for or bought some time
past and wants to get rid of. And do not buy stock from
a mining engineer, as an "engineer" peddling stock is usually
to be distrusted.

Do not buy from a broker who offers you more credit
than the law allows. He takes his duties too lightly, and
even if he does not intend to cheat you, he might himself
be caught by a fall in the market and not be able to comply
with his duties toward his clients.

What To Buy

np here are only two types of mining stock an investor
should buy:

(1) stock of mining companies that have already
explored their holdings or are actually producing;

(2) subscription stock of newly formed companies,
under the following circumstances:

(a) if the board of directors of such a company is made
up of trustworthy individuals; and

(b) if the capital offered for subscription does not
appear to be too high.

I need not say much about already explored properties
or producing mines. The average value of stocks in such
enterprises is already known to the public. Sometimes
difficulties are overcome, improvements made, or new
veins discovered, and the stock may be expected to go up.
Generally, you may buy the stock of working companies

without much risk, especially if they are listed above par
value for any considerable length of time. Bad surprises,
however, are possible, as in the case of Gold River two
years ago. If you wish to avoid such risks, buy only
dividend -paying stock.

The matter becomes more complicated if you are thinking
of subscribing to the stock of a newly formed mining
company. Such a venture is always a gamble as even
the directors and the engineers can not tell you what the
future will be. That all depends upon the following factors :

(1) whether there is really a good deposit of commercial
ore;

(2) whether the technical staff is composed of able
men; and, most important,

(3) whether the board of directors is honest or crooked.
The ore deposits and their commercial possibilities can

in no case be judged before exploration and development
work has proceeded to a certain point. Most or nearly
all mining companies sell their capital stock or a large
part of it long before they can be sure that the venture
will be a success. Therefore, any one who buys stock in
a newly formed company should know that he is taking a
chance.

As the number of capable mining engineers in the Philip-
pines today is much too small for the steadily growing
number of mining companies, not all of these companies
are able to secure a competent technical staff. Before
subscribing to stock in a new company, therefore, investi-
gate whether the company in question has at least one
competent expert to direct the exploration work.

Representing The Following Products And Firms —

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Dynamite and Supplies

AMERICAN POTASH and CHEMICAL

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"TRONA" Brand Soda Ash

THE DENVER FIRE CLAY CO., DENVER,

COLO.

DFC Assay Equipment and Supplies

DENVER EQUIPMENT CO., DENVER,

COLO.

Mine and Mill Equipment

THE EIMCO CORP., SALT LAKE
New and Second Hand Machinery

FRASER & CHALMERS ENGINEERING

WORKS, ERITH, KENT.
Ball Mills and Heavy Mining Machinery

C. C. FILSON CO., SEATTLE
Hats, Coats, Pants, Waterproof

FAGERSTA, SWEDEN
Drill Steel

GREAT WESTERN ELECTRIC CHEMICAL

CO., SAN FRANCISCO

Flotation Reagents, Xanthates, etc.

JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS, SAN
FRANCISCO

Mine Hoists

MANCHA STORAGE BATTERY LOCO-
MOTIVE CO., CHICAGO
Battery Locomotives

PORTABLE LAMP & EQUIPMENT CO.,
PITTSBURGH

"Cool Hats" and "Cool Caps"

D. MORGAN REES & SONS LTD.,
ENGLAND

High Grade Wire Rope

T. C. WILSON CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Pine Oil

JUSTRITE MFG. CO., CHICAGO
Carbide Lamps

Diesel Engines
W. H. ALLEN SONS & CO.. LTD., BEDFORD, ENGLAND

MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INC.

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

177

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178

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

It is hardly necessary to say that not all the men who
suddenly appear as directors of mining companies are one
hundred per cent honest. In some cases, so-called mining
companies have been formed with the sole aim of mulcting
the public for salaries for the directors, for the purchase
of worthless claims from friends, for the payment of ques-
tionable bills, and so on. It is not sufficient to know that
the president of a company is honest. You must get some
information as to the honesty of the secretary and the
other directors, and must also make sure that the com-
pany's auditor is independent of the board.

In addition to this, you must look to the total value
of the shares the new company offers to the public. Keep
away if the amount appears too high. No new company
needs, for instance, a half million pesos to start work.
And always make sure that the promoters have put down
some substantial sum of money themselves before they
offered stock to the public.

Choosing Your Broker
Otock is bought and sold for you at the stock exchanges
by a broker. The new rules of the Securities and
Exchange Commissioner have been formulated in an
attempt to protect the public against dishonest brokers.
But I give the following advice so you can do something
for your own protection.

If a broker is personally well known to you and you have
confidence in him, it may be all right for you to go to him
in case you need a broker's services, but if you have to
select a broker and do not know such a man, then pay
attention to the following points:

A broker, as I have already said, who offers you more
credit than the law permits him to do is to be suspected.
He is allowed to advance you forty per cent on the purchase
price of listed stocks and thirty per cent on the purchase
of unlisted stocks. If he offers you more than that, his
office may be closed some fine day by the authorities, which
might result in great inconvenience for you.

A broker who does not care to have your written
authority for the transactions he handles for you, or who
does not at least request you to sign your orders, is guilty
of careless practice which may have dangerous consequences
both for himself and his clients. For instance, if the market
drops suddenly, some of his clients might refuse to accept
the stock he has bought for them, and if there is some
understanding between a group of buyers, he might be
forced to take the loss himself and he might pledge or sell
your stock to meet the situation.

I, personally, prefer the larger brokerage organizations
in which the heads can not perform tricks with the accounts
of fictitious persons or of good friends — for whom he buys
your stock at the cheapest quotation to sell it to you at
a better rate, or to whom he sells your stock at the cheapest
rate to sell it on exchange for a better price — without
too many of their employees finding out about such
dishonest practice.

If you pay in full for the stocks you buy, and you do
not have complete confidence in your broker, it is wise
to demand that the stock certificates be transferred to
your name and placed in your hands. Certainly, your

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

179

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180

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

broker would not transfer the certificates to you if you
do not pay in full, for in that case he must, for his own
protection, see to it that he can dispose of the stock at any
time, when, for instance, it drops in value and reaches the
amount he has advanced for you; or when your account
remains inactive for a long time and you do not pay up
your balance. You can not expect your broker to advance
money for you for an unlimited length of time, especially
if you do not give him additional business.

Some brokers want those of their customers who buy
on margin to sign trading agreements. This, in my opinion,
is a very good thing because such an agreement makes
everything clear from the beginning. But you must read
such an agreement carefully before you sign it, and you
should pay special attention to those paragraphs which
determine under what circumstances the broker may sell
you out. He should have the right to sell your stock only — •

(1) if you do not settle your debit balance within a
reasonable time, which should be definitely fixed, say at
one month or six weeks; or

(2) if the market price comes too close to your unpaid
balance. As prices sometimes move very fast, it appears
fair that the broker should have the right to sell your stock
when its values is not more than 150 per cent of your debit
balance.

If your broker insists that you deposit your signature
with him, that you give him some information about your-
self, and other formalities of that sort, do not be discouraged,
and do not resent it if he refuses to accept your order by

ONROE

telephone (which means an unsigned order). Just because
he is careful in legitimately protecting himself, such a man
is safer to deal with and may better be entrusted with
the values you turn over to him, than a more careless man.
Do you not prefer a bank which is very careful? I do.
Well, it is the same with a broker.

In the May issue of this Magazine I shall take up the
point, When to buy stojcks.

The Philippine Verb

{Continued from page 170)

The various passive verb forms I have described are used
when the action is intentional, when the actor is known or
implied. If the actor is not mentioned or known, or if he
is immaterial ; if the action is accidental or if possibility is to
be implied, then the formative — in — is substituted by
another, usually a — , ma — or mi— , and in the future
tense these formatives are used in connection with — an
and i — _, but not with — on. Examples: Kapampangan,
"Ala keng apupul keti," ' 'Nothing mine can-be -harvested
here'*; that is, "I can raise no crop here." Tagalog,
"Nahigaan ang banig na ito", "Been -lied-on the mat
this"; "This mat has been lain on".

♦For this letter see "Tracing the Original Sounds in the Languages of Today,"
Philippine Magazine, January, 1937, page 39.

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

181

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182

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Aptil, 1937

The Beetle

(Continued from page 172)

There is loud talking, much acrid smoke going up into the
cobweb-festooned rafters.

"Poor child," says a thin sallow-complexioned young
woman, stroking Gela's head gently. "Poor child. Where
will you stay now that your mother is dead?"

"I don't know, Nana."

"You come to live with me, ha?"

"No, Nana."

Gela begins to cry softly. In the main room of the house,
her mother lies very still and very white on her bed-mat
upon the floor. Her wrinkled hands are clasped upon her
breast, and a little black cross is stuck between the rigid
fingers.

"Don't cry, child. Now, you make me cry also."

Gela sobs louder. Tears stream down her cheeks.

Nana Basiang takes Gela by the hand. "Let us go,
Gela," she says. "That son of the devil son of mine will
play with you."

Across the road, past the tin cans and the sticks and the
dried shredded santol leaves with which she had played
house yesterday, now piled into a heap on one side (for
Tata Iban had come to sweep the yard); up the path, with
the butterflies flitting among the aso-aso flowers; over the
stones which the rains of years have washed smooth, Gela
and Nana Basiang go. They arrive at the house of the
woman.

"Pitong! Pitong! Now, where is that son of — ah, there

he is."

Pitong comes running around the house. In one hand
is a string on which flies the beetle. "Pitong, come play
with Gela."

Pitong sniffles obediently. He lifts up a bare foot to
show that one of his toes is hurt. He has bandaged it with
a piece of the cloth used for wiping sooty pots. Nana
Basiang leaves for the house of the dead across the road.
Gela is still sobbing.

Gela, sobbing tearlessly, stares interestedly at the beetle.
The beetle alights upon her arm. "Oh, oh, oh."

"See, it is going up your arm," says Pitong.

"It scratches!" Gela's swollen face brightens, but still
she is sobbing. "See, it is clasping its hands."

The beetle spreads its wings as if to fly away, but folds
them again.

"It likes me," says Gela. She glances at Pitong hope-
fully. "It does not want to fly away from me."

"Ay, it did the same thing with me also."

"May I hold the string for a while, Pitong?"

Pitong considers for a moment, then grandly delivers
to her custody of the beetle, which resumes its slow journey
up her arm. Between her sobbs, Gela giggles delightedly.

Pitong looks down the hill, across the road into the house
of Gela. Lacay Doro the carpenter is carrying the newly
finished wooden casket up the stairs. The casket is gleam-
ing brown, but soon he will drape it with the black cloth that
is flung over the sill of one of the windows. He will use
the little nails which Pitong had bought for him at the
Chinese store with his own mother's two centavos.

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

183

"Oh, oh, oh!" sobs Gela. She blows lightly on the beetle,
pursing her lips, crinkling her tear-stained cheeks.

"You may have the beetle, Gela," says Pitong, his small
heart swelling with a new bigness. "You may have the
beetle all for your own."

"Ay, Pitong! Do you mean it?"

"Ehm-m". Pitong nods his head vigorously.

"Ah, Pitong." Gela steals up to him and, still sobbing,
suddenly gives him a hearty smack on the closer cheek.
On the cheek of Pitong a wet little round "O" leaves a ring
of brown on a field of grayish dried mud.

The Ilocos Pot Industry

{Continued from page 168)

coating the surface with pa la, a red clay sold by the Tin-
guians. This red clay is dissolved in water and rubbed
on the jars with a piece of fine cloth. Except for jars, all
earthenware is colored after it has been baked.

Cogon from old roofs, dried leaves, and ashes are next
piled beneath and above the dried pots and then ignited.
When thoroughly baked and still hot, the pots are drawn out
from the pile and are covered with rice husks which are
left to burn until the entire surface of each pot is black.

When the Spaniards came here, they found the Ilocanos
already engaged in the making of pottery. In fact the in-
habitants of the Philippines have made pottery from pre-
historic times, probably for the last two thousand years at
least, according to authorities.

The Socialists

(Continued from page 167)

her head, started singing the "Internationale!" The
people joined her, and those who were sitting hurriedly rose
to their feet. Unbelievingly, Comrade Lirios stared, his
straw hat in his hand. His temples began to throb with
a dull ache from the heat of the sun. He raised "Das
Kapital" and shaded his head with it.

The song finished, the girl in the very next breath burst
out into a rush of words that tumbled out of her mouth like
angry waters through a break in a dike during the rainy
season. Repeatedly the crowd interrupted her with en-
thusiastic clapping of hands.

Comrade Bautista, the reciter, clapped vigorously with the
rest, in his eyes a proud light as he fixed them on the girl.
Comrade Lirios remembered that during the singing of the
"Internationale" Comrade Bautista's voice had shrilled
to the breaking point, and he had had a glimpse of the man's
flushed and sweaty face uplifted to the blue sky, the gold
teeth in his open mouth flashing in the sun. He turned to
him, saying: "I do not understand Pampango. What is
she talking about?"

"She is discussing about da aims of da Frente Popular — "

"Ah, and what does she say are the aims of the party?"

"She says why do we work and work and habe no mooney?

Why do we slabe in da fields under da sun and habe notting

to eat?"

"Is it as bad as all that? These people look quite robust
and well-fed."

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184

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

"You do not know what you are talking about, Comrade
Lirios. Dis people are suffering much dat you do not see."

"That is true," put in Comrade Esteban in a doleful tone,
shifting his hold on the bamboo handle of the hoe.

"We know, Comrade Linos," said Comrade Manacis,
the lawyer, "we know, we know," nodding his big head on
scrawny neck emphatically.

There was another outburst of clapping and voices raised
in a shout, "Mabuhay!"

"And what did she say just now?"

"She said, 'Why do rich people become richer widout
lifting a finger? Why do we see dem growing fatter and
fatter as dey ride by in beautiful automobiles? Why
do dey wear beautiful clodes and eat expensive foods
when we are in rags and are dying of starbation? Dis is all
wrong. It should be changed. Away wid da present order.
We must have a government where ebbribody is rich and
happy.' "

Comrade Lirios adjusted his straw hat carefully on the
nape of his neck. His back felt smoking hot. His head was
bursting. He unbuttoned his coat and, holding the lapels,
tried to cool himself by waving the sides of the garment
back and forth. But he only began to sweat more profusely
from the effort. Besides the book, "Das Kapital," kept
slipping and it was a job holding it under his armpit. He
fixed his eyes on the sparse mustache of the lawyer and
wanted to say that the theory of socialism as expounded so
passionately by the girl was all wrong.

But Comrade Bautista was speaking again.

"We are so glad you came to dis meeting. When we
sent da inbitation to da Socialist Club of Manila to come to
da province to see der comrades here — ■"

With sudden animation, Comrade Lirios turned to Com-
rade Bautista and said, "You know, I am glad I came.
This is all a complete revelation to me — a complete revela-
tion. I am glad I came. Frankly, I did not think you
people here — "

A voice interrupted him a complaining, disagreeable
voice.

"Hey, why the hell did we ever come to this God-forsaken
place? These people do not even know the ABC of socialism.
It is treason they are proposing."

Comrade Lirios in turning to face the intruder dislodged
his straw hat from his neck and while retrieving it from the
dusty earth, he was aware of an uncomfortable silence that
seemed to double the heat until he felt he would
suffocate.

"Oh, it is you," he said without surprise when he was
upright again and faced the newcomer. "Comrades, may
I introduce Comrade San Diego. He is as you know the
Secretary of the Socialist Club of Manila."

Comrade Bautista flashed his gold teeth and shook
hands with Comrade San Diego. The lawyer, Comrade
Manacis, shook hands with a slight bow. Comrade Este-

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

185

ban detached one bony hand from the handle of his hoe and
shook the hand of Comrade San Diego. That done he
gripped the end of the bamboo handle with both hands,
rested his sharp chin on them and was once more wrapped
in doleful silence.

Comrade San Diego, who had a fair, yellowish complexion,
with a wide expanse of forehead and small, quick-moving
eyes above a large bulbous nose, now sent darting glances
at each of the four. The immaculate Comrade Lirios was
carefully wiping with a white silk handkerchief he had
pulled out of his breast pocket, minute specks of dust still
clinging to the band of his straw hat.

"Hell," said Comrade San Diego, "I am roasting." He
looked back at the group he had left under the camachile
tree seated on the benches. It was evident that he desired
to go back, but was uncertain about just how to do it.

"I am glad you came, Comrade San Diego," said Comrade
Bautista, with another flash of gold teeth.

Comrade San Diego turned his sharp gaze upon the
speaker, but said no word.

"I was just telling our comrades here," said the im-
maculate Lirios, "how glad I am to have come. This is all
a complete revelation to me — a complete revelation. I
wouldn't have missed it for the world."

"Hell," said Comrade San Diego, moving his shoulders
under his coat. "The whole thing is a farce. I am going
back under the camachile tree."

"No, stay a while," said Comrade Lirios with his gracious
smile. "Our comrades here are dying to hear the theories
of socialism correctly expounded — ■"

"In this heat? In all this sun? Hell!" Comrade San
Diego turned to go, but Comrade Lirios held his arm.

"The trouble with you is that you are all talk. When
you are face to face with the real thing, you refuse to come
to grips with it. You would rather sit in the shade and
split hairs."

"Hell," said Comrade San Diego, wrenching free his arm.
"When it comes to fighting for what I think is right, I am
as ready as the next man." He reached into the waist of
his trousers and brought out a seven-inch knife. With a
flip of his fingers, he exposed a gleaming, dagger-like blade.
He darted quick glances at the four, the opened knife in
his hand catching the sun on the middle of its blade and
sending out a myriad of fine rays in every direction. "Hell,"
said Comrade San Diego, closing the knife with a snap and
pushing it inside his waistband again. "Under the new
sedition law these people could all be sent to prison."

"And being present at this meeting, you are also liable to
imprisonment," said Comrade Lirios.

"Hell," said Comrade San Diego, turning away. "I
shall tell my wife we are going home."

Comrade Lirios allowed his glance to wander toward the
group on the benches at the foot of the camachile tree. He
caught his wife's eye and waved "Das Kapital" at her.
She smiled and he thought he could see the dimple in her
cheek.

A man, probably about fifty years old, with long tapering
face_broad, shapely forehead, thick graying hair, firm
cheeks marked with brown moles around the eyes and
down in front of the ears— had been introduced by the belli-
gerent toastmaster. This man stood beside the small

square table with a hand on its edge. With the other hand
he held the lapel of his white drill coat. He was a tall
man, thick-shouldered, erect, commanding. He spoke in
low, measured tones, his words plain, without the usual
flowery expressions that speakers in the dialect affect.
And so strong was the personality of the man that everyone
listened attentively and forgot to applaud. He spoke in
Pampango and once more Comrade Lirios asked, "What
is he saying? Who is he?"

"He is a Sakdal leader," Comrade Bautista whispered.
"He does not belong to our party, but we invited him to
come and speak."

"He is an extraordinary -looking man," whispered Com-
rade Lirios. "I know him. He sat beside me in the truck
coming from San Fernando. I never dreamed he was a
Sakdal leader. He dozed most of the way."

"He is like that," said the lawyer. "Quite. Sleepy.
No words."

"Like dynamite," supplied the man with the hoe. He
was watching the speaker with great interest, his chin for
the moment raised from the back of his hands that held the
handle of the hoe.

"He is now telling about da way how he was imprisoned
in Manila," translated Comrade Bautista. "He says da
Constabulary soldiers manacled him and he has neber
forgotten de feel ob da cold iron around his wrists."

"Why was he imprisoned?"

"Because ob his connection wid da recent Sakdal up-
rising."

186

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

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"Why is he out so soon? Was he acquitted?"

"He was found guilty. He was sentenced to five years
imprisonment/ '

"Then how is he here?"

"He was pardoned by da President."

"Ah, and what is he saying now?"

"He says da Sakdals do not faboh force as a means ob
getting what day want."

"Ah," said Comrade Lirios, "so they do not favor the use
of force." In another moment he knew his head would
split. If only a breeze would start up. The shadows of
the trees and shrubs were grotesque cut-outs pasted on the
brown earth. The scorched ground underfoot sent up a
strong musty reek that you could almost taste. Only the
little stream purled on sweetly, maddeningly clear and
cool. . . .

"No, but he says dey are forced to use force because — "

"Because of what?" He had almost forgotten Comrade
Bautista.

"Many ob da followers are impatient. Dey can not
wait."

"Wait for what?"

"For da help ob Jesus Christ."

"Jesus Christ? What has He to do with Sakdalism?"

"He is da hope of da Sakdals. Dey are told by dere
leaders to depend upon His help to get what dey want.
Dere is where we are diffurent from da Sakdals. We
Socialists beleeb in cooperation. We must unite to be
effectibe. We beleeb dat dere should be no separate
societies. No Sakdals. No Antis. No Pros. We should
all unite under da Red Flag and den go after what we want.
We are trying to persuade da Sakdals to join us."

"And if they should join you, what then?"

"We shall see what we shall see," said the man with the
hoe, very quietly. His half-shut eyes met those of Comrade
Bautista, slid sideways to encounter the lawyer's, and a
silence fell upon the three.

Comrade Lirios found the sudden silence of his companions
disconcerting, and he let his eyes wander to where his wife
still chatted with the two other married women under the
cool shade of the camachile tree. Failing to catch her eye,
he spread his gaze westward. Just across the little stream
were fields green with young rice plants. Farther away
were flat dun-coloured stretches, untilled, the grass burned
up by the sun. To the right and left were dark-green areas
planted to sugar. Not a soul was abroad. He thought
he could discern the heat raining down like arrows upon the
earth that seemed to quiver like an animal in pain.

The Sakdal leader finished his speech amidst loud ap-
plause. And now the next number of the program was
a quartet singing the primary school song, "Planting Rice
Is Never Fun," in English.

A strange sensation of being transported out of himself
came over Comrade Lirios. In his ears rang the untutored
voices of the four girls singing, "Planting rice is nay-ber
fu-un. . . ." He looked at them, at their upturned faces
on which the sun cast immobile leaf shadows; at the blind
guitarist swinging his round head to his own accompaniment.
How earnest they were! His eyes encompassed the crowd
of listeners caught in varied poses of attention. They, too,
were dead earnest. Not in a thousand years could it have

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

187

occurred to any one of them that they were— comic. Comic?
Comrade Lirios had a sudden vision of 14,000,000 people
of the same cast and mold, capable of the same direct,
unself-conscious, child-like simplicity and earnestness.
They till the soil and plant rice and they know the quality
of rain and sun. The feel of pure honest earth is in their
work-hardened hands; they stand on it with bare feet, toes
spread apart. What then if they sang the Internationale
and recited Edwin Markham's poem upon a burning hill-
side under the midday sun?

Comrade Lirios now saw himself and his friends pouring
beer down their throats in air-conditioned rooms in the
city, biting into liverwurst sandwiches the size of shoe-
heels and costing 25 centavos apiece. He heard his voice
and their voices smoothly juggling with words and phrases:
ideologies, planned economy, Marxian dialectics, the pro-
letariat, the underdog, labor and capital, society of the free
and equal, er cetera, et cetera.

There now under the camachile tree was San Diego
munching a sandwich he had pulled out of a basket at his
feet. They were all munching sandwiches. The fat
Morales, his heavy jowls working busily, and the lanky
Espiritu shaking a finger under the nose of the squat,
baldish Cruz. His wife turned and saw him, waved a sand-
wich pertly, and he merely stared at her unseeingly, for
in his mind had arisen a picture of himself standing there
in the sun in all his finery, his shining immaculateness !
For a moment Comrade Lirios stood very still. Then his
shoulders shaking with silent laughter, he walked over to
his wife: "Give me a sandwich," he said.

And as he bit into the flat triangle of white bread, there
rang in his ears the words of the song, "planting rice is nay-
ber fu-un "

heavy national debt by almost fifty per cent, and converting
the annual deficit of countless years into a surplus during
the past three. Having done that he considered that a
foundation was laid upon which might now be erected a
national economic structure sound and solid enough to
endure and to survive possible future emergencies, while
raising the living standard of the people gradually and
evenly and free of the menace of international complications
and uncertainties.

All that, of course, is threatened by the Spanish chaos
and is almost certainly doomed in the event of a triumph of
Spanish radicalism. A chaotic condition in Portugal worse
than that in 1926 when, in May of that year, Portuguese
democracy, so-called, terminated with the coup by General
Gomez da Costa, would then result. In the face of that,
then, it was hardly likely that Salazar could view otherwise
than sympathetically the Spanish revolt against radicalism.

Portugal and Spain

(Continued from, page 164)
radical activities. Moreover, realizing that a dictator's
strongest reliance is the army, he has humored it until it is
entirely on his side. And he has disposed of extremist
leaders by exiling them to some of Portugal's tropic isles
at which no romance-seeking world cruises ever touch.
He shows little mercy to recalcitrants.

Nevertheless, there has been great improvement in
Portugal's affairs under the Salazar regime. He has
inaugurated many public improvement and employment
schemes, built roads, improved the seaports, reorganized
and purged the colonial administration, and thoroughly
overhauled the financial system. All that has cost a
great deal, it is true, so much indeed that the tax-gatherer
is still as detested a figure among the Portuguese masses
as ever, and the always-low standard of living has not been
materially improved.

But it was the Professor's hope that all that would come
in time. He is a political economist and he believes that
the paramount factor in any nation's welfare is sound
national finance. In his view that means national debt
kept at a reasonable level and expenditures within income.
He thinks those things should come even before a reduction
of taxation and he has brought them about, reducing the

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188

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

MARC T. GREENE, whose able article,
"Spain Today", was published in the
October issue of the Philippine Magazine,
follows it up with another very informative
article on Portugal in this issue which will
greatly aid the reader in understanding the
present situation of that country in respect to
its relations with Spain. Mr. Greene, who
writes regularly for the Philippine Magazine, is one of the world's
most noted correspondents. He recently had the honor of having an
article of his in the Manchester Guardian on the Balearic Islands
"categorically denied" by Premier Benito Mussolini, later developments
fully substantiating his charges.

Manuel E. Arguilla's satirical story, "The Socialists," will probably
bring a lot of wrath down on him — and on me, too, for publishing it,
but I'm taking the chance because I think it is worth it. Also, he gave
his friends, most of them members of the "Beer Club", fair warning at
the time they all attended the meeting described in the story, saying he
was going "to write them up". I have been assured that the story is, in
the main, true, although it has been touched up in parts for the sake of
literary effect. Mr. Arguilla is the author of "Midsummer", first
published in the Philippine Magazine and subsequently in the American
magazine, Prairie Schooner, of "How My Brother Leon Brought Home
a Wife", first published in the Literary Apprentice and subsequently

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in the American monthly Story magazine, and of other fine stories that
have given him a high reputation among Filipino writers in English. He
was born in Nagrebcan, Ilocos Sur, and after graduating from the
University of the Philippines in 1932 tried his hand at various jobs as
a proof-reader, magazine subscription solicitor, advertising solicitor,
associate editor of a religious monthly, etc. He is at present a member
of the faculty of the University of Manila. In 1934 he married Lydia
Villanueva, with whom he had fallen in love during their college days.
He wrote me once: "To marry Lydia, I had to show certain skeptical
parties at the Bureau of Health documents to prove that I had been
born and when and where. Up to that time I had been spreading the
news that my birthday coincided with Rizal's — June 19. The Municipal
Registrar of Bauang, La Union, sent me a birthday certificate which
showed that I was two days older than I had believed. I was born on
June 17 according to the town's records. But the church certificate
which arrived soon after caused me to be born two days later once more:
June 19, 1911. I thought it would be a fine thing to continue being
born on June 19 so that I could go on telling folks that Rizal was born
on the same day as I. But on second thought it occurred to me that
I might be making a mistake. Why be born on the 19th when there is
a chance of being born two days earlier? So many things can happen in
two days. And, anyway, who wants to be born on the same day as
Rizal? There is too much cdmpetition. Why not make another date
famous, say the 17th? So I tore up the church certificate."

Consorcio Borje, author of the story, "The Beetle", explains in a
letter that accompanied his manuscript, that Ilocano women of the
type of Nana Basiang seldom use the epithet "son of the devil" for
their sons (anac ti diablo) in any other than an affectionate sense, the
literal sense having been lost sight of through long use.

Noe Ra. Crisostomo, writer of the article on the Ilocos pot industry,
lives right amids the pots in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte.

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

189

Edith Emmons Greenan, author of the poem, "Dance Au Sol," is the
wife of J. O. Greenan, one of the executives of Marsman & Company,
Inc. She was also the author of the prose-poem, "Fagayan", publish-
ed in the October, 1932, issue of the Magazine, the theme of which
was an Igorot dance, and which was erroneously credited to Edith
Macklin. Mrs. Greenan 's poetry of the dance is especially interesting
as she was before her marriage a member of the famous Denis-Shawn
Dancers.

day I shall put out an anthology of them. Mr. Gowen speaks of the
'terse, vital, authentic phrases of the poets whose work you publish.'
Let me contribute three specimens of American verse, culled from my
collection, which, to my mind, may well be designated terse, vital, and
authentic. They are not 'great poetry/ though they are of the stuff
out of which epics may be built; they are but thumb-nail sketches, but
they are so true, so vivid, and so pregnant with the fires of our every-day
life that there is no need to give them a conventional label :

I received a radiogram during the month (through Amateur Radio
Station KAIHR, 12th Signal Company, Fort Wm. McKinley) from J. C.
Dionisio, who is now editor of the fortnightly Filipino Pioneer,
published in Stockton, California, reading as follows: "Please announce
Filipino Pioneer sponsoring poetry contest Island entries eligible first
prize twenty pesos second ten third five no limitation subject matter or
treatment". The aims of Mr. Dionisio's eight-page newspaper are
according to a notice under the masthead: "To help develop in America
a substantial and responsible Filipino citizenry; to make Filipinos in
this country conscious of the problems they are facing and to offer
suggestions on how to solve them; to work for improvements in their
social and economic life; to fight through the proper channels, against
racial discrimination, bigotry, and intolerance; to promote friendly
relations between the Filipinos and other peoples in America." The
subscription rates are $1.10 a year, $0.05 a single issue.

I received the following letter from my good friend Professor Frank G.
Haughwout, specifically addressed "Dear Four O'clock":

"With the arrival each month, of my capy of the Philippine Magazine,
I turn first to your department for it is >eldom]that I do not find in it
something suggestive, interesting, and, occasionally, stimulating. You
have an excellent Clearing House for Ideas, and if your readers will only
enter into the spirit of it, this column should become one of the leading
features of the Magazine. Last month I found a note on December
typhoons and in the near future^ Jshall send you a short article in which
I shall hope to clear up the difficulties that seem to beset your corres-
pondent. This month I find the letter of the Rev. V. H. Gowen of
Mountain Province. He touches a not too tender chord in my heart
with his remarks anent fiocally jproduced poetry. I have long
thought as he does. The saccharine melodies Mr. Gowen scourges,
have their place in the poetic literature of their day, and many
of them represent fine work in versification if they are offered in ap-
propriate surroundings. We all can recall charming lines by Herrickf
Suckling, Crashaw, Lovelace, and Mark Akenside, not to mention many
others of earlier or later date. Then.there are the stately mythological
allusions of that arch-priest of mythology, Milton, the appreciation of
which is a lost art to-day. These things were the product of a day that
is not of the spirit of this age; a day when The Humanities were regarded
with some esteem and, therefore, a day when people were brought up
on them. The reading of Milton, accordingly, has become a problem
in research where it was formerly a diversion for the mind that delighted
in the beauties that may be expressed in mere words by master hands.
With the decline and fall of The Humanities those figures of speech have
become totally unintelligible to the general run of people. For that
matter, they may even be a source of real peril to those who seek ut-
terance in that mode, and fall a'foul of the Vice Squad of the Copy-
right Office or the Belles Lettres G-Men of the Police Department.
Moreover, the scene having shifted, such style lacks the fine and skill-
ful touch of the old masters and becomes just Copy-Cat Stuff. Some
of the verse that has moved me most deeply — lines that seem to have
literally been wrung from the hearts of the writers — appear in the non-
literary journals, newspapers, and the like where one does not usually
expect to encounter verse of real merit. In that way they are often
born to blush unseen. For many years I have collected such fragments
of this kind as seemed to me to possess especial merit and perhaps, some

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190

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

SMITH
Smith died one day in 1927,
He passed upon the turning of the tide,
And there was silence in the heights of Heaven
And Michael told them all that Smith had died.
God said, 'Go bid him welcome by this token;
True to himself and so to Me as well,
He took the road, kept the faith unbroken,
He sought for Heaven within him and found Hell.

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'He strove, lost, struggled on, and naught could daunt him
Who knew the end was good ; at close of day
Too late came all he sought as ghosts to haunt him,
And ghosts were all his comrades on the way.

'Wherefore,' said God, 'Arise ye shining seven,
Assemble all ye angels at the gate.'
But Mr. Smith had lost the road to Heaven
And couldn't find the way until too late.

Denzil Bachlor.

IN A PUBLIC LIBRARY
'My heart is bad,' he said, and trembling
Swayed a minute by the door;
Then leaned down heavily upon the desk
Where he will lean no more.

Books drawn with shaking hands from a worn bag;
The oft repeated search — each time he came
He sought the card his many pockets hid —
Week after week, and every week the same.
'My heart is bad,' He never failed to make
The self-same explanation as he stood
With ever gracious thanks for trifling help —
Kindly old soul — I think his heart was good.

Veo G. Foster.
Perhaps the gem of the three:

HALL BEDROOM
He has been out of work these many weeks,
She reads the ads and very seldom speaks;
So day by day within this rented tomb
They bark their shins against the edge of doom.

Lucia Trent.

"I leave it to the reader to place such significance as he chooses upon
the fact that two, at least, of these poets appear to be women."

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Amador T. Daguio sent me a letter of thanks for the cannister of tea
I sent him after reading his essay on tea published in the February
issue. ' 'A million thanks for the TEA ! It arrived yesterday evening-
December 26. I rushed for the girls' dormitory and had one of my
pupils make tea. You should have heard them exclaim at first: 'Tea,
sir! Tea? There is no tea here!' I afterwards gave two of the pack-
ages to the girls and took the rest home I have some essays about

ready. I have an ambition to print my first book under the impri-
matur of the Philippine Book Guild! My autobiographical novel is
finished, but I am ashamed of the truths in it "

Daguio's claim in his essay "Tea" in the February issue of
the Magazine to have caught a glimpse in my office of a "lady in a
hat" who has become for him "forever a mysterious phantom of beauty,
poised like an angel"(with a tea-cup in her hand), which was met by my
statement in this column that I could not imagine whom he referred to,
seems nevertheless to be creating no little scandal — which, of course,
embarrasses and irks me greatly. I have even been accused of "hiding
something" by the lady columnist of the National Review. Now
everybody who reads this column knows that I hide nothing, not even
my own vanities and frailties. And my statement with reference to Mr.
Daguio's "mysterious and royal lady", alleged to have been seen by him
here, only goes to show my utter honesty, for most men would let such
a statement pass, even if untrue, for the sake of the prestige and glory
of being believed to have entertained such a divinity. Who was the
lady, "stately in bearing, dressed in cream lavender softness, with a
hat"? As I said before, it's that hat that spoils everything, for I am

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April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

191

not trying to hide anything and I have already confessed, nay. boasted,
that occasionally women as well as men come for a cup of tea, and some
very nice-looking ones, too! But none of them wore a hat, to my recol-
lection. To have entertained a goddess like Daguio's and not remember
i t ! Could it be possible? That, come to think of it, would be tragedy !
What do I care about the scandal, really? That was only a joke. But
alas! perhaps I did, unaware, entertain some paragon of beauty and
goodness, too preoccupied with something or other — may be one of
my famous editorials — to have realized or even noticed it! Aow! what
a sap! Who was that lady "of statuesque allure — with a hat"?

I have noW firmly resolved that such a thing will never happen again.
I have caused a "Visitors' Book" to be made in which all those who
come here will be asked to sign their names. They have such a book at
Malacanang; why shouldn't I have one? They have them in various
government offices, and even in Bilibid. In the old days they had them
at all the government resthouses in the Mountain Province. People
signed their names, professions, and sometimes told of experiences
along the trail. I am sure that many besides myself whiled away the
evening hours in front of a cheerful log-fire, leafing through those in-
teresting and often dramatic pages. It is a pity that I didn't think of
starting such a book long ago, for during the past eight or ten years we
have entertained in the Philippine Magazine office some of the real
notable of the earth, — statesmen and business executives, army officers,
scientists, artists, writers, and adventurers of all sorts; local personages,
too, including several governor-generals, well, one anyway, Malacanang
advisers, provincial governors, professors,businessleaders, school officials
and teachers, students, rich and poor, important and some not yet so im-
portant, but most of them real people, well worth knowing. Whatwouldn't
I give to have the signatures of them all, especially of those whom I
know I shall, for one reason or another, never see again. Well, from now
on, I shall make an effort to at least keep their signatures in my Visitors'
Book. It is a specially bound affair of three hundred pages, so there will
be plenty of room, for comments as well as names, if anybody should
want to "say anything". And I hope that all of those who have visited
this editorial office in the past and who are able to come again, will come
again if for no other reason than to put down their names — including the
divinity with the hat!

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192

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

News Summary

{Continued from page 159)

He says that various economic measures enacted by
Congress have made the Philippines uncertain re-
garding what the United States may do in the future
regarding Philippine trade. "Sometimes we are
considered a part of the United States and at other
times a foreign country. It seems we are not a part
of the United States when conditions are advanta-
geous to the Islands, and we are a part of America
when conditions are disadvantageous to us".

President Quezon tells Secretary of Agriculture
Henry Wallace that the Philippines is satisfied with
the present sugar quota which represents about 15/3
of United States consumption, but that the proposed
excise tax of 3/4 cents a pound, raw value, would
work a hardship on Philippine producers unless they
also receive a share of the benefit payments. Some
$15,000,000 has been paid them under the original
processing tax law.

m D. H. Popper, "expert" of the Foreign Policy As-
sociation, states in a bulletin of that organization
that the military program of the Philippine Com-
monwealth is "perhaps the greatest danger" to the
future of the Philippines, and that the appointment
of Governor McNutt as High Commissioner is "an
ominous development because of his connection with
militaristic circles in the United States which may
cause him to exercise the vague powers of his office
to foster a military program at the expense of much-
needed social measures".

March 5. — The German Embassy at Washington
protests against a speech of Mayor La Guardia of
New York before a group of Jewish women in which
he stated that a "certain shirted fanatic" would be
the chief exhibit in a "chamber of horrors" at the
1939 New York World Fair. German newspapers
call La Guardia a "dirty Talmud Jew". James S.
Dunn, chief of the West European Affairs division
of the State Department, states to the Counsellor
of the Embassy that he earnestly deprecates the ut-
terances which have offended the German govern-
ment and that they do not represent the attitude of
the American government to the German govern-
ment, but he emphasizes the right of free speech
guaranteed by the Constitution to every citizen and
cherished as part of their national heritage. La
Guardia states: "I will stand by what I said and I
repeat it again. Hitler and his government are quick
to recognize I meant him. I don't know whether
it was a guilty conscience or my powers of descrip-
tion".

March 6. — Chester Grey of the Farm Bureau Fede-
ration tells the United Press that present discussions
of Philippine-American relations should include a
shortening of the transition period to five years "in
order that trade negotiations may be conducted as
between two separate countries". He states that
the Federation is not opposed in principle to a reci-
procal trade treaty but is opposed to giving the Philip-
pines preferential treatment over other foreign coun-
tries. "Meanwhile the Philippines should abide by
the Tydings-McDuffie Law. Assistant Secretary
of State Francis B. Sayre tells the United Press
that there would be "no limit" to the subjects to
be discussed with the Philippine chief executive."
President Quezon meanwhile is spending the week-
end in New York.

J. H. Marsman, Philippine mining magnate, tells
the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineers that he believes Philippine gold produc-
tion will exceed $25,000,000 in 1937 and will reach
$45,000,000 by 1945. He advocates extension of
Philippine- American free trade for twenty or twenty-
five years. "Britain, Japan, and the United
States are showing an active interest in expanding

mining activities in the Islands", he declares.

A voice vote defeats an amendment to the naval
appropriation bill offered by Rep. K. Stefan of Ne-
braska to prevent any funds being used for further
improvement of naval stations in the Philippines.
He reiterates that the American Army in the Philip-
pines is "doing nothing and is a menace and real
obstacle to plans for giving the Islands their inde-
pendence."

March 8. — Reported that the United States Treas-
ury has declined to approve the French suggestion
that a New York bank be appointed agent in the
United Scates for the projected billion dollar French
loan. Senator Borah warns American and Frencn
bankers to avoid following a "dangerous road" by
attempting to evade the provisions of the Johnson
Act prohibiting loans to nations which have defaulted
on the w?r debt.

The initial session of the conversations preliminary
to the Philippine-American trade confererence opens
in Washington with Secretary Sayre presiding. No
definite date is set for the next meeting.

Senator Robinson gives a luncheon in honor of
President Quezon attended by Vice-President John
N. Garner and others, most of whom witnessed the
inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth on
November 15, 1935.

High Commissioner McNutt tells tne press that he
is highly enthusiastic about going to the Philippines.
"What could be more interesting than to watch the
emergence of a sovereign nation? Nothing more al-
truistic has been done in human history by a govern-
ment than this government's decision to give the
Philippines not only political independence but to
go along with them meanwhile in an effort to get
them started toward basic economic freedom, too."
He states the biggest task is to try to help improve
the economic situation of the Philippines and that
to that end he hopes to see a greater diversification
of agriculture. As regards the coming trade con-
ference, he declares "there is no thought of either
side seeking concessions or favors"; future trade rela-
tions must be determined and "neutrality pacts
provided".

March 9. — In a "fire-side" radio broadcast, Pres-
ident Roosevelt states that the Supreme Court has
improperly established itself as a third house of
Congress — a super-legislature. "I want, as all Amer-
icans want, an independent judiciary, but that does
not mean a judiciary so independent tha. it can deny
the existence of facts universally recognized." He
declares that for the past four years the Court has
been acting "not as a judicial body, but as a policy-
making body". "For the past half century, the
balance of power in the three branches of the
federal government has been tipped out of balance
by the Court's direct contradiction of the high
purposes of the framers of the Constitution. . .
The Preamble expresses the intention to form a more
perfect union and promote the general welfare. The
framers went further and gave Congress ample,
broad powers to levy taxes and provide for the com-
mon defense and the general welfare. . . It is my
purpose to restore the balance. . ."

New strikes break out in the Chrysler, Hudson,
Chevrolet and Fisher Body plants, with 70,000 men
idle, climaxing two weeks of negotiations of the
companies with union leaders who demand recogni-
tion of the United Automobile Workers Union and
wage increases.

March 10. — At a hearing over the sugar bill, Philip-
pine Resident Commissioner Quintin Paredes clashes
with a government expert who declared that the
Philippines would be treated "as well as any other
foreign country", Paredes retorting, "We are not

foreign yet!" He argues that Cuba would profit
more than the Philippines under the measure. The
Hawaiian delegates are insisting upon equality in
every particular with mainland producers.

Secretary Hull gives a luncheon in honor of Pres-
ident Quezon. In the evening, at a dinner at which
former Sen. H. B. Hawes is host, President Quezon,
guest of honor, makes a "somewhat cryptic" remarks,
according to the United Press in respect to future
American-Philippine relations. While first stating,
"When we have a new inauguration we invite you all
again", apparently referring to the advent of com-
plete independence in 1946, he later "wonders if some
way can be found under which, while satisfying our
aspirations, we can still feel that we are not parted
from the United States." "Our desire for independ-
ence does not mean a desire to part company with
you. I feel the Philippines should be independent.
This desire on the part of the Philippines is only the
natural desire on the part of all humans. ... I sin-
cerely hope that in the future the United States will
look on us as friends, as we will look on you as bene-
factors". Senator Robinson states that "the people
of the Philippines are demonstrating their capacity
and their right to self-government and are well
governed. They are demonstrating their ability to
take their place among the world's independent
nations".

March 11. — The New York Times in a special
dispatch from Washington states that President Que-
zon had said that the Philippines should be given
independence soon and not be required to wait until
1946, and that American-Philippine relations should
be governed by diplomatic treaty instead of the
Tydings-McDuffie Act under which the President
of the United States can suspend any law the Na-
tional Assembly in Manila passes. Quezon is also
said to have pointed out that the United States has
altered the effect of some of the provisions in the Act
by changing tariffs and that this has caused uneasi-
ness. A State Department official reveals that
President Quezon has submitted an early independ-
ence proposal, but refuses to elaborate further.

Speaking before the New York Advertising Club,
President Quezon states that the Tydings-McDuffie
Act is supposed to give the Philippines opportunity
to lay the foundations for independence, but that "if
we are to do this, we must have rights. Everything
is too onesided in favor of the United States". He
reiterates that the United States has violated the
spirit of the Act by taxing imports from the Philip-
pines and that "the Philippines is not getting a square
deal". He states that the United States does not
seem to be interested in the Philippines as a customer
but that it would be if it became aware of the pos-
sibilities of the Philippine market. He alludes to
the present mining development and to the possibil-
ity of oil production and states that American busi-
ness men and American capital is welcome in the Is-
lands. He is roundly cheered during the address.

Rep. L. Kocialkowsky, chairman of the insular
affairs committee, states that both the Senate and
House insular committees may meet shortly to dis-
cuss some form of legislation shortening the transition
period to Philippine independence. Senator Tydings
states he personally favors it under certain conditions,
declaring that "President Quezon had said that if he
could negotiate a trade agreement he would then not
be opposed to immediate independence". Senator
Pittman states he does not see "any reason why the
present independence law should be changed substan-
tially". A number of other members of Congress
state they favor independence, "the sooner the bet-
ter". Rep. F. L. Crawford states that Quezon s
leadership is "unstable".

President Quezon denies that he told the Times

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193

reporter he had come to Washington to secure inde-
pendence "quickly or before 1946" although he did
point out the difficulties in the present political and
economic relationship.

The American Bar Association announces that a
poll of its members has resulted in a vote of 16,132
to 2,563 against the Roosevelt proposal to re-
organize the Supreme Court. President Roosevelt
states that since his "fire-side" radio talk he has
received 500 telegrams running seven to one in favor
of reorganization.

March 12. — Sen. J. H. Lewis says he will oppose
any immediate move to sever Philippine- American
relations because of international conditions involv-
ing Japan, Russia, and other nations in the Far East,
and that he is against relinquishing a naval base in
the Philippines which might become America's first
line of defense in case of war. "I feel this country
is spending too much time in nonsensical talk."

Relief Administrator Harry Hopkins is reported
to have proposed a permanent organization of the
Works Progress Administration with a $2,500,000,000
annual budget to be spent on federal undertakings
and to absorb the nation's unemployed. Each
worker would receive $700 annually.

Other Countries

Feb. 10. — Mexican Catholics at Orizaba take over
fourteen churches which had been closed for a decade
and launch a crusade against the government's sei-
zure of religious property and socialistic education,
the police not interfering. The movement follows
a protest meeting over the killing of a young girl
when the authorities raided an alleged clandestine
church service held in a private residence. Churches
in Cordoba and other cities are also being reopened,
it is stated.

Feb. 15. — German rearmament expenditures have
risen from $381,800,000 in 1934, to $2,600,000,000
in 1936, according to a report of the American Foreign
Policy Association, the latter expenditure being many
times larger than that of any other country except
Russia. During the same period, world rearmament
figures doubled to a total of $11,000,000,000.

Feb. 16. — The Catalan government charges that
the disguised ship that shelled Barcelona Sunday and
which was driven off by port batteries was an Italian
ship.

A subcommittee of the International Non-inter-
vention Committee at London agrees that a ban on
volunteers should be adopted simultaneously by all
powers concerned at midnight, February 20, and that
a control scheme providing for an international naval
cordon around Spain to prevent the entry of fighters
and arms from abroad should go into operation at
midnight, March 6. Later the main Committee
decides to put the recommendation of the subcom-
mittee into effect. It is now estimated some 118,000
foreigners are participating in the Spanish civil war,
not counting some 25,000 moors. It is said that
30,000 Italians, 24,000 Germans, and 5,000 men of

scattered nationalities are aiding the rebels, and that
some 28,000 Frenchmen, 14,000 Belgians, 6,000 Rus-
sians, and 11,000 Italian, Czechoslovakian, German,
and other anti-fascists are helping the government.
Six Anglican Nonconformist clergymen returning
from a tour of Spain state in London that the Spanish
government is not "anti-God", "Our impression is
that if leaders of the Catholic Church in Spain could
frankly and sincerely adopt a policy separating the
practice of religion from improper political activity,
the toleration of religion would be assured".

The British government orders the construction of
three new capital ships and seven cruisers in addition
to the two $40,000,000 vessels laid down recently,
and it is announced in a White Paper that it is plan-
ning to spend the enormous amount of nearly $8,000,-
000,000 during the next five years on armaments. It is
reported from Paris that it is felt there that Britain's
tremendous defense efforts will have a salutary world
effect. The Italians express amazement and resent-
ment. A German Foreign Office spokesman states
Germany does not deny Britain the right to arm to
whatever extent it deems necessary, but that it
claims the same right for itself. Unofficial quarters
in Washington are reported to presume that the
United States will continue to maintain parity with
the British fleet.

Germany and Italy both recall their ministers
from Hungary following a protest that they had
participated in the funeral ceremonies for two mem-
bers of the out-lawed anti- Jewish "Iron Guardsmen
who had been killed in fighting with the rebels in
Spain, and after Premier George Tataresu declared
in a speech in Parliament that the government could
not permit anybody to meddle in internal affairs.

Feb. 17. — More than seventy-five government and
rebel war planes fight a spectacular battle over Tara-
con, 37 miles from Madrid, the rebel planes being
finally driven off.

Neville Chamberlain, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
states that the £1,500,000,000 armament plans are
not directed against any power or group of powers,
but that it is the duty of the government to submit
a program it considers necessary for safety and tne
fulfillment of obligations. Labor representatives
are divided on the issue, a section opposing the pro-
gram while another section declares it will support
any program proven to be necessary. ' The j^y
of the dictator countries makes a large expenditure,
though an evil and dangerous thing, nevertheless an
inescapable necessity". .

The Chinese National government restores civil
rights to Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang and may give
him a high post to appease his followers, it is reported.
The Central Executive Committee has received
urgent requests from Yang Hu-chen, Pacification
Commissioner for Shensi province who is now con-
sidered chiefly responsible for the detention of Gen-
eralissimo Chiang Kai-shek last December, to suspend
the government's anti-communist campaign and to
make war on Japan instead. Chinese communist

groups in the region also urge the cessation of civil
conflict and preparation for an immediate war against
Japan.

Anti-army sentiment again breaks out in the lower
house of the Japanese Parliament and Yukio Ozaki,
veteran liberal member, urges a Russo-Japanese non-
aggression pact. "I can not understand how Japan
can shake hands with such a country as Germany",
he declares, in attacking a course of diplomacy "which
is provocative of war".

Feb. 18. — The Spanish government claims that
hordes of shrieking Moorish cavalry men followed
by tanks and artilley units in the Jarama sector,
southeast of Madrid, were repulsed with heavy losses.
Government planes raid Cueta, rebel stronghold m
Morocco, bombing arms depots and troop concentra-
tions. Ex-King Alfonso conveys his "enthusiastic
congratulations" to General Francisco Franco for his
capture of Malaga recently and Franco replies with
"cordial thanks".

The House of Commons votes 329 to 145 on a reso-
lution approving the government's decision to raise
a loan of £40,000,000 for defense purposes and its
announced decision to spend £1,500,000,000 in the
next five years for the same purpose. Sir Stafford
Cripps terms the loan "the most magnificent sub-
scription to a world suicide pact yet made public .
Sir Thomas Inskip, Minister for the Coordination of
Defense, states, "You can never calculate safety on
a narrow margin. Intimately the task of any Brit-
ish government worthy of the name must be that of
making certain that no foreign foe will prevail over
us". He declares thorough plans have been formu-
lated in preparation for possible naval and air attacks
against British territory. Military authorities in
Honkong announce the early construction of secret
fortifications on Stanley Peninsula on the island of
Hongkong. . . . *.*.*.

The Japanese are reported to be worried about the
effect of British armament plans in the Pacific. Ozaki
declares in another speech in the lower house that
"Japan has neither sufficient population nor wealth
to compete with Soviet Russia, China, Britain, or
the United States", and makes sarcastic references
to the army's view of its own importance. He cri-
ticizes army leaders for having shown a tendency
recently even to move against the wishes of tne
Emperor when they refused to cooperate with Gen-
eral K. Ugaki who had been ordered by the Emperor
to form a cabinet.

Gregory K. Orjonikidze, Soviet Commissar of
Heavy Industry and chiefly responsible for Russia s
great industrial progress during recent years, dies at
Moscow, aged 50.

Feb. 20.— The pact agreed to by twenty-six nations
to ban further volunteers to Spain goes into effect at
midnight tonight. . .

Reported that Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Vice-roy
of Ethiopia, was slightly wounded by hand grenades
flung by would-be assassins during the celebration
of the birth of a son to Crown Princess Maria Jose,

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

the infant being the heir apparent to the new Roman
Empire.

Chancellor Adolf Hitler issues a decree ordering
German automobile manufacturers to turn out a
cheap, serviceable motor car or cease operations.

Reported that all banquets held in connection with
the sessions of the Central Executive Committee at
Nanking will be limited to five dishes placed on the
table simultaneously in contrast to the twenty-five
or thirty successive courses usually served, in line
with the campaign launched by Chiang Kai-shek
some years ago for greater simplicity, frugality, clean-
liness, honesty, and other Confucian virtues.

Feb. 21. ~ Reported that the left leg of Marshal
Graziani has had to be amputated. Some 2000 Ethio-
pians have been arrested in connection with the at-
tempted assassination.

A crowd of Italians, some of them in sailor's uni-
form, wreck the Isis Theater in Shanghai where a Rus-
sian film, "Abyssinia", was just about to be shown,
driving out the audience with amonia bombs. The
Russian film operators were injured. The film was to
be run "under special government permission" after
it has once been withdrawn because of Italian pro-
test and the objectionable parts supposedly eliminat-
ed. The gang escaped before arrests could be made.

Feb. 22. — The Spanish government claims succes-
ses on the Jarama river and claims it has regained
control of the Valencia highway. Meanwhile the
rebels are blasting great holes in the Guadalajara
highway, their next objective.

Austrian Nazis in Vienna give German Foreign
Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath a howling
welcome. Soldiers are rushed to the scene when
government supporters staged a counter demonstra-
tion and a number of persons are injured.

A spokesman for Marshal R. Smigley of Poland
declares in a radio manifesto that the formation of a
totalitarian state is the only means of guaranteeing
the nation's existence and demands the cessation of
all internal disputes. "Communism is completely
foreign to the Polish spirit," he states.

War Minister General Sugiyama rescues Premier
Senjaro Hayashi who was floundering under sharp
interpellation in the Diet climaxed by a bitter attack
by Ryoso Makino of the Seiyukai party who demand-
ed to know why Japan's Manchurian expenditures
were still steadily mounting, Sugiyama interposing
and asserting that "the Soviet army is being rapidly
increased and that therefore Japan must strengthen
its army. He states that Russia has fifteen full divi-
sions in Siberia. Japan has "no inkling of aggressive
designs by China", he states. When the Premier
expresses the hope that the people will cooperate with
the fighting services in defending the country from
aggression, Makino replies that the people do not
place full confidence in the army, although they do
in the navy.

A manifesto is issued by the Central Executive
Committee of the Kuomintang party ruling China
declaring that China is ready to make the supreme
sacrifice if driven to it, but prefers peace — this
amounting to a decision not to change the present
foreign policy.

Premier Benito Mussolini orders all Ethiopians
connected with the attempted assassination of Mar-
shal Graziani to be shot and death for all chiefs who
continue to oppose the Italian government.

Feb. 23. — Reported from Ethiopia that only a
hundred of the 2000 persons arrested for complicity
in the attempted assassination have been released
and that "all found with arms in their native grass
house have been shot".

Feb. 24. — The rebels claim a crushing victory in
Oviedo, the loyalist dead numbering 2,500 and the
wounded 10,000 Government forces are reported
to be inflicting heavy losses on the rebels in the Jara-
ma sector, but the outcome of the battle is still un-
decided.

An Italian communique announces the capture and
execution of Ras Desta Demtu, son-in-law of Em-
peror Haile Selassie. Hundreds of natives are re-
ported to have been executed in connection with the
recent bomb throwing at Addis Ababa.

Feb. 25.— The Duke of Kent visits Edward in
Vienna. It is now for the first time reported that
Kent refused to sign the articles proclaiming King
George VI.

Feb. 26. — Sixteen thousand loyalists and rebels are
reported to have been killed in the terrific five-day
battle for the possession of Oviedo which is expected
soon to fall into the hands of the government. Serious
government reverses are reported in the fighting
around Madrid. It is stated that the rebels
executed 300 of the 400 left prisoners captured
in the fall of Malaga and prohibited their relatives
from displaying any sign of mourning. Russia first
and then Portugal withdraw from the agreement to
perform their part in the proposed international naval
control of Spanish waters, Russia being dissatisfied
with the area assigned to itself. France, Russia,
Britain, and Portugal were to patrol the north coast,
the British the south coast, and Germany and Italy
the east coast.

Feb. 27. — War Minister Sugiyama makes a strong
plea for the greatest defense budget in Japanese
history, although the total budget asked for is 223,-
200,000 yen less than that presented by the fallen
cabinet of Koki Hirota.

The Mexican authorities clamp a press censorship
on the Vera Cruz church-state issue.

Feb. 28. — The Paris L' Humanite alleges that Italy
is using camouflaged submarines to transport Italian
troops, aviators, and tanks to Spain, and that be-
tween December 25 and February 26 Italy dispatched
45,000 volunteers, including nine regiments of artil-
lery. Russia warns the Non-intervention Com-
mittee that a "certain power" is using submarines to
maintain secret contact with the Spanish rebels.

March 1. — The Fascist Grand Council of Italy
answers the $7,500,000,000 British armament pro-
gram with a plan for the "integral militarization of
all active forces of the nation between the ages of 18
to 55, with periodical recalls of mobilizable classes";
"total sacrifice if necessary of civil to military neces-
sities for the attainment of maximum military self-
sufficiency with the full collaboration of Italian
science". The Council however, reaffirms Italian
cooperation with Britain in the Mediterranean, ex-
presses satisfaction over Italian-German cooperation,
and voices Italian "solidarity" with the Spanish
fascists.

Spanish Foreign Minister Del Vayo bitterly de-
nounces the "foolhardy pacifist policy of some coun-
tries in ceding to Italy and Germany one position
after another in order that the eternal peace of Europe
should not appear to be violated". "Madrid has
been transformed into the last trench of European
liberty."

Joachim von Ribbentrop, German Ambassador
to London, in a speech at Berlin makes a strong plea
for colonies, referring to the "intolerable state of
affairs created by the abundant flow of milk and
honey in some countries while others fight for the
merest minimum of existence".

Alleged reenforcements of Japanese troops in the
guise of replacements is causing alarm in China. In
Peiping, 600 Japanese soldiers, shoes clattering,
shoulder their way through sullen crowds of Chinese.

March #.— Spanish government forces again attack
on four fronts — Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Tor-
rigon, and Madrid. According to an estimate pub-
lished in Paris, fighting forces in Spain are now be-
lieved to be about evenly matched with 200,000 men
on each side, the rebels, however, being slightly bet-
ter equipped with artillery, anti-aircraft units, tanks,
planes, and machine guns. Some 100,000 leftists
and some 80,000 fascists have so far been killed in the
fighting, it is reported.

Navy Minister Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai tells
the Diet that if the navy program is carried out,
"Japan need have no fear of the United States for
three years". He declares Japan will be menaced
if the United States increases its air force in Alaska,
the Aleutians, Hawaii, and other Pacific possessions.

March 3. — Government forces retake Toledo
after heavy fighting and also claim successes in cut-
ting of rebel communications with Oviedo. Heavy
concentration of rebel troops along the Valencia
highway is thought by observers to be for the purpose
of protecting a possible mass retreat to the Mediter-
ranean.

The Non-intervention Committee postpones the
naval blockade of Spain from midnight, March 6,
to March 20.

The British Admiralty submits a plan to Parlia-
ment for the construction of eighty new ships and
for the addition of 11,000 officers and men to the
navy, making a total of 112,000 men.

Transfer of units from the Northeastern Army in
Shensi to Honan and Anhwei is begun as another
step in the liquidation of the revolt begun when
Marshal Chang Hseung-liang kidnapped Generalis-
simo Chiang Kai-shek. These violently anti-Ja-
panese units refused to go to Kansu province to
which they were at first assigned, but in Honan and
Anhwei will form China's first line of defense against
the Japanese.

Naotake Sato, Japanese Ambassador to France,
now in Tokyo, is named Foreign Minister. The post
was first offered to Hiroshi Saito, Ambassador to the
United States, but he declined.

March 4. — The Non-intervention Committee an-
nounces that the blockade was postponed in order to
complete the work of recruiting agents to guard the
Spanish-Portuguese border and other details. Spanish
rebels accuse France of fomenting disturbances in
Spanish Morocco to create a pretext for invading
fascist territory.

Estimates at London show that $315,600,000 will
be spent by the British army and $525,325,000 for
the navy during 1937, the latter amount being prac-
tically the same the United States plans to spend
during the fiscal year in developing the fleet.

Reported that the German minority in Chechoslo-
vakia are planning an insurrection with the help of
German Nazis.

March 5. — -Reported that the French treasury is
almost empty. Premier Leon Blum announces that
the budget will be sharply cut and a domestic loan
floated to take care of immediate needs.

Reported that an understanding between the
Chinese Nationalist government and the Chinese
communist forces is imminent and that the Japanese
are watching developments with deep suspicion.

March 6. — Further government successes are re-
ported from Toledo, Oviedo, and the Tagus river
below Talavera, the latter endangering Franco's
center of supplies.

The lower house of the Japanese Diet passes the
$788,300,000 budget, over half of which is for military
expenditures.

Reported that Italy has begun negotiations with
Japan for economic collaboration in the development
of Ethiopia. Some time ago Italy recognized Man-
chukuo and Japan Ethiopia and agreed to mutual
trade privileges.

March 7 — Having received invitations from twen-
ty-two members, Egypt is reported to have formally
applied for membership in the League of Nations.

March 8. — Reported that the Spanish loyalist
ship, the Mar Cantabrico, with a million dollars of
munitions from the United States, has been captured
by rebels and taken to a rebel port. It is said that
the crew of 150 was immediately executed.

Reported that Italian reprisals at Addis Ababa
following the attempted assassination of Marshal
Graziani were "carried out with savagery almost
beyond description, representing the worst atrocities
in Africa since the Congo massacres".

LECH

BISCUITS

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WISE -C?, Inc.

April, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

19S

Foreign Minister Sato in a speech before the Diet
states his policy will be based on a desire for he read-
justment of the long-strained relations with China,
economic necessity dictating such a course. "It is
unwise for Japan to cause anxiety among other powers
with interests in China and it will be best for Japan
to follow a peaceful course and cooperate with other
nations. "Japan respects Chinese interests and
wishes to shake hands with the Chinese economically.
That is the only way Japan can expand tnere".

Wang Chung-hui, China's new Foreign Minister,
states in his first press conference that the aim of
China's foreign policy is to maintain the country's
territorial integrity and sovereign rignts on a basis of
reciprocity with other nations. He described his
policies as firmly adhering to the policies of his pre-
decessors.

Yup Shudo, Japanese representative on the League
committee on the equitable distribution of raw ma-
terte Is, urges the abolishment of restrictions on export
materials and states that the immigration of all races
to undeveloped lands must be permitted.

March 9. — Rebel forces with lerge additions of
Italian units, highly mechanized with Italian ma-
chine guns, motorcycles equipped with machine guns,
tanks, ana airplanes, are again advancing upon
Madrid, and the government admits it is yielding
ground. The Madrid commander states he has proof
that "a whole Italian division" is taking part in the
offensive. The French government instructs the
French Ambassador in London to ask the Non-inter-
vention Committee to make the land and sea blockade
effective immediately.

March 10.— -Premier Mussolini starts for Africa
where he is scheduled to open a number of new public
works.

The French Senate and Chamber of Deputies ap-
prove a defense loan of 10,500,000,000 francs to bear
4-1/2 % interest and to be redeemable in 1947. The
bonds will be issued at 98 beginning tomorrow.

The British Cabinet is reported to be discussing
a scheme guaranteeing Belgium's neutrality, all
available Belgian airfields to be made ready in the
event of an emergency, British army experts to be
authorized to supervise the installation of airplane
detectors, and British forces to be employed in Bel-
gian forts if necessary. The scheme envisages the
transformation of the Anglo-Franco-Bslgian defense
alliance into an Anglo-Franco-German Guarantee of
Belgian neutrality.

Press reports from Tokyo indicate that Japan's
new friendly policy toward China aoes not include
any intention to abandon Japan's so-called special
claims in North China.

March 11. — Sir Samuel Hoare, First Lord of the
Admiralty, states in the House of Commons that the
government is building 148 warships this year and
bares the existence of a plan to "thwart attack in
narrow seas on empire trade routes". He promises
a fleet "strong enough to carry out its responsibilities
in both the eastern and western hemispheres". "There
can be no rivalry," he declares, "between the Ame-
rican and British navies, nor with German naval
armaments."

Fascist forces, chiefly Italian and German, are
reported to be making important advances along
the Aragon and Guadalajara highway, and frantic
loyalists, having suffered heavy losses, summon
100,000 young recruits to face the onrushing wave
of tanks and motorcycles. Officials at Rome state
that the charges of the "bolshevists at Madrid" are
false.

Premier Hayashi moves ipto a new assassination-
proof residence costing 100,000 yen, containing
bomb-proof rooms, secret entrances and exits, and
hidden subterranean passages,

March 12. — Strongly reenforced government posi-
tions are reported to be halting the rebel advance on
Madrid at Trujueque. The Spanish government
decides to protest to the League against the presence
of regular Italian divisions on Spanish soil.

The naval blockade of Spain goes into effect at
midnight Saturday, two Dutch admirals to adminis-
ter the whole scheme and a Danish army colonel to be
in charge of the land blockade, the latter, however,
not being expected to go into effect until the end of
the month.

Italy and Germany are reported to have replied
favorably to the British proposal for a new Locarno
pact for western Europe.

French army experts assert that if Togo and the
Cameroon colonies in Africa, now held by France,
are returned to Germany, they would give Germany
power to cut communications between southern,
eastern, and central Africa and western Europe, and
that Germany's desire for the return of its colonies
is military rather than economic.

A spokesman for the Japanese military group
states that Foreign Minister Sato's proposals on
Chinese policy are impractical and visionary and
revive an objectionable ideology, displaying, too,
a lack of knowledge of conditions at home.

March 13. — Spanish government forces are re-
ported to be holding 30,000 Italians in check in the
northeast sector, but an Italian prisoner is quoted
sa saying that Italy plans to send "more regular
troops".

Practical
Helps

for

TEACHERS'
EXAMINATIONS

May 15

Junior Teacher
Senior Teacher

Time to Prepare!

Philippine Education
Co.

SPELLING:

Words We Misspell, Vizetelly (10,000 terms, with rules governing the orthography

of English words)

Business Speller, Eldridge

Words: Their Spelling, Pronunciation, Definition, and Application, SoRelle & Kitt.

Webster's Daily Use Dictionary (Plain)

(Indexed) ►

ARITHMETIC:

Standard Arithmetic, with Answers, Milne

Typical Civil Service Problems in Arithmetic with Solutions, Feria net

Analytical Guide to Solve Problems in Arithmetic for Philippine High Schools, Feria

Elements of Practical Arithmetic, Thompson

1001 Questions and Answers on Arithmetic, Hathaway

1001 Questions and Answers on Test Examples in Arithmetic, Hathaway

COMPOSITION:

Business Man's English, Bartholomew & Hurlbut

Mastery of English Fundamentals, Barron — Vol. I

Vols. II, III and IV, each ...

Common Errors Corrected, Barron ....

A Philippine Grammar of the English Language, Poblador (130 pages of review

grammar — especially valuable in preparing* for examination)

English Grammar, Smith, Magee & Seward

Advanced English Grammar, Kittredge & Farley

Better High School English Through Tests and Drills, with Answers

Grammar for Speaking and Writing, Beal

Composition and Rhetoric, Tanner

English Synonyms, Antonyms and Prepositions, Fernald (New Edition)

Gilmartin's Word Study (Revised Edition)

Modern Business English, Babenroth. , , ,

1001 Questions and Answers on English Grammar, Hathaway.

GENERAL INFORMATION:

World Almanac and Book of Facts (1937) Approx net

Civil Service Guide, Field net

The New Civil Service Guide, Purino net

Typical Civil Service Objective Tests, with keys for Fundamental Subjects, Peralta,

Del Fierro & Abiva net

General History, Myers

Outline of Modern Times and the Living Past, Bohol, For 1st or 2nd Year. . .

For 3rd Year

1001 Questions and Answers on General History, Hathaway.

History of the Philippines, Barrows

Outline Studies in U. S. History, Kelly

1001 Questions and Answers on U. S. History, Hathaway

1001 Questions and Answers on Physiology and Hygiene, Hathaway

Outline of U. S. History, Penn

Outline of Philippine Government, Bohol

History of American Literature, Long.

History of English Literature, Long

Highroad to English Literature, Collette '.

Our World Today — A Textbook in the New Geography — Stull & Hatch

1001 Questions and Answers on Geography, Hathaway

PRINCIPLES AND METHODS:

Principles of Teaching, Strayer, Frasier & Armentrout (A 1936 Professional Book).

Standard Practices in Teaching, Bagley & Macdonald

Questions and Answers on Methods of Teaching, Tabufiar. . . net

How to Teach the Fundamental Subjects, Kendall & Mirick. .. . .

Methods for Young Teachers, Cain. . • net

An Introduction to Teaching, Bagley & Keith

Principles and Technique of Teaching, Thomas .

Teaching Procedures, Ruediger. . .

Introduction to the Principles of Teaching, Hissong

Progressive Methods of Teaching, Stormzand

1001 Questions and Answers on Theory and Practice of Teaching, Hathaway. . .

Psychology for Teachers, Benson & others . .

Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement, Carreon

Methods in Language and Grammar, Furr .. .. , , .. ......... ••

Teaching of Geography, Moore & Wilcox

Our Health Habits, Whitcomb & Beveridge.

Ways to Teach English, Blaisdell \w"'i'"™'\

Science Teaching at Junior and Senior High School Levels, Hunter

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F2.76
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PI. 60

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POSTAGE EXTRA 10% discount to Teachers

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SEND FOR FREE CATALOG

196

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

April, 1937

Astronomical Data for
April, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

April 1. 5:52 a.m. 6:08 p.m.

April 6 . 5:49 a.m. 6:09 p.m.

April 12. 5:45 a.m. 6:09 p.m.

April 18. 5:41 a.m. 6:11 p.m.

April 24. 5:37 a.m. 6:12 p.m.

April 30. 5:34 a.m. 6:12 p.m.
Moonrise and Moonset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Aprii 1 10:31p.m. 9:14 a.m.

April 2 11:20 p.m. 10:03 a.m.

April 3 10:53 a.m.

April 4 12:07 a.m. 11:44 a.m.

April 5 12:54 a.m. 12:37 p.m.

April 6 1:39 a.m. 1:31 p.m.

April 7 2:24 a.m. 2:24 p.m.

April 8 3:07 a.m. 3:20 p.m.

April 9..... 3:51a.m. 4:16 p.m.

April 10 4:36 a.m. 5:15 p.m.

April 11 5:23 a.m. 6:16 p.m.

April 12 6:14 a.m. 7:19 p.m.

April 13 7:09 a.m. 8:24 p.m.

April 14 8:08 a.m. 9:29 p.m.

April 15 9:09 a.m. 10:30 p.m.

April 16 10:10 a.m. 11:27 p.m.

April 17 11:10 a.m.

April 18 12:08 p.m. 12:18 a.m.

April 19 1:02 p.m. 1:05 a.m.

April 20 1:54 p.m. 1:48 a.m.

April 21 2:43 p.m. 2:28 a.m.

April 22 3:32 p.m. 3:07 a.m.

April 23 4:20 p.m. 3:44 a.m.

April 24 5:08 p.m. 4:23 a.m.

April 25 5:56 p.m. 5:02 a.m.

April 26 6:46 p.m. 5:42 a.m.

April 27 7:36 p.m. 6:26 a.m.

April 28 8:26 p.m. 7:10 a.m.

April 29 9:15 p.m. 8:58 a.m.

April 30 10:03 p.m. 8:48 a.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 4th at 11:53 a. m.

New Moon on the 11th at 1:10 p. m.

First Quarter on the 17th at 2:49 p. m.

Full Moon on the 25th at 11:24 p. m.

Perigee on the 12th at 4:00 p. m.

Apogee on the 27th at 6:00 p. m.

The Planets for the 15 th
MERCURY rises at 6:47 a. m. and sets at 7:25
p. m. Just after sunset, the planet may be found
in the western sky a little to the north of the constel-
lation of Cetus.

VENUS rises at 5:45 a. m. and sets at 6:23 p. m.

The planet is too close to the sun for observation.

MARS rises at 9:03 p. m. and sets at 8:19 a. m.

At 2:45 a. m. the planet transits the meridian of

Manila. . , , ej,

JUPITER rises at 12:40 a. m. and sets at 11:54
a. m. From 1:00 a. m. on, the planet will be found
in the eastern sky between the constellations of
Sagittarius and Capricorn.

SATURN rises at 4:27 a. m. and sets at 4:21 p. m.
Immediately before sunrise, the planet may be found
low in the eastern sky in the constellation of Pisces.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m

North of the Zenith
Arcturus in Bootes
Regulus in Leo
Castor and Pollux in

Gemini
Capella in Auriga
Aldebaran in Taurus

South of the Zenith
Alpha and Beta Centauri
Spica in Virgo
Alpha Crucis (in the South-
ern Cross)
Procyon in Cenis Minor
Canopus in Argo
Sirius in Canis Major
Betelgeuse and Rigel id
Orion

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

announces the opening
of his laboratory of

Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambra .

(Home Studio Building) Ermita
Tel. No. 2-34-98

Vacation Time Is

Time For Sports

Learn the ways of the experts — improve your own technique and make the
most of your favorite sports with the latest books by recognized authorities.

SWIMMING

Hobden: Art of Springboard Diving ^ 7.70

Sachs: Complete Swimmer °.60

Weissmuller : Swimming the American Crawl 3.25

Smith: Swimming Is Fun 4.40

Hedges: How to Swim Crawl J-^

Hamilton: Teach Yourself to Swim 175

TENNIS

Beasley : How to Play Tennis 4.40

Tilden: Singles and Doubles in Lawn Tennis 4.40

Lacoste: On Tennis . , • -■-.-• ~~~

Jacobs: Modern Tennis % ~*~;j

Austin: Lawn Tennis Made Easy ......; • • • • 360

GOLF

Padgham: Par Golf Swing . \ -. '■ H?

Mitchell: Down to Scratch 3.75

Berkeley: Sound Golf by Applying Principles to Practice 4.00

Macbeth: Golf from A to Z : • • jj.75

Howard: Lessons from Great Golfers • ••••. 2.20

Vaile: Short Game 3'75

RIDING AND HORSEMANSHIP

Fawcett: Riding and Horsemanship 4.40

McTaggart: Art of Riding 4.75

Dixon: Complete Horseman. . on*

Gleason: How to Handle and Educate Vicious Horses 2.75

SHOOTING

Curtis: Guns and Gunning . H"?n

Smick: Modern Shotgun Shooting 5.50

Jones: Sport of Shooting . . 110°

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

101-103 Escolta MANILA Tel. 2-21-31

>Au libra**

PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

May, 1937

No. 5 (349)

;>v.

#^,:

"FIFTY-FIFTY"

Gavino Reyes Congacn

Twenty Centavos the Copy

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

Always Matchless Performance
Now, Matchless Beauty

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Through the years, the Remington Model 5
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PHILIPPINE

MAG AZI NE

A, V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR MAY, 1937 No. 5 (349)

The Cover:

A Fifty-Fifty Proposition Gavino Reyes Congson Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 198

News Summary 199

Editorials :

"Am I My Brother's Keeper?" — Guam and Claude Augus-
tus Swanson — Japan's "Or Else" — Changes in the Phil-
ippine Monetary System not Advisable — History Can Not

be Undone The Editor 205-207

Philippine Folk Literature Dean S. Fansler 208

The Firmament (Verse) Anonymous 209

Kikay— A Maid (Story) Bienvenido N. Santos 210

Birinayan, Balaquilang, and Bayuyungan. . Dominador Z. Rosell 211

I Discover America (Verse) R. T. Mio 212

Kikay's Mole (Story) Redentor Ma. Tuazon 213

The Cagayan Peasant as a Farmer Mariano D. Manawis 214

Charity (Story) Ligaya Victorio Reyes 215

Truant's Epitaph (Verse) R. Zulueta-daCosta 215

Finance and Investment Section:

What is the "Normal" Price of a Stock?— The Tactics of

the Short-Seller— When to Buy John Truman 217-220

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 228

Astronomical Data for May Weather Bureau 240

Entered at the Manila Post O trice as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

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P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: 5*2.00 in the Philippines, 5*4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change in address, please
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

197

198

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

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PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

Distributors

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

EXPORTS appear
1

to
have increased subs-
tantially in March, with
hemp shipments notably
heavy in anticipation of
freight rate increases. Sugar
exports were about the
same as in February and
continue to run a little
behind last year. Exports
of copra continued small
and coconut oil shipments
were only moderate, but
shipments of copra cake and meal and of desiccated
coconut were good. Exports of leaf tobacco were
very moderate, but cigar shipments continue to
improve moderately. Log shipments to Japan were
apparently heavy and lumber to Europe very good,
but lumber shipments to the United States continued
small, due to lack of space. Gold shipments in-
creased. Abaca prices were firm and prices of other
export products steady, excepting for sugar, which
was again a little easy. Exports should continue
to increase in April as more ships become available.
Export sugar prices, although opening strong,
were easyduring most of the first half of the month.
During the last half, the mrrket was dull with no
change in prices. The market for domestic consump-
tion sugar continued weak due to the substantial
carry-over from last year and the liberal domestic
quota.

Copra arrivals continued very light, although slight-
ly heavier than in February. Prices were firm during
the first half of the month but fell off in the last half,
when increased offerings of palm kernel oil depressed
the American oil market. One fairly good shipment
of copra was made to Los Angeles. Shipments
should increase in April, as space becomes available.
Production of copra is expected to be considerably
better in the last half of the year. The supply of
nuts to desiccating plants is improving and exports
of desiccated coconut were very good in March.

Abaca prices for the higher Manila grades and all
the Davao grades improved vnotably in March, due
mainly to American demand. Balings increased,
principally in Luzon. Exports were exceptionally
heavy to all markets due partly to announcement of
freight rate increases to become effective April 1 to
Europe, May 1 to the United States and July 1 to
Japan. Stocks were much reduced.

The leaf tobacco market was again very quiet.
Exports were moderate, withlfairly good shipments
of leaf tobacco to Italy and scrap to the United States.
Cigar shipments to the United States continue to
improve but are still moderate.

Rice prices were a little firmer durinp the month,
the crop having been fully harvested. The National
Rice and Corn Corporation is understood to have
large stocks of domestic rice which will be used to
prevent excessive price increases.

Gold production again exceeded 3*4,000,000, but
would have fallen very slightly below that figure
but for the inclusion of the*Tambis figures, which
have not been generally reported in past months.
Production is expected to increase further in April.
Iron ore shipments to Japan were back to normal as
ships were made available, but shipments of base
metal ores to the United States have not yet been
resumed. Exporters anticipate being able to get
some space for chrome ore to the United States in
April.

Import collections were 23 percent greater than
in February and 39 percent greater than in March
last year, due mainly, it is believed, to increased
prices of most imported goods. The value of import
collections is expected to continue to increase in
April, with the arrival of a number of ships bringing
heavy cargoes. The value of commercial letters
of credit opened in March was 8 percent greater than
in February and 20 percent greater than in March,
1'936. Import collections continue excellent and

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental insurance Co.

domestic credit conditions are generally very good.
Stocks of imported goods increased in most lines
due to heavy March arrivals, but are not excessive.
Prices continued steady to firm, excepting in the
case of flour prices, which were affected by the heavy
arrivals of flour purchased several months ago at
much lower prices. Imports of canned fish were
heavy but demand is good. Canned milk imports
were normal and stocks continue moderate. Dealers
are believed to be holding fairly large stocks of cotton
textiles for speculation, but importers' stocks are
small. Tire stocks are fairly heavy as a result of
large imports in March but are not considered ex-
cessive. Stocks of automobiles and trucks continue
very low, in spite of large arrivals and are insufficient
to fill orders. Stocks of iron and steel goods are
medium and demand is quiet at present, the high
prices somewhat discouraging demand.

Railroad carloadings fell off seasonally as the sugar
milling season approached completion. Steamship
companies continued to be offered all the freight
they could handle and with an increasing amount of
space available, export shipments increased in March,
particularly to Japan and Europe. Cargoes to the
United States are expected to increase substantially
in April, as more ships become available, but it is
believed that the shortage of ships will continue for
some time to come. Freight rate increases have
been announced on several of the principal export
commodities.

Consolidated bank figures showed a continued
increase of about 3*4,000,000 in loans, discounts and
overdrafts and a moderate increase in cash. There
was a net decline of about 1*4,000,000 in the balance
due from banks abroad and a moderate decline in
demand deposits. These changes appear to have
been due mainly to expenses in connection with the
harvesting of sugar. Weekly debits to individual
accounts continued to suffer due apparently to re-
duced activity on the st^ckexchanges, but circulation
increased. The dollar continued firm on the exchange
market due to the comparative shortage of sugar
bills, unusual at this time of the year.

Government revenue improved, collections by the
Bureau of Internal Revenue being substantially
greater than in March last year while collections of
the Bureau of Customs were slightly smaller. For
the first quarter, total collections by the Bureaus
of;Customs and Internal Revenue exceed those for the
same period last year by about four percent.

Power product totaled 11,508,569 KWH in March,
an increase over the 10,202,401 KWH in February,
due mainly but not entirely to the longer month.
Production considerably exceeded that f^r March,
1936, when it totaled only 10,733,866 KWH. For
the first quarter of this year, production totaled 33,-
255,391 KWH, or about 3 percent greater than in
the same period of last year.

Real estate for the first quarter of 1937 totaled
1*5,143,955, a 43 percent increase over the same
period last year. Trading in real estate continues
active and it is expected that another very large
transaction will be reported in April or May.

New building permits continued moderate, permits
for new construction totaling 1*364,670 in March,
compared with 1*345,040 in March, 1936. For the
first quarter, permits for new construction continue
about 30 percent lower than in the same period of
1936. There are a number of new projects under
consideration but most of them are being held up
by the greatly increased cost of construction and by
stock market losses.

There were 470 radio receivers sold in February
and 88 cancellations, compared with 438 sets and
152 cancellations in February last year.

There were 71 corporations newly registered in
March, with 1*20,181,000 of authorized capital, of
which F5,666,646 was subscribed, 1*2,836,046 paid-up
in cash and 1*186,524 in property. Sixty of the
new companies are controlled by Filipinos; 7 by
Americans; 3 by Chinese; and one by Spanish citizens.
As usual, mining companies predominate, with 37
incorporations having 1*2,013,350 subscribed and
1*579 175 paid-up. Of the mining companies, 6<i
are Filipino-owned. In paid-up capital, the lead
is taken by recreation, with two companies having
subscribed capital of 1*1,254,996 and paid-up capital
of PI 218 277. Both companies are Filipino con-
trolled They included a race track which counts
for most of the amount. There were nine invest-
ment companies registered, with 1*912,000 subscribed

and f>408,667 paid-in capital and three ™a^ement
companies, with 1*700,000 subscribed and *?j* 1,650
paid in capital, both concerned mainly with the

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

199

mining industry. One stock quotation company
was registered to give ticker service to members of
the Manila Stock Exchange. Its subscribed and
paid-in capital is !P66,000. One Filipino-controlled
savings bank was registered with P2 00,000 subscribed
and paid-up capital. There were five merchandising
companies, with 1*292,000 subscribed and F95,217
paid-up in cash and P146.524 in property. Of these
companies, two were Filipino, one American and two
Chinese. Only two manufacturing companies were
registered, with total paid-up capital of P3.300, of
which Pi, 800 is in a soap factory. One aeroplane
transportation company was registered with P93,-
000 subscribed and P22,00O paid-up, control being
American. Of the total subscribed capital, P4,992,-
346 was Filipino; 1>428,200 American; P180,000
Chinese; and 1*66,000 Spanish.

There were 17 partnerships registered in March,
of which 13 were general and four limited. Paid-up
capital totaled 1*546,500, of which P320,000 rep-
resents investment in two brokerage companies
and 1*192,000 investment in nine merchandising
companies. The investment in the brokerage com-
panies was mainly Spanish and that in the merchan-
dising companies entirely Chinese.

The Manila Stock Exchange is planning to in-
crease its membership frcm 30 to 45, the additional
seats to be placed on sale at a minimum of 1*45,000.
A substantial dividend will be paid to the present
members.

News Summary

The Philippines

March 15. -«- Nineteen girl
workers are burned to death and
others are injured in an explo-
sion and fire in the Manila Hitt
Flashcrackas Company at Pa-
say. Some sixty -two girls were
employed in the place, owned
by Chinese, who were paid about
P2.50 a week. Various gov-
ernment agencies start investi-
gations.

Juan Sumulong declares that
a consolidated minorities party
will be formed which will devote itself to helping
in the establishment of an effective democracy un-
der the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the Constitution,
discouraging subversive activities of radical elem-

Coronation ceremonies are held at Jolo for Sultan
Mohammad Amirul Umbra Amilbangsa.

Rafael Alunan, President of the Philippine Sugar
Association, sails for the United States.

March 16. — Elisio Quirino, manager of the National
Economic Protection Association, states that "Cebu,
Davao, Zamboanga, and other regions", visited by
him as a member of the party of Secretary of the
Interior Elpidio Quirino, who officiated at the in-
augurations of the three newly chartered cities,
"are prosperous, but it is lamentable that the trade
in these flourishing communities is not in the hands
of the Filipinos. This situation calls for an intensive
and aggressive economic protectionism campaign.
The future of these rich regions depends largely on
the contribution of our nationals toward their further
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March 17. — According to the annual report of
Secretary of Finance Antonio de las Alas as Pres-
ident of the National Development Company, the
Company has asked the government to close all
iron and asbestos deposits to private exploitation
and development on the expectation that the Com-
pany will shortly begin large scale development. It
is also disclosed that the creation of a National Food
Product Corporation has been approved. The
Development Company is reported to have made a
total profit of m,075, 174.08.

In response to statements in Washington that the
Philippines would have to liquidate all its financial
obligations if independence were to be granted before
1946, Secretary de las Alas states that the country
is in a position to pay the American bondholders at
any time although he sees no reason why this should
be done as an amortization fund exists and the bonds
are further guaranteed "with our property". He
expresses the view that the talk of shortening the
transition period is idle as he does not believe either
President Roosevelt or President Quezon will permit
themselves to be guided by radical sentiment on
either side of the ocean.

March 18. — Lanao Moros are reported to be
taking to the hills and building cotas in defiance of
the government at Binidayan, Bacolod, Onayan,
Taraka, and Macin.

March 19. — Judge Sumulong states at a meeting
of the Popular Alliance leaders that "to be or not to
be a protectorate of the United States is the para-
mount issue in Philippine-American relations and
trade and defense questions are secondary to this.
This fundamental issue can not be settled by the

coming trade conference." He repeats his opposition
to the Assembly's tariff bill now before President
Roosevelt, stating it is contrary to the Tydings-
McDuffie Act and likely to lead "to a perpetuation
of the present monopoly of the market by American
products, thus curtailing Philippine economic free-

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200

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

dom, extinguishing trade with other countries, and
insuring the "total absorption not only of our eco-
nomic but also our political life by that of the United
States."

The immediate effect in Manila of the afternoon
news dispatches to the effect that independence
might be granted in 1938 or 1939 is a near panic in
the stock market and there is some agitation to close
the Exchange. Averages drop 12.47 points. Vice-
President Sergio Osmena declines to comment
"until he has received official advices from President
Quezon." Secretary Jorge Vargas states "There is no
cause for alarm. We have confidence in the ability
and patriotism of President Quezon." Secretary de
las Alas states, "If independence is to come in two
years there would be need for immediate readjust-
ment of the national economy, but after the first
pains of separation, the country would pick up and
rapidly regain normal. With the exception of the
sugar industry, Philippine industry would be able
to survive the shock, and even sugar eventually
would be able to get on its feet again if producers
would give up their present luxury. I believe there
is no essential conflict in economic interests between
the United States and the Philippines and whatever

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conclusion may finally be arrived at in Washington,
I am of the opinion that Philippine- American trade
relations will continue with or without independence."
Secretary Eulogio Rodriguez states, "I am sure that
if President Quezon has asked for independence
earlier than after ten years he has good reason to do
so." Assemblyman Tomas Oppus states he is a lover
of independence, but that he believes the Filipino
people should not be rash in their reaction towsrd the
idea of shortening the transition period as "abrupt
means of doing things usually result in loss of con-
fidence". In general, opinion in government and
political circles is cautiously expressed, but the
indication is that while the plan is considered radical
it would be acceptable if the existing economic
relations with the United States can not be improved
by amending the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Minority
circles are quick to endorse the move and Vicente
Sotto telegraphs President Quezon: "If the latest
news that you are demanding independence in 1938
or 39 is true, the Philippine Civic Union resolutely
supports your patriotic attitude which is in perfect
accord with the invariable aspirations of our people".
Judge John W. Haussermann issues a statement
counselling against panic and declaring thatBenguet
and its affiliated companies are proceeding "along all
lines as if nothing had happened." He reveals that he
has recently cabled orders to the United States
for equipment and supplies totalling more than
PI, 000,000 and that these orders had not been
cancelled. "There was some agitation to close the
stock exchange. I strongly opposed this and am
very glad to know that it did not close. It is true
that there was what may be called a selling wave of
very short duration, but I am pleased that the public
in general responded and supported the market so
that the net results were that the Islands have taken
the news in good grace and a willingness is shown to
support the market in so far as mining shares are
concerned. I have no hesitation in saying that it is
the duty of all of us to keep our feet on the ground and
rally around the wishes of the administration here
and in Washington and do everything within our
power to encourage the people to hold fast to their
faith in the general welfare of the economic situation
in the Islands. The economic situation is sound and
unless the people disturb it by becoming panicky,
all will come out well". Mrs. Asuncion Perez of
the Associated Charities states, "I leave it to the
politicians". Dr. Ines Villa says, "This is so sudden."
March 20. — Philippine financiers minimize the
stock market slump of yesterday as most of the
securities dealt in are gold shares and gold has its
intrinsic value and will always sell despite disrupted
trade relations with the United States. During
the day, after some hesitation, prices tended upward.

Judge Sumulong states that the Washington dis-
patches are "nothing to get excited about. At this
stage there is nothing definite. The announcement
that independence would come by 1938 was mere
misinformation. It should be known that Congress
must pass any measure affecting Philippine independ-
ence". Attorney C. A. DeWitt states that the
Quezon-Sayre statement is ambiguous and vague and
"will engender uncertainty and anxiety and nothing
else. Both Filipinos and Americans are entitled to a
more definite statement of what is being planned and
done in matters so profoundly affecting their future. . ,
How will this committe of 'experts' be made up?
Will it be political in complexion or will Filipinos
and Americans who have personal knowledge of the
problems involved and who are directly interested
in the manner of their solution be included in such
a committee? There has been a proneness on both
sides of the Pacific to exclude those vitally interested
in such problems from participation in their con-
sideration and to assume that the study and dis-
position of such problems is exclusively for the
government and its officials at the moment in office."
A meeting in Plaza Moriones organized by Assembly-
man Gregorio Perfecto adopts a resolution urging
independence in 1938 or 1939. The Philippine Coco-
nut Association telegraphs President Quezon: "While
we believe the country is anxious for early political
separation, the Philippine Coconut Association
desires to know the preferential principal involved as
touching the coconut industry".

Moros intrenched in the three Binidayan cotas
open fire on a Constabulary patrol reconnoitering the
region, and, encouraged by their superiority in
numbers, also fire on the S.S. Governor Blanco on
Lake Lanao. There are said to be some hundred

persons in the cotas, including women and children.
They have been ordered to surrender and an attack
in force is planned for tomorrow if they do not.

March 22. —The stock market, after slight reco-
veries on Saturday, takes a drop down to the lowest
levels for the year, with the marketclosmg very
weak and no buying support in sight".

Stated at Malacanang that a radiogram to Vice-
President Osmefia from President Quezon confirms
the press reports of his meeting with Assistant becre-
tary of State Francis Sayre and that he had witn
him at the meeting Speaker Gil Montilla, Benito
Razon, Secretary of Justice Jose Yulo, Commis-
sioner Quintin Paredes, Assemblyman Felipe Buen-
camino, and Joaquin M. Elizalde, and that it was
agreed that a joint preparatory committee ol Amer-
ican and Filipino experts would be appointed imme-
diately to study the trade relations between tne
United States and the Philippines and to mate
recommendations thereto. "In view of the iact
that I have recommended that the period for grac-
ing complete independence be shortened to iy^o
or 1939, it was also agreed that this joint committee
of experts will be expected in making ^xt^c°^X
mendations to consider the bearing which this ad-
vancement of the date of independence would nave
on facilitating or retarding the execution of a PT°%T*™
of economic adjustment in the Philippines. It _was
further agreed that preferential trade relations
between the United States and the Philippines are
to be terminated at the earliest practicable date
consistent with affording the Philippines a reason-
able opportunity to adjust their national economy.
Thereafter it is contemplated that trade relations
between the two countries will be regulated in accoV^
ance with a reciprocal agreement on a honpreterenti
basis. The holding of the conference provided lor
in the Tydings-McDuffie Act will be postponed untu
the joint preparatory committee shall have pre-
sented its report."

Under-Secretary of Justice Jose P. Melencio pro-
poses that loans by landowners to tenants be sup-
pressed and tnat the National Rice and Corn Corp-
oration be required to make crop loans to tenant
farmers.

The Philippine Aerial Taxi Company is granted
a permit to extend its line from Paracale to Naga
and Legaspi.

March 23. — Following a radio-telephone conver-
sation between President Quezon and Vice-President
Osmefia, Secretary Vargas tells the press that Mr.
Osmefia is optimistic as to the outcome of the forth-
coming conference which he believes will produce
results that will assure Philippine economic stability.
Mr. Vargas states that President Quezon will prob-
ably utilize the services of Conrado Benitez, who
is on his way to the United States, and also of Arthur
Fischer, scheduled to leave for the United States
shortly, although he has not yet chosen the members
of the Philippine group in the committee.

Prof. Abdon Llorente declares that it would be
rash on the part of the Filipinos to endorse early
independence even if no improvement can be obtained
at present in the terms of the Tydings-McDuffie
Act, for the almost unanimous conclusion of economic
experts on both sides of the ocean is that even ten
years is too short. "It is, of course, very important
that we seek changes in the independence law to
remove inequalities, but failing in this effort does not
justify our asking for a worse bargain. If we fail
in our present efforts we should proceed with the
ten year program and in the meantime make every
effort to reach a better understanding". Other
economists, including Prof. Jos6 L. Celeste and Dr.
Andres Castillo, hold that the effect of immediate
independence would not be worse than the effect
of the economic restrictions in the Tydings-McDuffie

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

201

Act as an independent Philippines would be free
from the baneful effects of the export taxes and limit-
ations and would have full tariff and currency powers.
The transitional period would be best if we are given
the means to make adjustment possible, such as
tariff and currency autonomy, but if no changes are
obtainable in the present law, immediate independ-
ence is preferable.

March 24. — "High government officials" are quoted
as saying that President Quezon is in dead earnest
in his immediate independence proposal and that
he discussed the plan with various persons before
going to the United Strtes as the only alternative
to amending the economic provisions of the Tydings-
McDuffie Law.

Placido L. Mapa, of the Financing Corporation
of the Philippines and executive of three Occidental
Negros sugar centrals, in a commencement, address
at the Jos6 Rizal College states that the "question
of the hour is not to seek a shortening of the transi-
tion period, but whether in the face of present world
conditions, the ten years provided, two years of which
have already expired, is sufficient. ... If at the
economic conference no satisfactory trade arrange-
ments between America and the Philippines is agreed
upon to take effect after independence, I venture
the opinion that in that case the only course open
to the Philippines for the attainment of independ-
ence under conditions which will make reasonably
certain the maintenance and perpetuation of that
independence, is to prolong the transition period . . ."

The Chinese-owned China Press of Shanghai,
warns that the Philippines must not lose sight of
events which have transpired in certain parts of
China under "alien inspiration," which is also possible
in the Philippines when American protection is
withdrawn.

Secretary of Finance de las Alas announces the
establishment, sponsored and financed by the Natio-
nal Development Company, of the National Food
Products Companyiwith aninitialcapital of P500,000,
to engage in fish canning and the manufacture of dairy
products. Dr. Manuel Roxas will be the technical
manager, Dr. Santiago Rotea, of the animal products
division of the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, will
be in charge of the dairy products manufacturing,
and D. Florencio Talavera of the Fish and Game
Administration, will be in charge of the fish canning
plant. The Development Company is also reported
to be making a study of the advisability of starting
a factory for the manufacture of cement and asbestos
tiles and roofing shingles. Dr. Foster Bain, technical
adviser, has been asked to make a study of the feas-
ibility of smelting iron ore in the Philippines.

Reported from Sibul, Bulacan, and Pontevedra,
Capiz, that several score of Philippine Army trainees
have staged a walk-out to spend Holy Week in their
homes.

The Department of Labor announces the terms of
a contract it has drawn up for landlords and tenants
to serve as a model and in an effort to put an end
to the present misunderstanding of the new Tenancy
Law.

Complaints for multiple homicide through reckless
imprudence are filed against three Chinese officials
of the Manila Hit Firecrackas Company of Pasay
where an explosion and fire recently led ^o the deaths
of twenty women and girl workers.

According to official sources, some 9,300 students
will graduate from the public high schools this month
and some 6,000 from private secondary schools.

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March 25. — "Some officials" are reported to have
stated that Mapa's address shows the "manifest
opposition of the sugar industry to independence";
others "in government and legislative quarters"
voice objections to President Quezon's "radical
and illogical position". Oppus praises Mapa's
speech and states: "We need more men like him.
The country would profit by a frank and outspoken
discussion of important public questions."

Professor Llorente calls on Secretary Vargas to
explain his statements quoted in the press in oppo-
sition to President Quezon's policy, this having been
called into question as he is connected with a govern-
ment advisory board and should not have publicly
opposed an adopted policy. Secretary Vargas is
said to have asked him to make his explanation in
writing.

Dr. Santiago Barcelona, noted figure during the
Philippine-American fighting and personal physician
to General Emilio Aguinaldo, dies at San Juan, Rizal,
aged 74.

March 27. — General Aguinaldo states he has aban-
doned his plans to go to Washington as President
Quezon is now working "for just what the Vteran'se
Association has proposed".

Assistant Solicitor-General Pctenciano Pecson is
reported to have filed charges against two justices
of the peace in Nueva Ecija for having shown par-
tiality in cases between landlords and tenants. He
ascribes trouble in the province not only to disputes
about the division of the crop between landlords
and their tenants, but to questions involving owner-
ship of lands.

March 29. — The stock market moves irregularly
lower when trading is resumed after the holidays,

with trading light.

Ma j. -Gen. Paulino Santos states that the absence
without leave of several hundred trainees in Laguna,

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202

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

Capiz, Albay, and Batangas camps, during Holy
Week, was due to strong religious sentiment and the
irresponsibility of youth. Some have returned
voluntarily, others were brought back by their
parents, and still others had to be sent after. He
states the men were trainees and not soldiers, which
would have been more serious. Corrective measures

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Four British flying boats arrive in Manila from
Hongkong on a good will flight. They left Hongkong
at 7:00 a. m. and reached Manila at 2:00 p. m. They
will proceed from here to British North Borneo,
Sarawak, and back to Singapore, their base.

Arsenio N. Luz, Director-General of the Philip-
pine Exposition, Inc., in his report to the Board of
Directors states that though the Exposition was a
success and 495,598 persons paid admissions as
against 433,579 last year, there was a net loss of
F2 1,609.87 in operations, which he ascribes to sub-
stantial decreases in the receipts from auditorium
balls, auditorium seats, stockholders' privileges,
season's tickets, etc. The total receipts were 1*226,-
875.96. He again urges the acquisition of a perman-
ent site and a clearer understanding as to govern-
ment support.

Dr. Frank B. Morrison, noted Cornell agricultural
economist, leaves for the United States after a six-
week survey of the country as special adviser on
animal husbandry to the Commonwealth, and tells
the press: "I have seen the condition of your workers
in the ricefields of Nueva Ecija and the canefields
of Negros, and I do not blame them for feeling dis-
contented. It seems that the hacenderos are more
concerned about their carabaos than their workers. . .
I read in a Manila magazine while I was in Cebu
that the income of your farmers average only F60.00
a year. That is too meagre. One of the problems
of the Philippines, if it is to survive, is the promotion
of the well being of the masses. They must be
helped to earn more and their standard of living
must be raised considerably. . . Equally serious is
the keeping of conservative, level-headed men in
control of the government. If you allow disgruntled
and self-seeking radicals to run your affairs, you had
better look out. . . While the Islands can support
a much larger population, there are already heavily
overpopulated sections, and the population should
be checked to some extent by means of birth-control."

March 30. — Stock prices continue to move lower,
the average closing figure on the Manila Stock Ex-
change being 162.23.

C. J. Chancellor, manager for the Far East of the
Reuter news service, arriving in Manila, states that
the reaction to President Quezon's proposal of early
independence is one of general bewilderment. The
belief is that President Quezon "suddenly changed
his mind".

Stated by Sakdal leaders in Manila that Benigno
Ramos, Sakdal leader in Japan, has telegraphed
President Quezon endorsing his early independence
plan.

Professor Llorente is reported to have asked for
six-months leave of absence from the Philippine
National Bank where he is employed as a special
research worker, and from the advisory committee
of which he is executive- secretary, as he wishes to
study conditions in Germany, Italy, and Russia.

Jose Paez, President and General-Manager of the
Manila Railroad Company, in his annual report to
the Board of Directors states that the Company
suffered a net loss in 1936 of P704.876.18 as compared
to Fl,838,285.88 in 1935. The loss, however, is
not a cash loss as it includes depreciation and retire-
ment charges and as the net profits of the Manila
Hotel, owned by the Railroad Company, of F 190,-
330.82, were not considered in computing the loss.
He points out, too, that the accumulated profits
since 1917, when the government purchased the
Company, totals over F19.000.000. He states
that the direct railway connection with Legaspi,
Albay, will go into operation about the beginning of
next year, and recommends the construction of a
cembined highway and railroad bridge over the Pasig
connecting the San Nicolas District and the Port

T March 81.— Brig.-Gen. Vicente Lim leaves for
mindanao to make a study of special defense plans
for Mindanao, including the establishment of a

system of army camps and roads focussed on the
southern coast.

A commercial house in New York is reported to
have telegraphed its Manila office: "Philippines
statesmen causing little comment here. Considered
preliminary fencing for trade agreement negotia-
tions".

A reply is received from President Quezon to the
telegram of the Philippine Coconut Association
stating: "We are bearing in mind every interest
of the Philippines".

The Supreme Court upholds the right of the Ma-
nila Railroad Company to establish motor vehicle
lines, as it is authorized to do in its charter, and rules
that the Public Service Commission exercises no su-
pervision over the Company except in regard to
rates.

Delfin Jaranilla in a brief filed with the Supreme
Court on behalf of Petra Baltazar, retired teacher,
questions the constitutionality of Act 187 which
authorizes the liquidation of the old pension systems.
Baltazar has petitioned for a mandamus to compel
the Government Service Insurance Board to continue
paying the petitioner's pension. According to Jara-
nilla, the whole case hinges on whether the govern-
ment may disregard its contractual obligations, lhe
case affects thousands of teachers and the petitioner
is said to be backed by the Philippine Retired Tea-
chers Association. Ramon Diokno, counsel for the
government, asks for the dismissal of the case in a
long memorandum, declaring that the government
has already returned the amounts paid in by civil
servants plus interest, and pointing out that the
pension funds were all in an insolvent state and the
time would inevitably have come when contributors
would be unable not only to collect their expected
retirement pay but even their own contributions.
He states that Act 187 represents a valid exercise
of the police power inherent in every government to
adopt any measure for the protection of the public
interest and that Baltazar' s right to a pension existed
only as long as the law granting it was in force, we
denies that pensions are debts, liabilities, or obliga-
tions of the government.

April 2.— Registration for military service opens
for all young men born in 1917.

A committee of the American Retired Teachers
Association of the Philippines makes public a com-
bined protest and petition recently sent to numerous
officials in Washington by air mail. The document
voices a protest against the liquidation of the lea
chers' Retirement and Disability Fund on the basis
of contractual obligation, moral obligation, abstract
justice, and adequacy of available financ" ^o^n
with the obligation of the Comixxonwealttr C^y'f55^
ment to the teachers. It points out that the United
States government is paying m pensions to Filipinos
retired from various federal services an amount
estimated at over $2,000,000 a year while the annual
payments to American teachers by the Common-
wealth government amounts to only some $125,0UU
a year.

Dr. Rafael Palma in a radio address scores the
indifference of some Filipino women to the coming
plebiscite on woman suffrage. "We can not Pjogcew
and prosper and maintain the ancient ways
of thinking.... We must throw away silly
conservatism and cumbersome traditions. . bo5^;ty
will certainly receive immeasurable advantages
from the women's acquisition of the new Jig*. • * •
If this is not to come now because of the mdinerence
and indolence of some of our women, what grave re-
sponsibility they will have before the nation and his-
tory!"Father William Fletcher , Secretary to Arch-
bishop Michael O'Doherty.isquoted as saying that the
Archbishop is not opposed to woman suffrage ana
has not instructed any priests to speak against the
movement, but that he is not taking an active part
in the present discussions because he has made it a
point not to interfere in political matters.

new11

man

BISCUITS

and c?, Inc.

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

203

Announced at Malacanang that Secretary Yulo
has granted Professor Llorente's request for six
months leave of absence without pay.

Arthur Fischer, adviser on natural resources of
the Commonwealth, leaves for the United States
to join the Quezon delegation in Washington.

April 2. — Reported that Mapa has received many
letters of congratulation from sugar men, financiers,
and friends for his speech against early independence.
Sugar men are said to hold that Act 191 authorized
the President of the Philippines to ask for an econo-
mic conference but makes no mention of political
readjustments. Others are reported to say that
President Quezon should know what he is doing and
must have the interests of the country at heart.
It is also pointed out that most of his advisers in
Washington are identified with the sugar interests.

A recent police census of Manila shows that Chinese
in the city number 25,047 men and 6,166 women;
Japanese 2,594; Americans 1,989; and Spaniards
1,170.

Fire razes the entire commercial district of Ca-
gayan, Occidental Negros; damage is estimated at
P1,000,000.

The stock market drops sharply, closing at 147.07.

April 8. — The Cabinet adopts a resolution ex-
pressing complete adherence to all the plans sponsored
by President Quezon and felicitating him on the
continued success of his work.

At a caucus of members of the National Assembly
it is decided to support the stand of President Quezon
as a general principle on motion of Assemblyman
Oppus.

Mrs. Sergio Osmena, wife of the Vice-President,
issues a statement declaring that Filipino women
are "under compelling obligation to support solidly

the cause of women suffrage at the coming plebiscite.

Announced at Malacanang that President Quezon
has asked that Floor Leader Jose E. Romero and
Minority Floor Leader Manuel Roxas leave for
Washington as soon as possible.

The stock market advances to 154.00 for a gain
of 6.93 points.

April 5. — Between 7:00 and 7:30 A. M. (Monday)
most of the Philippines listens to President Quezon's
address, delivered from informal notes over the
telephone from Washington to San Francisco, and to
the Philippires by short-wave radio, rebroadcast
over KZRM, KZIB, and KZEG, and plainly audible
in Manila. The hour was 6:00 P. M. Sunday in
Washington. About five minutes of the time was
devoted to woman suffrage and the rest to an ex-
planation ofhis recommendations for earlier independ-
ence. "Filipino women are not yet in full possession
of their rights and unless they make an early decision
to take part in the national administration, it will
be a long time before all their rights are secured.
I hope all Filipino men will be willing to seek the
advice of and collaboration of their mothers, wives,
and daughters in public affairs just as they seek this
in their private business. . . . The Filipino woman
is the equal of the best in the world and there is no
reason why Filipino women should not enjoy all the
rights and privileges of women in more progressive
countries". As to his independence recommendation,
President Quezon states: "You have already been
informed that I have recommended that the period
for the granting of independence be shortened so
the Philippines may establish its Republic on Decem-
ber, 1938, or on July 4, 1939. I understand some
people have been surprised that I should have made
that proposal at this time. Well, anyone who has

followed closely my public career should have ex-
pected me to do so. Moreover, it is well known that
the majority of our people in accepting the Tydings-
McDuffie Law upon the assumption that no change
would be permitted except with the consent of the
Filipino people. ... As a matter of fact, it would
appear that Congress feels it has the right at any
time to change trade relations regardless of the pro-
visions of the Act. . . . Under these circumstances
to continue in the present status would simply cause
the economic ruin of the Philippines. It is absolutely
necessary that we be able to place our trade relations
with America on a more stable basis and there is
but one way of accomplishing this, namely, through
a treaty between the government of the United States
and an independent Philippine Republic. So long
as the Philippines remains under the American flag,
Congress will always feel at liberty to amend any of
its laws affecting any of the Philippine relations. But
once we are independent, if we should secure a
treaty from the American government similar in
terms to the provisions of the Independence Act
regulating our trade with America, Congress will
have to respect that treaty during the time of its
existence. And therefore I have proposed the
Philippines be granted immediate independence, or
as short a time as possible, with the idea that there
may be entered into a treaty between America and
the Philippines whereby trade relations between the
United States and the Philippines, as provided in the
Independence Act, may be agreed upon in the form
of a traaty between our two countries. And I am
hopeful that such a proposal will meet with no very
serious objection on the part of the government of

{Continued on page 231)

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204

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

THIS IS WHAT AN INSULAR LIFE
POLICY WILL DO FOR YOU

^^3m^xsi QosapfitfTO, com

JN/ULAR UIFE BUILDINB.,MANILA

C. S. SALMON
Box 734
Manila, P. I.

Please send me information concern^
your 20 Year Endowment Policy.

Name .. , ... ..——•"

Address Age—

Editorials

It is regrettable that so fine a publication as
the Christian Century, an "undenominational
journal of religion" published
44 Am I My in Chicago, should continue

Brother's Keeper? to accord space to such a zea-
lous preacher of misunder-
standing as the former Philippine missionary, the
Rev. Mr. Harold E. Fey, one time teacher of the Old
Testament in a theological institution in Manila.

He burns with all the godly wrath of a Minor Prophet
under the Old Dispensation, and he indulges his bent for
evil thinking and almost ecstatic denunciation to truly
absurd limits.

For instance, in his most recent article, entitled "Quezon
Needs Gold for Guns", he refers to the outbreak of a few
firei in Manila some months ago, believed to have been
of incendiary origin, as being "strangely reminiscent of
the Reichstag fire,,l Strangely, indeed, but not to those
who know what they may expect from the holy lucubrations
of the Reverend Fey. He speaks, too, of a "general
round-up of critics of Mr. Quezon" at this time, which
is simply a silly lie.

The article as a whole is another attack on what he calls
the "militarization" of the Philippines, which he claims is
both a preparation for a Quezon dictatorship and part of
an effort to establish conditions which would present "at-
tractive opportunities for the investment of capital" at the
expense of the Filipino masses with the hope of "keeping
Uncle Sam in Asia."

Formerly, the Reverend Fey was content to direct his
heavenly thunder against President Quezon and his mili-
tary adviser, General MacArthur, but in this article he
broadens the attack to include High Commissioner McNutt
and President Roosevelt himself. There is so much wrong
in the world!

"It is obvious that the American Congress, which thought it was
divesting itself of responsibilities when it passed the Philippines In-
dependence Act, is being outwitted by a number of forces. Of these
an American general whose obsession is war with Japan and a Filipino

president who is afraid of domestic unrest, are the willing
tools. Instead of withdrawing from the turmoil which is
likely to continue in the Far East for along time, we are be-
coming more entangled than ever, but without the consent of
Congress, our regularly constituted civil authority. Al-
though it is fairly clear that the present high command in
the American army is not enthusiastic about Mac Arthur's
achievements, our naval leaders, who have been saying for
years that the Philippines could not be successfully defended against
an attack by a major power, now are contending that with this new
Philippine army and with the new American navy, the Islands will be
so formidable that no nation would attempt to pay the price of their
conquest. While Congress speaks the language of a people who have
renounced imperialistic ways, our military missions and our admirals
begin once more to dream of 'Manifest Destiny' in the Far East. Back-
ing them is President Roosevelt. His appointment to the High Com-
missionership of the Philippines of Governor McNutt, militarist ex-com-
mander of the American Legion, indicates that he approves of the pres-
ent policy and wants the civil representative of America to help carry
it out. Taken in the light of the desire of the Filipino leaders to retain
the advantage of free access to the American market, this new develop-
ment indicates the probable indefinite retention of a tie which the people
of both nations desire to terminate. "

There are many who will wish this were only true, at least
in part, but it is poor preaching that leaves the sinner
thinking that what is held up as evil is right! From the
paragraph quoted, one would think that the Reverend
Fey would rise to a magnificent climax in closing his ex-
hortation, but he ends on a disappointingly flat note:

"If the leaders of the Philippine government were true
statesmen, they could insure the continued freedom of their
nation by taking steps to insure domestic tranquility through
justice and fair dealing with their own people, instead of
leaving them with no instrument for the redress of griev-
ances except insurrection". With such an ending, the
reader wonders what all the fury was about.

As for the reference to Congress thinking that it was
"divesting itself of responsibilities" — now the Devil is
going to quote Scripture — did the Reverend Fey ever
think of the following Biblical text, the notorious Cain
speaking: "Am I my brother's keeper?"

205

Opposing the bill introduced by Sen. M. E. Tydings
that would, at their request, grant American citizenship

to the people of Guam, Secretary
Guam and Claude of the Navy Claude Augustus Swan-
Augustus Swanson son wrote a letter to the Senate

Committee on Territories and In-
sular Affairs, stating that such a grant * 'might aggravate
the danger to peaceful international relations". "The
complicated international situation", he declared, "the
questionable status of treaties, and the fact that the United
States is withdrawing from the Philippines, all contribute
to the undesirability of any change in the status of the
people of Guam or the method of administration in the
Island during the present unstable conditions".

There may be good reason why it is undesirable to grant
rights of American citizenship to the people of Guam at
this time, although they have almost continuously peti-
tioned for this over many years, especially if such a grant
would affect the present Naval administration of the Island.
But what in his sub-conscious did Secretary Swanson draw
upon when he stated, practically in so many words, that
the grant is inadvisable because it would "aggravate the
danger to peaceful relations" — with Japan? What exist-
ing danger is it that would be "aggravated"? What sort
of "peaceful relations" are we then now enjoying? Has it
already come to a pass where the course of the American
government in its own territories is determined by con-
siderations not of what is considered right and just, but
by fears in the American official breast of what certain
foreign militarists might think?

Sen. E. W. Gibson, who sponsored a previous resolution
to make the inhabitants of Guam American citizens, stated:
"The people of Guam are claiming only what the people of
other island possessions of the United States are receiving.
They are the best class of American dependents in the
world. They are loyal to the United States".

Are the loyal people of Guam to be told that because of
the frowns of Japan possibly to be anticipated in such a
case, the United States of America da'sent give them the
status of American citizens? If so, it would no doubt
occur to many that the status of an American citizen is
not such a great distinction after all.

We maintain a powerful navy — at this moment engaged
in extensive and impressive maneuvers in the Pacific,
meant not only to test fleet efficiency but also to demon-
strate in parts of the Blue where this may be necessary
the readiness of America to cope with possible eventual-
ities. The no doubt wholesome effect of such a show is,
however, largely annulled by such a poltroonism as the
pronouncement of the civilian head of the Navy Depart-
ment. The effect of such a statement on the people most
directly concerned, is also easily imagined. And the effect
on Americans in general is not at all inspiring.

Such a swan song as Secretary Swanson 's does nothing
to make the international situation less complicated or the
questionable status of treaties less questionable; rather
the reverse, for if it were clearer than it is now that the
United States will stand by its actual and moral obliga-
tions in the Pacific, not to say its plain interests, there would
be a good deal less of the complicated and the question-
able. And it does not seem wise to base any policy on

"the fact that the United States is withdrawing from the
Philippines", when this is not at all, as yet at least, "an
actual happening in time or space".

The Tokyo Nichi-Nichi stated a short
time ago that Admiral Seizo Kobayashi of
Taiwan, formerly Formosa, is
Japan's planning to visit President
"Or Else" Manuel L. Quezon next July 10
with a view to explaining the
so-called Southward Policy of the Japanese government.
He will also visit the Netherland Indies, the Strait Settle-
ments, and Hongkong, "prompted by the keen desire of the
Japanese government, particularly that of Taiwan, to pro-
mote friendly relations and cooperation with neighboring
countries south of Japan".

It is not known to the writer whether the scheduled tour
of the Governor-General of Taiwan has anything to do
with a matter brought up some months ago when it was
reported that at a meeting of the budget committee of the
Japanese Diet, a member suggested that Japan should be
"bold and frank enough to approach the Dutch authorities
for the permanent concession of Dutch New Guinea and
its adjoining isles to solve Japan's population problem".
"Japan," he continued, "should have no other designs in
the South Seas beyond Dutch Guinea, and if Holland would
concede its possession to Japan, a non-aggression pact
might be concluded with the Netherland Indies to ensure
permanent peace in the South Seas". Premier General
Senjuro Hayashi was said to have declared that he shared
this view but had not yet had time to make a study of
the question.

The "or else" implication is quite obvious in this state-
ment and no "explanations" are necessary. Those intimi-
dated by such veiled threats would, however, do well to
read a book, issued late last year, "Japan's Feet of Clay"
by Freda Utley, recently reviewed in the China Weekly
Review. The reviewer states that the author's thesis is
simple: "Japan is a colossus on feet of clay, which will
crumble under the first external blow. Japan's 'strength'
lies in the blindness of the Great Powers to the wide fissures
in its social, economic, and political structure".

To quote the author direct:

"Although armies still march on their stomachs, food is net all, and
Japan has neither the bread and butter of industry, coal, iron, and oil,
not abundant food supplies, nor other raw materials. Nor has she
substantial foreign investments to finance her purchases of these abroad.
Her industrial organization is weak, since heavy industry as a whole,
and engineering in particular, are undeveloped, and since a very large
proportion of her production of all goods comes from the workshops
of artisans and from domestic industry where little machinery is used,
and the waste of man power is very great.

"Japan is even more vulnerable in the matter of agriculture, since
her primitive technique means shortage either of food or of man power
in war time.

"At the same time the condition both of her peasantry and her workers
and lower middle classes makes Japan a country seething with unrest
and rebellion, and the breaking point may come at any moment. The
terrible poverty of the Japanese people and the revolutionary fervor
amongst all classes, except a small circle of wealthy men, would certainly
break out in social revolution if Japan suffered even one severe defeat,
or found herself involved in a long and costly war, or even if she were
faced with economic sanctions.

206

"Up to now the floodgates have been held back by Japan's military
success, by her success in flouting England and the United States, and
by the mirage of an end to poverty and hunger through foreign conquest.
Any major reverse would force open the gates and Japan would be swept
off her insecure foundation and submerged in a flood of revolt

"The tragedy of the past five years has been that when, as in 1932,
the United States was anxious to cooperate with Britain to restrain
Japanese aggression, Britain was unwilling; and that when, as in 1935-36,
Britain tentatively sought to cooperate with the United States to
strengthen the Chinese Nationalist Government, the United States
had turned back to isolation.

"It is not a question of blocking Japan; it is merely a question of
refusing to buy her goods or supplying her ourselves with oil, iron,
cotton, and machinery, and of refusing her the credits she is now still
able to obtain. Refusal to buy from her for a few weeks would indeed

be sufficient A brief period of collaboration between England

and the United States is all that is necessary. Japan is so vulnerable
that even the serious declaration of such joint action to oppose her would
almost certainly stop her aggression.

"England and the United States will not forever be in the favorable
position they are in today. Leave Japan to proceed in China, be afraid
to call her bluff, let her have time, and she will be able with the posses-
sion of Chinese iron and coal and cotton, and with the profits from
squeezing the masses of the Chinese people soon to acquire the military
invulnerability which she is falsely supposed to have already.

In the old days, Japanese fighting men often used de-
fensive masks of wrought iron attached to the helmet, and
these were made fierce in aspect in order to terrify the
enemy. In the No dramas, masks of wood, coated with
plaster and lacquered and gilded, called shite, are still
used, some of them so frightful in appearance that they
throw children into convulsions. Well . . . let's not be
afraid of shite.

this eliminates fluctuations which would otherwise be very
great because of the necessarily wide fluctuations in our
external trade balances.

Confidence in our monetary stability is at this time far
more important than any seeming advantages of changes
in our monetary system.

Certain officials of the Department of
Finance and members of the National

Assembly
Changes in Philippine
Monetary System
Not Now Advisable

have advo-
cated an in-
dependent currency system for
the Philippines. The proposed
system would be based on gold,since this is a gold -producing
country, and the reserves would be deposited with a central
bank which would have the exclusive right to issue notes.
An argument advanced in favor of the scheme is that it
would prevent possible Philippine losses in the event of the
further devaluation of the dollar. It has also been suggested
that the peso might be devaluated in case the independence
of the peso from the dollar can be achieved, it being argued
that the present value of the peso is too high as a monetary
unit and that it would be advantageous in various respects
to reduce the value to, say, one-third of a dollar instead
of the present value of one -half of a dollar.

Such plans may present certain attractions from the
theoretical point of view, but to carry them out into prac-
tice would probably be most unwise, especially at this time
when every effort must be made to create, in spite of the
difficulties of our situation, confidence in the future of this
country.

We need outside capital for the development of our
resources, and we want especially American capital. But
investors and entrepreneurs will hesitate to invest their
money here if plans for the devaluation of our local currency
unit were to be seriously considered and changes in our
currency system were to be anticipated.

As long, too, as both our export and import trade is
principally with the United States, there is a decided ad-
vantage in our having a currency based on the dollar, as

There is no short-cut to freedom from responsibility
for the United States as regards the Philippines — neither
by a declaration of a nominal in-
History Can Not dependence nor by a treaty neutral-
be Undone izing the key archipelago of the
Pacific. The Philippines can only
be independent in fact and the United States be relieved
of all responsibility when the Islands have been developed
to a point from which the Filipinos can carry on alone.
Strategically the Philippines is far more important than
Belgium ever was, or Manchuria or Mongolia. History
can not be undone, and whether the Islands are declared
"independent" in 1940 or whether they are "neutralized"
or not, the United States can not escape either the obliga-
tion or the necessity of defending them if they were ever
attacked, and for that reason it is of the first importance
that America remain in a position to do so by retaining a
naval base here — which the present development of the
land forces of the Filipinos themselves will make more than
everj tenable.

There are certain superficial attractions to the idea of
American "isolation", to American activities being con-
fined to the Americas, to the view that the Americas are
surrounded and safeguarded by thousands of square
miles of ocean. It is true that South America extends out
into the broad South Atlantic and the wide South Pacific,
with nothing nearer than the isolated and uninhabited
ice-lands of the Antarctic. Isolationists, however, forget
that this is not true in the north and that there America
and Asia lie within hailing distance of each other. Only
the narrowest water barrier separate Japan from the vast
resources of coal and petroleum, gold, silver, tin, gypsum,
antimony, bismuth, tungsten, and platinum in Alaska.

The best and cheapest defenses are sea defenses, battle-
ships constituting, in effect, movable fortresses. With a
powerful naval base in the Philippines and the American
bases in Alaska and the Aleutians, Japan lies as within the
jaws of a vise, this and this alone compelling the postpone-
ment of an attempt at the realization of the announced
dreams of its militarist imperialists. With the Philippines
surrendered, America's position would be immeasurably
weakened, not only in the middle Pacific but in northern
Pacific waters, in Alaska, and along the entire Pacific
Coast. Psychologically, too, if the people of the
United States came to hold the view that they are
relieved from the obligation to protect the Philip-
pines, the "little navy" agitators might win out, and
American shipping and American trade, and finally
America's city-lined coasts would lie at the mercy of every
robber state whether in Europe or in Asia then in ascend-
ancy because of the stupidity or blindness or indifference
of those who today talk so glibly and so irresponsibly of
the wisdom of "isolation' , as if China had never existed
and given us its tragic object lesson.

207

Philippine Folk Literature

A Synoptic Study of an Unpublished Manuscript Collection of Folktales

By Dean S. Fansler

IT has been my good fortune and pleasure over a
period of nine years of residence in the Philip-
pines to collect some 4000 stories current and
popular among the native inhabitants here. These
tales represent practically every traditional nar-
rative genre and every major Christianized tribal
unit: they exhibit, I believe, a normal and fairly well-
balanced cross-section view of the Philippine branch of
Indonesian folk literature.

A glance at the map and at the history of the Islands
reveals the archipelago as a veritable ocean center of the
streams of story. Successive waves of folk migration and
subsequent domination or occupation by Malayans and
Hindus from the west, Chinese and Indo-Chinese from
the northwest, Japanese from the north, Spaniards and
Americans from the east, and successive layers of religions- —
pagan, Buddhistic, Mohammedan, Christian— all have
left their mark on traditions current in the Philippines
to-day. This palimpsest record of the past two thousand
years and more is not easy to read at a glance: some of
the earlier handwriting has been almost completely obli-
terated; again the prehistoric details may be very faint in
places, but recognizable under microscopic examination.
The complete story can be reconstructed to-day only induc-
tively, by a study of all the separate elements. Some of
the materials for the reconstruction of that story are pre-
sented herewith, in the belief that the full record of human
life in the archipelago is appreciably and unmistakably
illuminated by a study of its traditional literature. In the
hope, too, that an account of the details and scope of this
collection may be of practical value to students of the
larger field of Oceanic and Far Eastern popular stories, I
venture to offer a very factual inventory.

The collection herein described was accumulated inter-
mittently under varying circumstances over a total lapsed
period of twenty-eight years. The original goal was bulk
and variety; consequently dragnet methods were proper.
Besides the stories themselves, additional information
was sought from informants as to the immediate source
of the tales, their popularity locally, and the circumstances
of their recounting. Variant versions were no less welcome
than norms because of the light they throw on the ques-
tions of provenience, distribution, and migration. As
a consequence some story-cycles1 are represented by many
variants and close analogues; others are known only from
unique specimens.

Of the maerchen (serious, droll, animal) sixty-five
cycles are represented by 5 or more variants each, as follows:

Juan the Fool (all types), 104
Juan the Guesser 38
The Master Cheat, 37
The Contending Lovers, 47
Carancal 33

Trial among the Animals, 32
Monkey and Crocodile, 32
Animal Partnership, 28
Guatchinango, 26

208

The Grateful Dead, 10

The Dictated Sermon, 10

The Wife and her Paramour's

Corpse, 9
Fortune Immutable, 9
The Best Dream. 8
The Horn-producing Fruit, 8
Juan the Lazy, 8
Lying Drolls, 8

Monkey and Turtle, 25
Indolent Husband, 25
The Helpful Monkey,
^r A (Philippine Puss-in-

\Mk Boots) 24

JtBm The Relay Race 23

The Bashful Suitor For-
aging 23,
The Three Phrases, 22
The Language of Animals, 21
The False Proofs, 20
The Wise Judgment, 20
The Parent's Curse, 19
The Animal Offspring, 19
The Silence Wager, 18
The Three (Seven) Hunch-
backs, 16
Clever Wife and her Suitors, 15
Master Thief, 14
Ragamuffins in Partnership, 14
The King's Decisions, 13
The Seven Crazy Fellows, 13
Three Pieces of Advice, 13
The Food-giving Animal, 12
The Three Scabby Friends, 11
The Animal Spouse, 11
The Magic Ring, 10

Treasure-trove Divided, 8

The Coconut-shell Ring, 8

The Deaf Family, 8

The Relayed Message, 7

The Transformation Combat. 7

Day-dreaming, 7

Hat pays Landlord, 7

War between Animals and Winged

Creatures, 7
Rhampsinitus Saga, 6
The Flight Contest, 6
The Swimming Wager, 6
The Damaged Contract, 6
Cumulative Stories, 6
The Knave and the Blind Men, 6
Oracle delivered by Hero in

Favor of Himself, 5
Quarreling over Future Possibi-
lities, 5
Corpse killed Many Times, 5
The Animal Midwife, 5
Planting Boiled Beans, 5
Clever Woman and the Robbers, 5
Fatal Prophecy, 5
The Profitable Exchange, 5
Simpleton Interprets Sermon Li-
terally, 5
The Elopement Clnclusa'), 5

The Ungrateful Animal, 10

Of these 65 cycles it appears highly probable that at
least 36 were current in the Philippines before the arrival
of Europeans: at any rate, these 36 appear to owe little or
nothing to Occidental influence. They are represented
by 692 out of 1003 stories. (Perhaps it should be noted
in passing that a number of these cycles are represented
by stories found in the American Folklore Society Memoir
volume No. 12, "Filipino Popular Tales," but none of the
specific versions printed therein are included in this nume-
rical summary.)

No less intrinsically interesting and important because
of their foreign connections are many of the maerchen
cycles represented in my collection by fewer than 5 ver-
sions. Chief among these are

The Unjust Judge Self-con-
victed, 4

The Interrupted Cooking Epi-
sode, 4

The Person who could See Souls, 4

The Cryptic Conversation, 4

The Wonderful Doll, 4

The Dog Mother, 3

The Four Feet of the Cat, 3

The Census Trick, 3

The Deceitful Judge, 3

The Magical Banca, 3

The Insatiable Woman, 2

The Ant and the Carabao, 2

Of these 12 cycles, 10 seem to me almost certainly derived
from non-European sources. Of all these 77 major cycles,
then, probably 46, or considerably more than half, are
pretty surely of non-European origin. How many, if any,
of these 46 cycles are indigenous in the Islands, it is impos-
sible to say at the moment, although I believe that a fairly
strong case could be made out for 4 of the story -patterns;
viz., "Carancal," "The Monkey and the Turtle," "The
False Proofs", and the "Trial Among the Animals."

Fifty -four maerchen represent oral popular versions of
28 corridos (long metrical romances printed in the verna-

cular and circulating as chapbooks). No generalized
statement can be made to indicate the relationship be-
tween oral and printed forms of the same story; but it is
clear that some, at least, of the corridos are literary ver-
sions (usually anonymous) of much older native tradi-
tional material. On the other hand, it must be admitted
that the majority of the corridos treat of European themes,
although a careful comparison of the Philippine corridos
with the Malayan Hikayats might reveal many hitherto
unsuspected relationships.

Forty- three maerchen are fairly close variants of 19 of
Grimm's Household Tales. By far the most popular of
these is the "Brother Lustig" cycle (Grimm No. 81),
of which there are no less than 13 native versions.
Indeed, it is not inconceivable that this tale was naturalized
in the Philippines long before the famous German brothers
made their collection.

In addition to the comical stories included among the
maerchen-cycles, 125 different Drolls (represented by 155
tales) are found in the collection. Many of these are
noodle stories; some ridicule foolish people from specific
towns; others recount rather heartless, occasionally brutal,
practical jokes on unfortunates, like blind men or hunch-
backs. Of these, 20 are directed against priests and prac-
tices of the church. The plots of a few center about dia-
lectal misunderstandings. A number of incidents are
strongly reminiscent of the fablieavx and of "Til Eulen-
spiegel," though it must be said that obscene stories and
situations are surprisingly few. One interesting "broad* '
story is a close analogue of Chaucer's "Miller's Tale."

The exempla (and I use the term somewhat loosely to
cover more or less realistic didactic stories illustrating con-
cretely some vice or virtue but lacking the spiritual moral-
ization of the European exempla) number about 120.
The "warning" stories far outnumber the "winning" stories.
The vices most commonly illustrated by these tales are
vanity, ingratitude, envy, greed, cruelty, revenge, pride,
inhospitality, disobedience, obstinacy, arrogance; the vir-
tues chiefly emphasized are piety, perseverance, constancy,
innocence. Nearly all of these stories are unique speci-
mens. Only 3 appear to have any general distribution
in the Islands: "The Old Man and his Son" (the blanket
divided parable), "Pedro Cardenales" (the good youth
who was permitted to see heaven before he died), and "St.
Peter's Mother" (ajvariant of Grimm No. 221.) The
type, however, is popular, and is undoubtedly the medium
of a large amount of home instruction in ethics.

Among the 308 etiological stories (myths and "why"
stories, excluding legends) occur explanations of 170 differ-
ent phenomena. Of these more than half (90 to be exact)
treat of fauna. Cats head the list with 18 stories. Then
in the order of frequency are the tales about crows (11),
owls (9), ants (8), dogs (7), cows (6), mosquitoes (6), locusts
(5). Thirty-four stories deal with flora: fragrant flowers
(13), banana (4), coconut (4), mango (4), tobacco (5).

Curiously enough only 12 of the explanatory tales in
this group deal with the creation, activities, habits, etc.,
of mankind. Morever there are only 12 different cosmo-
logical phenomena explained. (There are 11 stories about
the moon, 7 about mountains, 6 about the sky, 5 about
earthquakes, 3 about the sun, 1 each about stars and comets.)
There are very few stories treating of meteorology, — rain,
rainbow, wind, clouds, and thunder and lightning about
exhausting the subjects. I have no stories about fogs or
tides.

The 320 secular legends representing about 225 different
stories may be classified according to the objects they
commemorate:

Specific mountain peaks and vol-
canoes, 53

Hills, 6

Dangerous capes, 3

Specific islands and island
groups, 10

Peculiar rocks of local signi-
ficance, 15

Springs and wells, 4

Rivers and waterfalls, 7

Lakes, 15

Specific towns and barrios, 51

Haunted spots, 12

Trees, 5

Legendary heroes and important
events in tribal tradition, 39

Local characteristics of towns, 2

Thwarted lovers, 3

Place names (excluding stories ob-
viously illustrating folk-etymol-
ogy) 22

(The stories which turn upon a highly fanciful folk-
etymology number about a dozen.) This group of
secular legends as a whole embodies a large amount
of interesting pagan survival and offers valuable illustrative
material to the student of Indonesian lore and history.
To the student of a wider comparative storiology, however,
it is obviously of less significance than the maerchen and
drolls.

I have classed as saint legends and miracles some 90
stories, many of them etiological, associated with the activ-
ities of various holy men and women. Like the secular
legends, these tales are serious in tone. While the majority
are of limited local circulation, some have proved them-
selves sturdy travelers. Many of these saint legends
doubtless originated on the spot they commemorate, al-
(Contirrued on page 226)

The Firmament

Anonymous

GREAT bottomless black pit
Pricked with that cold light
That stabs the eyes and heart!
Eternal whirl of stinging gnats of night,
Heavenly hieroglyphs of life's damnation!
Maniac zodiac wheel — rack of the soul!
O starry sky of lighted lamps to nowhere,
Of shifting beacons without a shore!
Encrusted lid of this demons' pot
Of fevered plasm. . . .

Kikay-A Maid

By Bienvenido N. Santos

BEYOND the waterless creek where lies the
barrio farther inland than ours, stands an old
school house. It was in part destroyed by
the storm that swept over Mount Mayon last
December. But the chapel near the school, frail
though it seems, withstood the storm.

Between the chapel and the school building, stands
a very old house. It must have been an imposing place
at one time, the largest house in the whole barrio. The
man who built it died long ago. He owned most of the
land in the barrio. As you look at it now, it is little more
than a ruin, but it impresses you in the same way that a
withered old woman does who possesses eyes that have
remained young.

A newly married couple lives in this big old house. The
man is the grandson of the man who built it. The young
husband attends to what is left of the once extensive abaca
and coconut plantations, and even these, they say, are
mortgaged to the bank. He has a pretty wife whom every-
body calls Estela.

A very pretty name, too, you will say, too pretty for a
crude barrio girl, but she is not a crude barrio girl. She
was born in town not far from the church of San Juan.
She went to school for a few years, but then had to stop
because she had to help in her mother's little store. She
had learned enough arithmetic to be valuable there.

I do not know just how Estela was won by a lad living
in a distant barrio. But they were married in town after
a good deal of delay. I shall explain what I mean. When
the parents of the man asked for the hand of the girl, an
agreement was arrived at over a jug of native wine and
a piece broiled pork. The wedding day was set for the
fourth Sunday. The kitchen was not in a very good condi-
tion, and the little store needed new nipa thatch, Estela's
mother hinted, and the parents of the man gallantly volun-
teered, as was expected, to look after the necessary repairs.
The bamboo stairs were shaky. Estela's father had long
thought of building a wooden staircase instead of the bam-
boo one, but he had never gotten around to it, the fields
took up so much of his time. There would be a new
staircase made of wood, the man's parents willingly said.
Everything would be looked after with despatch.

When the fourth Sunday was near, Estela's mother said
that the work on the kitchen had hardly been begun, and
that it could not be ready by Sunday. So the wedding was
postponed until the Sunday following. But on Tuesday,
the man's parents were informed that the wedding would
have to be again postponed because Estela's family had
to look after the old man who had suddenly become ill.

Estela's father was really ill. In fact, he died. There-
fore the wedding was postponed until Estela's family would
decide to cast off their mourning clothes. That meant
one year at the least.

After about a year and a half following the old man's
death, the young couple— they were still young— were
married.
210

It was a grand wedding. Several cows and ca-
rabaos as well as pigs and chickens were slaugh-
tered. There were so many people, you would have
thought the whole province was there. During the
ceremony, there were fireworks, and every time a
bomb exploded, the people in the church started.
Only the couple kneeling in front of the altar seemed un-
aware of the noise. The groom's father looked like a man
who was to be executed on the morrow. Estela's mother
seemed nearly broken with weeping. Later between sobs,
she recited the many varied virtues of her daughter.

The wedding feast was at last over and the couple went
to the mountains where the man lived. They took with
them a maid, Estela's family servant, a girl about the
same age as Estela herself. Her name was Kikay.

Kikay was a dark girl. Even her lips were dark. She
was fat, and had large, masculine, shovel-like feet. She
was bow-legged. Even her toes seemed confused, forming
triangles here and there. When Kikay smiled— and she
smiled quite often— one looking at her would think it would
be much better if she did not. Even if Kikay had been a
man, it still would have been impossible for her ever to
marry, say what you will about women not caring for
handsome men and love being short-sighted or even blind.
I doubt that the girls tell the truth in this respect.

But Kikay, in spite of her physical deformity, was an
industrious girl, uncomplaining, a good cook— in short,
an ideal maid.

Estela was much devoted to Kikay. When, before the
wedding, Kikay approached her and said, "May I go with
you, Estela, wherever you go, after your wedding?" Estela
was moved and could not speak. She only nodded.

Estela bought some beautifully colored dresses for Kikay,
but these, alas, only enhanced the girl's ugliness. But
Kikay thought otherwise, and gloried in her new finery.

During a visit to the town, Estela also bought a pair of
white high-heeled shoes for her. You should have seen
the joy in Kikay's eyes. For a moment they seemed
almost beautiful. Kikay was so proud of her shoes that
she never could find adequate occasion to use them. But
she was happy with them just the same. And Kikay
kept on telling everybody that nothing in the world could
make her leave Estela.

"Not even a man? Say, a soldier? There are so many
of them in Legaspi," they would ask with a hint of mockery
in their voices.

Kikay would shake her head vehemently.
She served Estela day and night. When her mistress
was ill, she constantly hovered about her, asking if she
wanted this or that. And when she got well, Kikay was
happier than Estela herself.

But then Estella came to be confined to bed quite fre-
quently, and Kikay began to look worried. Something
(Continued on page 225)

Birinayan, Balaquilang, and Bayuyungan

Random notes of a student of soil geography
By Dominador Z. Rosell

LOOKING down on a bright sunny morning from the
Tagaytay Ridge at a point just opposite the Mendez-
Tagaytay Ridge road junction, a picturesque land-
scape lies before the observer, two thousand feet below
him. The area in view comprises the barrios of Birinayan,
Balaquilang, and Bayuyungan, of the municipality of
Talisay, Province of Batangas.

The barrio of Birinayan lies to the northeast, near the
mouth of the Bubutong River. The headwaters of this
river supply drinking water to the people of the town of
Mendez-Nunez, Cavite, and a plant is under development
to supply water from the same source to the Tagaytay town-
site. The barrio of Bayuyungan lies to the southwest,
near the mouth of the Alas-as River. The barrio of Bala-
quilang lies between Bayuyungan and Birinayan. Located
below the Tagaytay Ridge and separated from Talisay,
Taal, upland Cavite, and the rest of the towns of Batangas
by the mountains and Taal Lake, these three barrios consti-
tute an interesting geographical location.

The nearest approach to them from Mendez, Cavite,
is by way of the steep descent from the Ridge, approxi-
mately 2100 feet above sea level, by a trail so narrow
that two men could hardly meet and pass without brush-
ing each other. Along both sides of the trail are deep
ravines covered with tropical forest trees and thick under-
growth. At about 300 feet elevation the descent becomes
more gradual. One can go down on horseback from the
Alfonso-Tagaytay Ridge road junction, but this takes much
longer as the distance is more than double.

From Talisay, one may hike along the lake shore, cros-
sing an occasional hill. However, a banca, sailboat, or
launch can be hired there. A regular motor boat service
from the Pansipit River, Taal, to Talisay stops at
these barrios to take
on or discharge cargo
and passengers. The
time of the voyage de-
pends upon the time of
the day and the weather.
A favorable wind great-
ly shortens the time re-
quired.

Agriculture is the main
source of livelihood of
the people of these bar-
rios. The rich volcanic
soil with its abundant
moisture supply from the
steep descent of the
Tagaytay Ridge, consti-
tutes their most impor-
tant asset. Some twenty
years ago, sugar cane
was the mainstay of the
people. All available
level land not planted to View from Tagaytay Ridge,

rice and cultivable hillsides were planted to sugar cane from
which muscovado (raw) sugar and panocha were manu-
factured. The establishment of sugar centrals at Nasugbu,
Batangas, and at Canlubang, Laguna, however, which
make possible the manufacture of cheap centrifugal sugar,
lowered prices of panocha and muscovado sugar to such
an extent that the production of the sugar cane in the
three barrios came to be neglected. Abandoned cane
crushers on some of the farms are silent witnesses to this
past activity of the people of the region, and the land is
now planted to other crops.

Rice is grown chiefly for home consumption, planted
both in the lowland rice paddies and on the lower uplands
of rolling topography. Surplus palay is sent to Taal or
Talisay for sale, often only to buy it back again after the
people have no more rice to eat.

Corn is planted in rotation with rice. Cotton was tried
but did not give much encouragement to the farmers.
Garden crop are raised, especially tomatoes, peanuts,
pechay, mustard, chayote, garlic, and onions. These
crops are sold either at Talisay and Taal or are brought
up to the Tagaytay Ridge.

There are two means of bringing farm produce up the
Ridge: horses with two big baskets slung over their backs,
or men balancing two baskets on their shoulders. The
horses of these barrios, as of other parts of Batangas, are
noted for their good general appearance and hardihood,
they being capable of carrying heavy loads up high grade
slopes. To the people, the horse and the two baskets are
like the horse and a carretela to the people in regions of
good roads.

Around the houses, cacao, coffee, siniguelas, Batangas
mandarin oranges, avocados, and mangoes are grown.

Judging from the lux-
uriant growth of these
trees, large scale plant-
ing would be a good in-
vestment. The nature
of the soil is such that
any kind of crop would
grow well . The climate,
mild because of the
waters of the lake and
the forest behind, is
healthful both for plants
and man.

Cattle, horses, hogs,
and poultry are raised
and sold at different
places. Eggs, chickens,
and hogs are brought
up Tagaytay Ridge and
sold there . Most of this
produce, however, is sold
either at Taal or Talisay.

(Continued on page 224)
211

Photo Finishing Corporation, Manila

2100 feet above Taal Lake.

I Discover America

By R. T. Mio

ORIENTATION

SNOW

LIBRARY.
Girl with rimless glasses

Pardon me, but where are you from?
I tell her.

Been here long? But you speak English pretty well.

I smile. . . . Considering the circumstances? I suggest, mis-
chievously.

But no, really Came direct here? Will you be at Evanston

long?. . . . Four years?
I tell her.
How old are you?
Guess, I banter.

She looks at me appraisingly. I'll say 19. . . No?
I tell her.
But you should grow so (she measures off a couple of inches or so)

taller — you know. . . .

* # * *

ILLYRIA

I LOOK around.
I am sitting in a movie lobby, waiting. . . .
Around me are people seemingly blissfully unconscious of each

other.
Instinctively, I look at myself. . . .
My clothes are like theirs.
And I may think the same as they do: have I not been in their colleges

more than four years? — 'have I not been with them half a dozen

years?
But I feel very much out of place. I seem to be the only foreigner

among so many people. . . .
A girl.

Sitting quietly, not very tall. . . .

I find myself wishing to talk to her, to hear her voice. . . .
Did she sense that I am looking at her?. . . .

—What country, Friend, is this?
Her eyes meet mine. . . .

— This is IUyria, Stranger. . . .
. . . they are soft, they smile.
Does she understand. . . .?

LOVE

LIGHTS. . . .
I walk in the streets. . . thinking.

window-shopping.

Of love. . . .

I walk in Market street,

Love. . . .

New suit, $24.99. Cravat, 69 cents.

Specials. . . Nine. . . .

I pause. Smell of perfume. Henna. .

Hello, honey. . . .

Blonde. Full breast. Long eyelashes.

* * * *

PEGASUS

Red lips, red smile. ,

HOW is your poetry coming along?
What poetry? I answer, puzzled.

You know, Mr. Frederick's class. . . .

Oh, fine

Your are so smart, knowing all about the terza rima and everything. . .

Oh, that. But I had a course in Dante. . . .

That class bores me to death. . . .

It does some people. ... I am only auditing it

You are merely showing off?

I look at her. I like American girls: they look you frankly in the eye. . .

But omigosh, does she really mean that?

No Did I speak curtly? . . . But I am interested in poetry.

I like poetry. I like to study as much of it as I can. . . although
heaven knows I had plenty of it as an undergrad. . . .

Oh, excuse me. . . . What are you?
212

j ASKED before I saw

■*• Snow:

Is whiteness its only

Beauty?

Now all around me are white flakes

Falling. . . .

This is the whiteness of clouds
Floating

Over the cold steel heart
Of a city:

This is the whiteness of the swan,
Of the mother-of-pearl. . . .

Now all around me is white foam

Shimmering. . . •

This is like our sunset lull before

The night-rain,

And the snow is a white sunset:

The heart feels it,

As the heart feels the throbs of stillness:

The heart is cold,

But the heart is home in the cold whiteness.

MOB

THAT day. ... 1
They say there is going to be trouble in the park, says my landlady.
This also sounds thrilling to the boy next door.
Many people are already in the park: men, women, children — all tensef

all expecting something to happen.
Some men are battering down the jail door.
Policemen look on.
The door crashes. A shout comes from the hysterical crowd, now wildly

surging in.
The two kidnappers are dragged out. Some men try to hold the milling

mob back.
The prisoners whimper. Now one of them is stark naked. The people

spit on them.
Soon they are hanging from a tree.
It is a good hanging, explains a bearded man. The ropes snapped

nicely. . . .
A woman shouts invectives at them, the late kidnappers of a San Jose

scion.
Children throw stones at them. . . .
Five thousand people begin to dissolve.
My gosh, says my companion, let's go to a show. . . .
Hell, I answer, as we walk slowly away: IVe had enough excitement

to last a month.. . . .

COLOR

HOT and stuffy train. . . .
I am glad when we finally roll into Champaign.
The night is cold. I am dizzy. I enter a cafe.
I set my bag under a stool and begin to look the menu over.
I wait. I wait long.

The man comes behind me and whispers something.
I beg your pardon? I say, not believing my ears.
I said we do not serve colored people here, he says.
For a moment I could not say anything. This is my first experience

of the kind.
I gather my things slowly. I look around.
I say, You mean Negroes, don't you?
Why. . . yes. . . .

Would it make any difference if I say I am a Filipino?
Oh. . . You can eat here, then.
I am at the door.
Of course, I say: of course I have no credentials to prove it. . . .

JEW

JEWISH boy.
He bawls out the waitress for bringing burnt rolls.
If you want something, he explains, you've got to ask for it. . . .
He eats with his left hand. . . .
So you are from the University of California, he says. I've heard of

it, nice place.
I liked it there, I say.

Tell me, how about assistant instructorships there?
I am sure I don't know, I answer.
He is a geology honor student.
I may go there after I graduate, he says.
I am sure you will like it there, I say to him.
But you see it is hard for me, I am Jewish. He adds ruefully: You

know how the prejudice is. . . .
That shouldn't worry you, I say. It doesn't me. . . .

father says so, and do they fight over it!

Honest? the girl from Arkansas says, giving her a cigarette. . . :

Jane lights the cigarette, driving with one hand.

She drives well — too well. We pass many cars.

I hate, she says, crawling things. . . .

She turns to me: Am I scaring you?

N-no. . . . The faster we go the better I feel, I boast bravely, thinking

of the triumph of mind over matter. . . .
For I really am enjoying all this. It is seldom that I am able to go

out with young people, to be able to exchange confidences with

them. . . .
I hope, I say to them: I hope you drop around my place in the Far

East sometime. . . .
When is the best time?
Any time before the Japanese take the reins. . . .

COMPLEX

I FEEL so awkward among people, I say.
Why?
I always feel funny, Rod. Suppose I say the wrong thing? Suppose

I don't pronounce my words right? Suppose. . . .
Yer nuts, he says. Everybody does the same thing, makes the same

mistakes.
But suppose, I persist. . . . Suppose — -well, you don't know what
it is to be stared at; how it feels to think whether your are showing
the proper amiability. . . .
The trouble with you is, you are too modest. . . .
I always aim to please people, I answer, to have them think well of

me. . . .
But the other people are also human, he says. It is your damned in-
feriority complex. . . .
Rod, too. . . . Rod also doesn't realize that I always aim to please. . . .

* * * *
SPEED
ND my father says he always regretted accepting mother's

• ••x\

proposal, e . .
Did she really propose to him? From Ben, in the back.

BLONDE

HOW'S the thesis coming along?
Not so good, I answer.

Why?

First, I noted some errors in it. Then the girl I found is not a good typist.

How much do you pay her?

I tell him. . . . That's for four copies. . . .

Why didn't you tell me? he says. I am sure I could have found some-
one for much less.

Anyway, I answer ruefully, she has it. And she will have it for a long
time, she is a slow typist. . . .

That's too bad. I hope it won't be late.

I go on: And do you know what she did? She typed it on the wrong
kind of paper. I am having her do it on the right kind— the rest
of the thesis, I mean.

You should bawl her out. She should know better. . . .

I can't, she's a . . . pretty girl.

Who is she?

A Tri-Delt blonde. . . .

Bah, he snorts, you are a sucker for blondes, . . .

Kikay's Mole

By Redentor Ma. Tuazon

AFTER a long courtship, Juan and Kikay
of barrio Dolores reached an understanding.
Custom, however, demanded that proper
suit be made by the parents of Juan to the pa-
rents of Kikay, and to this end, Juan broached the
matter to his father, Tatang Ercio, and asked
for his consent.

"And I know just the man to be the go-between*', Juan
said, "Apung Iro, godfather of Kikay herself!" Besides
being close to Cang Simeon, Kikay's widowed father,
Apung Iro was known to be smooth of tongue and facile
in the way of bringing up one thing while actually talking
of another. So Tatang Ercio and Indang Atring, his
wife, repaired to Apung Iro's house and explained their
wish. The old man was happy to be the spokesman of the
proposing party. "Come here when you're ready," he said.
One morning, Tibo, cousin of Juan, was entrusted to
bring a cavan of rice to Cang Simeon. The gift had a double
purpose,— it served both to win the good graces of the girl's
father, and to sound his feeling in regard to the suit. If
the gift were accepted, it could be concluded that the pro-
posal had his interest; if it were declined, the proposal
would in all probability not prosper.

The joy of Juan was unbounded when Tibo
returned empty-handed. Tibo said, "These were
the words I used to make the acceptance easy for
Cang Simeon: 'Tatang Ercio, sir, bade me bring
this cavan of rice to you. It was grown on his land
and by the labor of his son, Juan. They'd be happy
to have you taste of it."'
Sunday was decided upon as an auspicious day to make
the required visit, and Juan informed his sweetheart of
this through the go-between. Kikay in turn bashfully
told her father that visitors were expected on Sunday
afternoon, and when she would not name the visitors, Cang
Simeon did not press her. However, when the proposing
party appeared, he greeted them with feigned surprise.
Apung Iro who had anticipated this difficulty, deftly evaded
stating at once the reason for the visit, and soon had the
conversation on an easy plane by voicing the stock courtesies
and the idle gossip of the barrio, throwing in some observ-
ation with a double meaning now and then. At times
Apung Iro was subtly obvious in his references to the subject
of marriage and young people.

Kikay who had been hiding discreetly in the silid (small

(Continued on page 224)

213

The Cagayan Valley Peasant as a Farmer

By Mariano D. Manawis

PERHAPS because his farm is by nature very
fertile, Adoy, the tiller of the Cagayan
Valley soil, knows very little about fertilizers.
He does not even fully recognize that the annual
overflowing of the great Cagayan river and its
many tributaries renews the richness of his land.
And if he raises diversified crops and practices rotation
to some extent, as he does, it is simply because one
season calls for tobacco and another for rice, corn, etc.

For the watering of his land, Adoy depends entirely upon
the rain. In fact, before he starts plowing at the end of
the dry season, and even before planting, he waits for a
downpour. And once the seedlings have been transplanted,
he leaves the crop, insofar as the supply of water is con-
cerned, entirely, so to speak, to the generosity of Heaven.
Naturally, Adoy is anxious to know ahead how much
rainfall there will be during the year. So, when Aneng,
his wife, goes to town again to sell a few eggs or exchange
one or two hens for some salt, petroleum, and perhaps a
box of matches, he accompanies her, dropping in at his
landlord's for a little consultation with Dna. Maria. He
brings her a big squash and maybe a few eggplants, her
favorite vegetables, and if she is not very busy in her store,
she gladly plays for him the role of the Weather Bureau,
forecasting, with the help of an Almanac, when the first rain
will fall and whether there will be a scarcity or an abundance
of rainfall during the next six or eight months.

Adoy and his wife may not go to church every Sunday,
but there is one mass which they seldom miss, — the high
mass on the morning of Sabado de Gloria. During this
particular misa, the priest, at least in some towns, tosses
into the air, in front of the altar as he sings "Gloria In
Excelsis Deo", a pigeon whose behavior from the moment
of its release from the hands of the Padre is of significance
to the people. If it settles on anything below the level of
the head of the priest, there will be but little rain, perhaps
a drought. And if it soars high above the altar, there
will be a big flood.

Storms are very frequent in the valley, particularly in
the province of Cagayan, during the months of August,
September, and October. In fact, in the little islands just
north of Aparri the people live on sweet potatoes and other
root crops, because the strong winds there do not permit
them to raise such staple products as rice and corn.

Against the floods which generally follow such storms,
destroying Adoy's crops and carrying his small house to
the sea if it happens to have been built near the bank of
the big river, the people have no protection whatsoever.
And in case of drought, — well, the inhabitants can do nothing
but go to the priest and ask him to sing a mass and pray
for rain; and should the local masses and processions fail
to bring relief, appeal is made to the patron saint of the
valley, La Nuestra Senora de la Visitaci6n.

Droughts, however, are of rare occurrence in the valley,
and because of the abundance of rainfall, the fertility of

214

the soil, and the spaciousness of the fields he and
his children cultivate, Adoy is able to raise crops
which are sometimes more than he and his family
alone can harvest. In such cases, to speak of a
delightful practice which the Cagayanos call i/ue-r,
Adoy's neighbors come to help him and his family
gather the crop. He does not pay them for this, neither
does he give them a part of the product. But when it is
time for his helpers to gather their own crops, he and
his wife and children help them. The same thing is done
at planting time, and also during the plowing. To make
things more enjoyable, Aneng serves lunch to her husband's
helpers right in the field, and in the evening before they
disperse, besides profuse expressions of gratitude, she offers
them chocolate and perhaps some inatata, cakes!

In the Tagalog provinces the farmers gather their palay
by cutting off the plants in a bunch near the roots. Adoy,
on the other hand — while he is chiefly a tobacco grower,
he also raises palay — patiently picks the heads one by one
with a small knife and bundles them together into a unit
which he calls tahgesing. He uses no machines in thresh-
ing, and it is doubtful that he has any idea of threshing
machines and their use in other regions. What is more,
in the Cagayan Valley threshing is principally woman's
work. There are those in other provinces — this is true
even in Central Luzon because not all the people are willing
to part with a considerable portion of their crop for the
privilege of using the hacendero's trilladora— who thresh
with the help of a horse. They spread their palay about a
pole, then they tether a horse — or it may be a carabao— to
the pole and drive the beast around and around, thus
trampling out the grain. Aneng, on the other hand, does
her threshing with a pestle and a mortar; or else she spreads
the palay on a mat in the yard where there is no grass, and
simply pounds until every grain has been separated.

To separate the corn from the cob she does practically
the same thing. But here she needs a little help; so her
small daughter comes into the picture, who sits down astride
the mortar to prevent the grains from bouncing out while
mother pounds and the chickens gather around for the
few grains that may escape between the thighs and the
hands of the little girl.

If the corn is not very badly needed, that is, if the family
still has plenty of ground corn in the dulan (big jar), the
work is done at leisure and with the bare hands. It is
very comforting to see Aneng and her children and perhaps
the grandmother and grandfather squatting on the cool
batalan in the evening, each with a basketful of corn to
work on while they chat in the moonlight. Sometimes Adoy
joins them in this, though more often he prefers simply
to lie down nearby, enjoying the soothing breeze blowing
from the mountains, until Aneng decides it is bed-time,
when they all go in, bar the door and the windows, and go
to sleep in their respective corners.

(Continued on page 222)

Charity

By Ligaya Victorio Reyes

JUANA came early. We were still at the breakfast
table when we heard her call.
"See who that is," Mother said, although she knew
who it was. Manong, Ate, Maring, Nena, and I looked
at each other. But no one rose from his seat.

"See who that is," Father said in a slightly louder voice
and he swept us all with a glance. Manong1 hastily rose
from his chair and opened the door.

"Ah, Juana," Father said, and we smiled dutifully at
the woman who hurried to greet us. We said, "Good
morning, Juana," except Ate2 who did not look up from
her plate. I noticed Father's look directed towards her.
I nudged her with my elbow. She glanced briefly at
Juana, then lowered her eyes again.

"Sit down and have some breakfast," Mother invited.

"No, T/3 Pining, thank you. By the grace of God I
have already eaten."

I saw a smile turning up the corners of Manong 's mouth.
Father noticed it also.

"Were you going to say something, Alfredo?" Father
asked. "I thought you were going to offer Juana a chair."

"Have a chair, Juana," Manong mumbled. He pulled a
chair from under the table and Juana sank gratefully
upon it.

"You are up early," Father addressed Juana.

"Ah, yes, Tata.1 I had to wash some clothes before
coming here. I did not want to come so early, only. ..."

"If you don't want any breakfast, Juana, we can go
inside and let Fausta clear away," and Mother rose from
the table and led the way to the sala. We girls went to
our room and Manong vanished through the door of his.

"Imagine the nerve of her," Ate's voice was pitched low
in anger. "Coming at this hour. What does she think
we are? Even the banks in Manila do not open their
doors this early."

"Ate, you had better hush up," I said. "Father might

hear you."

"I know what Father thinks. And Mother too. It is
always, 'Poor Juana, poor Juana' with them, I don't know
why. But she was here only last Saturday. Must she
come every week?"

"You know she always does," I said. And bitterly I
added, "And why shouldn't she?"

"Yes!" Ate took it up angrily, "why shouldn't she?
Food, clothes, money!"

We were silent. The low murmur of a conversation
taking place in the sala seeped through the closed door.
Maring approached her unmade bed and seized a blanket.

She shook it free of its crumpled folds and spread it smoothly
over the bed. Then she took the bedcover and smoothed
it on top of the blanket. We watched her do this. She
saw our looks and said, "All right, all right," and approached
Ate's and my bed. Maring is the youngest and has grown
quite good at reading looks. She started to make our bed.
Ate smiled a little, then she took a step and got the dress
which hung inside -out at the head of the bed and folded it
neatly. She opened her aparador and with the door
handle in her hand she turned to Maring.

"You better see what clothes you can spare," she said.
"It is your turn, I suppose."

"Juana did not come for that," Maring said, but her
voice held no conviction. Nena laughed.

"Last week was my turn and now it is yours," she said to
Maring. Maring went on making the bed, but her face
had taken on a stubborn look. In her mind's eye she
must have been going through the contents (meagre enough,
we knew) of her shelf in the aparador. Most of her dresses
were already quite small for her, but they still served well
enough, and Nena would not be handing down her clothes
till well towards Christmas time. This I knew, because
I would not be handing down my clothes to Nena till
school closed for the Christmas vacation. Ate held the
door handle and smiled at Maring. Maring did not turn.

"You better give Juana your hand-embroidered Batangas
dress. It would just suit her daughter Faustina," Ate said.

Maring gave her a look, but she did not answer. Nena
left the room. When she came back, she was bursting
with things to tell.

"Mother is giving her rice now," she whispered, "five
chupas! And Juana is talking, talking, talking. I heard
something about Pentong's foot — it has grown as stiff as
a mango branch. . . ."

"He is lazy, that's what," Ate broke in.

"And Juana herself did not sleep for three nights be-
cause she tried to finish some baby dresses which she took
from Kah Celang and they were all returned to her because
she had sewed on the sleeves wrong! And then Juana cried."

"Juana always cries, whether it be about baby dresses or
Pentong's foot or the pig's illness," I contributed.

"And Mother said it was too bad, but we all have to
work and Juana must have patience," went on Nena.

"Why doesn't she hire herself out as servant to the
Councilor? I heard the Councilor's wife asking her to
come and work for them. She would earn some money
then like our Fausta," said Maring.

{Continued on page 221)

Truant's Epitaph

By R. Zulueta-da Costa

'1X7HEN someday he escapes into the next,
Remember, in his way, he always was
A truant. Never would he pass
Closed doors but pried. He read, but not the text.

215

Finance and Investment Section

When You Buy Mining Stock

By John Truman

What is the "Normal" Price of a Stock?

FOR the careful investor who wants to put his
money into good and safe stocks, it is of im-
portance to choose the right time to buy.
There is no other market where prices change so
rapidly and show such big differences as in a stock
market. You can never say at any particular time that
prices are "normal". You may know at times that
the price for a certain stock is too low or too high. There
was, for instance, a time when a certain stock with
a par value of 10 centavos a share on which 15
centavos a share had been paid as dividend, was selling
at only 80 centavos on the stock market during the depres-
sion and at 1*4.40 during the boom. If you wish to arrive
at a so-called "normal" value of a share of stock, you will
have to decide how much interest on your invested capital
you would consider normal. If you consider 10 per cent
a normal interest, the normal value of the stock issue just
referred to would be 1*1.50 a share as the dividend paid
amounted to 15 centavos a share. If you think that 8
per cent on invested money is normal, you would be willing
to pay about Pi. 88 for the same stock. If you think you
are entitled to 12 per cent interest on your money, you
would not be willing to pay more than Pi. 25 a share for
the stock in question. Whenever a share of stock sells
for less than what you figure out to be the "normal" price,
you consider it is good buy, and when the stock sells for
more you may consider it overvalued.

There is a possibility of finding out what interest rate
may be considered normal for money invested in mining
stock here. There are two stock issues on the market the
prices for which are not manipulated by speculators

and speculation,-
"Benguet Conso-
lidated" and "Ba-
latoc Mining"
stock. These are
typical invest-
ment stocks and
are practically en-
tirely in the hands
of people who do
not speculate.
Now study the
following compu-
tation :

The highest
price paid during
1936 for Benguet
Consolidated
stock was 1*17. 50;
the lowest was
1* 1 0 . 2 0 . This
gives an average
price of 1*13.85

What is the "Normal"

Price of a Stock?

The Tactics of the

"Short Seller"

When to Buy

This section was inaugurated in the
April issue of the Philippine Maga-
zine. In that issue Mr. Truman
wrote on the following themes:

Investor and Speculator
From Whom to Buy
What to Buy

These expert and disinterested
articles, written especially for local
investors, appear exclusively in the
Philippine Magazine. They are copy-
righted and reproduction without
written permission is forbidden.

a share. This average does not correspond to the
exact facts for in the computation the volume of
stock sold at the various high and low prices has
not been taken into consideration, but it is sufficient
for my purpose. The total cash dividend paid on
this stock of an average value of 1* 13.85 a share

amounted to 1*1.25 a share, which means a little more than

9 per cent of the cost of the stock.

The highest price paid for Balatoc stock in 1936 was
1*16.75; the lowest was 1*13. 50. The average price, there-
fore, was 1*15.12 a share. The dividend paid amounted
to PI. 40 a share or 9-1/4 per cent.

As investors are willing to pay 1*13.50 for stock that
gives them a dividend apparently of not more and not less
than 1*1.40, they must consider from 9 to 9-1/2 per cent
interest as normal for the money they invest.

This being the case, the "normal" price of a stock on
which fifteen centavos is paid as dividend would be f*1.62.
But, as I have already said, this particular stock sold for
as high as 1*4.40 and as low as 1*.80 a share. There is
the stock of another company which paid 2 centavos a
share, that sold for as high as 1*2.50 and as low as 1*.42.
The "normal" price would be P. 22 a share— if we accept
a rate of 9.25 per cent as normal.

Finally we may bear in mind another stock which did
not pay any dividend at all — the balance sheet of the
company in question showing a loss of over half a million
pesos during 1936 — but which sold for as high as 1*2.70
a share of 10 centavos par value.

Such figures show. that stocks in the hands of speculators
in big lots are sold at prices which show no ratio whatever
to the dividends paid by the respective companies. During
a boom, the speculators buy anything and everything in
the expectation that somebody else will pay more for it
the following day. In this way the stock of companies
in possession of very doubtful properties or of companies
which may have existed for years without making any
effort to start actual mining operations, is sold and bought
at prices which are many times their par value and may be
a hundred times their real value.

It is, however, true that the real value of mining stocks
in general can not be figured out from the dividends alone.
If there is reason to believe that a mine will become a divi-
dend paying enterprise in the near future, the investor will
be willing to pay more than par value. He studies the
reports of the engineers and tries to get other information
from informed persons. As, however, the value of ore
deposits, milling costs, etc., can not be determined with
accuracy, but can only be estimated even after operations
are actually in progress, there is no way of finding out the
exact value of a mining property or of its stock. In a
certain sense we may say that investing money in mining

216

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MA GAZINE 217

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Correspondents in All Important Cities of the World

218

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

stock always remains a speculation, with the rare excep-
tions of the stock of those companies which pay what has
come to be understood is a sure dividend of a fixed amount.

All we can say definitely is: If the same stock sells for
P.35 on one day and for P2.45 on another day, or a^stock
sells for P.19 one day and for ^1.15 on another day, there
is something wrong with those prices, and it becomes worth
while to study them.

During a so-called "depression" on the stock market,
prices usually dip far below the real values of the stocks,
while during a "boom" prices usually rise far above real
values. No merchandise — which is also subject to specu-
lative manipulation — shows such enormous differences in
prices from time to time as do mining stocks.

A boom, once started by any cause whatever, gains
size and momentum by the buying speculators who hope
that prices will go still higher during the ensuing days or
weeks, and will thus allow them to realize good profits
within a brief time. The moment "profit taking" starts,
the boom contracts and slows down, at least for a time.

During a depression, prices are forced down in a quite
different way, and here we come to an interesting matter
which I have noticed is not well understood by the general
public — short-selling.

The Tactics of the " Short-Seller' '

A market which shows signs of weakening may offer certain
groups of speculators opportunity for large profits. The
weakness, of course, results directly from there being but

few buyers. If somebody now offers the small number
of buyers whatever stocks they want at whatever prices
they offer, buyers will offer less the next minute. But the
short-seller continues to offer whatever is asked and con-
tinues this as long as prices are offered. Prices naturally
fall and the process is accelerated as many people try to
get rid of their stocks before prices drop still further. People
who have not paid for their stock in full are compelled to
sell in order not to lose everything. The result of all this
is a growing anxiety to sell and a growing unwillingness to
buy, and prices break down, sometimes almost completely.
The short-sellers cover themselves easily by buying at lower
prices stocks they have nominally sold at a higher price
a short time before, thus reaping big profits. In other
words, short selling means the selling of stock the seller
does not at the moment possess but which he expects to
buy later at a cheaper price. The short-seller must buy
what he sold because he has to deliver the stock to the
buyer, but he hopes to do so a little later at a much cheaper
price than he sold it for.

The Securities Act prohibits short-selling. If all brokers
would comply with the law, prices would not break down
so badly as they have done at various times here. Brokers
are forbidden to accept selling orders from customers
who do not deposit the stocks they want to sell. Brokers
are also forbidden to sell short on their own account, but
some of them apparently do. As, according to law, they
have to deliver the stock one day after the sale, they may
(1) borrow the stock from another broker against a deposit
of 125 per cent of the market value, or (2) they may use
for delivery stock which has been deposited with them by

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

219

Nature's Finest Vegetables
in one Delicious Soup

RilOST women know the best way to "make"
lfl vegetable soup, and every day, more
and more are changing their ideas about it. No
longer does it mean the old grind of bothersome
marketing and preparation and tiresome "pot
watch ing'\ It's the easy Campbell's way for
them, for they know how favorably Campbell's
compares, in every way, with any homemade
vegetable soup.

T°*ONTO, ONTAR'0«CA

Try These Campbell Varietie\s

ASPARAGUS

And that's as it should be, for vegetable
soup as it comes from the gleaming kettles at
Campbell's, is a soup any woman would be
proud to have made herself. Every vegetable
in it — and there are fifteen of them — has been
picked at its prime, and the invigorating beef
stock is full-flavored — just as you would make
it at home. A tempting, delicious treat that's
always waiting for you at your grocer's. Just
try it! And incidentally, being condensed,
Campbell's Soups are most reasonable in price.

At All Grocers*

Puree of luscious asparagus.
Strictly vegetable. Makes delightful
Cream of Asparagus.

BEAN with bacon

New! The "beany-est" soup you
ever tasted. Plump whole beans in
a thick bean puree deliciously savored
with bacon.

BEEF

A thick, hunger-satisfying
containing hearty diced meat,
tables and barley.

BOUILLON

A clear soup, made from choice
beef, blended with herbs, vegetables
and aromatic spices. Invigorating!

CELERY

Made from the choicest quality
celery. Strictly vegetable. Delicious
as a Cream of Celery.

soup
vege-

CHICKEN

Not just a broth — it's the real
Chicken Soup whith tender pieces of
chicken meat and rice.

NOODLE with chicken

A full-bodied chicken broth con-
taining hearty egg noodles and deli-
cious pieces of tender chicken meat.

OX TAIL

Vegetables, barley and sliced ox
tail joints in an Old English style
ox tail broth — with sherry.

PEA

Puree of delicious, nourishing
peas. Strictly vegetable. Even more
nourishing served as Cream of Pea.

MUSHROOM (Cream of)

A puree made from choicest cul-
tivated, whole, fresh mushrooms
blended with fresh, double-thick
cream — liberally garnished with
mushrooms.

MUTTON

Mutton broth garnished with
fresh mutton, barley and vegetables
— splendid for children and invalids.

SCOTCH BROTH

A thick, substantial, hearty soup,
delicious with meat and vegetables.
A new soup — a different soup.

TOMATO

Pure tomato juices and luscious
tomato "meat" in a sparkling puree
enriched with finest creamery butter.
Strictly vegetable. Serve it too as
Cream of Tomato.

220

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

clients. Illegal though it is, the temptation to make easy
money by short-selling appears to be so strong that the
Securities and Exchange Commissioner will have a difficult
time stopping it.

The stock exchanges, too, have not achieved much success
in an efforts to stop short-selling . Circulars sent out to bro-
kers inquiring whether there are any short stock positions on
their books are of very little use. The only possible check
would be a very careful auditing of the brokers' records,
comparing all sales with customers' selling orders and with
the stocks held by the respective brokers — and this could
only be done by some government authority.

When to Buy

To advise the investing public to buy when prices are
low and not when they are high, would be trite counsel.
Every buyer wishes to pay as little as possible and to catch
the lowest point in the price curve. Yet one never knows
whether the lowest point has been reached and whether
prices will be higher or lower the next day. Sometimes
during a depression, when it seems prices are about to
recover, some political speech or a currency rumor will
drag prices down again. Or short -sellers, covering the
stocks they sold, will help the market up for a while only
to force it down again by resuming their short-selling
tactics.

If you want to buy stocks, my advice is not to wait for
the lowest quotation because then you might lose the best
moment. When prices go up after a depression, they often
jump many points at once as short-sellers must then hasten
to cover their nominal sales before prices rise too high.

I think it advisable to buy when stocks are still going
down. It is a good thing for an investor to have quota-
tions of past highs and lows on hand and
to study how far prices generally fell in
comparison. Do not buy, however, when
the downward movement is still very
fast. When prices are already cheap in
comparison with the averages of previous
periods and the downward movement has
become slower, then is the time to buy.

Another piece of advice: If you think
the right moment has come to buy, do
not buy everything at once. Divide
your money into three parts and invest
one part. Should prices continue to go
down slowly during the next few days,
invest the second part. But if prices
go up after you have invested the first
part of your money, then buy with all
the rest. Such procedure is better than
waiting for the moment of the very
lowest prices, for you could catch that
only by accident. The procedure I advise
will obtain for you a good average price
not too far above the lowest quotation.

To make the matter clear by a ficti-
tious example:

Say you want to invest f* 1,000.00 in a
certain stock which you consider a good
investment and which sold during the last
boom at PI. 00 a share and during the last

depression at P. 25 a share. The price by now may be P.3S.
The downward movement seems to have stopped. This
therefore is the moment to buy 1,000 shares, which means
an investment of P350.00. The next day you notice that
prices are still going down and that at the end of the morn-
ing session of the exchanges the stock is selling at f*.30
a share. You should therefore buy early in the afternoon
another 1,000 shares, for which you pay P300.00. Your
remaining P350.00 you should keep until prices are going
up, although if the price goes down to P.25 you might get
another 1,000 shares at, say, P.28. The average cost of your
stock will then be P.31, which appears to be satisfactory.
If, however, the price went right up after you bought your
first lot at P.35, you would do better to invest the remainder
of your money. You might get the stock at P.40. The
total you spent for the 3,000 shares would then be PI, 150.00,
the average price being P. 38, which is still very close to
the lowest point reached by the stock.

It may happen that after a short recovery, the price
will go down again— say to P. 25. If this happens, you
should not worry. You acted with all possible caution,
and you know that even under the circumstances you bought
your stock cheap and that it will bring you profits in the
long run, as after every depression there comes a stronger
market. As your stock is fully paid for, or nearly so, there
is no danger of your losing the stock. Any good broker
will carry you for such a small margin if you should not
be able to cover it.

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but the procedure I have suggested may be applied in
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investment is sufficient to allow you to buy the stock you
want in two or three lots.

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

221

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(Continued from, page 215)

"Ah, no. That would never do," Ate raised her voice
in sarcastic mimicry, "that would never do for Juana.
Juana is proud, and that is beneath her. Imagine, a
servant! She could never show her face again to her
relatives. Such a disgrace for the family!"

In spite of ourselves we laughed. The words were
Juana 's, and so was the expression with which my sister
accompanied them. When we stopped laughing, we heard
Mother at the door. "You must have patience, Juana,"
she was saying, "we all have our crosses to bear." Then
she turned the knob and opened the door. "Are you not
yet through with the beds? Do you know what time it is?
You girls are getting lazy. It's this vacation," she ex-
plained to Juana. "They never get up early anymore.
I hear that your children are late even during schooldays."

"Ah, yes, Ti Pining," Juana sighed. "My children are a
burden to me. If you did not know them you would think
they were the children of the rich. They are so lazy and
rude. And they know nothing. My eldest, Choleng,
can not even sew. She was no help with those baby dresses
I took from Ka Celang."

"Why don't you let Choleng hire herself out as girl for
the Councilor's wife during this vacation? She can go
home evenings if she likes," my Ate said.

Mother and Juana turned upon her a look of mild horror.

"Why, Rosenda," Mother was plainly ashamed, "how
can you say such a thing ! Choleng is a good girl ! Besides,
what are you meddling in Juana's family affairs for? You
must not mind her, Juana. This girl is getting more diffi-
cult every day."

Ate turned her back on them and for a moment I was
afraid that she was going to slam the aparador door.
Mother paid no more attention to her, but went straight
to Maring's shelf in the huge aparador which Nena and
Maring and I shared.

"Mother!" Maring wailed softly as Mother pulled out a
short gingham dress which was a favorite of hers.

"That's all right, Hija,* this is a very short dress. Come
over here and let me put it against you. See? It is too
short. It will be just right for Faustina." Juana looked
at the dress appreciatively, but Maring clutched at it.

"Not this, Mother. I'll choose the dress myself."
Mother shook her head deprecatingly, but she left Maring
alone. Maring got a faded opal dress with a small tear,
and a short rough chemise and gave them to Juana. Juana
made clucking noises of pleasure, and made as if to pat
Maring's head, but Maring evaded her hand. Then
Mother went to Nena, but Nena said in a stifled, slightly
frightened voice, "No, Mother, no!" Mother laughed,
and came to me. She whispered some words and I looked at
my Ate. Her face was lit with an unholy joy as she noted
the tightness of my lips. I opened my drawer and took out
my pocketbook. I poked my finger awhile among the
quantity of rubbish that had accumulated within it and
finally located the small tin box where I kept my money.
I took two nickels which were part of my show and candy
money and gave them to Mother.

"Give me twenty centavos more," Mother whispered,
"and I'll give it all back to you this afternoon." There
was no comfort in this promise for Mother was extremely

222

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

forgetful, but I extracted two thin silver pieces from my small
hoard and gave them to her. Juana was delicately ab-
sorbed in Maring's cast-offs. Maring was no longer in
the room, and neither was Nena. I wanted to escape
myself, but Juana blocked the way to the door.

"Rosenda is getting to be a real dalaga,1" Juana
commented as she rose from the floor and noticed Ate's
long shadow upon her. "I was telling Choleng about her
only the other day. I said to her, 'Look at Rosenda,
she is educated and she is rich. Still, she is very industrious.
Why don't you try and be a little more like her?' Ay, Ti
Pining, my children are my cross. You should have heard
what she said."

"What did she say," Ate pursued, and there was such a
flare of hate on her face that I was shocked. "What did
Choleng say?"

"Never mind," Mother took Juana's arm and gave my
sister a look. "It is late and you have far to go. Be
sure. , ." the rest of the sentence was lost to us as I closed
the door softly.

"You ought to be ashamed of yourself," I turned on Ate.

"Why should I? When I grow old, I'd rather starve
than beg!"

"You can't be so sure. How do you know what may
happen to you?"

"/ can tell!" she muttered angrily. And then looking me
in the eyes, she said, ^Do you think I shall ever come to be
like Juana?"

"Even then," I felt slightly uncomfortable, "even then."

"And," she pursued, "what has Juana ever done for us?"

There was, definitely, no answer to this.

to one corner of the field for Adoy's wife and children to
burn. The harrow is pulled by the carabao, and may
be used on either side. Because it is very light, Adoy or
his children ride on it, in a standing position, as the beast
pulls it all over the field.

For hauling his produce from the field to his home, and
from his home to town when they are due at the Taba-
calera warehouses, or at the camarin of some Chinese
tobacco dealer, he uses a tartcal, which is like both a sled
and a cart. It has runners instead of wheels, but like the
cart it has a rectangular box made of bamboo. Adoy uses
the tancal for several purposes. In the evening if he happens
to live near the poblacion, he fills it with dry guava wood
to sell for fuel, or with grass for sale mostly to the Chi-
nese in the town. Astride his fat carabao, with a bamboo
torch in one hand in the absence of the moon, he presents
a very interesting sight driving along the streets. But
nobody pays any attention to him.

i Manong, oldest brother

2 Ate, oldest sister

3 Ti, from tia, aunt

4 Tata, uncle

5 Ka, from Kaka, older brother, but used as a general courtesy title.
« Hija, daughter

7 dalaga, young lady

The Cagayan Peasant

(Continued from page 214)

They do not sleep very long, these commoners, Adoy
having to begin plowing at sunrise. His plow is still of
the crude, ancient type, to be sure, but it is the kind that
suits his needs. One of his Ilocano neighbors who had
immigrated into the valley, brought with him an iron plow
which attracted the attention of the whole neighborhood.
Adoy liked it at sight because it was made of iron and yet
its form was similar to that of his wooden plow; but when
he lifted it before his friends who, like him, had come to
admire the curiosity, he shook his head. Too heavy for
him and his carabao, he decided; and when the Ilocano told
him how much it cost, that settled the matter.

Adoy's harrow, like his wooden plow, is of the kind his
great-great grandfather used. Unlike the plow, however,
it is made of bamboo, though of the thick and sturdy type
called bayvgf chosen not only for its durability but also
for its numerous branches. Cut into uniform lengths of
about one and a half meters, these bamboos, from ten to
twelve of them, are fitted and tied together, their branches,
cut off evenly some five or six inches from the stem, serving
to pulverize and level the ground and drag the dried grass

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May, 1937

PtHjILIpPINE MAGAZINE

223

Municipal Government Building, Jaro, Iioilo

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224

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1931

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Finally, when one of his daughters is to be married, and
no horses are available for the novio and the novia, he
tnakes a sort of a top for the tancal with a big blanket
spread on a framework of bamboo, and there you are, on
her day of days his daughter goes to town not without some
sort of a carriage!

Kikay's Mole

{Continued from page 213)

room) and listening intently to the conversation, now went
quietly into the kitchen, and when she returned, Apung
Iro noted her presence and Kikay perforce approached to
kiss the hand of her godfather. She looked shyly at her
prospective parents-in-law who beamed at her with ap-
proval. But somehow, their happy expressions slowly
changed. Their eyes became fixed on a black dot below
Kikay's eyes.

When Kikay was gone, Indang Atring leaned a little
toward her husband and whispered tremulously, "Ercio,
did you see the mole of Kikay?"

"Yes!" answered her husband.

"Right where the tears drop, too! Did you not notice,
Ercio?"

The scared couple did not tell Apung Iro about their
sudden misgivings. Cang Simeon, fortunately, advised
them that he would have to think the matter over when the
proposal was made at last. He set a date when he would
give them his answer. On their part, Juan's parents were
glad to be afforded time to think the matter over, too, in
view of their discovery. They were positive that a marriage
between Kikay and Juan would prove fatal. The mole
just under Kikay's left eye meant nothing but that any
husband of hers would die after marriage—and hardly
soon enough!

They told Juan about this fear. "Find another girl,"
they admonished him. "Kikay carries a bad sign."

But Juan was adamant and would not think of giving
up Kikay. "I love her!" he said.

"You can not love her anymore when you're already
dead! Look at Asiang who is thrice widowed now because
of a self -same mole under her eye!" his mother argued
tellingly.

"We've already proposed," insisted Juan.

But Indang Atring had a good way of hinting their
retirement from the suit. "When the date comes for Cang
Simeon to give his answer," she said, "we'll not go until
the day after. Then Cang Simeon will understand and
will surely answer no to us."

Juan was silent. He looked out into the deepening
barrio night. "But I love her," he repeated at last, but
his voice lacked depth and strength now.

Birinayan, Balaquilang. . .

( Con tin ued from page 211)

Fishing constitutes one of the occupations of the people,
for which they have plenty of time after the planting and
harvesting seasons. The wealth that is in the soil and in
the lake have made the people of the barrios peaceful,

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

225

contented, and happy. Edible crabs of various species,
tawilis (Harengula tawilis Herre) and other fish are
caught and sold at Amadeo, Mendez, and Alfonso, and at
Talisay and Taal.

Embroidery work occupies the women and girls in the
home. The cloth needed is brought from Taal or Talisay
to the barrios by peddlers.

During the eruption of Taal Volcano on the morning
of January 30, 1911, not a single human being was killed
in these three barrios.* The Alas-as River was said to be
the boundary of the area of destruction. To the south of
this river, along the shore of the lake, are the barrios of
Gulod, Busobuso, Banga, and Bilibinguan. Of the esti-
mated human dead totalling 1,335, over 600 were found
in these four barrios. The population of barrio Gulod at
that time was 120; of this number 1^6 were killed.

The proposed summer resort on Tagaytay Ridge will be
an important factor in the development of the three barrios.
The completion of the proposed road from Tagaytay to
Talisay would facilitate the transportation of their produce
to the upland of Cavite, and the region, therefore, is a good
potential site for further agricultural enterprise. With
rich volcanic soils, a climate tempered by the waters of
the lake and the forests of the mountain, these barrios are
among the most promising areas near the Tagaytay Ridge.

*Pratt. W. F., The Eruption of Taal Volcano, Jan. 30, 1911, Philippine Jour-
nal of Science, VI-A (1911) 63-83.

Kikay— a Maid

(Continued from, page 210)

in Kikay's mind awakened. She had heard folks say things
about married women. And she remembered something
which she did not want to believe.

Estela did not notice the change in Kikay. For all her
devotedness and kindness towards Kikay, she did not
notice that. And she did not know what made Kikay
come home one morning from the river crying.

Kikay had been washing clothes as usual by the river bank,
not far from the bamboo bridge. There were other peasant
women washing clothes like her. Others were taking a
bath. They were very noisy, and talked of many things
in such loud voices that they drowned even the sound of
pounding the wet clothes.

"How is Estela now?" asked a thin woman soaping a
child's caznisa beside Kikay.

"She is well," Kikay answered in her masculine voice.

The thin woman laughed, and the others looked at her,

"You seem to be hiding it also, like your shy mistress,"

she said, and added, "What do you think it will be, Kikay,

a boy or a girl?"

Kikay did not say a word. Then it is true, she was
thinking.

"What is she fond of?" another woman asked, "Unripe
mangoes, santol, or tamarind?"

"Or is she fond of you?" one woman, waist deep in the

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226

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

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river, asked, adding, "If so, imagine what the poor baby
will look like."

Then everybody laughed. They seemed so gay, all of
them.

Kikay had paused in her washing, and she looked at
each one in turn. This was the very thing she had wanted
not to believe. Estela was so fond of her that the unborn
child might look like Kikay herself. Estela would hate her
then. The women said more things, made cruel jokes.

So Kikay went home crying, but she would not tell Estela
the reason why. She was afraid, perhaps, that if Estela
knew, she would be angry at her.

The maid's simple mind could think of only one alter-
native— g0 aWay. But how could she endure to be away
from Estela? Estela and she had grown up together.
No one was fonder of her than Estela. It was only Estela
that seemed to give meaning to her existence.

But Kikay decided to go, before it was too late. Or
was it already too late?

Very early one morning, she bundled up all those dear
little things Estela had bought for her. Nervously, she
dressed. Her hands were trembling, and her coarse, dark
cheeks were wet with tears. When she was ready, she
tiptoed to the kitchen with the bundle under arm, and, as
carefully, descended the stairs.

She entered the chapel near the house, and, falling on
her knees, prayed for some time. Crossing herself and
sobbing, she rose with an effort, and went out, the eyes
of the patron saint, San Lorenzo, seeming to follow her.

The sun had not risen, and the grass was still wet
with dew. People were not yet about. Kikay walked
on alone, and disappeared down the waterless creek, then
emerged on the other side. She stopped to look back
lingeringly at the old gray hoiise between the chapel and
the school building as if half-expecting Estela would be
at the window waving at her, calling her back. But the
house was still. And Kikay walked on.

Philippine Folk Literature

{Continued from page 209)

though a few appear to be adaptations of European tradi-
tions.

The fables, of which there are nearly 90 different exam-
ples, are preponderantly of the irrational type. Fifty-
four of them deal exclusively with animals, 4 with birds,
12 with bird and animals, and 7 with inanimates and
plants. Only 6 are exclusively about men, 2 about men
and birds, and 3 about men and animals. While the moral
is not usually stated in specific proverbial form (as in the
Esopic fable), the strong utilitarian tone and obvious
didacticism make these stories fairly easy to classify. It
is to be remembered that the beast fable forms only a
small portion of the total body of animal stories popular
in the Philippines. The animal trickster, for example,
is the theme of innumerable drolls.

The fairy and demon stories, which number over 300,
record what purport to be actual experiences with 76 dif-

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

227

ferent malignant or mischievous supernatural creatures.
Most of these creatures are native demons. Eight which
bear Spanish names — bruja, cafre, duende, encanto,
maligno, multo (muerto), santilmo, and sirena —
doubtless owe much more than their names to European
tradition; nevertheless, they have become thoroughly
naturalized in the Islands. Writing in 1588, Padre Juan
de Plasencia named and described 14 "infernal ministers"
believed in by the Tagalogs of his day. Six of these still
hold a place in popular lore (or did up till 1924!); namely,
aswang, mangagaway, mangkukulam, mananangal,
tigbalang, and patianac. Judging from the distribution
of all the stories collected, I should say that the fifteen most
widely known spirits and witches to-day in the Philippines
are these:2 — (The number of tales about each is indicated
in parentheses)

Aswang(27) Mananangal (8)

Patianak (27) Encanto (8)

Cafre (21) Pugut (7)

Tigbalang (16) Nuno (6)

Duende (16) Santilmo (5)

Sirena (11) Salut (4)

Mangkukulam (9) Bruja (4)

Matanda sa punso (8)

These stories, to be sure, have not the international
interest supplied by the maerchen : like the secular legends,
they are told with much local circumstantial detail. Many
of the beliefs underlying the particular narratives, how-
ever, are widespread throughout Indonesia, and some
extend back to times before the present racial stocks migrat-
ed to the Philippines. A careful distributional and com-
parative study of these demons together with those of
the non-Christian tribes would, I believe, shed a consider-
able amount of light on certain vexing problems of tribal
origins and relationships.3

Besides the specific demon tales just mentioned, the
collection includes 75 weird tales of a more general sort,
many of which are doubtless importations from the Oc-
cident. Another group of 45 stories explaining supersti-
tious beliefs and practices, and proverbial sayings may be
merely noted in passing: while they contain illustrative
tales, their method is primarily expository, not narrative.

Finally, in addition to many detailed paraphrases and
synopses, the collection contains complete translations
of 33 Corridos, totalling 59,652 lines. This material,
much of which was originally of a popular nature and much
of which still circulates orally as folk-tale, might conceiv-
ably supply data for an investigation of certain artistic
aspects of the folk-tale or of the differences between met-
rical and non-metrical techniques in narration.

Of the 45 story cycles and separate incidents metioned
in "Oceanic Mythology" by Roland B. Dixon as occurring
pretty freely in Indonesia, 34 are to be found in the collec-
tion we have just been describing. The remaining 11 are
so far unrecorded, but most of them will probably turn up
when fuller gleanings from the non-Christian tribes are
reported. No store of living folk-literature, of course,
can ever be complete, definitive. Approximate complete-
ness, however, as of a certain date can be attained if
adequate resources to carry on the field work are available.
Deficient as it is, there is already available in English a
wealth of manuscript material for an historical and com-

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228

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

parative study of Philippine folk literature — a corpus of
narratives that compares favorably in size and significance
with that of any other Oriental country.

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

1 1 use the word cycle in the sense of plot-pattern.

2 (Note: The author would be pleased to have the foregoing conclusion refuted
or confirmed by correspondents.)

3 Prof. A. L. Kroeber has contributed a beginning to such a study in his "History
of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature," Anthropo-
logical Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, Part II.

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are notable for their keen observation and humor,
and those who understand anything of art will admire the eco-
nomy and efficiency of the means he employs in transferring what
he sees and thinks to his sketch pad. Mr. Congson is a self-taught
artist and is connected with £the Manila Electric Company. I
understand the| Company gave him a raise in salary after his work
on the covers of the Philippine Magazine had been noted by the
management.

Dr. Dean S. Fansler, former head of the English Department of the
University of the Philippines, and recently returned to Manila, dropped
in for tea one afternoon and showed me some notes constituting a resume
of his large manuscript collection of Philippine folk-tales. I asked him
to prepare it for publication in the Magazine, which he later did, telling
me it is his hope that the article may stimulate interest in what he states
is "one of the most widespread and valuable branches of Philippine
culture — its traditional literature". Doctor Fansler expressed regret
over the fact that the younger generation, in the public schools, is
growing up "without knowing and enjoying their birthright — the great
mass of entertaining, amusing, ingenious, wholesome stories current
orally twenty years ago". He mentioned the tireless collecting of native
traditional material in other parts of Indonesia, notably by Dutch
scholars in the Netherlands Indies during the past fifty years, and sug-
gested that the significant comparative studies of such men as De
Vries, Voorhoeve, and Coster- Wysman ought to be rounded out by
similar studies in the Philippines. Elsewhere in the Orient, particularly
in India, Indonesia, and Indo-China, practically all such work has been
done by foreigners, but in the Philippines, Doctor Fansler said, the
work should not be so monopolized.

"Kikay, a Maid" (we have two Kikays in this issue) is by
that pretty regular contributor, Bienvenido N. Santos. After I
had accepted his story, he wrote me: "Thank you for taking the
story. I hesitated to send it to you as I did not want it returned since
it was the first manuscript to pass through this my new typewriter
which I received as a Christmas present from my wife; but she, herself *
laughed at my superstition and urged me to send it to you, and so

, , . . +^„ ^- , , . . . I did with very happy result." Imagine I had sent the manuscript

Pepsodent $ exciting $200,000 tooth paste formula contains an utterly . , ^ , . „ ... . A , „ . q¥ _ +n„nu\n<r nr^KAmn* Mr*

new type Super-Soft Ingredient. It polishes teeth to a brilliant luster that back» not knowing all this! And what a touching confidence Mrs.

can't be equaled the world over! Santos has in her husband — and, of course, in me!

Dominador Z. Rosell, who writes of three small barrios below the rim
| HIGH-POLISHES TEETH TO TWICE THE BRILLIANCE— SAFELY of Tagaytay Ridge, is a member of the staff of the Bureau of Science.

So dazzling a luster does Pepsodent's new Tooth Paste In the December issue he had an article on the soils of the province of

restore to dull teeth, that you, too, will say it gives twice Bulacan.

the pol ish! r X. Mio, the pen-name of a graduate of the University of California

and Northwestern University who does not wish to use his own name,
O MAKES TEETH LOOK CLEANER TWICE AS LONG-SAFELY wrote me: "Please see whether you can use the inclosed trivia in your

Lu Teeth look whiter^eelcleaner^ndfilm-free hours longer! finemagazine. < I Discover America' is composed of sketches and poems

What's more, it retards formation of tartar. intended to form a prolegomenon to a larger series entitled 'Exper-

iments in Americanization\ 'I Discover America', sent you only in

3 GIVES THIS SAFETY-BECAUSE TWICE AS SOFT *«*■ are my own '"^ST?/ ^^JZZ^TZ^ mv

been in progress since 1928. If you use the manuscript, please use my

Tests prove Super-Soft Pepsodent twice as soft as polish- norn de plume'1. Well, so I have to use his nom de plume. I can

ing agents generally used. Hence it high-polishes teeth say, though, that the author was born in Bauang, La Union, in 1909.

without danger to tooth enamel. The sketches, I do not doubt, will start many recollections among those

»..-.. — -... --.-„. Filipino readers of the Magazine who have gone to school in the United

tiiirh D*i!*h Vmir TiMi*h CDCC This coupon entities you to a Free generous supply of the new States, and they will also not be without interest to others, Americans

tilgn-rullSn I OUl I eeill — r If L L Super-Soft High-Polish Pepsodent Tooth Paste. Just mail to _' .

DODGE & SEYMOUR LTD., °T Mipmos.

P. O. Box 1345, Manila Redentor Ma. Tuazon, whose little sketch, "Kikay's Mole", deals

yame ^ with a common Philippine superstition, was born in 1912 at San Fernan-

LddremS^ I - do» Pampanga, and says that he has studied "on and off" and led rath-

nit _ _ ^_ m ____ er an "erratic and useless life."

'"SUPER-SOFT" HIGH-POLISH

PEPSODENT!

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

229

Ligaya Victorio Reyes, author of the cruel little story, "Charity",
wrote me: "I wrote the story from the viewpoint of the younger char-
acters. Doing it was a ticklish job because I am still not certain as to
where I should direct my sympathy. I just tried to be as honest as
possible and presented the scene which we all know occurs again and
again in every community. And I am sure of one thing — that youth
has little understanding of charity, and forcing charitableness on them
is a risky thing/' Mrs. Reyes is a young married woman, wife of an
artist, and has had a number of stories in this Magazine.

Another number has to pass without a further instalment of the
series on RizaTs fiction characters. Mrs. Pura Santillan-Castrence is
busy with woman suffrage campaign work. She wrote me: "I am
sorry I can't get my article in the 'series' ready this month. I have
been asked to work as a 'fighter behind the lines' in the woman suffrage
campaign, and have been busy writing all sorts of things — from suffrage
news items to suffrage orations. I tried to get in my work on Dona
Consolacion, Dona Victorina, and Dona Patrocinio, but I am afraid I
won't be able to get it ready on time". Well, anyway, we know whom
her next article will be about.

I had a letter from the Secretary of the Australian Institute of Inter-
national Affairs at Melbourne, stating that the Philippine Magazine
is now available in the reference library of that institution and "is of
considerable interest to our members".

The monthly Fact Digest for March reprinted two articles from the
Philippine Magazine — "Pintakasi" by N. U. Gatchalian and " 'Pan-
demonium' in the South Seas" by Marc T. Greene.

The Visitors' Book, the inauguration of which I mentioned in the
last issue, has several pages filled up already. The first to sign was
Ignacio Manlapaz, English Department, University of the Philippines,
and the second was Aurelio Alvero poet. Then came Major Wilfrid
Turnbull. After that came a high-brow group made up of Professors
C. delRosario, V. D.Gockhale, C. A. Ortigas, Cecilio Lopez, Augustin
Rodolfo, Adolfo Lagdameo, and Manlapaz (again), all of whom came
to hear a lecture given in my office by Dr. del Rosario, of the Physics
Department of the University, on the subject of the latest theories of
the atom. It was entirely too mathematical for me, and a blackboard
that I had especially provided only made things worse. Manlapaz
was the only literary man there who seemed to be able to follow the
speaker and I told him I was proud of him. I contented myself with
serving tea before the lecture but after it I felt whiskey was called for,
so we all had that — only a drop, of course. The next day Mr.[H. G.
Hornbostel dropped in for tea, our former Advertising Manager, who
is now connected with the Pacific Commercial Company. I was sorry
to see him go. For the present I am handling the advertising myself,

in addition to the editorial work. There is nothing like hard work!

Hope it doesn't kill me. Then came Filoi Tuitogamaatoe, a Samoan
lady who contributed an article on Samoa some time ago. No, she
doesn't wear a grass shirt and leis — more's the pity! But no hat,
either. Then came in J. Scott McCormick to tell us of his travels and
the convention of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Then John Siler,
Dr. Dean S. Fansler, Dr. R. Schay, A. B. Collette (with two foreign
subscriptions), Mariano D. Manawis, Prof. Vicente Hilario, Dr. Gok-
hale again, who this time signed his name in Sanscrit, Bienvenido N.
Santos, Greg. A. Estonanto, Delfin Fresnosa, all well known to readers
of the Magazine. Our next visitor was Dr. Albert Kolb, of the Uni-
versity of Munich, who left last week after three or four months' study
of economic conditions here — he is a professor of economic geography.
He looked through the bound copies of the Magazine for seven or eight
years back and picked out 37 copies to take to Germany with him, also
subscribing for two years. He dropped in on the afternoon that the
members of the Board of Editors of the Philippine Book Guild were
here — A. E. Litiatco, F. B. Icasiano, Federico Mangahas, Manuel E.
Arguilla, Carlos Quirino, and Dr. A. B. Rotor — who also all signed the
Visitors' Book. One of them asked Professor Kolb about various men of
genius having left Germany during the Hitler regime, artists, scientists.
"Well, what scientist, for instance?" asked Professor Kolb. "Einstein,"
said Arguilla. "Ach!" answered Professor Kolb. "He is no scientist.
He is a phantasist!" Next to drop in was W. S. Fames of the Old
Timer magazine, and, that same morning, Juanito M. Vicente, of the
Luneta Police Station, who came in, looked at me searchingly, and

then relieved me greatly by telling me he was a pupil of mine in Cuyo,
Palawan, when I was teaching school there just exactly twenty years
ago. He told me that my house in those days was always full of boys,
that I used to wrestle with them and taught them various jujitsu
holds as well as English, something that I had clean forgotten as well
as the holds. I wouldn't have recognized him, but he said I had hardly
changed at all except for having a little less hair. Then came Doctor
Fansler once more and Lagdameo, and Hammon H. Buck. The next
day G. V. Congson, the artist, and Miss Victoria Abelardo, who came
to see me about a book, and whose signature in the Visitors* Book ap-
pears in letters not over a sixteenth of an inch high — compared to
Alvero 's sweep, for instance, of a full two inches. Later came Zoilo
M. Galang, our local encyclopedist, Deogracias Iturralde, and his
friend, Jose G. Matias. From this point on the pages of the book are
still blank but when you consider my running up such a list in less than

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See the "V.P." and other modern Kodaks at the store dis-
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230

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

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a month, (and some of my visitors didn't sign and there are some signa-
tures in the book that I can't read), you will get some idea of the people
who in one way or another, help me conduct the Philippine Magazine
because there is not a person whom I come in contact with who does not
directly or indirectly contribute to the Magazine. And there are some
people who don't come here very often, but whom I go to see for infor-
mation, advise, and help. The editorial, " Independence in 1938", in
April issue, surprised many people because, though I wrote it on the
26th of March — Good Friday, by the way, when I had the whole day
to myself, and the job took a day— and the Magazine was on all the
main newsstands on April 3, it perfectly anticipated President Quezon's
radio address to the Philippines on Monday, April 5. A friend of mine
stopped me on the Escolta and told me he had heard it said that the
editorial was based on a private cable I had received from Washington.
That is, of course, not true. There is nothing mysterious about it.
I didn't begin writing the editorial until I had discussed the new devel-
opments in Washington with many different people in official and in
private life, including some of the best informed and keenest minds in
Manila. They spoke to me freely. Some, it seemed to me were ob-
viously wrong in their interpretations, others were partly right, and the
two or three with whom I found I agreed were — as it proved — right.
I tuned in my radio on President Quezon's speech with some anxiety,
thinking of how foolish I would look if the inferences on which the
editorial was largely based, proved wrong, although I could not see how
they could be, but I hadn't listened more than seven or eight minutes
when I knew that the Philippine Magazine was right again. And
don't think it was so easy, after all. Remember how bewildered the
whole country was, and how people were guessing as to President Que-
zon's motives and plans. Remember the conflicting statements, even
the official ones, the rumors, the general alarm, the break in the stock
market. If it had been news I was writing I would have had what
newspaper men call a scoop. As it was not news, but an interpretation
and an expression of opinion, I don't know what newspaper men would
call what I had, but whatever it was, it puffed me all up on Monday,
the 5th. I could say, "What did the Philippine Magazine tell you?"

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

231

News Summary

(Continued from page 203)

the United States. Moreover, I feel it will be possible
to secure a special trade relation between America
and the Philippines after the three-year period. . .
But don't forget that I am prepared if necessary to
get independence for the Philippines even if I should
fail to secure for our products the benefits of the
market of the United States. The time has come
when the Filipino people must decide whether they
shall be masters of their own destiny or not. If we
are not willing to assume all the responsibility of a
free people, then let us quit talking about freedom and
independence and let us sell our birthright for one
million tons of sugar. . . . Fortunately. . . the
authorities in Washington are concerned about the
future of our people and they are trying to do every-
thing they can to find a formula whereby we will be
independent without serious injury to our economy.
And I am here precisely to protect our country from
any possible unwise legislation that may bring harm
to our people. I want you to have faith in me, and
I hope you will not embarrass my work here by send-
ing protests before you know what you are protesting
about. . . . Don't be panicky. Don't be scared with
anything that you hear or that is printed by the
papers as to what might happen to the Philippines.
None of you is as interested as I am, not even the
men who own the sugar factories or the men who
own the coconut factories or the tobacco factories- —
not one is more interested than I am in securing for
the Philippines the economic stability and the conse-
quent prosperity for our people. Even though I
have not a cent in any of those industries, I am
at least as interested as every one of you, for it is
my duty to look after the welfare of our people.
Now I will say goodbye to you and I hope you
will sleep well after what I have said."

Assemblymen and government officials generally
endorse President Quezon's stand as outlined in his
address over the radio. Some economists and busi-
ness men question the wisdom of asking for full in-
dependence without assurance of being able to retain
existing benefits, and others withhold comment.
Judge Haussermann states that "if President Quezon
succeeds in getting ten years of free trade after in-
dependence, I see no objection to the plan. . . it
would be better if free trade were maintained for
fifteen years. Mr. Mapa states that if President
Quezon had revealed his plans as completely as he
did today before, there would have been less mis-
understanding. Professor Llorente states that
President Quezon spoke of two objectives — the
first, complete independence with a favorable trade
treaty invites no disagreement; the second complete
independence with or without such a treaty, is
objectionable. General Aguinaldo states that the

speech "coincides exactly with my own views".
Vice-President Osmena, speaking at Tacloban, Leyte,
where he and a party of other government officials
are opening the new Abuyog-Baybay Road, praises
President Quezon's stand and urges the people lo
have confidence in him. "Being on the ground, he
knows better than anyone of us here the conditions
prevailing in Washington and the possibilities
ahead of us."

Col. Miguel Nicdao with a force of 150 enlisted
men and 15 officers attacks the Moro outlaws led
by Sultan sa Kadingilan, entrenched in the Bini-
dayan cota. The Moros are all armed and the cota
being situated on a hill surrounded by a heavy forest
hinders the use of mountain guns and Stokes mortars.
A private is wounded and four Moros are killed when
a group of the latter attacks the Army force from
the rear.

The stock market moves irregularly lower, the
index closing at 151.92, down 2.08 points.

In a two-day battle, some hundred Moros are
driven out of their six cotas at Ganassi, Lanao, by
a Philippine Army force under Col. Miguel Nicdao
and Capt. Rafael Ramcs. Six Moros, including a
woman, are killed and six others wounded, the rest
escaping. Two soldiers are wounded.

The stock market moves slightly upward, gaining
1.47 points to 153.39.

April 7. — Sixteen blocks, comprising some 2,000
houses, in the crowded Tondo district, Manila, are
razed in a four-hour fire, the worst since 1911, render-
ing an estimated 20,000 people homeless and doing
damage estimated at F2, 000, 000. Only one death
is reported but numerous people sustained injuries.
The fire is believed to have started in a kitchen and
Fire Department officials state they were handicapped
by low water pressure, the water mains in the district
being too small. Government and private agencies
unite in relief measures.

The army captures two of the cotas in the Binida-
yan district, but a bus, loaded with soldiers retiring
from the day's fighting, is ambushed, the driver
killed and four enlisted men are wounded, the attack
taking place at Madamba, across the lake from Bini-
dayan. Later the Moros burn the Paraba school
house. Hesitating to attack the most strongly forti-
fied cota in the district, Colonel Nicdao has asked for
reenforcements, while Moro chiefs are still seeking to
induce the recalcitrants to surrender. Maj.-Gen.
Santos and Lieut. -Col. D. D. Eisenhower fly from
Ormoc, Leyte, to the scene of operations. Moro
deaths are estimated at 30 so far.

The Manila Stock Exchange creates fifteen new
seats prices at P45.000, the move being interpreted
as designed to centralize all stock transactions.

The stock market continues to advance irregularly
for a total gain of 2.75 points to 156.14.

Prominent members of the National Federation
of Labor, who refuse to "have their names revealed,
are reported to have started a move for President

Quezon as the first President of the future Philippine
Republic.

April 8. — Assemblyman Romero and Mrs. Romero
leave for Washington on the China Clipper.

Manila gold stock averages drop 2.93 points to
153.21.

April 9. — General Santos returns to Manila after
having given Colonel Nicdao cart blanche. He
states the situation is fully under control.

Registration for the women suffrage plebiscite on
April 30 opens. Later reports indicate that the
registration was slow with discouraging results,
except in Ilocos Sur and Baguio, totalling, it is
estimated, less than one-third of the 300,000 affirm-
ative votes required on April 30 to win the suffrage.
The report has been spread that women given the
right to vote would have to pay the cedula tax,
women leaders say are not discouraged but that a
great handicap is the lack of campaign funds. April
1 7 is the second and last registration day.

The Manila stock prices drop sharply, as all over
the world following the canard that the United States
would reduce its price for gold, from fractions to 75
points, the gold share index at the Manila Stock
Exchange sagging 7.06 points to 146,15. Trading
was heavy.

The United States

March 13. — At an American Legion farewell dinner
in Washington, United States Commissioner Paul
V. McNutt states he is looking forward with "a
spirit of high adventure" to the assumption of his
post in the Philippines and he will leave for Manila
"with enthusiasm and deep interest to attend the
birth of a new nation".

Mrs. Aurora Quezon arrives in Seattle and leaves
for Chicago in a private car attached to the rear of
a railroad train.

March 14.— Press dispatches from Washington
are to the effect that the Navy is indifferent to the
retention of a naval base in the Philippines after
independence, preferring to regard Hawaii as its
outermost line of defense. Observers are said to
believe that no fundamental revision of the Tydings-
McDuffie Law will be undertaken by Congress unless
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Commonwealth
President Manuel L. Quezon agree on a program
which both would actively sponsor. It is believed
a majority in Congress would favor shortening the
transition period if this were jointly urged by Roos-
evelt and Quezon, but this might entail economic
provisions even less favorable to the Philippines than
the present set-up. Farm blocs would resist all
changes favorable to the Philippines. Republicans
are noticeably apathetic to the entire situation and
do not manifest a desire to resume the anti-independ-
ence stand which many of them took prior to the
passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Law. Some
observers think that the net result of President
Quezon'svisitmaybethe organization of a commission

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232

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

That home and garden which
you always dreamed of—

San Juan Heights
is the best place for it.

SAN JUAN HEIGHTS CO., INC.

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to further explore trade relations and the possible
private assurance that the Tydings-McDuffie Law
may be revised when the legislative situation is
more favorable.

March 15.— Officials are reported to be "extremely
secretive" about the meeting of the Inter-Depart-
mental Committee on Philippine Affairs to be held
on the 18th.

Spanish Ambassador Fernando de los Rios delivers
a note to the State Department asking the United
States "to pay attention" to the invasion of Spain
by troops of other nations who are "public enemies
to universal peace".

At a New York meeting sponsored by the American
Jewish Congress and the Jewish Labor Committee,
attended by some 20,000 people, a resolution is
passed calling for a spiritual and financial boycott
of Germany. Rabbi Stephen S. Wise states the
boycott is called against Chancellor Adolf Hitler
and not against the German people. John L. Lewis,
head of the Committee for Industrial Organization,
rebellious off-shoot of the American Federation of
Labor, states that German labor leaders are being
beaten, tortured, and shot to death. Jews in New
York are guarding their sinagogues a number of which
have recently been disfigured by large swastikas
painted on them during the night.

March 16. — Secretary of State Cordell Hull is
reported to have confirmed the possibility of an
advance in the date of complete independence for
the Philippines.

March 17. — Sit-down strikers in possession of nine
Chrysler plants are defying sheriff orders to evacuate,
The heads of five subsidiaries of the U. S. Steel Cor-
poration sign a contract with Lewis' steel union
providing for the settlement of all labor disputes
without resort to strikes, which is taken as a notable
victory for labor as the Steel Corporation has always
opposed anything but company unions.

Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper warns
of the danger of a possible "run-awav business boom",
industrial production being ut> 20 % over last year
and business generally being 15 % higher.

Justice James Clark McReynolds of the Supreme
Court states in an after-dinner speech that "whoever
loses in a judiciary dispute should be a good loser. . . .
There is a strange desire to break away from that
which is proved. It is difficult to understand this
wild opportunism. The Supreme Court is like the
balance wheel of a watch. Take it out and the
'works' won't function".

Amelia Earheart Putnam's around the world plane
and two giant Pan American flying boats leave
Oakland, California, during the afternoon. Mrs.
Putnam is travelling with a crew of three men.
One of the Pan-American planes is headed for Manila
on a routine flight; the other, under command of
Captain Edwin C. Musick, is headed for New Zea-
land opening the southern Pacific route.

Secretary Hull apologizes to Germany for the
second time, Germany again having made represen-
tations to the State Department in connection with
renewed criticism of Chancellor Hitler by Major
F. LaGuardia of New York.

March 18. — Assistant Secretary of State Francis
B. Sayre and President Quezon, after a luncheon
given by the latter in honor of High Commissioner
McNutt followed by a meeting of the Inter-Depart-
mental Committee, issue the following statement:
"Arrangements are being made for the appoint-
ment shortly of a joint preparatory committee of
American-Philippine experts. The committee is to
study trade relations between the United States
and the Philippines and recommend a program for
adjustment of Philippine national economy. This
announcement followed conferences between Pres-
ident Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth and
the inter-departmental committee on Philippine
affairs, which is acting on behalf of President Roos-
evelt in the preliminary discussions. Assistant Secre-
tary of State Sayre is chairman of this committee.
Inasmuch as the independence act provides that
complete political independence of the Philippines
shall become effective on July 4, 1946, and inasmuch
as President Quezon, has suggested that the date
of independence might be advanced to 1938 or 1939,
it was agreed that the joint committee of experts
would be expected, in making recommendations,
to consider the bearing which advancement in the
date of independence would have on facilitating or
retarding execution of the program of economic
adjustment of the Philippines. It further was
agreed that preferential trade relations between
the United States and the Philippines are to be term-
mated at the earliest practicable date consistent
with affording the Philippines reasonable opportu-
nity to adjust the national economy. Thereafter,
it is contemplated, trade relations between the two
countries will be regulated in accordance with a
reciprocal trade agreement on a non-preferential
basis."

Governor Frank Murphy of Michigan, fighting
to halt thirty strikes in Detroit, states "We are
going to end this once and for all. This is not going
to be handled with red tape and technicalities."
Police in New York forcibly eject 60 girls and 16
men who had declared a sit-down strike in a Wool,
worth 5 and 10 cents store.

March 18. — An explosion in the basement of the
$1,000,000 New London, Texas, consolidated rural
school, wrecks the entire building and kills 455
children, injuring close to 100 more. It is believed
that gas from nearby oil fields seeped into the build-
ing. The explosion occurred ten minutes before
school was to be let out. Scenes are heart-rending
and an atmosphere of the utmost horror pervades
the entire district.

March 19. — President Quezon states he "pressed
members of the Inter-Departmental Committee for
a commitment on early independence, but that no
definite commitment was made, the members stating
they needed time to discuss the question. In a
lecture on the Commonwealth Constitution at Co-

lumbia University, he declares: "Our Constitution
is patterned after yours, but is better. It embodies
the Philippine philosophy of collective life."

Revealed that Secretary of State Hull, testifying
before the House Appropriations Committee recently,
warned that danger threatens in the Far East, which
has been in an "unsettled state during the entire
year. The problem of affording appropriate and
adequate relief and protection to Americans in China
has been a constant and sometimes acute concern
of the Department, as well as the concerns which
this government feels for the peace and welfare of
other countries in the Far East, has made it neces-
sary to follow every development in that regions".
H. B. Hawes, counsel for the Philippine Sugar
Association, asks Congress to amend the adminis-
tration sugar bill so that taxes collected on Phil-
ippine sugar would be returned to the Island Treas-
ury. He states, "for the first time in American
history and nearly 40 years of relationship, it is
PiT°PDSed- to.DUrsue an entirely new policy regarding
the Philippines in a discriminating way whereby
all sugar growers, continental, offshore, and even in
Cuba, a foreign nation, are provided for and the
Philippines alone is excluded from all benefits flowing
trom the tax while paying a full share of it". Phil-
ippine Commissioner Quintin Paredes states that
denying the Philippines a vote in Congress while
levying the tax is "taxation without representa-
tion."

March 20. —Carlos P. Romulo, publisher of the
Fhihppmes Herald and member of the Quezon del-
egation, states that President Quezon, "while he is
known for his quick decisions, his suggestion of earlier
independence is the product of deep thought and

calm deliberation When he left the Philippines

over a month ago, he already had matured the plan
to seek a shortening of the transition period. During
his trip to China last year, he was, in fact, already

pondering the situation President Quezon

came to America this time with the avowed purpose
°Le • ing tne Political and economic uncertainty
afflicting the Philippines and has a well-matured

plan to bring this about " According to press

statements, Congressional reaction "appears gen-
erally sympathetic", but there are "numerous warn-
ings that hasty action might result in hardship for
u Dv?,n •'• Sen' G- P* Nye states that the sooner
tne Philippines is independent, the better he would
be pleased, but "the interests of all sides dictate
that we should not be too hasty". He states he
does not favor an American naval base in the Phil-
ippines after independence. Sen. D. I. Walsh says-
Quezon's suggestion is entitled to sympathetic
consideration. I would be disposed to support it if
sound reasons are advanced. Of course, there is
involved the question as to the effect on our naval
status and I want to look into the relationship
between the Philippines and our naval problem in
the Pacific". Sen. W. E. Borah states that the
suggestion is "agreeable" to him. "I am most
anxious to speed them; naturally, I wouldn't want
w £-u at the risk of economic chaos". Sen. E
W. Gibson opines that the Philippines "might not
be able to weather the economic storm which inde-
pendence in 1938 or 1939 would bring." Sen W G
McAdoo states: "We have gone as far as we"can go
in granting trade concessions". President Roosevelt
entertains High Commissioner McNutt at dinner
His reaction to President Quezon's proposal is not
disclosed.

wfitrKkei?ad5ru ™>aT-r Governor Murphy that there
will be bloodshed if the sheriff and his deputies
persist in carrying out the court order for the arrest
of union leaders and 6000 sit-down strikers occupying
the plant of the Chrysler Motor Company "We
do not intend to leave these plants without a satis-
factory settlement of our grievances". Chrysler
executives describe the strikers as constituting
a lawless element". The strikers tell Murphy:
You can do one of two things. You can use your
influence to see that our grievances are adjusted or
you can use state troops to try to force us out The
first will lead to industrial peace and the elimination
uf t5\causei>f stnkes- The second will lead to
bloodshed and more strikes." In the mean time
police are evicting strikers holding the smaller facto-
ries and stores.

Mrs. Putnam's plane cracks up in taking off from
Honolulu, but she and her companions escape injury
It is believed a tire blew out, the plane swerved
tipped, and wrecked the under-carriage, bent the
propellers, and damaged the wing. The plane will
have to be shipped back to the factory. Mrs Put-
nam states, "This means postponement but not
cancellation of the flight".

March 21.— Reported that President Roosevelt's
plan to possibly visit the Philippines hinges on the
time of the adjournment of the present session of
Congress and the work accomplished. The projected
visit this fall or next summer, it is said, may be the
principal factor in the establishment of the adminis-
tration's policy with reference to the earlier inde-
pendence proposal. President Quezon expresses
enthusiasm over President Roosevelt's plan to visit
the Islands. "His keen interest in affairs of the Far
East and particularly of the Philippines, together
with his sound knowledge of them, will make the
proposed visit memorable.

Union indignation at tentative attempts to evict
the 6000 Chrysler strikers leads to threats of a gen-
eral strike, and the unions announce they have
150,000 to 175,000 men available for picket duty.
Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins has suggested
the immediate evacuation of the plants and immediate
negotiations for settlement, the plants in the mean
time to remain inactive.

Twelve are killed and many injured in an armed
clash in Puerto Rico between police and nationalists
who are becoming increasingly militant in their
campaign for independence.

March 22. — In a letter to the Senate Judiciary
Committee, Justice Charles Evans Hughes denies

that the Supreme Court is behind in its work and
states that the plan to reorganize the Court is likely
to impair its efficiency. "To increase the number
of justices because of a difference in policy is a ques-
tion I do not wish to discuss". John Clarke, sole
living former Justice of the Supreme Court, states
in a radio aadress that President Roosevelt's judi-
ciary proposal is "plainly constitutional" and that
Congress has ample precedent as during the Court's
history the number of justices has been twice re-
duced and five times increased.

March 23.— President Quezon holds another con-
ference with Assistant Secretary Sayre after which
the latter issues the statement: "We agreed that the
common objectives of the Joint Committee should
be to work for the best interests of the Philippines
during the Commonwealth period and after complete
independence in order to set the Philippines on their
feet and give them a proper chance to maintain their
freedom." Secretary Sayre tells the press that the
experts to be appointed to the Committee should
be persons possessed of sufficient fore-sight and
knowledge of the larger issues at stake to prevent
the major issues becoming submerged in minor details
ben. J. W. Robinson, Floor Leader, states that he
is not informed of "any circumstances or conditions
which would justify or require the shifting of the
S?K1?f independence". Sen. W. H. King states:
it the Filipinos want their independence now I
am for it". Rep. J. O'Connor states that "inde-
pendence seems a little too soon after the last legis-
ifi°£ T paf/dTV «Sexi* K' Pittman states that
r .k yTdmgSiMc5uf!H Act is to the be«* interests
of the Islands. Sen. K. McKellar says he does not
favor advancing the date for this, in his opinion,
would be very harmful to the Filipinos. Rep. Karl
Stefan states: "If the Filipinos want independence,
let them have it", but he urges Congress to be "on
the alert against giving trade favors to an indepen-
dent Philippines which would provide more compe-
tition for American farm products. "I urge the
members to see to it that no trade agreement or treaty
shall permit entry into the United States from the
Philippines merchandise in excess of the limitations
now in effect and that no trade agreement be made
effective until ratified by the Senate".

High Commissioner McNutt leaves Washington
with private instructions from President Roosevelt.
With an expression of sympathy for his predecessor,
Governor Murphy, he states: "I am glad I am sailing
away from a sit-down situation instead of into one".
Threats against Governor Murphy's life are reported
and an automobile manufacturer is said to have
declared that a petition for his recall will be circu-
lated unless he uses the military forces of the state
to evict the sit-down strikers.

a The State Department announces that Philippine
AssemblymanF. Buencamino willaccompany Norman
Davis, head of the American delegation to the Inter-
national Sugar Conference in London. Urbano
Zafra, of the Philippine Sugar Association, and
Qumtm Paredes, Jr., will accompany Buencamino.
After an eight hours' flight from Honolulu, the
Pan-American Clipper reaches Kingman's Reef
on the second lap of the journey to New Zealand.

March 24.— Sen. A. B. Adams states he plans to
delay hearings on his bill to rescind congressional
approval of the Philippines' $$28,000,000 gold de-
valuation claim until President Quezon leaves the
country "as he is a guest and to avoid unpleasant-
ness". He states he is in favor of independence for
the Philippines and "will breathe easier when we
are out of there; we might get into trouble over them".
Sen. B. C. Clark states he favors immediate inde-
pendence or, at least, independence as soon as possible.
"The Filipinos have shown an amazing capability;
furthermore, from the American point of view they
constitute a menace to our safety". S. H. Libby,
of the Council for the Prevention of War, states that
"all American liberals fs.vor shortening the transition
period. We do not want a naval base or anv other
commitments to defend the Philippines. The Is-
lands should be neutralized by a treaty of Pacific
powers — but we shouldn't guarantee their neutral-
ity. . . . Their independence should rest on a firm
foundation built by their own diplomacy and sound
domestic policy, plus an enlightened self-interest
on the part of their neighbors and a realization of the
growing unprofitableness of carving out an empire
with the sword". He states he does not think Japan
would make a change in its "policy of economic
penetration" of the Islands "without conquest or
military responsibility", as "this is preferable from
every point of view".

After a conference with Governor Murphy, Lewis
agrees to evacuate the strikers from the Chrysler
plants, the Company inreturn agreeing not to attempt
to resume production or move machinery or tolls,
and conferences for settlement of the strike to con-
tinue.

The Pan-American Clipper lands at Pago-Pago
on the third lap of its flight to New Zealand.

March 26. — Announced that President Quezon's
proposal for earlier independence has not resulted
in the abandonment of the original plan to hold a
general Philippine-American trade conference. It
will be held after the Committee of Experts completes
its task. It is reported, however, that difficulty
is being encountered in the selection of American
members of the Committee, persons approached
being unwilling to undertake the task as it is likely
to continue for several months. Rep. H. C. Lodge
states he is drafting a bill providing for American
withdrawal from the Philippines "as soon as possible."
He crtiticizes existing legislation and declares that
the United States should "either govern or get out."
Rep. F. L. Crawford states that the Quezon proposal
is an illustration of "the instability of his leadership
which should certainly put the representatives of
the American people on their guard with reference
to all Philippine matters. I am fully in accord with
his proposal for independence, but a new independ-
ence act should deal only with the question of inde-

233

234

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

pendence. Under no circumstances should Congress
now proceed to provide a new law embracing therein
the provisions of a treaty setting forth the economic
relations that shall govern between the United States
and the Philippines subsequent to independence.
To do so would be an unprecedented act . . . would
bind the hands of the executive department and
the Senate." N. M. Hubbard, President of the
U. S. Navy League, states that he favors the post-
ponement of independence until conditions become
more peaceful, and the permanent retention of an
American naval base in the Philippines. "Entirely
apart from the safety of the Philippines, this is a
question of our being able to take care of our merchant
shipping and commerce in the Far East. It is also
a matter bearing on the Japanese situation. We
are not thinking of war with Japan, but semi-
official Japanese statements ask that the mandated
islands in the Pacific be fortified. I think it would
be entirely justifiable for us to have one or two bases
in the Far East. I personally favor a base in Guam,
but for the protection of Western civilization in
the Far East I prefer Mindanao as a base because
it commands both the east and the west coast of the
Philippines and the oil trade with Borneo. Japan
gets 750,000 tons of oil a year from Borneo and

1,000,000 tons from California The popular

belief that American naval bases in the Philippines
are of importance only for war purposes should be
dispelled. Such bases are equally intended for
peace, particularly for the protection of shipping. . . .
Additional bases would lessen the necessity of heavy
cruisers. Without Philippine bases the United
States would be improperly prepared to protect its
commerce in the Orient.

March 25. — Former Secretary of War Patrick
Hurley states that "the same arguments against
Philippine independence still hold. The Philippines
is unable economically to support a government. I
am in favor of ultimate independence, but it should
be accomplished in a manner to save the United States
and the Philippines from the disastrous results
which must follow from the present unsound policy.
It must be apparent to all that exclusion of the
Philippines from free access to the United States
market would cause immediate collapse of the Phil-
ippine economic system. The United States is in
an untenable position. . . committed to the establish-
ment of a military force where it exercises little or
no civil authority. There is a possibility that such
an uncontrolled military authority may lead the
United States into serious international difficulties".
President Quezon and Assistant Secretary Sayre
tell the press that United States and Philippine
business interests will be given ample voice in the
forthcoming hearings on independent and trade
relations.

The Chrysler plants are evacuated by 6000 strikers
with bugles blowing and drums rolling.

March 28. — Announced at Washington that 16-

inch guns will be adopted for the two new battleships
to be laid down this summer.

William Green, President of the American Fede-
ration of Labor, states that his organization has
never approved of sit-down strikes because they
involve trespass on private property in a manner
"detrimental to labor's interests", and that public
opinion does not support such activity.

United States imports from Asia were higher in
1936 than in 1935, according to figures released.
Imports from Netherland India increased 39 %,
mainly crude rubber, palm oil, sisal, kapok, tapioca,
tea, coffee, pepper, and tin, the increase being in
part due to the new trade agreement with the Nether-
lands; imports from British Malaya increased 28%;
from Japan, 12 %\ the Philippines, 2 %, mainly due
to the increase in commodity prices. "The value of
sugar and Manila fiber was larger than in 1935,
while both the quantity and value of coconut pro-
ducts was considerably smaller".

March 29. — The Supreme Court, reversing its
previous stand, upholds three "New Deal" laws — un-
animously in the case concerning the constitutional-
ity of the Frazier-Lemke Farm Mortgage Morato-
rium Act which replaced a measure outlawed by the
Court in 1935 (the law permits insolvent farmers to
adjust their debts and retain possession of their
property for three years during which they may
redeem the mortgage); unanimously in the case
concerning the constitutionality of the Railway
Labor Act of 1934; and by a majority in the case of
the Washington State law granting a minimum wage
to women, in complete reversal of the historic New
York minimum wage law decision.

Reported that high naval officials have decided
to shelve the "big navy" group's plan to construct
10 cruisers, and to continue for the present with the
regular construction program regardless of what
other nations may do, to avoid a "hump" in vessels
all of one age, all simultaneously becoming obsolete,
as happened after the World War.

The Quezon mission is reported to be preparing
for an active campaign to enlist the support of
American exporters in its effort to establish equitable
trade relations. It is stated that the Pnilippines is
a primary market for 70 United States exports and
that a market exists for 47 additional articles of
export.

Lewis calls Green's speech "characteristically
cowardly and contemptible. . . . He again sells
hs breed down the river — and receives the thanks
of the National Association ofManufacturers. He
calls to mind £he quotation from 'Hamlet': 'He
bends the hinges of the knee*."

March SO. — High Commissioner McNutt on the
way to Manila states at Chicago that the United

States "does not intend to throw the Islands to the
wolves". "The main thing is to help the people to
get into position to maintain both economic and
political independence when they take over their
country and become self-governing in 1946. We
want them to be in a stable economic position and
to be able to maintain it". Rep. A. T. Treadway
states he favors independence if the people want it,
but that they can not have their cake and eat it,
too, and that he will oppose tariff concessions after
independence. He, however, expresses "grave
doubts" that a majority of the Filipinos are com-
petent to pass on the question of independence.
"Only a handful of leaders" actually control the
Islands, and "while we are supposed to have set
up a republic, we are really acquiescing to an
oligarchy".

Lord and Lady Tweedsmuir arrive in Washington
on the first official visit ever paid to the President
of the United States by the Governor-General of
Canada. He is given a full state welcome.

March SO. — The Pan-American Clipper reaches
Aukland, New Zealand, after a 2800-mile non-stop
hop from Pago-Pago, Samoa.

April 1. — Secretary of State Hull tells the press
that the United States is "through" making peace
proposals to European nations, following reports
that Norman Davis while in London to attend the
sugar conference, might sound out British statesmen
with regard to calling another disarmament con-
ference.

High Commissioner McNutt is quoted as saying
in Ogden, Utah, that Philippine neutrality is one
of the major problems to be solved before Philippines
become independent. At a luncheon given by the
United States Tariff Commission experts, Ben
Dorfman and Frank Warren, President Quezon
likens the position of the Philippines under the
Tydings-McDuffie Act to that of a man tied hand
and foot, and states that the Law makes his position
as chief executive extremely difficult. The Law,
he declares, intended to give the Philippines opportu-
nity to prepare for independence, defeats its own ends
through preventing the government from passing
currency legislation and concluding trade agreements.
Tariff Chairman Robert O'Brien is reported to have
said that the Law is not equitable. Quezon and his
family visit Cardinal Dennis Dougherty in Phila-
delphia.

Over 18,000 General Motors workers in nine
Chevrolet plants resume the sit-down strike because
of dissatisfaction with the recently concluded agree-
ment, bringing the total number of idle workers in
Michigan to 100,000. More than 300,000 bituminous
coal miners in the Appalachian region cease work be-
cause of failure of the operators to negotiate labor
contracts to replace those that expire today. Lewis
states: "No contracts; no work".

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Index to Advertisers

Name Page

Alka-Seltzer 220

Anacin 201

Apo Cement 223

Bear Brand 222

Binney 8b Smith Co 230

Book for Pupils and Students .... 240

Botica Boie 238-237

Burpee's Seeds 237

Campbell's Soups 219

Cebu Portland Cement Co 223

Chesterfield Cigarettes Back Cover

Condiment Mfg. Co 200

Crayola 230

D.M.C. Threads 202

Del Monte Foods 201

Dodge & Seymour 228-239

Dr. West Tooth Paste and Brush . 227

Elser, E. E 198

Frank G. Haughwout, Prof. 240

Garcia, A 236

Gets-It 199

Getz Bros. 8b Co 235

Hershey's Cocoa 234

Heacock's Inside Front Cover

Insular Life Ass. Co 204

Jacob's Biscuits 202

Jos6 Oliver Succ. Co 221

Kodak Philippines 229

Kolynos Dental Cream 235

Klim 235

Levy 8b Blum 225

Name Page

Libby's Corned Beef 226

Luzon Brokerage Co 221

Manila Electric Co 199

Manila Gas Corporation 224

Manila Hotel Inside Front Cover

Manila Railroad Co 231

Marsman & Co 218

Mentholatum 235

Mercolized Wax 199

Moutrie Pianos 221

Ovaltine Inside Back Cover

Parker Vacumatic Pens 239

Pepsodent 228

Philippine Education Company

Inc 203-237

Philippine National Bank 217

Philips Radios 200

Qui-Bro-Lax 230

San Juan Heights Co 232

San Miguel Brewery 238

Stamps for Philatelists 203

Stillman's Cream 201

Sonotone 200

Southern China Film Exchange

Co 237

T. J. Wolff 8b Co 200

Tattoo 200

Ticonderoga Pencils *98

Wise 8s Co 202

Zuellig 8b Co 222

May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

235

April 2. — The nation's bituminous coal mines
are closed with 400,000 workers affected. Their
demand for time-and-a-half for overtime, caused
the breakdown in the negotiations for a new contract.

A circuit court judge in Indiana awards the Aladdin
Industries, Inc. damages totalling $9,825 in its suit
against the United Automobile Workers whose sit-
down strike closed the Company's plant for a month
in defiance of the court order to evacuate the pre-
mises.

High Commissioner McNutl states at Sacramento,
California, that the Philippines must achieve econ-
omic freedom prior to political independence. He lauds
Congress for its wise move in granting the Pnilippines
a large measure of autonomy during the transition
period. "Although the United States still exercises
sovereignty over the Islands, our policy is not only
to avoid unnecessary interference in this autonomous
authority as long as it is exercised in accordance
with the purposes and provisions of the Independ-
ence Act and the Constitution of the Commonwealth,
but also to give helpful encouragement to the new
government in the spirit of sincere cooperation.
Among tne important matters to be considered in
die immediate future are provisions regarding a
neutralization pact for the Islands, the status of our
future trade relations with them, and economic ad-
justments wnich must take place in the Islands before
economic as well as political independence can be
achieved. In view of the capacity for self-govern-
ment and adnerence to democratic and constitutional
principles heretofore demonstrated by the people
of tne Philippines, let us all hope and expect they
will continue to justify our faith in the principles
of liberty and self-government."

April 3. — High Commissioner McNutt sails for
Manila on tne President, Hoover with a party of
tnirteen, including his wife and daughter. At
Honolulu he will be joined by Lieut.-Col. William
Rose, senior military aide. Yesterday he was
introduced to tne California State Legislature by
Assemblywoman Jeanette Daley of San Diego as
81 the only man qualined in personality and training
to succeed President Roosevelt in 1940". Tne
Commissioner, however, declined to comment on
policical possibilities, stating, "My mind is on the
job aaead. . . I have no personal experience in the
Pnilippines. May be tnac's wny they picked me.
I nave no axe to grind and will stay as long as the
President wants me to stay".

In a speech before the Foreign Policy Association,
President Quezon states that the Philippine "can
not depend on neutrality treaties after looking at
Belgium, Manchuria, and Ethiopia." He sharply
refutes a recent Association survey pointing out the
possibility that the Philippine defense system might
be considered an adjunct to American military power
in the western Pacific, declaring that the defense
plan is intended primarily to give the Philippines
better and more efficient citizens and "only when
necessity arises, efficient and gallant soldiers. We

must prepare to defend ourselves If again

we are ever to fight for the homes and families of
our fatherland, we must be not only willing to die,
but also able to kill. No nation ever again will
have the Philippines except after it has paid a tre-
mendous toll in life and treasure. No army will
ever again land on our shores unmolested and in
parade formation take possession of our towns,
meeting almost no resistance. The idea of making
General MacArthur military adviser originally came
from me. Our national defense program is not
i a tended to strengthen America but the Pnilippines.
The United States would have undertaken such a
program many years ago if it ever planned to attack
Japan." Oswald Garrison Villard, noted journalise,
stated at the meeting, "If the Philippines continues
a policy of complete militarization and if govern-
mental power is placed in the hands of a few, this
apostacy from democratic American traditions will
react unfavorably not merely upon the Filipinos but
also upon American democracy". Maj.-Gen. W. C.
Rivers (ret.) advocated neutralization and said the
United States should withdraw from the Philippines
and the Orient. "We have no territory in Asia
proper and no political interests in all Asia. The
United States defense line in the Pacific should run
from Alaska to H?waii and Panama. The Philip-
pines can and should be neutralized. Japan has
no desire to forcibly annex the Pnilippines because
that would damage its trade with the Philippines
and also divide its fleet." Cninese Ambassador
Alfred Sze honors President and Mrs. Quezon with
a dinner.

Lewis announces that the United Mine Workers
have reacned an agreement with the coal mine
operators, bringing the great two-day strike to a
close. Labor leaders induce the General Motors
workers to return to work temporarily, pending the
settlement of tne Chrysler strike. i

Tne Pan-American Clipper leaves Aukland'on the

return journey of its trail-blazing flight.

April 4. — President Quezon is reported to have
designated Jose Yulo, Quintin Paredes, Joaquin M.
Elizalde, Manuel Roxas, Jose Romero, and Conrado
Benitez as members of the Joint Committee of Ex-
perts. Benito Razon will act as technical adviser
to the group.

Japanese Ambassador Hirosi Saito honors Pres-
ident and Mrs. Quezon with a dinner. Observers
are reported impressed with the numerous social
contacts Quezon has made with Japanese and Chinese
diplomatic representatives in Washington.

April 6. — The thirty -day strike of the 6000 Chrys-
ler employees comes to a close as an agreement is
signed to resume work immediately, without dis-
crimination against the strikers, all court suits to be
withdrawn, and negotiations for final settlement to
be renewed on April 8.

Y. W. Meng, Chinese publicist, writing in the
American-owned China Weekly Review (Shanghai),
urges President Roosevelt to call another Washington
conference to deal especially with Far Eastern
problems. Referring to recent talk of American
withdrawal from the Far East, he states that China
possesses the greatest potentialities for American
trade in the world. He points out that the present
situation parallels that of 1914 and that of 1921 at
which times America reached positions from which
it could have assumed the role of leader in world
politics.

Joseph E. Davies, Ambassador to Russia, on a
visit to the United States, says that Russia is doing
"extraordinary things". "Leaders are exceptionally
able, earnest, and hard-workfjjng".

J. M. Elizalde, member of the Joint Committee,
tells the press that he endorses the Quezon proposal
for shortening the transition period as a means of
facilitating a permanent and stable trade relation-
ship between the two countries as the Tydings-
McDuffie Act gives the Philippines only limited
powers to adjust itself. He states a reciprocal trade
agreement would be advantageous to both sides, that
American shipping in the Pacific would be crippled
without Philippine trade, and that the Philippines
produces minerals and other products necessary to
the United States as primary products.

April 5. — In a special message to Congress, Pres-
ident Roosevelt recommends the creation of a
permanent Civilian Conservation Corps of 300,000
members as being necessary to take up the slack in
employment in spite of the bettered situation.

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236

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

President Roosevelt nominates Col. Charles
Burnett as Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs
with the rank of Brigadier-General, to succeed
Brig. -Gen. Creed F. Cox.

President Quezon visits General Malin Craig,
Chief of Staff, accompanied General Mac Arthur.
Later he entrains with his party for an unofficial
visit to Mexico.

April 7. — Panic is registered in the New York and
other world markets at the rumor that the United
States government intended to lower the price of
gold, and in spite of official denials, markets remain
nervous and appreciable losses are recorded in both
stock and commodity prices.

The House passes and sends to the Senate the
Summers Bill which would empower the Attorney-
General in cases involving the constitutionality of
laws to appeal direct to the Supreme Court.

Two bombing planes attached to the Lexington
collide in mid-air and plunge into the sea off San Diego,
killing four navy aviators.

President Quezon and his party crosses the Rio
Grande and board President Lazaro Cardena's
private train for Mexico City. President Quezon
is expected to give special attention to Mexico's
attempts at agrarian reform.

April 8. — The effect of yesterday's gold canard
has not yet passed and prices continue to fall on all
world exchanges.

The Senate approves a resolution, 75 to 3, con-
demning sit-down strikes. As a resolution has no
force of law, it does not require presidential signature.
The House in a turbulent session and amid jeers and
cat -calls overwhelmingly tables the Dies resolution
calling for an investigation of sit-down strikes.

Lewis states that his Committee for Industrial
Organization will extend its labor agreement with
General Motors to include the Corporation's plants
on the Canadian side of the Detroit river, where
3,700 men are on strike. The Ontario Premier
Mitchell Hepburn calls the CIO organizers "outside
agitators" and reveals that the Ontario Cabinet has
decided to withhold relief from the strikers. Gover-
nor Murphy announces the settlement of the 31 -day
strike of the 11,000 Hudson Motors Corporation
workers. Henry Ford states, "We will never re-
cognize the UAW or any other union. We will deal
with individual workers." Richard Frankensteen,
organizer, retorts, "Ford will recognize the union or
he won't build cars". Lewis states that in 60 days
the CIO membership will go far beyond that of the
American Federation of Labor.

April 9. — President Roosevelt states he knows of
no plan to lower the price of gold and that the Trea-
sury Department has no such plan.

Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace re-
commends drastic changes in the new administration
sugar bill to permit Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the
Virgin Islands to ship their total sugar quota in
refined instead of raw sugar, and to return the pro-
posed excise tax collected on Philippine sugar to
the Philippines.

Secretary of the Navy Claude Swanson opposes the
bill to grant American citizenship to the people of
Guam in view of the "uncertainties" in the Far East
and the prospective withdrawal of the United States
from the Philippines, as such a grant of citizenship
might "aggravate the danger to peaceful international
relations".

President Quezon arrives in Mexico City and is
receivea by Foreign Minister Eduardo Hay and U. S.
Ambassador Josephus Daniels at the railroad station.
President Cardenas is on a provincial inspection
trip.

Philippine Resident Commissioner Paredes states
that Manila reports that he will resign to run for the
Assembly and eventually for the presidency, "ham-
pers my work here". "It is too early to discuss my
future plans. We are engaged now in vital nego-
tiations for earlier independence and personal factors
that might cause jealousies or other difficulties should
be left out of consideration".

Other Countries

March 13 — Thousands of Libyan Arabs and others
camped along the road cheer Premier Benito Mus-
solini on his way to Tripoli, calling him the "protector
of our race and religion".

The League of Nations makes public a telegram
from Foreign Minister Julio del Vayo stating that
Italy and Germany plan a joint naval attack on
Valencia and Barcelona "under pretext of guarding
the coast". The Spanish government has also
addressed a note to the League asking that its mem-
bers be informed of the tremendous numbers of
Italian regulars participating in the fascist offensive
on the Guadalajara front, aided by German soldiers
and aviators.

David Lloyd George announces he will protest
to the Civil List Committee because no funds have
been set aside for former King Edward VIII. "It
will be scandalous if the former King is omitted.
He abdicated in order not to make it difficult for the
reigning King. To make no provision for him is the
height of meanness and shows a touch of vindictive-
ness."

March 14- — French officials state that Italy's
reply to Britain's new Locarno treaty proposals are
"entirely unacceptable". It is stated that Musso-
lini proposed that Britain and Italy substitute for
the Council of the League in designating the aggressor,
and the French say this would paralize their mutual
assistance systems with Russia, Poland, and Czecho-
slovakia and makeMussolini the "arbiter of peace and
war in Europe".

Russian Ambassador Ivan Maisky in London
states that "our two frontiers have been made well-
nigh impregnable by great fortifications and armies
and a huge air force. I say with full responsibility
for every word that we are strong enough to repel
singlehanded any attack by any foreign power or
any combination of powers". The statement is

interpreted as a warning to Germany and Japan.

March 15. — General Francisco Franco, fascist
leader, is reported to have captured 35 miles of
ground and 43 towns during the past week's fighting
in the vicinity of Madrid. It is said the loyalist
morale is breaking. Madrid has sent urgent appeals
for aid to Valencia. The road to Valencia is still
open but being constantly shelled and the city is
said to face starvation.

March 16. — Mussolini makes a triumphant entry
into Tripoli, capital of Italian Libya, mounted on
a white Arabian horse. He piloted a plane part of
the way and came the rest of it by automobile. He
is quoted as speaking contemptously of the "neuro-
pathic alarm over my trip in the more or less demo-
cratic countries". He states Italy has not forgotten
the League's insult in imposing sanctions during the
Ethiopian war.

The King's Civil List presented to Parliament
contains no reference to Edward, and it is stated
the government will pay him no pension because
of its objections to his proposed marriage to Mrs
Wallis Warfield Simpson. The royal family ij
expected to make him an allowance out of their own
pockets.

The fascists halt their attack on Madrid because
of the stubborn resistance and return to aerial bomb-
ardment of the city, shifting the troop attack to the
western front.

According to missionary reports, the Mongols of
western Chahar have proclaimed a "new nation
similar to Manchukuo" and have called it Mon-
gokuo. The new "state" is about the size of Ohio
and is bounded by Suiyuan, Outer Mongolia, Jehol
and the Chinese Wall. Teh Wang, a Mongol prince
under Japanese influence, is believed to be playing
the leading role. Numerous Japanese "advisers"
are attached to the new regime. Japanese troops
in the region have recently been withdrawing. The
Japanese War Office calims it has no information.

Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, former British
foreign minister, dies in London, aged 73.

March 17. — Rebel leaders at Seville assert that the
loyalist government at Valencia has offered to cede
Spanish Morocco to Britain and France in exchange
for aid. It is also reported that Britain and France
have already decided to decline the offer. A full
division of 8,000 Italian troops are reported to have
replaced the Moors, Carlists, and Civil Guard units
on the Cordoba front, and the British Ambassador
at Rome is instructed to make "urgent inquiries"
of the Italian government in this connection. The
Dutch collier Jonge Johanna, seized by the rebels
at Ceuta, is hurriedly released on the same day with
cargo intact after the Netherlands government
threatened to take direct action and ordered Dutch
warships to take whatever action was necessary to
rescue the ship. The government warns that any
further seizure of Dutch ships would be regarded
as piracy as Holland has not recognized the Franco
"government".

HHHE three-color
cover of this
Magazine is the
work of

A. GARCIA

engravers of fine
process cuts.

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATIONS

BUREAU OF POSTS
Manila

SWORN STATEMENT
(Required by Act 2580)

The undersigned A. V. H. Hartendorp, owner and publisher of PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE, published monthly, in Manila, Province of Manila, P. I., after having
been duly sworn in accordance with law hereby submits the following statement
of ownership, management, circulation, etc., as required by Act 2580 of the Philippine
Legislature:

Name Post Office Address

Editor: A. V. H. Hartendorp 217 Dasmarinas

Publisher: A. V. H. Hartendorp 217 Dasmarinas

Business Manager: A. V. H. Hartendorp 217 Dasmarinas

Owners or stockholders holding one per cent or more of interest, stock, bonds
or other securities:

Name Post Office Address
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total value: (If no outstanding securities so state; state nature of security if any).

Name Post Office Address
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(Signature) A. V. H. Hartendorp
(Owner or Publisher)

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 24th of March, 1937, the declarant
having exhibited his cedula No. F-50777 issued at Manila on February 24, 1937.

ARSENIO SY SANTOS

Notary Public.

My commission expires Dec. 31, 1938.

[Seal]
Doc. 95. Page 10.
B jok II. Series of 1937.

tfay, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

237

Several persons are killed and more than 150
wounded in a serious riot in the industrial section
0f Paris when communists broke up a rightist meeting.

A score of persons are injured in Jerusalem by a
bomb in rioting following the killing of three Jews
last week.

Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden states that the
Italian radio broadcast to the effect that British
planes are using poison gas against Arab tribes near
Aden is entirely unfounded.

Emperor Haile Selassie, now living in Switzerland,
appeals to the League to appoint a commission to
inquire into the alleged attrocities in Ethiopia and
denounces the "execution of Ras Desta and other
Ethiopian chiefs taken prisoner on the battlefield."

The Bolivian government issues a decree summarily
cancelling the Standard Oil Company's concessions
and confiscating its vast holdings in the country,
the decree charging the Company with defrauding the
national revenues of 3,000,000 Bolivian pesos by
exporting oil through a secret pipe-line to Argentina,
thus avoiding the payment of taxes and royalties.

March 18. — Mussolini lauds Moslem assistance to
Italy during the Ethiopian war and declares the
Roman Empire will soon demonstrate "how much
Italy is interested in improving your destiny".
Waving the "Sword of Islam", a gift to him from
native chiefs, he promises that their "desires for peace
and well-being will be fulfilled, according to the wishes
of the Prophet". Visiting the Jewish quarters at
Tripoli yesterday, he sated that "Rome is just and
pious and has always treated her sons as would a
great mother" — this being interpreted as a rejection
of anti-Semitism.

Emperor Sela ssie charges at Geneva that the Italian
slaughtered 6,000 Ethiopians in reprisal for the at-
tempted assasination of Marshal Rodolfo Graziani,
the Viceroy in Ethiopia.

Spanish rebels announce that the attack on Madrid
will not be resumed "until the weather improves".

Two million persons take part in a half-day general
strike in Paris and surrounding municipalities,
demanding the destruction of French fascism and in
protest against the "fascist provocation" which
led to the riot yesterday.

Prince Yasuhito Chichibu, brother of Emperor
Hirohito, leaves Japan for London as Japan's official
representative at the coronation of King George VI.

March 19. — Reported that wooly-haired Ethio-
pians, lent to General Franco by Mussolini, have
appeared in the field; also that Italian troops in the
Guadalajara regions have suffered serious losses
and retreated in a panic, more than half of the terri-
tory taken by the insurgents last week having been
retaken by the government. The Spanish com-
mander, Gen. Jose Miaja states: "Are these the men
upon the countries which would enslave the world
must rely? Then I say, Democratic countries,
awaken! Do not fear these armies of tin soldiers.
Their inefficiency has been disclosed in Spain which

has been invaded by troops of Hitler and Mussolini
with the complicity of Spanish traitors".

Chinese officials at Hankow are indignant at the
refusal of Japanese concession authorities to cooper-
ate with the Chinese air defense maneuvers this week
in extinguishing street and private light during night
air raid practice. Other foreign authorities are
extending full cooperation.

The Japanese military warn a Japanese economic
mission headed by Kenji Kodama, former Chairman
of the Yokohama Specie Bank, to stay out of North
China. A rival Japanese mission, headed by Count
Okura, will shortly visit China under the army's
auspices. The much-advertised Japanese moderate
policy has not yet stopped the rampant smuggling.

March 20. — Replying to interpellations in the Diet,
Foreign Minister Naotake Sato reverses his previous
declarations and asserts that there is no fundamental
change in the Empire's foreign policy, and he endorses
Premier Senjuro Hayashi's statement that the situa-
tion in Manchukuo is "so tense that it may explode".
Reported that "bandits" attacked the Japanese in
three different places in Manchukuo today — at
Ilan, Tangua, and Hsinching.

March 21. — Mussolini concludes his ten-day visit
to Libya and returns to Rome.

A pastoral letter from Pope Pius is read in German
catholic churches, accusing the Nazis of violating
the 1933 concordat and encouraging anti-Christian
movements.

The All-India Congress, meeting at New Delhi,
adjourns after adopting a resolution calling upon
the British government to withdraw the new consti-
tution which becomes operative on April 1.

March 22. — Government forces defending Maarid
and surrounding towns turn the general rebel re-
treat into a virtual rout. The fascists abandoned
tanks, trucks, and guns, including Italian field pieces,
so hastily that the government forces were able
immediately to turn them on the fleeing fascists.
Madrid newspapers compare the retreat to the historic
Italian defeat at Caporetto during the World War.
General Miaja attributes the defeat of the Italian
units as due to "lack of fighting spirit among the
imported troops". The Spanish government sends
a note to the British government for transmission
to the International Non-intervention Committee
declaring that it can not admit to control of the
coast of Spain by nations which are openly inter-
vening in the civil war on the side of the rebels.

In an encyclical made public today, the Pope
reproaches Germany "for conditions of spiritual
oppression such as have never before been witnessed".
He affirms the Church's innocence of disturbing the
peace and accuses the government of distorting the
facts. He also declares that anyone daring to place
a simple mortal beside and above Christ is a "sense-
less prophet of absurdity" and urges that all German
Catholics hold fast to the fundamental doctrine of a
personal God of all peoples.

King Leopold of Belgium comes to England for a
brief visit.

After seven months of draught famine is reoorted
from Shensi province as well as Szechuan and Honan,
and there have already been hundreds of deaths.

March 23. — Reported that 10,000 Italians have
launched an attack on Pozoblanco, half way between
Madrid and Gibraltar. Italian Ambassador Dino
Grandi informs the Non-intervention Committee
that Italy refuses to discuss a proposed agreement
for the removal of foreign volunteers from Spain.
The Italian government informs the British govern-
ment thai, the reported landings of troops at Cadiz
on March 5 after the international ban on volunteers
went into effect, was merely a contingent of volunteer
doctors and nurses. The Rome Messagero calls
Lord Plymouth, Chairman of the Non-intervention
Committee, and the French and Russian Ambassadors
in London "the three geese" in Moscow's attempt
to secure the withdrawal of foreign volunteers from
Spain at a moment most suitable for Valencia.
Mussolini, in a speech in honor of the eighteenth
anniversary of fascism, bitterly attacks the foreign
critics of his regime, evidently prompted by attacks
regarding the recent shootings of Ethiopians and
derision of his trip to Libya.

Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugo-
slavia are reported planning an alliance to free them-
selves from entangling bonds which would draw them
into a war, and Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland,
Esthonia, Lithuania, and Latvia are also reported
to be planning a Baltic entente for the same reason.

A semi-official Nazi communique states that priests,
encouraged by the Pope, are inciting Catholic Germans
against the government.

Hunger riots break out in Honan where a quarter
of a million of farmers are threatened with starva-
tion.

March 24. — London officials are said to consider
Mussolini's refusal to agree to a plan to withdraw
all foreign volunteers from Spain as an avowal of
Italian intervention. The Russian Ambassador
throws the Non-intervention Committee session into
an uproar when he asserts that Italy's alleged inter-
vention "imperils the peace of all Europe". Valencia
reports that a "large number" of German airplanes
have flown over Swiss territory and entered Spam
to assist the rebels.

Following a debate in the Chamber of Deputies
on the subject of the recent Paris riots, Premier
Leon Blum is given a vote of confidence of 362 to
215.

March 25. — Spanish troops, singing as they go,
slowly force the insurgent army near Pozoblanco
to retreat toward Alcaracejos. Other Spanish forces
are assaulting the upper Guadalajara region in an
attempt to capture San Cristobal. Meanwhile the
rebels bomb Madrid severely from the air. French
Foreign Minister Yvon Delbos is reported to have
declared to the British and German Ambassadors

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238

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

that France will seek British aid in blockading the
Spanish coast unless Mussolini will observe the
accord, and France is said to have already ordered
its Atlantic squadron to relieve the smaller Mediter-
ranean squadron. Rome newspapers state that the
outcome of the Spanish war depends on "Italian
volunteers" fighting in it. British authorities are
reported to have made clear that they are unwilling
to risk war with Italy or Germany in order to make
non-intervention effective, and it is said that "the
belief appeared general" that Italy "must" send
more volunteers into Spain in view of the reported
severe defeats the Italian units have suffered there.
"Gravest anxiety" is reported created in London
by the Paris reports that France is ready to ask for
coercive action.

The recent wholesale massacres at Addis Ababa
are discussed in the House of Commons and Lloyd
George asks what action the British government
is taking. He cries shame on the League for not
having voiced even a protest against the "most
horrible massacre in fifty years" and states that the
shooting of Ras Desta is without comparison in
modern history. "He fights for his country and is
shot like a dog for doing so without a word of protest
from the leading countries of the League.

The official German reply to the Pope's charges is
that there has been no violation of the concordat
of 1933 as this is only the skeleton of a treaty and
negotiations are not yet concluded.

Japanese newspapers in Shanghai claim that China
and Russia have reached an agreement recognizing
the status quo in Mongolia and also providing that
Russia will not assist communist sin China and China
will conclude no anti-communist agreement with
any foreign power.

March 26. — The Spanish government addresses
a scathing note to Foreign Minister Eden, asserting
its right to purchase arms and ammunitions without
foreign interference. "The Spanish rebellion would
have ended months ago if the democracies of Europe
had not through their mistakes and suicidal policies
denied Spanish democracy the means of defense".
Fired by the successes of the last few days, the loyal-
ists are pushing confidently toward Avila. Madrid
celebrates as screaming headlines in the newspapers
announces that Franco's siege is cracking. It is
reported that "tremendous numbers" of Italian
bodies have been found lying in positions never
attacked and it is believed they may have mutinied
and been executed by the rebels. It is stated in
Rome that Mussolini is ready to send fresh Black -
Shirt troops to Spain, the decision depending upon
the course of battle during the next few days. The
German Algemeine Zeitung states: "Italy has clearly
stated it will never allow Spain to fall into the hands
of the bolsheviks. In this respect there exists a
complete and unrestricted agreement between Ger-
many and Italy!

Announced that Italy and Yugoslavia have signed
a five-year political and non-aggression pact.

Anti- Jewish boycotts and disturbances breakout
in Warsaw amid strikes of workers who are demand-
ing higher wages to meet price increases.

March 27. — Foreign Minister Sato hands ^ the
British Ambassador a note declining the British
invitation to adhere to a 14-inch limitation of naval
guns.

The British government orders the construction
of sixteen additional 11,650-ton destroyers.

March 28. — Nanking officials state that reports of
a new agreement with Russia are without founda-
tion.

Authorities in Yeungkon, China, massacre 75
lepers, including 25 women. Foreign missionaries
are accused of paying the lepers to spread the disease.

March 29. — Gen. Emilio Mola is releived of the
rebel command in the Madrid sector and transferred
to Vitorio. Reported that in Tangier 30 officers
and soldiers attached to the aircraft station at Tetuan,
rebel stronghold, have been executed following the
discovery of a military conspiracy againsn. the fascists
in control.

Former King Edward leaves Enzesfeld Castle
for St. Wolfgang, in the upper Austrian lake country.

March SO. — The rebels in southern Spain execute
nearly 100 soldiers for plotting a mutiny against
General Franco because of his yielding military
commands to Italian officers. Eighteen men are
executed at Malaga after the uncovering of a plot
to assasinate Franco.

Mahatma Gandhi accuses Britain of breaking
its pledge to give India an autonomous government.
Indian party leaders are continuing to denounce the
new constitution as an "ugly sham which fails to
increase native authority" and have refused to form
constitutional cabinets in many provinces. The
authorities are taking steps to prevent disorders and
have banned processions and demonstrations. The
National Congress Party order complete stoppage
of work on April 1 in an India-wide protest.

The British Independent Labor Party meeting
at Glasgow adopts a resolution favoring the creation
of a Revolutionary International which would unite
all "real" revolutionary sections of the world's work-
ing classes and the holding of a world congress ot
working classes in Barcelona in May. The resolu-
tion declares that the Communists International has
failed by collaborating with capitalist governments
and betraying the Spanish workers. Previously
the Convention adopted a resolution against Russia,
charging the recent Moscow trials have created
bewilderment and uneasiness among a large section
of the working class and that Soviet foreign policy
and commerce with the League as well as recent
pacts with capitalists governments have had a de-
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morale. "The danger of the Soviet dictatorship
becoming merely an instrument for the retention
of bureaucratic power is great", according to the
resolution.

A great Japanese armada, consisting of the First
and Second Fleets, totalling 58 ships carrying 35,000
men, arrives at Tsingtao for spring maneuvers off
the North China coast.

March 81. — The Spanish government launches a
broad offensive and the rebel fascists are reported
to be in a critical plight, their influence showing
evidence of having been undermined in their own
territory, including Morocco and antagonism between
German and Italian volunteers in Spain adding to
the difficulties. They are reported to have crushed
a conspiracy at Tangier, Morocco, by summarily
executing 50 men and arresting over 1000 other
officers and soldiers. It is also reported that there
were 110 executions at Ceuta on Sunday with 400
arrests, including high officers and many airmen.
Reports from Algeciras state that 50 conspirators
were executed there. Hundreds of Askaris, Italian
black colonial troops, believed to have come from
Somaliland, arrive in Spanish Morocco wearing
Italian uniforms and led by Italian officers.

The American legation at Addis Ababa is closed
and henceforth American-Ethiopian relations will be
handled by the United States Embassy at Rome
it is stated there. Italians are surprised that the
diplomatic post was not simply reduced to a con-
sulate, as was the British Legation. It is stated on
"good authority" in Washington that the State
Department decided on this course when Italian
authorities refused to recognize the American Consul,
Morris Hughes, until he recognized King Victor
Emmanuel as Emperor of Ethiopia and that to avoid
doing so he has been conducting his business while
registered under an ordinary tourist passport.

Gandhi states, "If my formula has been accepted,
it might have prevented the present crisis and resulted
in an orderly and peaceful transference of power from
a bureaucracy to the largest democracy in the world."
Emperor Hirohito, acting on the advice of Premier
Hayashi, dissolves the Diet following a crisis that
arose when the two major parties, the Minseito and
the Seiyuki, demanded the immediate submission
to the Diet of a revised election law which would
provide greater freedom from police supervision of
the elections, and threatened to obstruct the passage
of important bills if this demand were refused; the
Cabinet thereupon deciding that it was "impcssible
to continue working with the present membership
of the Diet". The huge armament budget and
several other important measures had already been
passed. April 30 has been set as the date for new
elections.

The Japanese fleet on manuevers "captures"
Tsingtao and as thousands of Japanese take over the
city without firing a shot, shop-keepers are doing
a roaring business, but Chinese newspapers call the
move a "threatening demonstration toward China,
exposing the contradiction between Japanese words
and actions".

April 1 — The Spanish government sends a note to
Britain charging that the "Italian campaign in Spain
is really an invasion". The note is accompanied
by documents allegedly issued by the Italian general
staff 1

The Central Executive Committee of the Chinese
government grants Premier Chiang Kai-shek's
request for a two months leave of absence. Wang
Chung-hui, new Foreign Minister, is appointed acting
President of the Executive Yuan.

April 2. — Fifteen thousand insurgent soldiers,
said to be mostly Italians, are reported to have been
caught in a trap twenty miles ncrhtwest of Cordoba,
government troops controlling the only road connect-
ing them with other rebel forces. The rebels make
a rapid advance in the Bilbao sector, also with active
Italian cooperation, and are said to have reached a
point 25 miles north of the city. . ..

The first day of the new constitution in India
passed quietly, it is reported, except for a few ™™ox
incidents. Most of the shops and offices were closed
in protest. A significant feature was the unexpect-
edly large Moslem participation in the anti-constitu-
tion observances in spite of the call of the President
of the All-India Moslem League to his coreligionists
not to take part. n „rtrt ... .

Reported from Hongkong that £8,000,000 will be
immediately expended in the construction ot two
additional fortresses and in doubling the anti-aircrait
defenses there unless Japan will agree to jesm«
Pacific fortifications. It is reported also that China
has decided to undertake the development ot tnc
strategic island of Hainan, off the southwest coast,
the development being said to be backed by tnc

A group of 27 persons headed by Finance Minister
H. H. Kung leaves Shanghai for England to attend
the coronation ceremonies. The inclusion ot some
of China's leading economists in the Pf^yBive
rise to the rumor that the matter of British financial
assistance to Chin<a may be discussed.

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May, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

239

April 8. — The Foreign Ministers of Czechoslo-
vakia, Yugoslavia, and Rumania, after a three-day
meeting in Belgrade, announce they have reached
an agreement on "preserving Central European
'family' peace with the cooperation of Austria,
Hungary, and Italy", and that the Little Entente
will continue to support the League and negotia-
tions for a new Locarno treaty.

April 4' — The Spanish rebels report an important
victory on the northern front and capture Ochan-
diano, pressing on toward Durango. However,
government forces report that they were short of
ammunitions and that they have just received 50,000
rifles and 50,000,000 rounds of ammunition which
arrived on the loyalist steamer Abra, flying the
Panama flag.

April 5. — Gen. Queipo de Llano, rebel commander,
states that the captured loyalist ship, the Mar Can-
tabrico, with a cargo of munitions from the United
States, carried nothing but one Douglas, motor
which exploded in mid-air, 12 cannon "good only
to decorate parks", 20 out-dated machine guns, and,
as the "only useful cargo," "2,000,000 rounds of
dum-dum bullets manufactured in the United States".
"Ah, these Americans! These so-called friends of
humanity 1"

The International Sugar Conference opens in
London with representatives of twenty-two nations
in attendance. The proceedings are opened by
Lord President of the Council Ramsay MacDonald
who, as Prime Minister, was the Chairman of the
1933 Conference. Sir William Ormsby-Gore, Colo-
nial Secretary,, is elected Vice-Chairman. The
Cuban delegates contend that the Chadburne agree-
ment of 1931 has failed to raise world prices and that
the sacrifice made by Cuba has been partly fruitless.

American delegate Norman Davis attributes the
depression in the world sugar market mainly to big
increases is subsidized production in regions better
suited to other staples and decalres that consumers
everywhere are paying more than they would if
production were encouraged only in the most effi-
cient sugar producing areas. The world's annual
production of sugar before the War was 20,000,000
tons which has risen to 30,000,000 tons. The pre-
war price of P100 a ton rose to P 1,400 during the
War and has since declined to P65.

April 6. — While the Spanish government claims
smashing victories on other fronts, the rebels continue
their advance in the north aided by Italian tanks
and pursuit planes and German bombers. For the
first time in the region, Russian tanks appear on the
loyalist side. General Mola issues an ultimatum
demanding surrender. "If submission is not imme-
diate, Vizcaya will be destroyed. I have all the
necessary means", he declares. Government des-
troyers, shell Ceuta, rebel stronghold opposite
Gibraltar. The British destroyer Gallant is bombed
from the air off the eastern coast of Spain and the
attacking planes are driven off by gun-fire. A
British freighter, interfered with by a rebel trawler
and warned not to proceed to Bilbao, is aided by
British destroyers called by radio and conducted to
its destination.

A Japanese monoplane, Divine Wind, takes off
at Tokyo for London on a coronation good will flight,
in an attempt to break the record.

April 7. — The Italian press declares that the inter-
national neutrality agreement is a "scandalous
farce" and that France and Russia are daily sending
volunteers to Spain, while loyalists forces are com-
manded by French officers. The British having

given cautious expression to the suspicion that the
attacks on British warships are to be credited to the
Italians, newspapers in Rome show an increased
bitterness and La Tribuna states editorially that the
British supremacy in the Mediterranean "has historic-
ally ended" and that it would be advisable for Britain
to "recognize Italian rights in the sea rather than to
fight them". The Spanish insurgents apologize
for the mistake of their airmen in bombing the British
destroyer Gallant.

Heavy rains during the past 24 hours rejoice the
people of Chunking, China, where the peasants
have been eating "white mud" and tree bark and
roots and many have starved to death.

The Divine Wind arrives at Calcutta, having cov-
ered the 3,700 miles in just over 35 hours by way
of Taihoku, Vientiance, and Rangoon.

April 9. — Spanish troops on the Cordoba front
force 10,000 Italian and German fighters through
Chimorra mountains in wild retreat, capturing many
guns and supplies. Europe generally is reported
jittery because of fear that Mussolini is near an open
break with France and Russia because of the fascist
reverses in Spain. While widespread demoraliza-
tion is reported among the rebels, their position on
the Basque front is strong, although they have aban-
doned Durango after a brief occupation.

Authori ies in Yeungkong, continue their efforts
to expel or kill the sick in the region, including the
blind as well as the lepers, and terror reigns among
these unfortunates. Missionaries say the prime
blame for the situation lies with the government
in failing to provide places of refuge for these afflicted
derelicts.

The Divine Wind reaches the Croydon (London)
airdrome, having made the flight from Tokyo in a
little over 86 hours.

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240

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

May, 1937

Astronomical Data for
May, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

May 1.. 5:34 a.m. 6:13 p.m.
May 6.. 5:31a.m. 6:14p.m.
May 12.. 5:29a.m. 6:16p.m.
May 18.. 5:27a.m. 6:17p.m.
May 24.. 5:26a.m. 6:19p.m.
May 31.. 5:26 a.m. 6:21p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
(Upper Limb)

__ Rises Sets

May 1 ..10:50 p.m. 9:38 a.m.

}Jay 2 11:34 p.m. 10:30 a.m.

JJay 3 11:22 a.m.

Jfay 4 12:18 a.m. 12:14 p.m.

JJay 5 1:00 a.m. 1:07 p.m.

May 6 1:42 a.m. 2:00 p.m.

May 7 2:25 a.m. 2:56 p.m.

May 8 3:11a.m. 3:55 p.m.

May 9 3:59 a.m. 4:57 p.m.

May 10 4:52 a.m. 6:02 p.m.

May 11 5:50 a.m. 7:08 p.m.

May 12 6:51 a.m. 8:13 p.m.

May !3 7:54 a.m. 9:14 p.m.

May 14 8:58 a.m. 10:10 p.m.

May 15 9:58 a.m. 11:01 p.m.

May 16 10:55 a.m. 11:46 p.m.

May 17 11:49 a.m.

May 18 12:40 p.m. 12:28 a.m.

May 19 1:30 p.m. 1:07 a.m.

May 20. 2:18 p.m. 1:45 a.m.

May 21 3:05 p.m. 2:23 a.m.

May 22 3:53 p.m. 3:01a.m.

May 23 4:42 p.m. 3:41a.m.

May 24 5:32 p.m. 4:22 a.m.

May 25 6:22 p.m. 5:08 a.m.

May 26 7:12 p.m. 5:55 a.m.

May 27 8:00 p.m. 6:44 a.m.

May 28 8:48 p.m. 7:35 a.m.

May 29 9:33 p.m. 8:26 a.m.

May 30 10:15 p.m. 9:18 a.m.

May 31 10:57 p.m. 10:09 a.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 4th at 2:37 a.m.

New Moon on the 10th at 9:18 p.m.

First Quarter on the 17th at 2:49 p.m.

Full Moon on the 25th at 3:38 p.m.

Perigee on the 11th at 2:00 a.m.

Apogee on the 24th at 9:00 p.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 5:13 a. m. and sets 5:47 p. m.
The planet is too close to the sun for observation.

VENUS rises at 3:31 a. m. and sets at 3:49 p. m.
About an hour before sunrise, the planet will be
found well up in the eastern sky in the costellation
of Pisces.

MARS rises at 6:42 p. m. and sets at 5:56 a. m.
During the entire night, the planet will be found in
the constellation of Scorpius.

JUPITER rises at 10:48 p. m. on the 14th and
sets at 10:02 a. m. on the 15th. After midnight,
the planet will be found in the eastern sky in the'
constellation of Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 2:38 a. m. and sets at 2:36 p. m.
Before sunrise the planet may be found in the eastern
sky in the constellation of Pisces.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m.

North of the Zenith
Vega in Lyra
Arcturus in Bootes
Regulus in Leo
Castor and Pollux in

Gemini

South of the Zenith
Antares in Scorpius
Spica in Virgo
Alpha and Beta Centauri
Alpha Crucis (in the

Southern Cross
Procyon in Canis Minor

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

announces the opening
of his laboratory of

Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambra

(Heme Studio Building) Ermita

Tel. No. 2-34-98

Pupils! Students!

HELP yourself and your parents by providing for your own school books this year and perhaps for the books needed
by your brothers and sisters, too. They don't have to cost you one centavo. Simply go to your relatives and friends
in your town and get them to subscribe to the Philippine Magazine for one year, at two pesos the subscription, send
us their names and addresses and the money, and you will have your books, postage paid, by return mail. If enough of
your relatives and friends can't help you, ask some of your teachers whether they would like to subscribe, or some of the
officials of your town, the professional men, and the merchants. Such people like the Philippine Magazine. Get to work
now. Show them this issue of the Magazine. Show them this advertisement. Most of the people you approach will
be glad to help you get an education.

Books needed in the different grades

GRADE V

Philippine Readers, Book V, Revised Pi. 67

Essentials of English, Fifth Grade 1.60

Stone- Winkel Arithmetic, Book I, Revised. .. 1.40

Intermediate Geography, New Edition 4.28

Elementary Civics, Grade V 1. 57

Character and Conduct, Book 1 1. 67

Progressive Music Series, Book II 2. 16

P14.35
GRADE VI

Philippine Readers, Book VI, Revised PI. 76

Essentials of English, Sixth and Seventh Grades 2. 05

Stone- Winkel Arithmetic, Book II, Revised.. 1.75

Intermediate Geography, New Edition 4. 28

Elementary Civics, Grade VI 1. 59

Character and Conduct, Book II 1.67

Progressive Music Series, Book III 2.30

P15.40
GRADE VII

Philippine Readers, Book VII, Revised Pi. 85

Essentials of English, Sixth and Seventh Grades 2. 05

Stone- Winkel Arithmetic, Book II, Revised l 75
Brief History of the Philippines, Fernandez,

Revised 2 35

New Pioneers, Wade 2 15

Philippine Civics: How We Govern Ourselves 1.94

Character and Conduct, Book III 1 gj

Health Through Knowledge and Habits 1^64

Number of

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Books needed in the different grades

FIRST YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Philippine High School Readers, Book One. . P2. 34

Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volume One ... .70

English Fundamentals for Filipino Students. . 3. 08
History of the American People, Beard and

Bagley 3. 55

Elementary Community Civics, Hughes 2.95

Elementary Algebra, Edgerton and Carpenter 3. 36

P15

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P15.60

Books needed in the different grades

FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

English and American Writers P3. 45

English in Action, Book Two 4. 24

History of the Philippines, Benitez 4. 19

Philippine Government, Malcolm and Kalaw. 5. 24

New Practical Physics, Black and Davis 3.77

New Laboratory Experiments in Practical

Physics 2. 50

Principles of Economics Applied to the Phil-
ippines 5.12

P28. 51

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SECOND YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Philippine High School Readers, Book Two. . P2. 34

Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volume Two. . . .70

English Fundamentals for Filipino Students.. 3.08

Modern Times and the Living Past, Elson... 5.80

Plane Geometry, Strader and Rhoads 3.42

General Science for Philippine Schools 4.00

P19.34

THIRD YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Silas Marner, Eliot PI . 32

Adventures in Story Land, de Mille 2. 42

Book of Make-Believe 2. 42

English in Action, Book Two 4. 24

Modern Times and the Living Past, Elson... 5.80
History of the Orient, Steiger-Beyer-Benitez. 4.48
Second Course in Algebra, Edgerton and Car-
penter 2.91

New Civic Biology, Hunter and Uichanco . . . 4.50

Laboratory Manual for New Civic Biology. . . 1. 65
Applied Arithmetic for Philippine High Schools,

Tan 3.40

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PHILIPPINE

MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

June, 1937

No. 6 (350)

THE GYMNASTS

Twenty Centavos the Copy

Gavino R. Congson

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

SCHOOL DAYS ARE HERE AGAIN!

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In returning to School, as when you went on vacation you will want to use the

MANILA RAILROAD

AND ITS ALLIED BUS LINES

Economy

Riding Ease

Safety

Speed

The Test of Dependability of the Railroad is its ability to be the
last to give up running trains and the first to resume service
when forces of nature cause transportation interruption.

Choose to travel where you can enjoy home comforts

BUY ROUND TRIP TICKETS

For information, inquire or

write to

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COM PA NY

MANILA

PHILIPPINE
MAG A ZI NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR JUNE, 1937 No. 6 (350)

The Cover:

"The Gymnasts" Gavino Reyes Congson Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 242

News Summary 243

Editorials:

"Islands" — Note for the Economic Advisory Council —

Treaties and Gunpowder — "Alternatives" in Modern

Life— "The Political Laboratory of the Far East" The Editor 249-251

The Blacksmith (Verse) Jose Velez Yasay 251

"White" Russians on the China Coast Marc T. Greene 252

Filipino Idyll (Verse) Dee Vere 253

The Smell of Green Apples (Story) C. V. Pedroche 254

Sunset (Verse) Silvestre L. Tagarao 255

On December Typhoons Frank G. Haughwout 256

O Perfect Day (Story) Esttella D. Alfon 258

Finance and Investment Section:

Is Short-Selling "Lawful"? John Truman 260

Approach to Modern Art Gladys Traynor 264

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog".. . 265

Prelude to Meeting (Verse) "Filomena" 266

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 277

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarinas, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: P2.00 in the Philippines, P4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change in address, please
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

242

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

*°GES PLEASE 1**

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Distributors

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

T^XPORTS appear to
-*-■' have declined some-
what in April, a short-
age of ships continuing a
limiting factor. Although
uhe maritime strike was
settled in February and
regular schedules resumed,
insistent demand for freight
space from other countries
appears to have diverted
some space from the Phil-
ippines, the local shortage
being merely a phase of a worldwide shipping short-
age. Sugar exports were lower than in March and
only about 60 percent as great as in April, 1936.
Copra exports improved as facilities for unloading
at Pacific Coast ports became available, but they were
still moderate, as were shipments of oils. Copra cake
went in good volume to Europe and desiccated
coconut exports were very good. Exports of cigars
and leaf tobacco improved somewhat. Log ship-
ments to Japan apparently fell off but lumber ship-
ments to the East Coast of the United States were
very good. Abaca exports to Europe fell off, follow-
ing the heavy shipments in March but exports to the
United States were very good. Gold shipments were
about the same as in March but about 25 percent
greater than in April last year. Abaca prices were
firm and prices of most other export commodities,
excepting copra and coconut oil, steady.

The export sugar market was very quiet during
the month, with a slight reduction in quotations.
The domestic consumption market continued easy
throughout the month, the liberal quota not encourag-
ing expectation of higher prices.

Copra arrivals continued moderate but prices fell
off sharply throughout the month, in sympathy with
the American market for oil. The trend of the copra
and coconut oil markets was easy at the end of the
month. Production is expected to increase sub-
stantially in the last half of the year and prices will
probably not regain the high level of the first quarter.
Exports should increase as freight space becomes
available. Desiccating plants are now having little
trouble in getting nuts and with the reduced price
of copra, together with a price increase in desiccated
coconut, should be able to operate at a profit.

Abaca prices were firm during the month for all
the Manila grades, with the higher grades advancing
more than the lower. Davao prices were steady to
firm during most of the month, but the lower grades
eased off in the last ten days. Exports to the United
States continued heavy in anticipation of the freight
rate increase announced for May 1. Shipments to
Europe fell off, following the freight rate increase
which became effective April 1.

The leaf tobacco market was quiet. Exports
improved due to a fairly large shipment of leaf to
Italy and a continued good market for scraps in the
United States. Cigar exports to the United States
continue to improve gradually and exports to other
countries were better than usual in April. The
Cagayan Valley crop will apparently be about 25
percent under last year.

The rice market was a little easier, with reduced
demand from consuming centers and increased
arrivals. The National Rice and Corn Corporation
was not active as a buyer or seller.

Gold production again exceeded P4, 000, 000 and
was a little greater than in March. A moderate
increase is expected in May. Iron ore shipments
to Japan were normal and 3,500 tons of chrome ore
were shipped to the United States. Base metal
shipments to the United States will increase as freight
space becomes available. The Far East Oil Develop-
ment Company was revived m April and obtained a
permit to drill in the Bondoc Peninsula.

The value of import collections w?s 19 percent
lower than in March but 33 percent greater than in
April last year. The expected increase in collections

in April did not materialize but an increase in May
is believed probable. Imported goods are in very
good demand, the principal impediments to trade
being a shortage of shipping and the inability of manu-
facturers in some lines to fill orders promptly. Prices
in many lines have increased sharply and importers
are reluctant to place orders at present prices for
delivery four or five months ahead.

Stocks of imported goods increased in many lines,
including tires, leather, textiles and milk, but do not
appear excessive. Stocks of flour and canned fish
declined somewhat. Stocks of automobiles and
trucks are extremely low and dealers are still unable
to fill all orders. Flour prices continue low, there
still being substantial stocks of American flour pur-
chased some months ago at low prices and only
recently delivered. Prices on most lines are steady
to firm.

Consolidated bank figures showed an increase in
cash and demand deposits and a decline in loans,
discounts and overdrafts. Balances due by local
branches to foreign head offices declined moderately.
These changes were seasonal and more moderate than
usual due to the fact that sugar sales have been below
normal. Debits of individual accounts increased,
apparently due to dividend payments. Circulation
increased slightly. The dollar continued steady to
firm on the exchange market due to the comparative
shortage of sugar bills.

Government revenue improved notably, collections
by the Bureau of Internal Revenue being 50 percent
greater than in April last year, due mainly to income
tax and sales tax. Collections by the Buieau of Cus-
toms were a little lower than in March and about the
same as in April last year. Reports from Washington
encouraged the hope that the Philippine Government
will receive about f* 100,000,000 from coconut oil
excise tax collections and many suggestions have
been made for the use of the money, including a
merchant marine and hydro-electric development, as
well as expenditure on roads, agriculture and industry.
The government is already prepred to purchase stock
of the National Development Company in the amount
of P9,000,000, but this has not yet been done as the
National Development Company is not ready to use
the money. Industrial projects considered so tar
include a mill for making yarn for use by handweavers
in the Ilocos and other provinces and a number ot
small fish canneries. A central for drying and storing
copra is also planned.

April real estate sales in Manila totaled P3,025,256,
the largest for any month on record and an increase
of 168 percent over April, 1936. The unusually
heavy figure is, however, due to the fact that title
changed hands to a large office building, which was
actually sold several months ago. Without that trans-
action, sales in April would have been only average.

New building permits improved but are still run-
ning behind last year, amounting to F614,310 for
new construction, against 1*705,250 in April last year.
Construction costs, said to be at least 40 per cent
higher than a year ago, are apparently discouraging
some building, though there is still a great need for it.
It appears probable that building permits this year
will not reach last year's level, but they will probably
exceed those for 1935 or immediately preceding years.
Permits for April and for the first four months ot
1936 and 1937 are as follows:

April
1936 1937

^rtrw*:on::::::::::: JtSio _»

Total 738.260 650,720

Total 4 months
1936 1937

^pwa5rtru.ct:on: •.•.::•.:::•.: ^$S 'JS

Total 2,588,520 1,938,640

A fire at the end of the month destroyed or partly
destroyed some frame building on the Escolta oc-
cupied principally by shops and a restaurant.

There were 480 new radio receiving sets registered
in March and 99 cancellations. This compares with
342 new registrations and 85 cancellations in March,
1936. For the first quarter, registration totaled
1,394 and cancellations 270, compared with l.^uo
and 337 in the same period last year.

Provision was made during the month for enlarging
the Manila Stock Exchange, 15 new seats being

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental Insurance Co.

The Employer's Liability

Assurance Corporation, Ltd,
Orient Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America

E. E. ELSER, INC.

GENERAL AGENTS
Kneedler Bldg. No. 409 •

Telephone 2-24-28

June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

243

created. This will increase the membership 50 per-
cent. A dividend of P 2 2, 5 00 was paid to each of the
30 members of the exchange, who expect to receive
an additional dividend of at least as much when the
15 new seats are sold at a minimum price of F45,000
each. Plans were made at the end of the month for
liquidation of the Central Stock Exchange. It is
understood that arrangements will be made for the
members to operate as sub-brokers through the
Manila Stock Excnange. A curb exchange is being
organized to handle unlisted stocks.

There were 44 corporations newly registered in
April, with Pl5,384,500 of authorized capital, of
wnich 1*3, 768,200 was subscribed and Pl,335,720
paid-up in cash. Of the new companies, 36, wich
F3, 125,900 subscribed, are controlled by Filipincs;
seven, with F498,300 subscribed, by Americans; and
one, with 144,000 subscribed, by Cninese. As usual,
the investment is mainly in mining, with 20 companies
incorporated, having P2, 347, 400 of subscribed capital
and P7 70,900 paid-in. Mine management accounts
for four companies, with P136,500 of subscribed
•capital; a smelter (American controlled) for P40.000
of subscribed; and brokerage for two companies
with Po7, 800 of subscribed capital. Outside of
mining, the principal investments include one Amer-
ican-owned company with P 150,000 subscribed
capital eigaged in aerial transportation; one Filipino-
owned commercial enterprise, with P400,000 sub-
scribed; one Cninese-owned lumber company, with
1*144,000 subscribed and paid in; and one Filipino-
owned company, with P 100,000 subscribed and
F25,000 paid-in, to dispense recreation.

There were nine partnerships registered in April,
with total paid-up capital of P357,460, mainly in
brokerage, which accounts for four partnerships
with P310,960 of paid-up capital. Three Filipino
partnerships account for P175,000, all in brokerage;
one American partnership for P33,000, also in broker-
age; and Pl02,000 for one Spanish-owned brokerage
firm. The balance is in Chinese firms engaged in
carpentry, drug store operation and general mer-
chandising.

News Summary

The Philippines

April 8. — Assemblyman Jose
Romero and Mrs. Romero
leave for Washington on the
China Clipper.

Manila gold stock averages
drop 2.93 points to 153.21.

April 9. — Maj.-Gen. Paulino
Santos returns to Manila after
having given Colonel Miguel
Nicdao cart blanche. He states
the situation is fully under
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one-third of the 300,000 affirmative votes required on
April 30 to win the suffrage. The report has been
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have to pay the cedula tax. Women leaders say they
are not discouraged but that a great handicap is the
1 ack of campaign funds.

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Manila stock prices drop sharply, as all over the
world, following the canard that the United States
would reduce its price for gold, the gold share index
at the Manila Stock Exchange sagging 7.06 points
to 146.15. Tracing was heavy.

April 10. — Adriano Rodenas, until recently teller
and acting assistant cashier of the Insular Treasury,
is found guilty in the Manila Court of First Instance
of malversation of public funds in the sum of P20,000,
and sentenced to serve a prison term ranging from
eight to fourteen years, and a fine of P10,000, and to
indemnify the government f»20,000. The accused
will appeal.

April 11. —After six hours of fighting the Philippine
Army takes and demolishes the Makaguiling cota,
most of the outlaws, however, escaping. Two Moros
were killed and two soldiers wounded.

Vice-President Sergio Osmena gives a ball in honor
?/r ,ActinS United States High Commissioner J.
Weldon Jones at Teachers Camp, Baguio.

April 12.— Military registration which started
April 1, ends today. It is believed from still in-
complete returns that the total will not reach the
148,000 mark of last year, although a larger number
was expected from the population estimates.

Through a ruse, and making use of underground
passages, Moro outlaws regain control of the Bini-
dayan cota, one of the cotas taken yesterday by the
Army and turned over to the municipal authorities.

April 13. — Army officers are said to be planning to
ask the National Assembly to amend the National
Defense Act to permit more severe punishment for
non-registration. The Act provides for a penalty

of not more than six months imprisonment, but the
courts have been imposing sentences as light as ten
days on "slackers". It is doubted that registration
this year will reach 100,000.

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244

PHILIPPINFE M'AGAZINE

June, 1937

April 14- — Announced that President Manuel L.
Quezon has appointed Jose Paez and Paciano Di2on
to the Manila Harbor Board on recommendation of
Secretary of Finance Antonio de la Alas.

Woman registration returns reach 212,172 with
complete returns not yet received. Wcman leaders
express themselves as confident that on the second
registration day a 100,000 more will register.

The stock market drops to the lowest level since
the boom started, closing at 134.06.

April 15. — "Popular Front" directors and delegates
meet with Emiliano Tria Tirona presiding, but with
General Emilio Aguinaldo, Judge Juan Sumulong,
Bishop Gregorio Aglipay, Geronimo Santiago, and
other leaders absent. They adopt an early independ-
ence resolution, and a resolution asking P300,000
for relief of the Tondo fire sufferers (Pl50,000tobe
taken from the Belo Fund, Fl00,000 frcm the Charity
Sweepstakes funds, and 3P50,000 frcm the Rice and
Corn Corporation which is alleged to have made
"enormous profits selling rice to tke poor"). The
organization also decided to take part in the May Day
celebrations and to call a convention on July 4.
Meetings will be held and demonstrations in favor of
early independence, but, it is explained, this is a
platform policy and does not indicate that the Po-
pular Front is following the leadership cij^President
Quezon.

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Recalcitrant members cf tie Ccaliticn who are
reported to have sent a radicgrfm to President
Quezon asking h"m to return to the Philippines and
put an end to what they call "radio-phone govern-
ment", are criticized by ctrer member? cf the Assem-
bly and state they are cbstiuctir.g President Quezon's
work.

Vice-President Osmena speaking ever the radio
frcm Baguio urges wemen to register for the wemen
suffrage plebisciie, stating that the issue of enfranch-
isement is too momentous to be placed on the nar-
row basis of sex antagonism.

The Directors of the Nacionalista-Democratico
Party meet and pledge full support to women suffrage
and decide to organize committees in Manila to
assist in the campaign.

The Army recaptures the Binidayan cota, but
the soldiers find the place empty, the Moros having
again escaped.

Brig. -Gen. Vicente Lim, who returned from Min-
danao yesterday, states that there is unnecessary
alarm about the Lanao situation. "The Army is
after nothing but a bunch of outlaws," he declares.
"The Sekdal situation was much mere serious for it
had political significance and involved people of much
higher intelligence than the Moros we are after".

Announced that Lieut. Ccnstancio de Zoza of
the training cadre at Camp Dau, Pampanga, has
been relieved of further active duty with the Army
for having been found guilty of manhandling and
injuring a trainee who filed charges against him.

Gold stock averages on the Manila Exchange go
down to 128.71.

April 16.- — The League of Provincial Governors
announces that it "adheres unconditionally" to
President Quezon's plan to shorten the transition
period to independence.

Malacanang releases a proclamation of President
Quezon declaring Manila in a "state of calamity",
this making it possible for the government to control
commodity prices, it having been reported that there
has been an "unreasonable and conscienceless spe-
culation" in land rents and foodstuffs in the Tondo
fire area wher 16,000 sufferers are without means of
subsistence other than those furnished by various-relief
agencies.

Director of Health Eugenio Hernando instructs
all health officers to start a general immunization
campaign, the increase of contagious diseases having
caused alarm.

Secretary Jorge B. Vargas states that jails in Occi-
dental Negros and Iloilo are jammed with young
men arrested for having failed to register for military
service, while lists of names of thousands of others in
Cebu and Leyte have been submitted to the author-
ities. A plan is under consideration to assign the
men to 'cadres as prisoners to work as cooks and do
other chores.

The Tribune publishes a plea of Ramon Lopez,
wealthy Iloilo sugar planter, urging other planters to
pay more than the "pitifully low" and "starvation"
wages of 35 to 40 cents a day now paid on most hacien-
das. He declares the planters can afford to pay more
than that out of their "enormous profits" and that
they "must not wait until discontent is goaded higher
and labor, led by radicals, begins to destroy".

The stock market again drops sharply to an average
of 120.37.

The downward trend in the stock market is
apparently halted and prices during the day are
generally maintained and some issues recover slightly,
the average rising .19 of a point of 120.56.

The second day of registration for the women
suffrage plebiscite opens.

April 19. — The Philippines Herald publishes a

dispatch stating that the Tokyo Nichi-Nichi, Ad-
miral Seizo Kobayashi, Governor-General of Taiwan
(Formosa), will visit President Quezon next July
"with a view to explaining the so-called southward
policy of the Japanese government."

Stocks advance sharply to an average of 132.68
up 12.12 points. * '

April 20.- — Assemblyman Manuel Roxas who will
leave for Washington Friday, is honored at a luncheon
given by Assemblyman Enrique Magalona and at
an informal dinner in the evening given by Placido
L. Mapa. He states he has no information what-
ever, either officially or privately, regarding the
discussions of Philippine- American affairs in Washing-
ton, but pledges himself to do his best for the further-
ance of Philippine interests in the United States

Reported that Assemblyman Gregorio Perfecto
has recommended to Secretary of Agriculture Eulo-
gio Rodriguez the purchase of hemesites in the fire-
swept area in Tondo for resale to the present occu-
pants under the existing law authorizing the purchase
of estates for resale to tenants.

Stock prices again advance sharply for a gain of
10.40 points to an average of 142.72.

April 21.— Reported that the Central Stock Ex-
change, of which former Governor-General F. B
Harrison was one of the Directors, is seeking amalga-
mation with either to Manila or the International
Stock Exchange. The Central was the third ex-
change to be established in Manila and the amount of
business, it is said, does not warrant the existence
of three stock exchanges in the city.

Shares move irregularly during the day and the
market closes at a price average of 142.24, down .48
of a point.

April 22. — Reported that Dr. H. Foster Bain has
expressed the opinion in a report to the National
Development Company that due to lack of an ade-
quate supply of coking coal the smelting of iron ore
would not be economically advisable. He also
points to the large investments that would be called
for and the limited needs of the Philippines for iron.
He suggests that the Philippines might exchange
iron ore for pig iron with such countries as Japan and
India.

With reports still incomplete, the total of registered
women voters reported to the Department of the
Interior now number 563,297.

April 22. — Gold stock average on the Manila
Stock Market advances sharply for a gain of 14.95
points to 157.19.

April 23. — Assemblyman Roxas leaves for the
United States on the Philippine Clipper. A caucus
held prior to his departure fails to elect an acting
speaker and acting floor leader, as proposed by some,
because of the lack of a quorum.

Judge Sumulong and General Aguinaldo express
approval of reports that the Tydings-McDuffie Act
will be adhered to in regard to seeking an international
pact neutralizing the Philippines.

Gold stocks continue to rise, closing at 161.64.

April 24. — Secretary of the Interior Elpidio Quirino
instructs officials in his department that if any
citizen of the Philippines wants to give himself a
titleand call himself sultan, datu, or panglima, thatis
his own business, but that his title can not be recog-
nized by the government under the Commonwealth
Constitution. Leaders of two Moro groups in Sulu
have been making efforts to get the government to
confirm the election respectively of the two sultans
who recently assumed the title. The Provincial
Board of Lanao some time ago approved a resolution
ruling that present sultans might continue to use
their titles, but that they could not transmit these
to their heirs. The Quirino ruling voids this reso-
lution.

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MANILA

June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

245

April 26. — The Cbainet approves the Tondo re-
habilitation plans, providing for the construction of
tenement houses, streets, etc., at a cost of P260,000.

The Governor of Palawan is reported to have
filed protests with the Bureau of Customs and the
Philippine Army against the violation of Philippine
maritime regulations by poaching Japanese fishing
boats who show no fear of the police.

A branch of the Netherland India Commercial
Bank opens office in the Filipinas Building, Manila,
with C. Stigter as Manager.

The New York Hotel and Bar and the Real Res-
taurant, old landmarks in Intramuros, burn down,
and one American, E. H. Bahr, who lived in the hotel,
loses his life. The place was owned by J. M. Heery.

The market declines, closing at 152.92.

April 27. — U. S. High Commissioner Paul V.
McNutt arrives in Manila with his wife and sixteen-
year old daughter and others of his party. Met by
American and Filipino officials, and escorted by U. S.
Army and Philippine Scout troops, he lays a floral
offering at the foot of the Rizal Monument and pro-
ceeds to "El Nido", Dewey Boulevard mansion owned
by Attorney E. A. Perkins, his temporary residence,
and receives the press. In answer to various ques-
tions he states that he will base his policy on the
Tydings-McDuffie Law and the assumption that
there will be no sudden changes in the law. He
reiterates the view that economic independence
should come before political independence, and states
that he means by that that "the government must
have sufficient funds to maintain vital services".
He suggests that independence is not a condition ne-
cessary to the consummation of a treaty guaranteeing
stable trade relations and such a treaty might be
drawn up between the United States and the Philip-
pine Commonwealth running for 15 or even 20
years. He refers to crop diversification and the
acceleration of mining development here as possible
means of achieving economic independence. The
claim of some persons that other than American
markets might be found, he characterizes as a "pious
hope". He stresses the importance of the Joint
Committee in Washington and states that it has the
opportunity to do an outstanding piece of work.
He states that President Roosevelt is deeply interest-
ed in the work of the Committee and in the Philip-
pines and that no changes are likely in the Tydings-
McDuffieActuntilafter the Committee has submitted
its report. He refers to former High Commissioner
Frank Murphy as a "personal and political friend"
with whom he has discussed the Philippine question
"practically in its entirety", and also that he talked
with President Quezon with whom his relations are
very friendly. Asked whether he thought he and
the President could get along, he answers: "I don't
see why not. I am easy to get along with". He
states as to his powers that the law and the instruc-
tions he has received from President Roosevelt (which
were read in part by President Quezon) are clear and
that he will not interfere in local affairs. During
the day he receives a radiogram of welcome from
President Quezon expressing regret that he could not
be personally present. In the afternoon he receives
official calls from Vice-President Sergio Osmefia,
Admiral George J. Meyers, General Percy B. Bishop,
and others, and returns the Vice-President's call the
same day. His statements as published in the press
are generally well received by officials and business
men.

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Loyal Moros are reported to be tearing down the
cotas of Moro outlaws captured by the Philippine
Army. A number of the outlaws surrendered to the
authorities last week.

The stock market sags further to 146.45.

April 28. — The Hongkong Clipper, carrying over
100,000 pieces of mail, most of which was transferred
from the China Clipper which arrived from the
United States yesterday, leaves Manila for Hongkong,
completing the magnificent 13,000-mile skyway that
brings the United States within a week's flight of
every important city in China, and closing the last
715-mile gap in round-the-world air transportation.
The Honkong Clipper, which is a little smaller than
the trans-Pacific clippers, will ply regularly between
Manila and Hongkong. Regular passenger service
to China will be inaugurated tomorrow from Alameda
by the Hawaiian Clijyper.

Secretary Vargas, President of the Philippine
Amateur Athletic Federation, in a telephone con-
versation with officials in Tokyo informs them that
the Philippines will not be able for lack of time and
funds to take part in the proposed 1938 Oriental
Olympics in Japan but that the Philippines will be
ready to participate in 1940.

April 29. — A late Thursday night fire on the
Escolta destroys the premises of the Malabon
Restaurant, T. J. Wolf & Co., Inc., Manila Grafica,
Inc., and damages the establishments of the Escolta
Drug Store, Estrella del Norte, Puerta del Sol,
and several mining offices.

Seven new observation planes arrive from the
United States for the Philippine Army.

The stock market average drops to 146.16 upon
receipt of the news of Rep. Hamilton Fish's resolution

calling for a reduction in the price of gold.

April 30. — Polls for the woman suffrage plebiscite
are open from 7:00 A. M. to 6:00 P. M.

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246

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

May 1. — Incomplete returns from all over the
country gives a total of 431,539 affirmative and 42,-
554 negative votes, more than satisfying the consti-
tutional requirement of 300,000 affirmative votes.
The total women registered was 591,563.

J. H. Marsman announces in London that a new
$1,000,000 corporation, the Exploratie Maatschappij,
is being formed in Holland to explore and develop
mining claims in Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and
Java. The Marsman interests already have a
British company, Marsman Investments Ltd.

May 3. — Gold stock prices on the Manila Stock
Exchange move downward to 143.0 for a loss of 3.16
points.

May 4' — An explosion in a fireworks factory at
Polo, Bulacan, kills five persons, including two
children, and injures a number of others.

May 5. — Three Philippine Army soldiers stationed
at Bayang, Lanao, who went to a nearby spring for
water, are ambushed by Moros, and two are killed,
the other being seriously wounded. The outlaws
escape with two rifles.

May 6. — Secretary Vargas after a conference with
Maj.-Gen. Paulino Santos, announces that a "relent-
less drive" will be started against the Moros respon-
sible for the killing of two soldiers in Lanao.

Secretary of Public Works and Communications
Mariano J. Cuenco releases a part of the gasoline
fund for the maintenance of national roads and the
construction of new roads especially in Mindanao.

The estimated sale of sweepstake tickets for the
draw and race to be held Sunday are placed at PI, 600,-
000 when sales close, as against a quota set at P2,-
000,000.

A letter from Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt arrives
belatedly expressing the hope that Filipino women will
win the suffrage.

A reception is given by Vice-President Osmena in
honor of High Commissioner McNutt at the Manila
Hotel.

March 7. — Secretary Vargas announces that
President Quezon has secured the services of two
ranking U. S. Array engineering officers to come to
the Philippines to advise on power development here.
The Manila Electric Company is reported to have
informed the government that its Diesel plants may
be bought for P50, 000,000.

May 7. — Insular Treasurer Antonio Ramos opposes
the application of the P100, 000, 000 coconut oiltaxpro-
ceeds to the bonded indebtedness of the Philippines,
stating that to do so would upset the bond market
and lead the holders of Philippine bonds to ask for
prices above par. He states it would be better to
use the funds for the promotion of industrialization
and economic development, and also for the national
defense, especially if the transition period is shortened.
Secretary Quirino suggests that part of the money
be used for a revolving fund for municipal water-
works and markets and a five-year road-building
program. Budget Director Serafin Marabut also

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favors the use of the funds for economic development
and states they should not be used for ordinary and
recurring expenses. Others caution against the
suggestion the money be used for building up a
merchant marine as the merchant marines of other
countries everywhere receive huge and continuing
subsidies.

Reported that the Far Eastern Oil Development
Company will soon start extensive drilling in the
Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas.

May 10. — Announced at Malacanang that Pre-
sident Quezon has approved the action of the Cabinet
in setting aside 1*265,000 from the Gasoline Fund for
Tondo rehabilitation work.

The Confederation of Sugar Cane Planters decides
to send Salvador Benedicto to the United States to
confer with President Quezon and to represent the
interests of the planters there.

Col. Frank Hodsoll, Managing Director of Warner
Barnes & Company, returns to Manila from a vacation
and tells the press he had several interviews with
President Quezon in the United States and that he
has full confidence in him ana in his advisers in safe-
guarding the welfare of the Philippines. "If it is
finally decided to change the provisions of the
Tydings-McDuffie Act, I am sure the new program
would be one calculated to bring increased benefits
to this country".

The market declines to an averge of 134.76.

May 11. — General Santos and Secretary Vargas
leave by airplane for Lanao to make an inspection
there.

The market drops further to 130.34.

May 11. — The four Moros who ambushed three
soldiers at Bayang last week are surprised by a Phil-
ippine Army patrol in Lian forest and killed in the
subsequent fighting. The four were mere youngsters
from 13 to 15 years old, but were well armed, refusing
to surrender and fighting like madmen, wounding one
officer and four soldiers before th ey were killed . Two
other Moros of the Macaguiling outlaw band are
killed by Moros friendly to the government.

May 12.— A group of Assemblymen headed by
Tomas S. Clemente of Sorsogon protest against the
decision of the management of the Philippine Charity
Sweepstakes to eliminate 1,119 "consolation" prizes.
Their stand is that in view of the fact that the total
sales are smaller than expected, all prizes should be
proportionately reduced, but none eliminated.

The United States

April 10— Rep. F. L. Crawford declares that the
State and War Departments are in "collusion with
President Quezon" in seeking the grant of trade
benefits to the Philippines at the expense of the
American public.

It is stated at the International Textile Conference
m Washington by a French delegate that "back-
ward" countries, by refusing to adopt shorter work-
ing hours and higher wages are responsible for the
world plight of the industry and face the possibility
of the exclusion of their goods from nations with
higher working standards. A British delegate
states that British employers after spending thousands
of pounds in creating and producing new designs to
stimulate demand, find their designs pirated and
produced in cheaper factories in Asiatic countries
where it is "impossible to obtain normal legal rights."
The Japanese representative states that a comparison
of wages in various nations by the gold standard is
misleading, and a Chinese delegate points out that
it is futile to discuss higher wages and shorter hours
in so far as China is concerned as long as foreign,
manufacturers there enjoy extraterritorial rights.

April 1 1 . — According to "sources close to President
Roosevelt", he is not personally convinced of the
desirability of a fundamental change in the Tydings-
McDuffie Act and that he will give careful attention
to the reports of High Commissioner McNutt and
also to that of the committee of experts when it is
submitted. Assistant Secretary of State Francis B.
Sayre states that it is clear that the provisions of
the Act can not be changed except by congressional
act. It is reported that Prof. Stanley Hornbeck,
Chief of the Far Eastern Division of the State De-
partment, has recently been asked to study the Philip-
pine question from the international point of view.

April 12. — The Supreme Court upholds the consti-
tutionality of the National Labor Relations Act as
applied to all business engaged in interstate com-
merce in five separate test cases, broadening its inter-
pretation of the interstate ccmmerce clause in the
Constitution. The decisions were unanimous in
two of the cases and 5 to 4 in the others, the deci-
sions being signed by Chief Justice Charles Evans
Hughes, and Justices Benjamin Cardozo, Louis Bran-
deis, Harlan Fiske Stone, and Owen Roberts. The
decisions upheld the right of the Board to regulate,
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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

247

majority rule in collective bargaining as regards
union representatives chosen by a majority of em-
ployees, these to be the exclusive bargaining represen-
tatives of all employees in matters of wages, hours,
and other conditions of employment. New Deal
leaders are jubilant. Secretary of Labor Frances
Perkins states that the rulings abolish the principal
causes of industrial unrest and labor leaders state a
decrease in strikes will result. Labor leaders state
also they will immediately organize workers in the
automobile plants of Henry Ford, believing the
decisions will obligate him to recognize the organiza-
tion or cease operations.

Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau
states that the report that the government will
lower the price of gold is a "silly rumor". Other
Treasury officials deny reports that it is planned to
abolish the inactive gold fund or to reestablish an
open gold market.

Father Charles Coughlin, Catholic "radio priest",
emerges from his retirement and in a radio address
predicts another depression "which will make Hoover
look like an archangel". He recommends that the
government take control of money, taking all control
away from the bankers.

April IS. — States in Washington that President
Roosevelt is still determined to push his judiciary
reform program despite the recent favorable court
decisions as 5 to 4 decisions give the government
insufficient certainty in regard to social and economic
legislation. Sen. J. T. Robinson states that "a
change of viewpoint by one judge has made legisla-
tion constitutional which was unconstitutional
before he changed his mind. What would happen
should that judge change again or some other judge
change?"

Ford orders the expansion of his River Rouge
plant, the largest industrial unit in the world, and
hints at the possibility of a $10.00 daily minimum
wage.

Philippine Resident Commissioner Quintin Pa-
redes tells the press that the Quezon mission has
been successful even if it merely precipitated early
trade discussions. "He has established for Insular
officials the widest acquaintance with all branches
of United States officialdom and business circles.
He has laid the basis for a broad survey by experts
covering all phases of Philippine- American relations".

April 4. — Assistant Secretary Sayre announces
that the American members of the joint committee

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of experts which will study trade relations between
the United States and the Philippines will include
Joseph Jacobs of the Bureau of Philippine Affairs
of the State Department; Louis Domeratzky, Chief
of the Foreign and Domestic Commerce Bureau of
the Department of Commerce; Frank Waring, Senior
Economist of the U. S. Tariff Commission; Col.
Donald McDonald, Assistant Chief of the Bureau
of Insular Affairs, War Department; Karl Robbins,
Assistant Chief of che Sugar Section of the Agricul-
tural Adjustment Administration; and Lyn Red-
mester, Chief Economic Analyst in the Trade Agree-
ments Division of the State Department. He also
makes public the names of the members of the Philip-
pine group — Secretary of Justice Jose Yulo, J. M.
Elizalde, Dean Conrado Benitez, Commissioner
Paredes, Floor Leader Jose Romero, and Assembly-
man Manuel Roxas.

April 15. — Judge James Adolph Ostrand, former
Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court,
dies at Livermore, California, aged 65.

April 16. — Naval maneuvers begin and will include
operations between the Aleutians and Hawaii.

The Ford assembling factory in California is re-
ported to have agreed to recognize the United Auto-
mobile Workers Union. The Union signed a final
agreement with the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit
yesterday. With Ford signed up, Packard will be
the only major automobile producer in the United
States which has not yet reached an agreement
with the Union.

April 17. — President Quezon is given an honorary
doctor of Laws degree at Georgetown! University,
and asked to speak briefly he comments on the subject
of the neutralization of the Philippines, stating that
the Filipinos in their Constitution have pledged
themselves to nonaggression by condemning war as
an instrument of national policy.

April 19. — The National Labor Relations Board
is reported to have filed charges against Henry Ford.

Governor Frank Murphy of Michigan, addressing
a Knights of Columbus group in Boston, states he is
convinced that "the working man is only seeking to
attain his just and elementary rights. Employers
must adopt a progressive outlook and discard the
idea of suppressing any just objective of labor".

The joint committee of American and Filipino
experts holds its first meeting and is addressed by
President Quezon. Secretary Sayre, the temporary
chairman, states after the meeting that the aim of
the Committee is to "find a basis for a sound future
Philippine economy looking toward the termination
of the present preferential relations with the United
States. We are not trying to overthrow the Tyd-
ings-McDuffie Act, but as a result of the recom-
mendations the Committee may make, revision
would not be unlikely". However, he declares that
the decision would rest with the President and Con-
gress. Hearings are planned both in the United
States and the Philippines and the full membership
may visit Manila as "it appears especially important
that the American members go to get the insular
viewpoint". He states, too, that the study will
require "many months of hard work". Rafael
Alunan, who arrived in Washington yesterday, also
attends the meeting and is appointed adviser to the
Committee's sugar sub-committee.

Sen. A. J. Ellender introduces a bill amending the
1936 Merchant Marine Act to permit the employ-
ment of Filipinos and give them the same privileges
as Americans until the complete withdrawal of Amer-
ican sovereignty from the Philippines. The amend-
ment would benefit some 2,500 Filipinos now working
on American ships.

April 20. — President Roosevelt in his budget mes-
sage to Congress states: "I propose to use every
means at my command to eliminate the deficit in
the coming fiscal year" — this deficit foreseen to
amount to $2,557,000,000 by the end of June, with
the public debt amounting to $35,500,000,000. He
asks $1,500,000,000 for relief purposes during the
fiscal year beginning July 1 and projects the pos-
sibility of new taxes. As to armaments, he states:
"It is a matter of common knowledge that the prin-
cipal danger to modern civilization lies in those na-
tions which largely because of the armament race
are headed directly toward bankruptcy. In pro-
portion to national budgets, the United States is
spending a far smaller proportion of government
income for armament than the nations to which I
refer".

The United Press states that according to "au-
thoritative sources", "the United States intends to
be sure the Philippines can swim before withdrawing
the last of its economic lifeboats". "The State
Department envisages a prolonged period of Philip-
pine-American trade relations even if complete inde-
pendence is granted th# Islands in 1939 or 1940. . .
State Department officials feel that if the United
States unduly curtails Philippine products during
the latter part of the transition period and after
independence, insular conditions would arise which
would have special economic international com-
plications jeopardizing the independence program.
Political repercussions would be certain to occur in
the Orient if United States policy cripples the insular
economic set-up suddenly. Consequently, official
opinion is inclined to a relatively lenient economic
treatment assuring the Islands economic stability
during the early years of political freedom. "

April 21. — Officials confirm reports that a prelimi-
nary agreement between the United States and Philip-
pine officials has been reached reaffirming the inten-
tion of the United States to initiate an international
pact for the neutralization of the Islands, as provided
under the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Observers state
that "Japan would probably agree to the neutraliza-
tion of the Philippines provided the United States
promised not to retain naval bases west of Guam".
Sen. W. King states he approves the reaffirmation of
this intention. "Our policy toward the Philippines

will affect our relations with all the Orient. The
Department of State should know the views of Japan,
the Netherlands, Britain, and other neighbors of
the Pnilippines". Sen. M. E. Tydings states he will
seek a conference with President Roosevelt on the
proposal to advance the independence date, declaring
that administrative legislation to alter the Tydings-
McDuffie Act "is not unlikely at the present session
of Congress".

Knighcs of Columbus officials describe as "perni-
cious" the reported efforts of Erro Flynn, Frederick
March, ana James Cagney, moving picture stars,
to raise a fund of $1,500,000 among the members
of the Hollywood film colony for the Spanish
loyalists.

April 22. — Reported that a clause providing for
the refund of the sugar excise taxes to the Philip-
pines for only one year has been introduced into the
new sugar bill. Rep. F. Cummings states, "The
Philippines expect to be independent by then".
Former senator Harry Hawes states that "so long
as the Philippines remains under the sovereignty
and direction of the United States, the Islands should
be treated on a parity with all other offshore areas".
It is reported that President Quezon has proposed
that the benefit payments be paid into the Philip-
pine Treasury instead of to the individual planters.

April 28. — President Roosevelt entertains Pres-
ident Quezon at a luncheon and is reported to have
told him that he could not visit the Philippines in
1937 but hoped to do so in 1938, and that he is espe-
cially interested in visiting Jolo and other outlying
points of the Archipelago. President Quezon tells
the press after the luncheon that politics were not
discussed.

April 24. — United Automobile Workers Union
officials in California state that the local Ford Motor
Company assembly plant has recognized the Union
and that work will be resumed.

President Quezon announces that he has engaged
the services of Frederick Howes as an adviser. He
was formerly adviser to Secretary of Agriculture
Henry Wallace. President Quezon states he plans
a new attack on the tenancy problem as soon as he
returns to the Philippines.

April 25. — President and Mrs. Quezon attend the

christening at Detroit of an adopted daughter of

Mrs. Teahan, Governor Murphy's sister, who has

been named Mary Aurora, with Mrs. Quezon as the

(Continued to page 282)

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Editorials

It is perhaps a puzzle to some that the United
States Government, supposed to be ready to aban-
don the great Archipelago of the Phil-
" Islands" ippines, should spend almost a year
in various maneuvers, which included
secret "colonization", to establish its claim to three small,
barren, uninhabited islands — Jarvis, five miles long and a
mile or two wide, rising twenty feet above the sea; and
Baker and Howland islands, sixty -five miles apart, the one
a mile long and three -fourths of a mile wide, and the other
two miles long and a mile wide.

Midway and Wake islands, more or less fortuitously
acquired by the United States in the past, had demonstrated
the value of such island stations in trans-oceanic aviation,
and the value of the three newly-claimed islands lies in the
fact that among them Jarvis is on a direct line between
Honolulu and New Zealand, while Baker and Howland,
farther west, are in a direct line between Honolulu and Bris-
bane or Sydney, Australia, being so situated, too, as to
divide the journey by air into "hops" of just the right dis-
tance.

The Pan-American Airways clippers are now regularly
flying the American-China route, via the Philippines, and
experimental flights over the new routes to New Zealand
and Australia have already been made.

Chagrin has been shown in some quarters in Britain and
Japan over these developments, and in our present stage
of world civilization that can probably not be helped.
However, though the fact that the airplane is an American
invention is from the sociological point of view largely an
accident (it might just as well have been invented in France,
for instance), America has naturally, it would appear under
the circumstances, taken the lead in airplane building and,
with equal appropriateness, in airplane transport, and
America was and still is, in fact, the only country able to
undertake to solve the difficult problems involved in trans-
Pacific aviation. This involves almost the necessity of
some control, and it is fortunate that to obtain this control
was still possible after a considerable period of indifference
to "islands" in general, which are associated in the con-
tinental American mind chiefly with Robinson Crusoe,
pirate treasure, cannibals, and hula -hula dancers.

The apparent inconsistency between American policy
in respect to the great island group of the Philippines, only
slightly smaller than the British Isles, and these other little
spots of land in the Pacific, important though they now are,
may be surprising, but American policy with respect to the
Philippines antedated by decades any considerations con-
nected with world aviation. There is no doubt that in
the long run these new considerations will affect America's
Philippine policy, not to say its entire foreign policy, es-
pecially with respect to Asia.

There is an extraordinarily revealing paragraph
in an article by Freda Utley in the last issue of Pa-
cific Affairs as to the
Note for the Economic economic, social, and
Advisory Council political structure of

Japan, which is of the
utmost interest here as it reveals the dangers to which we
are exposed in the Philippines as our economic development
proceeds.

Miss Utley, who has recently published a much dis-
cussed work, "Japan's Feet of Clay", was formerly special
correspondent of the Manchester Guardian Commercial
in Japan, and has for several years past been connected
with the Pacific section of the Institute of World Econo-
mics and World Politics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
as a research worker.

The paragraph referred to reads:

". . .The important point is that the feudal substructure remained, to
cripple Japan's subsequent economic development. At the same time
the absence of a 'bourgeois* class, and the obstacles put in the way of
the development of such a class out of the ranks of the peasants, small
landlords, traders, and artisans, left all power in the state in the hands of
the bureaucrats — descendants of the warrior ruling class — and the giant
family business houses. Economically Japan retained the medieval
obstacles to the healthy industrial development which could have ab-
sorbed the growing population. Politically it became a police state,
governed by a bureaucracy wedded to a plutocracy and spending all the
country's resources on the means of aggression. It can indeed be said
that in Japan capitalism became rotten before it was ripe. Japan never
knew a period of industrial capitalism, like England in the nineteenth
century, giving small producers a chance to develop their own fortunes
and industrialize the country in an era of free competition and liberalism.
Japan, whose industrial development was state-aided throughout, with
no middle class of industrialists and no investing middle class, jumped
straight from the seventeenth century to the twentieth-century era of
monopolies and imperialism. The great trusts (allied from the beginning
with the bureaucrats and militarists), like giant trees, have prevented
any light from penetrating through and the vegetation below them
remains dwarfed to this day."

Little thought is needed to show certain similarities in
our position — we have a great tenant population, we lack
a strong middle class, we have our giant family business
houses, we have a bureaucracy, we are fostering mono-
poly. Wide awake public opinion and able and careful
statesmanship will be necessary to avoid the conditions
which now interfere so greatly with Japan's development.
We must put our farmers on land of their own, we must
allow economic opportunity for our middle class, we must
guard against monopoly. We must, in short, hold on the
two principles of freedom of economic opportunity and
democracy in government which have been implanted
here by America, lest the people become as enslaved as
those of Japan, and our government of which today we
are so proud, become, as Japan's, a "police govern-
ment."

249

It is reassuring to note that in his first public
address (in Baguio) United States High Commis-
sioner Paul V. McNutt evinced a
Treaties and recognition of realities. The daily
Gun -powder press has already commented on the

High Commissioner's address as a whole,
and the writer wants only to call attention to the following
part of the speech:

"The awful truth is that the peace of the world hangs in the balance.
There are in the Far East, in Central Europe, and in Africa, conflicts
which in the present state of mind of the people concerned appear to be

In his anthropological work, "The Study of Man"
(Appleton-Century), Dr. Ralph Linton, of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, includes a
"Alternatives" most interesting section on the
in Modern Life present-day cultural disintegra-
tion. He distinguishes between
that core of ideas, habits, and conditioned emotional re-
sponses which are common to all sane, adult members of
society, which he calls the Universals; those other ele-
ments of culture which are shared by the members of
certain socially recognized individuals but which are not

irreconcilable. In these regions there are ruling powers which avow shared by the total population, which he calls Special-
ties; and those traits which are shared by certain indivi-
duals but which are not common to all the members of
the society or even to all of the members of any one of
the socially recognized categories, which he calls Alterna-
tives,

Under Universals he includes such elements as a par-
ticular language, tribal patterns of costume and housing,
and ideal patterns for social relationships. Under Special-
ties he includes such elements as manual skills and tech-
nical knowledge. Under Alternatives he includes a wide
range of elements, varying from the special and often quite
atypical ideas and habits of a particular family to such
things as different schools of painting or sculpture. In
small and primitive societies there are usually only a small
number of such Alternatives, but in a rapidly changing
culture, such as our own, the Alternatives may become so
numerous that they quite outweigh the Universals and
Specialties. Elements are drawn out of the core of Univer-
sals and Specialties into the fluid zone of Alternatives, and
the culture increasingly loses pattern and coherence. The
society is no longer able to feel or act as a unit. "Our
own civilization, as it presents itself to the individual, is
mainly an assortment of Alternatives between which he
may or frequently must choose. We are rapidly approach-
ing the point where there will no longer be enough items
on which all members of the society agree to provide the
culture with form and pattern.,, "Without the backing
of a group of like-minded people, it is impossible for a
member of the society to feel absolutely sure about any-

their faith in force. In each there are nations where the primitive
instincts of man, which it is the work of civilization to subdue and con-
trol, have been unleashed. It is not by diplomatic formulae and by
conventions and treaties that such a crisis can be overcome. It is only by
the moral unity of all these nations which wish to keep the peace and pre-
serve for themselves andtheir children the standards of liberty and human
decency. The forces of order in the world are still more powerful than
the forces of chaos. But only if they are united. The question as to
whether there is to be war or peace in Europe, in Asia, or in Africa will
depend, therefore, on whether the strength of those who wish peace is or
is not unmistakably greater than the strength of those who might gamble
on appeal to force."

There is a fear in the Philippines that the fate of the
country might be made to depend on such diplomatic
formulae, conventions, or treaties as the High Commissioner
mentions, and that the security under which we have lived
for so many years might suddenly vanish with the warships
of the United States from Philippine waters, and that,
almost as bad (if certain American pacifist societies have
their way), obstructions might be laid in the way of our
developing our own land defenses.

As President Manuel L. Quezon himself stated in a reply
to remarks by the liberal editor, Oswald Garrison Villard at
a recent Foreign Policy Association luncheon in New York:
"Twenty years ago I delivered the same speech as that of
my old friend, Mr. Villard, but I am sorry to say I can not
make that speech today after seeing what happened to
Belgium, Manchuria, and Abyssinia.''

The writer does not yet know what was behind the recent
reaffirmation by a State Department official, apparently

concurred in by President Quezon in spite of his remark just thing, and he falls an easy prey to any sort of high-pressure
quoted, of the intention of the United States to seek a propaganda."

treaty for the neutralization of the Philippines in compliance
with, the "request" embodied in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act that the President of the United States enter into ne-
gotiations for that purpose. This reaffirmation was
not greeted by loud cheers in the Philippines.

Now High Commissioner McNutt states that it is not by
such treaties that the dangers that exist in the Far East,
and elsewhere, can be overcome, but only by "moral unity"
among the nations which wish to keep the peace and which,
note well, are still the more powerful. Moral unity or
immoral unity, it is still strength, power, which remains the
determining factor. If we are to have a treaty which will
assert the moral unity High Commissioner McNutt speaks
of, neutralizing the Philippines, let us trust in the treaty,
and keep our powder dry. Belgium was neutralized, but
nevertheless maintained a sizeable standing army and also
built the great fortifications which held the Germans in
1914.

"Such a condition", states Dr. Linton, "is fatal to the
effective operation of democratic institutions, since these
depend upon a high degree of cultural participation, with
the united will and consciousness of social as apart from
individual interests which this confers. A low degree of
cultural participation makes the rule of organized minor-
ities not only possible but almost a necessity if society is
to be maintained as a functioning entity. Such minorities
are capable of concerted action, while the bulk of the popu-
lation, lacking common attitudes and values which might
serve as rallying points, can do nothing against the minority
or for themselves."

"None of the problems involved in the present situation
are really insoluble," concludes Dr. Linton "and, if our
culture and society collapse, they will not fall from lack of
intelligence to meet this situation, but from lack of any
united will to put the requisite changes into effect. What
the world needs far more than improved production methods

250

or even a more equitable distribution of their results is a
series of mutually consistent ideas and values in which all
members can participate,\ but, he adds, "there is no way
of knowing which of our present Alternative values will
survive the present turmoil or what new values may be
developed to serve as crystallization points for the new
culture patterns.' '

In the Philippines, with its complicated mixture of the
primitive, the medieval, and the modern and of Oriental
and Western cultures, our Alternatives are especially num-
erous and confusing. If, therefore, we show certain in-
consistencies, move in one direction and then return, or
even attempt to move in three or four different directions
all at the same time, thereby tying ourselves into more or
less of a knot, our critics should consider the state we are
in and the numerous Alternatives which confront us in
government, economics? education, and all the aspects of
modern life, which are confused and confusing everywhere
and not alone in the Philippines.

We are now rid of the disgrace of our women's disenfran-
chisement, perpetrated by the Constitutional Convention

after the suffrage had been
"The Political Laboratory extended to them by an
of the Far East" Act of the Philippine Legis-

lature. On April 30, the
women voted 447,407 to 44,281 in favor of woman suffrage,
an excess of 147,407 over the 300,000 affirmative votes
demanded by the fathers of the Constitution.*

President Quezon was admittedly luke-warm on the issue
at the time it was the subject of debate and intrigue in
the Constitutional Convention, but he later changed his
attitude and it was in part his strong advocacy of the
extension of the suffrage to our women as a matter of ele-
mental justice which brought about the women's victory in
the plebiscite, for his championship served to silence many
reactionaries who were opposed to the movement.

The requirement made of the women by the framers
of the Constitution had the value at least of bringing about

a demonstration on their part that they wanted the vote,
something that the men of the Philippines were never
called upon to make.

In connection with the winning of the right to vote by
Philippine women, the China Weekly Review declared:

"... There is significance in the development because it gives Fili-
pino women a position of leadership among womankind in Oriental
countries. The granting of the ballot to males in Japan is a compa-
ratively recent development, and no one would be so reckless as to
forecast a date when even the men of China will have an opportunity
to express their views on national issues in the form of ballots. There-
fore the winning of the right to vote by Filipino women is a startling
development. There is a further element in the winning of the right
to vote by Filipino women which is not to be overlooked: that has to
do with the service rendered by the Philippines as a Far Eastern polit-
ical laboratory. . . . Progress toward popular government and ulti-
mate independence [there] has been rapid and inevitable. We desire
to make no foolish forecasts about the future, but the example of democ-
racy in the Philippines has been an important element in political
development in the Orient and at no time was this more important
than at the present when European dictators are intriguing to extend
their systems to this part of the world."

That the Philippines constitutes a political laboratory
in the Far East is by no means a new thought, but is worth
recalling. The Philippines has given the United States
an opportunity to undertake various governmental policies
not so easy to institute at home because of traditional and
practical obstructions, and also to attempt to approximate
in practice some of its noblest ideals.

The American demonstration in the Philippines still
continues and was never, in some aspects, as impressive
as it is today. At this point, however, fatal mistakes are
easily made, through impatience, through weariness, through
lack of understanding, and through sheer lack of nerve.
Let America hold steadily to its purpose despite those
who through their shortsightedness would bring it to
nought, and in the teeth of the unbelief and ill-will of those
powers which want that purpose to fail.

NOTE: *Returns from several distant provinces are still incomplete.

The Blacksmith

By Jose Velez Yasay

T hard and grimy work, pity not me,
A thing or two unknown to you I see :

I see in the sparks of silver light,

That from my anvil fly,
A myriad stars, a summer night,

A tropic sky.

And I see, too, ghostly fireflies,

A rainbow of lamps in the dark. . . ,

A world of beauty fills my eyes
With every little spark!

At hard and grimy work, pity not me,
I see something more than drudgery!

351

"White" Russians on the China Coast

By Marc T. Greene

THE long flight of the "whites" into exile after
the Russian revolution brought into the Far
East a strange medley of humanity. In-
credible hardships were suffered on the way, equally
incredible fortitude shown. There were men and Z?
women, young girls and little children. Aristocrat,
bourgeois, and workman mingled in common suffering.
Before an enemy determined upon their extinction, caste
barriers, once the most definite in Europe, disappeared.
One objective and one only transcended every other
consideration among members of the upper castes — to
get away.

The history of this unprecedented trek across Siberia
has never been convincingly written and perhaps never
will, or can, be. Yet it is one of the most vivid, even as it
is possibly the most tragic, chapter in all the archives of
human activities. The migration terminated in the
Orient, wherever these unfortunates could find a place to
hide their heads or get a mouthful to eat, a horde of harassed
humanity without an equivalent in any land or era.

Harbin was filled with them and so, until in turn they
were driven from there too, was Vladivostock. They
wandered into Mukden and Changchoun, into Hailar and
Tsitsihar and even Jehol, down to Seoul and Dairen, to
every coast port and each interior city. Thousands were
reduced to the scale of living of coolie and peasant.

But the Mecca was Shanghai, city where rich and poor
live in the most vivid contrasts of history, where the world
and the ages meet, where there is recklessness of habit,
existence without restraint, and no questions are asked of
anybody, but where, too, there is not altogether lacking
generosity for the outcast. And so into Shanghai flocked
the refugees, many coming from Vladivostock by limping
old freighters still pathetically flaunting the old blue-and-
white flag of the Russian monarchy — at least two of which,
overladen and decrepit, vanished on the way with all hands;
many after a long and heart-breaking overland journey.
The weaker, of both sexes, fell by the way and stragglers
were left in Peking, in Tientsin, in Tsingtao and Chefoo
and Port Arthur.

But the younger folk, especially the girls, sought Shanghai,
for in Shanghai it is possible to live by the wits, as many do
today. Moreover, among these outcast girls were former
Russian dancers, dancers of the Royal Ballet, some of them,
cabaret attaches of the gay restaurants of Petersburg,
once the liveliest city in Europe, courtesans and harlots of
every grade from former mistresses of Grand Dukes down
to street girls of Moscow and even of Tomsk and Irkutsk.

There were shop girls, too, ajtid daughters of merchants
and others of the outcast bourgeoisie, hoiise servants,
chorus girls, school-teachers, and typists. Common peril,
common hardship, reduced them all to helpless, panic-
stricken womanhood, one indistinguishable mass in the
great crucible of terror and want.

252

The dancers, the singers, the cabaret girls intro-
duced the Continental cabaret to the East. And
Russian femininity, some of its charm restored as its
apprehensions were removed and a measure of econ-
omic security achieved, made that institution a fea-
ture of the life of Shanghai and of most of the
ports of the East. In jaded Shanghai, ever on the alert
for a new sensation, much addicted to the pleasures of the
senses, the voluptuous Russian girl was an immediate
success.

Not all of them sought the cabarets of course, for there
were some, usually daughters of poorer merchants, who had
in many cases seen their parents killed at their sides, to
whom the cabaret life seemed no more than a descent into
immorality and who labored at shocking wages in the great
stores of Shanghai rather than parade their charms. Nor
is it to the credit of the European merchant in the East,
least of all to the English who control most of the large
establishments, that these poor creatures were quite as well
treated in the matter of wage in the department-stores of
the Chinese as in those of the white man.

A few, especially qualified, became teachers of music or of
some other art, or in the Shanghai European schools. A
number married, in rare instances happily. Unions were
mostly to Anglo-Saxons and too often based on the Russian
woman's well-known sensual appeal. In any case, the
two temperaments are widely at variance and almost sure
to clash sooner or later. In such cases it was generally
the cabaret to which the woman resorted, and now in utter
recklessness as to the outcome.

During the lush period between 1920 and 1930 the Shang-
hai cabaret girl, especially if she possessed unusual charm,
easily made as much as $75 a week without bartering her
attractiqns to any greater extent than dancing with strangers
for pay. She was a "dancing partner" working on com-
mission from eight or nine in the evening until daylight or
thereabouts. Half the proceeds of the dance tickets went
to her, likewise a large percentage on abominable liquors
sold at fantastic prices.

Thus she lived for three or four years and then, probably
having indulged herself a good deal, began to fade. The
first suggestion of waning charm, either in appearance, wit,
or sprightliness, was the commencement of the downward
path. That path many have followed in Shanghai as, if
you have been much there and observed closely, you must
readily have seen, seen and pitied.

Perhaps the girl remained in Shanghai. But Shanghai,
though at times generous, can be pitiless to the failure and
to those whose day is past, and she would drop steadily
down the long scale of entertainment places, finally to
seek refuge in the waterfront red-light districts of Wayside
and Yang Tze-poo. And then some night you would be
shocked to encounter her "walking the Garden Bridge,"
the Shanghai courtesan's final stage.

But very likely she had fled from the vast, fantastic city
which is both East in West and West in East, and where, if
nowhere else on earth, the twain constantly meet; fled it in
the conviction that it is better to be first in a cabaret of
the ports than second in Shanghai. In that case, since the
ultra-respectable British Hong Kong presents few opportu-
nities to live by the wits or the charm, the goal might be
Hanoi, Saigon, Bangkok, or Sourabaia. Or, when it came
to be a mere matter of selling the body, as it would very
soon, another stage on the downward path would be Malay
Street, in Singapore, or perhaps even China Street, in Ran-
goon. And after that the islands, the obscure ports, arid
the low "honky-tonks," anywhere, which is but one stage
short of oblivion.

And so here we find summarized the lives of many, how
many no man can say, who made the great Siberian trek.
Here we have, indirectly at least, one of the results of re-
volution. What that trek meant to the men is well enough
known. Every world traveler has encountered them in
every land, sometimes prosperous, usually all but penniless,
often half-starved. I knew a man, once well-to-do in
Petersburg, who for more than ten years took his place
every day, good or bad, on the same spot at the corner of
Nanking Road and the Bund in Shanghai, there to sell the
North China Daily News said the Shanghai Times.
He lacked a leg, yet he had made the great trek. I knew
a very lovely girl who, rather tl^an seek the cabaret^, worked
in one of the great English department stores in Shanghai
at a wage approximating $15 a month.

I have been driven about Bombay by a Russian taxi-man,
led behind the scenes of the tourist's East in Bangkok by a
man who once owned a garage in Moscow, drunk tea served
in a little shop in Harbin by a former restauranteur of Peters-
burg, talked with a cafe proprietor in Paris who once
managed a hotel in Odessa. His little place, not far from
the Rue de Rivoli, had netted him enough so that he would
have been able to leave Europe and seek, as he told me he
wished to do, the Argentine, but for one insuperable obstacle.

Strange as it may seem, he could neither get out of France
nor enter any other country because he possessed no pass-
port and had no means of obtaining one.

There are plenty of men like that today in Shanghai and,
indeed, all over the East. That is common knowledge.
But not so many people know the story of the women of
the great Siberian trek, most pathetic tale of all, perhaps of
all time. Amazing, too, that these women, lots of them
well-nurtured and living in comfort before 1917, displayed
in the course of the hardships of that trek a fortitude that
is one of the marvels of the record of those days. Ten
years ago, when the Shanghai cabarets teemed with them,
before the Chinese girl had learned Western cavortings,
Western slang, and Western manners, and thus ended the
sway of the fading Russian as a Shanghai entertainer to the
European, I talked with more than one who had tramped
that long trail from Europe to Vladivostock and then down
to the China Coast. True, it was always difficult to get
any to recall what it had meant. It was a chapter of
suffering and bitter tears that they would eradicate al-
together from memory, and you had not the heart to refresh
their recollections. Nevertheless, you learned sufficient
to gain some idea.

But, as I said, the Russian girl is no longer greatly in
evidence in the entertainment-places of the China Coa«t,
especially in Shanghai. The generation which produced
the stars of the cabaret has almost passed. The young
Russian women of Shanghai today seek other pursuits and,
what is more significant, the native girl has replaced them.
In the changing East this is, perhaps, one of the most
surprising innovatipns of all, the Chinese "dancing-partner."
Bobbed of hair, piquant of converse, and sprightly of man-
ner, she is able to impart a new pertness to "okay," "oh,boy,"
and "oh, yeah?" She is the princess of Shanghai entertain-
ment today and the Russian's sovereignty is nearly over.
But there are middle-^ged, sometimes still young, Russian
women in Shanghai who, could their memoirs be written,
might unfold a tale more exciting than Mata Han's, more
pathetic than Edith Cavell's.

Filipino Idyll

By Dee Vere

BRIGHTLY shone the
As they kissed—
(Tanagra figurines—)
For they were happy.
Silent rose the moon
Like a white blossom,
While, in a thicket
Unfolded the hibiscus.

stars

Whispered the dawn wind
As they walked homeward;
The moon sank to rest
And the stars grew pale.
Calm were their faces;
While, like a meteor,
Brilliantly silent
Fell the red hibiscus.

Brighter shone the moon
As they lingered,
They did not see the stars
In their close embrace.
Deeply they breathed
Perfumes of passion;
And, in giant splendour
Bloomed the red hibiscus.

253

The Smell of Green Apples

By C. V. Pedroche

G~ REEN apples do not usually exude any fra-

grance at all, but a green apple being bitten
into and munched within the mouth of a sweet
young girl ! Ah, then the fragrance becomes a part of
the fragrance of her mouth: an unforgettable and
warmly exquisite perfume. . . .

All that ever was before the time we knew each other did
not matter. There was no laughter, no earth and sky, no
living before — as much as there were flowers and birds and
grass and the fragrance of green apples afterwards.

The circumstances of our first meeting I do not now re-
member, but how can I ever forget the smell of her hair?
Of sun and sweat it was — and warm. She came running
to me one afternoon after school crying and smiling through
her tears as she tried to disentangle from her hair a blob of
chewing gum which some naughty sprite had fastened there
when she was not looking! She came running to me crying
and laughing and pulling at her hair where the gum held
fast and tenaciously. Well, what could I do? I lost pos-
session of my general faculties for a time, but I saw that she
was looking at me and thinking maybe that I was a fool
standing there doing nothing. So I pulled out my knife
and cut off the strands involved in the sticky problem.
And lo and alas it was solved!

I shall never forget her eyes as she opened them wide in
disbelief at my audacity in so cutting the Gordian tangle
and — the warm ripe smell of her hair. We played around
together, climbed sareza trees together, laughed together,
and in our young hearts we knew that the whole wide won-
derful world was meant for us alone.

One Saturday morning we ran away from home and
following no purpose nor direction we ran on and on and
suddenly came upon the deep dark water of a lake. The
sight of dark water was a thrilling experience and it made
our hearts beat to the rhythm of heroic adventuring.

The water was quiet and the morning sun was bright and
clean but we could still see the thin mist over the marsh-
land. We ran around the lake shore for a while, hand in
hand, shouting at the top of our voice trying to disturb the
stillness of the lake. The echoes came from far away and
clear.

A nesting bird whirred from the talahib grass that grew
by the lake, dimpling the placid water. Inhere was a mo-
mentary shiver of water and a flapping of blue wings
and the bird was lost in the sky. I suggested we explore
the grass for birds' eggs and soon we were knee -deep in the
water, brushing the wet talahib blades with our arms right
and left. Suddenly she gave out a cry, calling my name
over and over again excitedly. I jumped splashingly to her
side and there they were: three tiny spotted eggs.

"Eggs!" she exclaimed.

"Yes, eggs!" I agreed to the pounding of my heart.

"Eggs!" she repeated as if her saying it again would
multiply the eggs.

We did not take the eggs but said to each other we would

come back the next morning to find out if the bird
would lay another egg. Far away upon the surface
of the lake were tiny dancing waves and we felt
tired and hungry. So we left, promising not to say
anything to anyone about this joyous discovery.

The next morning we set out early but we never could
find the place again and however far we went no sight of
lake nor water met our eyes. I did not tell her about my
fear that perhaps we had been under the spell of some wit-
chery and that the lake was only a vision and that perhaps
we had never left the shades of the sareza trees where we
played pico-pico and drew great geometrical figures on
the flat hard ground.

Many times afterwards we would swear to each other that
next day, whatever happened, we would set out on a search-
ing expedition but we could never summon enough courage
to start afresh in a new direction, fearing that the end of the
road might bring to us no sight of deep water but only of
green fields and blue shadows of distant mountain slopes.

Perhaps it was only a dream and although we did not tell
each other so, we agreed it were better forgotten. After
all we were real and our bright days of laughter. We went
around catching dragon flies with twigs tipped with the
raw sticky gum of the acasia tree or snaring doodle-bugs
under the house where they built their funnel-shaped "nests"
in the soft thick dust around the posts.

One afternoon I chased her around the sareza tree. She
was munching a green apple and when she saw me she ran
away quite as if I were Satan himself or something.

"Here is yours," she said laughingly, spitting out some
of the hard pulped skin and putting out her small pink
tongue. I chased her around and around and suddenly I
caught her by the hips, but with lithe feminine swiftness
she managed to slip away. In a moment she was off, her
hair falling in a black cascade behind her. She was off
to the grassy plot behind the house where the orchard
joined the ricefields. Off and away, with me at her heels.
Once she turned around shouting amid her panting breath.
She made as if she were about to give up running away, but
when I was near she side-stepped so dexterously that I fell
headlong upon the grass. And all at once she fell upon me
heavily and we were there, she above me, astride upon my
back like a horse-rider. She began pounding my head
with her fists until it hurt and I shouted for her to stop.
She stood up and seeing that I was motionless she began
to run around my prostrate body, mocking me and tanta-
lizing me with the half -eaten apple. My arms were stretch-
ed out upon the grass and when she came around I made
a pass at her bony legs and in a moment I was above her,
pinning both her arms upon the ground. She panted and
struggled and laughed but I gave her no quarter. I had
caught her and meant to hold her. All the time the apple
was in her right hand, held tight within her palm and fin-
gers. I raised her hand upward to grab the apple with
my mouth but she understood my intention and, swiftly

254

pulling away her hand, the apple was in her mouth before
I knew it. I let go my hold and with my free hand tried to
take the apple from her mouth, but she began to toss vigo-
rously beneath me. I lost my balance and fell face forward
and my mouth was upon her mouth and there we were
struggling with the apple between our mouths, crushed
and wet with a warm peculiar odor all its own. Presently
it fell upon the grass and our lips met. We were too busy
with the struggle to realize that something terrible and
sweet had happened. I can not now recall the exact mo-
ment when both of us suddenly stopped struggling and felt
tense and awkward, but there came a time when we found
we were not moving at all, but were clinging to each other
feeling warm and soft inside. We were too weak and tired
to say anything and our very breathing was like warm silk
falling upon the grass.

We were silent for the words could not untangle them-
selves from the knotted beatings of our hearts. We looked
at each other and laughed, but our very laughter sounded
far away. She kept wiping her mouth with the back of her
hand and spitting on the grass. At last she stood up and
I followed and it was as if the grass had suddenly flower-
ed beneath our feet.

In the days that followed we realized that something had
happened although what it was we could not tell. No
longer could we look at each other but some sweet and inef-
fable sadness would well up from somewhere inside of us.
She was to me all that was clean and young and lovely, and
little did I know of the terrible ugliness of the years that
were to come.

We promised to be good to each other forever. We pro-
mised not with our lips for we did not know how to speak
the words, but only felt them and became tender with them
unsaid. We were going to be good always and always. . .

Then somehow we lost each other. My family trans-
ferred to the capital and soon I was a student in the city.
I never heard from her again. I seldom went back to the
old home town. There were new feelings, new thoughts,
new colors to catch the eyes. There were books to read
and there was music to hear. Other women and other
loves.

But sometimes I would think of her and I would then
suddenly feel lost and alone in a world where everything
seemed unfamiliar and unkind. Once walking down the
Escolta I met a young girl munching an apple and the
fragrance of it caught my senses in a sudden wave of home-
sickness. Other memories followed after.

Fifteen years. . .

I went back to the province with a college degree. I

had a diploma but no job, so I sat down and searched my
soul.

One night a friend whispered an invitation and I thought,
why not?

At the far end of the road the ancient mango trees grew
thick and dark. We came up the ladder and I felt, al-
though I never had been to such a place before, that it
was the house. It seemed that its very smell and even
the voice of the fat, sluttish woman with the buyo-slob-
bered lips could belong to no other place.

I tried to be brave but a sudden panic caught my heart.

"How are they?" asked my friend of the fat oily woman.

"Excellent," she said, and the word sounded like an
advertisement.

"My friend here and I. . ."

"Okey," said the woman, "but just now three of them
are occupied. Only one is not, in this room." She led us
into the sala.

"You see," said my friend, "we don't want to take~any
chances."

"Don't fear," said the woman assuringly.

"Go ahead," said my friend to me.

"No, you go ahead," I said. I felt faint and empty
inside.

"You go ahead," he insisted.

I did not bother to knock at the door 'when I entered. I
just pushed it open and closed it slowly behind me. In the
dim light of the room I saw a woman combing her hair up
and down. She did not look at me but continued combing
hei hair, gathering it at last in her hand and vigorously forc-
ing the comb through the tangled strands. There was a
basin under the bamboo bed and a small towel hung on a
line which connected two opposite posts of the room. In
a corner stood a table and on top of this were several dusty
bottles. I became aware of a strong, lush odor which
turned my stomach and made my hands cold.

From the look of her arms and neck I knew that she was
no longer fresh and her flesh did not look healthy. She
knotted her hair with a quick twist and a deft accurate
pushing out of a central coil. She powdered her face care-
fully and then she stood up, smoothing her silk dress here
and there. Although I was looking at her when she turned
to me, I did not really see her at once.

"Have you been waiting long?" she asked. I think her

voice was rather kind but sleepy. She came nearer and

smiled. Then it was that I saw her. At first only in a

vague sort of way. But gradually her face assumed form

(Continued on page 276)

Sunset

By Silvestre L. Tagarao

FOUR men
Gently lower their burden
Into a rectangular hollow of earth;
A black-veiled woman
Stirs the solemn hush

With her weeping
Which slowly dies away,
While a glaring dragon,
Flicking its golden tongues,
Retreats in the west. . . •

355

On December Typhoons

By Frank G. Haughwout

SOMETHING more than a year ago I wrote for this
magazine an article in which I attempted a meteoro-
logical analysis of Joseph Conrad's story "Typhoon."
I thought that, on the whole, I had done a good job for
I brought out several things of more than passing interest
that had heretofore escaped notice. These, it is not neces-
sary to review here for the reader may refresh his memory
by turning to the original article1, and to the addendum
that it was necessary to publish because of developments
after the publication of the first article2. Now, I find
it necessary to publish a third installment. This is because
of the seeming reluctance of certain of my audience to
carefully read the context and discover just what I actually
did say. For instance:

I have been taken to task by one writer because of the
impression he gained from reading my first article, that
I had said that typhoons are "romantic". I said nothing
of the kind. What I said was that the literature on
typhoons, into which I have gone rather deeply — back
to the fourteenth century — was romantic.

Another impression I appear to have created, notwith-
standing the careful explanations I made to the contrary
in both articles, is that I had stated that typhoons never
occurred during the month of December and that a Christ-
mas typhoon, accordingly, was an impossibility. This
impression finally found its way into print in this magazine
(February, 1937, p. 97), and was explained away by edi-

torial comment. However, this serpent continues to raise
its ugly head! It has, therefore, seemed to me worth while
to go further into detail as to December typhoons and,
at the same time, say something about "Christmas
Typhoons."

As a matter of fact the records in the Far Eastern meteo-
rological observatories give an entirely accurate account
of the prevalence of December typhoons. The late Father
Froc, of Zi-ka-wei Observatory, listed a total of 34
December typhoons covering the entire Far Eastern area,
in the period embraced by the twenty-five years extending
from 1893 to 19183. This is an average of 1.3 typhoons
per year. Father Selga, director of the Manila Obser-
vatory in the twenty-six-year period between 1908 and 1934,
lists 61 storms affecting the weather of the Philippines,
or an average of 2.3 typhoons per year4. The seeming
inconsistency between the figures of Father Froc and those
of Father Selga may be explained by the fact that Father
Froc included in his list only fully developed typhoons
that ran a definite course and affected shipping. Father
Selga lists his typhoons under two headings: remarkable
typhoons of which he recorded 9, and ordinary typhoons
and "depressions" numbering 52. Many of the latter
did not find a place in Father Froc's atlas. These distinc-
tions are defined in my recent review of Father Selga 's
book5.

bEAO JftTKOHOLOCr^CTU

c6te deY-hine

*""'*•''— f fry

lt^s&*J f ~~

A ■-.. >»J.

r 7 — r r

|DECEMBRE 1

^r\

r\ 1

2.1

iPPr jy00, \Lxt '

'* a w

ti RA«i-*Vs( \ \ g \

rs \ /]

i \*°Ja^

'^■^ x^\ y

) &«•*

J^'CMUi

o/~^ Jfy8fc4jCfl>

oZjSrj

MKm^

^A^xV^n

vSv/^r

j*iD~y

"v / N

?^\/p>

I <

^ .*- T f ^s- ^ *.-

l *

RCSBAO N*TiOR0lOGqpm

COTE DE CHOTB

rj >'\

-JU-j

Pr^uftw Ait*

■ IMi ifmS*

Fig. 1 — Distribution of typhoons and atmospheric pressure in the Fig. 2 — Distribution of typhoons and atmospheric pressure in the
Far East during September. (After Froc). Far East during December. (After Froc).

256

N B - The barometric read trigs /<

Fig. 3-

-Track of the "Quantico" Typhoon showing how it was deflected to the southwest by the
Asiatic Anticyclone. (After Coronas.)

Father Selga,
under the heading
of historical ty-
phoons, lists 46
December ty-
phoons between
the years 1734 and
1900, of which he
was able to obtain
sufficient data to
justify record. All
told, Father Selga
has collected rec-
ords of 107 De-
cember typhoons
occurring during
the two hundred
years embraced
by the period
1734 to 1934.

Going through the records I find data on 7 storms which,
it appears to me, we are warranted in speaking of as 'Christ-
mas Typhoons.' '

The first I find is the typhoon of 1874 that swept over
Misamis, appearing first at Cagayan de Misamis at dawn
of Christmas Day, and passing over Cebu on the following
afternoon.

The Visayas were affected on Christmas Day in 1875,
1878, and 1879, the typhoon in each instance entering the
Archipelago by way of Leyte and passing out of sight in
the China Sea.

The outstanding "Christmas Typhoon'' of the Phil-
ippines was, of course, the "Quantico Typhoon," of 1918.
I shall allude to it later.

The island of Yap was visited by a most destructive
"Christmas Typhoon" in 1920. A storm-wave rose four
meters above the ordinary high water level. Hurricane
winds blew for six hours and more than 1500 buildings
were totally or partially destroyed.

It will be recalled that Manila felt the influence of a
typhoon on Christmas Eve of 1935.

The reader should note as significant to what is to follow,
that all of these storms crossed the Islands south of Manila.

High and Low Pressure Areas
It would be inappropriate here to go into a technical
meteorological discussion of the factors that influence the
movements of typhoons from the time they form in the
southern seas until they finally pass out of existence. The
reader must take much on faith, for the details are too in-
volved for the space at my disposal. Suffice it to say that
once formed and well on their journey, their paths are
largely determined by alterations in the location and in-
tensity of atmospheric pressure over the Asiatic continent
and the Pacific Ocean and the upper air currents.

There are four of these permanent to semi -permanent
centers: two Highs or anticyclones, and two Lows or cy-
clones. The great Siberian High centers mainly over
the region of Lake Baikal; the Pacific High, lying between
the south of Alaska and west of Hawaii, moves north and
south as well as east and west. The low pressure
area of the Aleutians also migrates back and forth between
the southerly part of the Aleutians and the northerly

<bars Aaue been, reduced to standard gravity

part of Kam-
chatka usually
with little change
in intensity. On
the other hand,
the low pressure
area over India
remains at about
the same spot
throughout a large
par t of the year but
varies at times in
intensity. There
are thus to be
seen four points
of force that may
be exerted on tra-
veling typhoons
to influence their paths: two pushing against the storm,
the Highs; two pulling it, the Lows. This is based on the
generality that typhoons are repelled by high pressure
areas and attracted towards low pressure areas.

When pronounced Highs and Lows appear on the weather
map in different localities one can, for his own satisfaction,
postulate a course for the typhoon by an application of
the theorem of physics known as the parallelogram of
forces. This is all very well if one does not undertake
to frame too positive a forecast. However no one may
predict with any certainty just exactly what a typhoon
is going to do within the next twenty-four hours. It is
usually easy to see what has happened after it is over if
one has the data at hand, but when the storm is approach-
ing, not only must the forecaster have all the available
information regarding the storm itself, he must be posted
as to what changes of atmospheric pressure are taking place
on every side of the storm before he can issue anything
but the most guarded prediction as to the probable path
of the storm and the areas that are likely to be affected
by it.

Now, it is true that seasonal or "permanent" Highs and
Lows (anticyclones and cyclones), are constant within the
limits I have stated, and that the general trend of typhoon
tracks is more or less constant for given periods of the year
in response to them, so that these storms usually move
within particular limits at certain seasons. Nevertheless,
it must be remembered that even the so-called permanent
Highs and Lows vary somewhat in intensity or location
from time to time within the season and, in consequence,
any typhoon that happens to be in the neighborhood is
exceedingly likely to have its progress modified by these
variations.

How the operation of these conflicting forces may, on
occasion, produce some exceedingly complicated typhoon
tracks is best shown by giving examples of actual storms.
Let us consider, for instance, the peregrinations of the
typhoon of August 5 to 17, 1932, as set forth in the records
of the Philippine Weather Bureau6.

The storm probably formed on August 2, between Yap
and Guam. On August 6, it was approaching the eastern

(Continued on page 269)

O Perfect Day

By Estrella D. Alfon

JL i.

I try

"OU can not write a story about] today."
Bebe was sitting on the seat beside me in the
lurching bus that was taking us home from
Guadalupe. It was evening and there was a full
moon. There were many of us in the party.

Why can I not write about today? What happened
that would be so hard to write about?

"For one thing", she said, "we were very happy.
to read all your stories and they are never happy."

But I can write about today. Very early this morning,
we went to the wharf to meet the boat that was bringing
your sister to us.

"Yes", Bebe said, "and we started being very happy
then."

We started being very happy then. How many we were!
There were my mother, and your mother, an4 your sister,
Bingbing. Then my brothers, Nene and Boy. That is
the family. Of the others, there were Ansiang and her
husband. And there was Luis, who is in love with your
sister Inday. And there was Kint.

When we arrived at the wharf, there was your father,
too. And we waited, for the boat was late. Soon the sun
was glaring fiercely. It seemed soon, because there was
so much laughter to push away the hdurs. Boy made a
pretense of jumping into the sea and we cried, "Oh, please
don't." The people looked to see what we were screaming
at and then smiled to look at us. We laughed so. Be-
cause who would jump into the sea? Certainly not Boy,
who is fifteen and is in the throes of growing pains. We
all know he is the grip of puppy love — and for a girl older
than himself. We tease him so about it : about his sudden
consciousness of neatness; the wave he tries to put in his
hair; his efforts to keep to the side of the road when w<s are
walking and she is with us; and about girls in general. He
tries to pretend he is an^gry, but how evident it always is
that he only hopes that we will mention the right girl.
But always we take care to mentidn the wrong ones.

When the boat did arrive, there was Inday waving to us
from the railing, wearing a green dress and a double chin.
We all raised our arms and waved, and I suppose we girls
even jumped about. But your mother put her handker-
chief to her eyes, and every now and then she'd raise her
head and look at Inday. You exclaimed how nice her dress
was. Into Luis' face there flooded a light, but he bent his
head to hide it and walked away a little.

Oh! what a lot of hugging we did! The boys stretched
out their arms and demanded that since they were part
of the party, they were entitled to some hugging themselves.
But Inday cried, arid your mother cried. Tears of hap-
piness. That seems like a silly phrase, unless you're crying
yourself; then you are belligerent about it, for they are
your tears, and have you not a perfect right to shed them
if and when you wish?

When Inday's baggage was taken from the boat, she had
two suitcases and three sacks of sincamas. We laughed
to see so much of the — whatever is it, fruit or vegetable.

258

She said she had got stuck with them when she

started bargaining for them as a joke and the vendor

gave in.

There came a cruising wagon to us, qne of those

streamlined trucks with room enough for seven.

But the driver scratched his head to look at the
mimber of us. We yanked at the sincamas peeping over the
mouths of the sacks, peeled them with our teeth, and
munched at them. We took out some more and
threw them around at the drivers of the taxicabs
waiting there, and those who caught them soon were
eating them too. And the driver of our wagon, he scratch-
ed his head again and soon was eating a sincamas also.
Then there came a policeman and he stood beside us for a
while, until he smiled and took the sincamas we offered
him. We exchanged glances among ourselves, hoping he
would go. When he did turn his back, we all piled into the
wagon, just us young people, but even then we made a
goodly load.

The driver clinched his teeth about his sincamas and
reached for his levers. We turned to wave at our mothers
standing there with Inday's father, waiting for a taxi.
They smiled at us and waved back, and then the wagon
made a sudden turn and then a spurt about a corner to keep
away from the policeman who was coming towards us again.

npHE moon hung low and heavy in the sky. Bebe beside
me was not listening to me. She was looking out, her
elbow on the window sill, her chin in her hand. And the
night smelled of flowers opening in hidden corners, turning
white faces to the light there was that was almost too bright
for night.

Ves, I can write a story about today. We arrived at
Bebe's house, and we all tumbled out of the truck and
went upstairs. Someone sat down at the piano. It must
have been Boy, because the tunes were always slightly
off-key. Inday had someone haul her bags and the sin-
camas into th<: house, and then she was with us, singing
the tunes Boy was playing. Sh^ took me about the waist
and led me into what was what in the latest Manila dance
steps. The boys made moves to stand up and dance with
us, but we always shouted them back into their seats, for
what could they offer to compare with Inday's leading?
We all remarked on how well she led, how well she danced.
And then our mothers arrived, and we stopped our dancing
because we all knew how Inday's mother does not entirely
smile on the pastime, and it was their house. But she
begged us to go on, go on, smd we did. And I watched her
eyes follow Inday about and proudly recognize her grace.
We drank lempnade and ate some cookies. And then
we girls went into Inday's room. We smeared our lips
with her lipstick, slapped our faces with her powder, draped
ourselves with her dresses. The boys tinkered with the
piano in the hall. And then my brother Nene said, "Hey,
cats! come on out." But we were too busy reading Inday's
love letters and sighing over them. Nene called again,
"Hey, you skirts, come out!" And when we did as he
demanded he wanted to know whether he had not arrived

only yesterday? Wasn't this his homecoming, too? So
would we go with him to "get it", as he said, and eat it,
whatever it was, or would we rather he threw it out?
Inday's mother said, "Yes, go," and we were running down
the stairs; we were trying to keep a semblance of dignity
on the street; we were crossing the bridge, and soon we
were at our house.

Boy sat down again at the piano. And here the boys
danced with us. Kint waltzes well, if only he did not
have such curly hair, and such cow eyes! And Luis, who
has smiled but hasn't laughed, who is usually talkative
but is not now talking, dances beautifully, but he grew
stiff with dignity when it was Inday's waist his arms were
about, and he seemed almost austere in his efforts to hold
her far away, and not look into her eyes. No one cared to
dance with my brother Nene, whose strides are too lengthy
to follow with any grace.

There was suddenly from the kitchen the sound of a
cleaver bright down on wood and meat. Sound most
familiar. Sound most welcome. We disengaged our-
selves from our partners in a hurry, rushed into the kitchen
3nd tore at the ears of the baked pig, pulled at its tongue,
twisted off its tail. Mother cut off the paws of the pig,
gave one to Ansiang, and told her it was a disgrace that
she had been married orie whole year almost, and there
still was no one to cry in the night. Ansiang's husband
spniled and warded off the jokes of the boys; while Ansiang,
as is her way, jumped up apd down and said shrilly, "Oh,
I arn embarrassed, so embarrassed." We lifted the lid
off a pot and closed our eyes to breathe in the smell of rice
cooked with pandan leaves. We washed our hands, and
lined ourselves up at the table spread with banana leaves
and heaped with a motley assortment of food. Rice,
steaming white and fragrant; pickles sweet and sour; a
salad looking out of place on the banana leaf; and bowls of
dugo-dugo. And then of course the pig, the noble pig,
the friendly pig, or what used to be he. Some of the old
folks brought in some tuba, but it was the girls who drank
it, and grew slowly red with the sweet headiness of it,
while the boys looked on and dolefully shook their heads.
We did full justice to that meal.

We sat around for quite a while afterwards. Inday told
us stories about Manila. Her mother came and listened
to her, and kept asking her questions about her studies,
about her grades, about her school life. We stfl said our
hurrahs because Inday had such high marks; we all nodded
our heads at the difficulties in her course; we all pitied her
because school life was so dull. But the excellence of her
dancing is evidence of how frequent her attendance at
parties must have been. Her mother's eyes are proud,
her questions unceasing, but although Inday answers at
length, she never seems quite satisfied.

Luis listened with his head down, as though he wasn't
listening at all. He smoked incessantly. Nene laid him-
self out on a daybed, and snoozed. Boy kept teasing
Bebe about her adrnirers. Bingbing kept teasing Boy
about the girls he was beginning to follow about. I told
Kint stories about the authors I had met in Manila when
I went there for a short while ; how they all seemed too young
to have written the things they have written. Ansiang
kept bickering with her husband because she insisted on

moving around and exclaiming sharply about such little
things as too much dust on the chairs, and too many flowers
on the adelfa. And her husband said, "You have just had
dinner."

Then someone made Inday sit down at the piano and
play. Inday has lost her stoop. EVen at the piano she
is poise itself. She got through an introduction that made
even Ansiang sit down and keep still. Then she laughed,
got up, and says that was all she could remember.

We danced some more, until Inday's father arrived and
announced we were all going to Guadalupe. Who cares
to go can go; just so long as he had ten centavos in his
pocket to pay for his fare! All the boys laughed and said
"Good!" The girls went upstairs to comb their hair and
powder their noses, while the boys shouted that no one
would look at us in Guadalupe.

We waited for the bufc at the foot of the bridge. We
were again as many as that morning. When we were in
the bus how it rang with our singing! Who could get a
tune out first, and could keep it against the other's singing,
he was a good one! For we all sang different songs at the
same time.

/^uadalupe is a place of flowers running riot with their
color and their fragrance. Guadalupe is where the
birds sing and the brook is clear. The trees bear fruit and
the women wash their clothes there. The little girls grow
their hair long and knot it, and they look far too wise and
old for their years. Guadalupe is where they sell bibingka
hot from the coals. The road stretches wide and white,
and the church stands at the very end of it. If the driver
speeds, you think you are going in directly, truck and all,
for the door of the church is wide, and straight before you.
There is a sudden turn to the left though, and you get off
at the corner.

We beg the boys to let us help in carrying the baskets,
but they are gallant today. We cross the riverbed that is
almost dry now, because there have been no rains, a little
dissappointed because we wanted the river to be flowing.
But soon we come to a spring, and women are clustering
about individual we\ls that they have scooped out in the
sand, into which, when they are deep enough, the water
cQmes bubbling, a little muddy at first, and then growing
clearer and clearer and clearer until it mirrors the moving
clouds. Women lift their arms and pound the clothing,
and they answer when we sing out greetings. We meet
people who are somehow not bent over, even under the enor-
mous loads of green mangoes they carry in huge baskets
on their backs, hung frqm their heads by straps of bariana
trunk fiber. There are tomatoes, cheeky and colorful, in
shallow woven bamboo trays on the heads of children who
have rolls of smoking tobacco in their mouths.

We CQfrne at short last to the cottage that awaits us.
Set at the foot of a hill; bamboo and nipa, unpainted,
browned by sun and rain. Torpedo, the keeper's dog,
chases sopme pigs away from the cultivated plants and the
rosebushes. There are chickens; and hens very jealous of
their chicks. There are green coconuts that await the
splitting. And there is a mango tree with its branches
hanging low with clusters of green mangoes. Boy finds a
(Continued on page 267)

Finance and Investment Section

Is Short-Selling "Lawful"?

By John Truman

IN the May issue of the Philippine Magazine I
told the readers something about the tactics of
the "short-seller". During the past three weeks,
the entire Manila market was directed by the short-
sellers who, every time prices tended upward, broke
them down again, scaring traders and investors away
from buying, while they themselves profited from the general
downward trend. It is only a weak market which pro-
mises profits to short-sellers, and with the present lack of
buyers the market must remain weak. Were that state of
affairs to continue for another month or so, the Manila
market would be totally demoralized and hundreds and
even thousands of investors and traders would join those
who have already withdrawn from the field, to the incalcul-
able damage of our mining industry which requires the stock
buying public to develop its properties.

Recently a majority of the members of the Manila Stock
Exchange voted against short-selling and the short- seller's
tactics are therefore now banned. But the situation still is
not safe, for some of the most dangerous short-sellers still
hold office in the Exchange and it will be hard for anybody,
even the Securities and Exchange Commissioner, to set up
really effective control.

The buying public may, however, do something for its
own protection:

(1) Buyers who pay in full should demand delivery of
their stock certificates;

(2) Buyers who play the market on margin should
pledge their stock with a bank so they may pay their brok-
ers in full. It is the unpaid-for stock held by brokers
as security which enables them to make short-sales.

There is still another remedy: not to deal with a broker
who is known to have sold short for his own account.

My remarks on short-selling in the May issue of this
Magazine provoked some discussion, for and against the
stand taken. A letter from a well-known Manila broker
was of substance. It ran as follows:

"The Editor
"Philippine Magazine.

"Dear Sir:

"I have just received copy of the May issue of your magazine, and
note an erroneous statement in Mr. John Truman's article on 'When
you buy Mining Stock'. On page 218, last paragraph, the statement
is made 'The Securities Act prohibits short-selling'.

"This statement is definitely not correct. Section 21 , Paragraph A.
of the Securities Law in full is as follows: —

'SEC. 21. Manipulative and deceptive devices. — It shall
be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly by the use of
any facility of any securities exchange —

'(a) To effect a short sale, or to ufee or employ any stoploss
order in connection with the purchase or sale of any security regis-
tered on a securities exchange, in contravention of such rules and
regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appro-
priate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.'
"The foregoing section is modified by Pararaph 24 of Provisional
Rules and Regulations issued by Securities and the Exchange Com-

260

mission on March 3, 1937. Paragraph 24 reads as follows:

'24. No person shall, directly or indirectly, by the use of any

facility of a securities exchange, effect a short sale of a security

registered on any exchange, where the seller does not intend

to make delivery of the securities within the period specified in

the rules of the exchange. Failure on the part of the seller to

make delivery on such date will be taken by the Commission

as prima facie evidence of the lack of intention on his part to

make delivery.'

"It will be noted from the above that it is only unlawful to make

a short sale where the seller does not intend to make delivery of the

securities within the period specified in the rules of the Exchange.

"In fairness to all concerned, I shall be obliged if you will publish a
correction in your next issue.

"Yours faithfully,

"Etc."

The points in this letter are well taken, but I neverthe-
less maintain that short-selling, as practiced on the Manila
Stock Exchange, is unlawful.

The Securities Act defines a broker as "a person engaged
in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the
account of others" (Sec. 2, Par. 6 [j]). The Act also pro-
vides that a broker's license may be revoked when he "has
demonstrated his unworthiness to transact the business
of a broker, dealer or salesman" (Sec. 15, Par. 4).

A broker should certainly have the right to transact
business on his own account as well as for his clients, pro-
vided he does it with his own money. But he is not enti-
tled to take advantage of his being a trader on the floor of
an exchange and do damage to the interests of his clients
who have entrusted him with their money and who, in
ninety cases out of a hundred, buy or sell upon his advice.

Take the following example of occasional short-selling:

A broker who has received a selling order for a big lot of
a certain security from one of his customers, say 60,000
shares of Masbate Consolidated, first sells short on his own
account a large lot of this stock in order to bring the price
down and to cover later on at a cheaper price because he is
certain he can do this, having the selling-order of his client
in his pocket. He sells, for instance, 50,000 shares of Mas-
bate at P. 26, 40,000 at f>.25, and 20,000 at P. 24, altogether
110,000 shares. Then he buys back 50,000 shares at
f*. 23-1/2. He is still short 60,000 shares. To cover them, he
makes a "cross sale" in his own office, that is, he buys the
stock of his own customer, also at P.23-1/2. On the board
at the Exchange this transaction appears, but only after it
has been closed. The short-sale has been covered; the
broker has to deliver 110,000 shares of Masbate which he
has sold in three lots at P. 26, P. 25 and P. 24 respectively
and which he was able to buy back at P. 23- 1/2. He ac-
complished this by short-selling done with the one purpose
ofmakingla sure profit for himself at the expense of his client.
Besides this, he charges his client a commission! There
is absolutely no risk for the broker. He sees the board at
the Exchange, he knows how much stock is wanted and
under what conditions, and it is easy for him to figure whether
he can bring the price down by an additional offer or not.

When a broker acquits himself in such a way, is he still
"effecting transactions in securities for the account of

June, 1937

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others" or is he abusing the rights, privileges, and opportu-
nities of his position, making a profit for himself at the risk
and expense of the clients who entrust him with their money
and securities? Does he not "demonstrate his unworthiness
to transact the business of a broker, dealer or salesman"?
What is the Exchange and Security Commissioner's opi-
nion? In his "Provisional Rules and Regulations under
the Security Act", he states that a "broker shall not make
any transaction opposite or against that which he makes
for his customers."

The matter becomes even worse when a broker is not
contented with an occasional short -sale but when he alone
or in confabulation with other brokers sells short on a large
scale with the aim of bringing prices down as a whole.

Speaking straight from the shoulder, such a broker vio-
lates the Securities Act, as he does not primarily effect trans-
actions for the account of others, but for his own account
with the intent of reaping large profits at the expense of
"others", these others being always his own clients or the
clients of other brokers, even of those who themselves are
against short-selling, as the general break-down in prices
forces all brokers to demand additional securities for margin
accounts or to sell out many of their customers which al-
ways results in a heavy loss to them. There is no excuse
for this sort of business and brokers indulging in it, prove,
in my opinibn, their "unworthiness" under the Law.

I have said that there is no excuse for such dealing, yet
during the past few months there have been a number of
attempts made to defend short-selling. One read state-
ments of this sort: "A tailor who sells you a suit of clothes
to be delivered after two weeks, performs a short-sale
because he sells you something he does not yet have".
I do not think it necessary to make a serious reply to such
a joke, but it may be of value to say something about a
booklet, entitled "On Short-Selling", issued by the Manila
Stock Exchange, or perhaps I had better say, published by
the recently defeated short-selling minority members of
the Exchange, as I understand that member brokers op-
posed to ghort-selling were very much surprised at the ap-
pearance of this publication.

Right at the beginning, this booklet defines short-selling
as "a brake which, when properly and judiciously applied,
operates to stabilize normal prosperity". Then follows
an attempt to present profit-making at the expense of the
public as a beneficial practice for the nation' as a whole,
in the following words: "An unhealthy boom in any country
must inevitably burst, bringing tragedy and widespread
economic distress. America experienced an impressive
example of this in 1929. Manila saw a minor example
last year when stock went down rapidly from high levels".

Thus do the short-sellers introduce themselves as a Salva-
tion Army whose aim is to save "millions of families" from
"unprecedented suffering".

If this is really what the short-sellers hope to do they
would seek to prevent '/vicious long-buying"; that is, pre-
vent an unhealthy boom by preventing people from buying
stocks at too high prices, advising their clients not to buy
when stocks are Overpriced. I did not notice any short-
selling during the boom. All the brokers were delighted
to receive so many buying orders and some of them engaged
themselves heavily in buying stocks on their own account

in order to profit from the up-going prices. Where was
our Salvation Army at that time?

But there is always an end to every boom. Profit-taking
begins on an increasing scale, and the first ones to notice
that the wind is beginning to blow from another direction
are the brokers. They sell. And when prices go down and
are showing a tendency to stabilize at a more normal level,
our Salvation Army appears on the scene. They sell not
only the stock they have, but lots of stock they do not have
with the intention of buying it back later when prices are
still lower. More and more shares are offered and the
Salvation Army reaps huge profits every day. They force
the owners of margin accounts to sell or sell them out ; they
scare even investors away; prices break down completely.
Short-selling has brought "tragedy and widespread econo-
mic distress".

For several months the short-sellers, whose tactics
aroused the suspicion of the public, have felt the necessity
of explaining to the people the usefulness of their practice.
The only apoloNgy, a hundred times repeated, was that short-
selling prevents unhealthy booms and helps to stabilize
the market. Neither of these statements is true. During
a boom, short-selling stops, and it is when prices are be-
coming stabilized at a normal level that short-selling begins
and breaks down the market completely, destroying all
chances of stabilization for the time being.

The attempt of the authors of the booklet "On Short-
Selling" to throw the blame on brokers' customers, is rather
amusing. I read on pages 10 and 11: "The Margin Trader
borrows money from a Broker in order to buy stock, which
he must obviously think is going up in value, otherwise why
should he incur the risk of borrowing money to buy the
stock."

This is true; the authors only forgot to state that most
margin traders act upon the advice of their brokers. The
writers continue: "As he (the Margin Trader) owes the
Broker money, he does not own his stock. All persons
operating on margin are required to sign margin agreements
for the Broker's protection in the event of a rapid fall of the
market".

The margin agreement which customers usually sign
provides that the broker may sell the customer's stock when
prices fall, and further provides that the broker may pledge
the unpaid part of the stock to secure the money which he
has advanced to the customer. I have never seen a margin
agreement by which a customer authorizes his broker to
lend his stock to another broker or to use his stock for de-
livery to cdver a short-sale. There is an obvious difference
between this and merely pledging stock. I should willingly
authorize a broker to pledge my unpaid stock, which stock
then disappears from the market. But I would never
authorize a broker to lend my stock to a short-seller,
which means using it for transactions which bring
the value of my stock down.

The authors of the booklet continue: "It will be seen
from the foregoing that where there are many Margin
Traders, there are many shares of stock available for borrow-
ing, thus affording the prime requisite for short-selling".

The writers hereby admit that the unpaid stock of traders
is used to cover short-sales. In respect to this, Vicente J.

June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

263

Francisco, member of the Philippine Bar, writes in his book,
"Understanding the Securities Act":

"The Securities Act requires brokers to obtain written authorization
from their customers before lending stocks held on margin. Most
customers sign this authorization as a matter of form, net realizing
the purpose for which their stocks are used. Although the brokers
often lend these shares at a premium, it is rare that the customers
secure any part of this revenue. The customer does not know when
his stock is lent, and brokers have never troubled toinform margin custom-
ers when their stock was lent to short sellers. Any premium the
broker has secured is treated as an additional income to him, to which
he is not ethically entitled. When a customer signs a lending author-
ization, he is thus giving something and getting nothing, unless special
arrangement is made with the broker. Mr. Warshow ("Understanding
the New Stock Market") believes that short selling has been the medium
for many bear raids, and a factor in accelerating a decline."

It is obvious that no trader would allow his broker to use
his stock for the express purpose of bringing the value of
this stock down. Short-sellers, however, use almost ex-
clusively the stock of margin traders for this purpose, thus
forcing many of them to liquidate their accounts with loss.
As the customers do not know what their stock is used for,
the broker need fear no protest.

As the trading agreements with margin traders do not
authorize the broker to use the unpaid stock of his customers
to cover short-sales, I again state that in my opinion, short-
selling as performed by some brokerage firms in Manila
is unlawful.

There is no more important point in connection with the
booklet entitled "On Short-Selling", to which I wish to
draw attention. The authors never state that nearly all
short-selling is done by brokers themselves and only a very

small part by the bigger speculators. The authors, on the
contrary, appear to wish to make the impression that it is
the brokers' customers who are selling short (page 11, under
the heading, "Borrowing of Certificates") and in this
connection also try to place the blame on the margin trader.
As a matter of fact, good brokers in town do not accept short-
selling orders from customers and there are anyway only a
few persons who ever even tried that game. The short-sales
which have broken the market down during the past few
months were all performed by brokers, by a certain group
of them recently defeated by the majority of the members
of the Exchange. Short-selling is now formally banned
from the Manila Stock Exchange. But there remains one
question to which no reply has been heard : Who will watch
the professional short-sellers when the market shows a weak
tendency, for it is at such a time that the temptation to sell
short is strongest in view of the big profits possible.

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Approach to Modern Art

By Gladys Traynor

IS the money that is being spent on new homes, offices,
and public buildings a sign that Philippine prosperity
will energise the artistic life of our community?

As civilization has followed upon civilization, a rising
tide of prosperity has usually brought about a correspond-
ing growth in the cultural arts. The acquisition of wealth
stimulates the desire to acquire beautiful objects of art
both for the purpose of beautifying one's surroundings and
to satisfy a passion for possessions. And the possession
of beautiful things may lead to increased appreciation of
their beauty and greater understanding of art in general.

Visitors to Manila tell us that it is today the most pros-
perous city in the Orient and that the Philippines is enjoy-
ing a peace and prosperity which the West, with its de-
pression, strikes, and wars has not seen for many years.
A few persons may believe that our prosperity can not last,
but there are apparently a good many who consider the
tide of good fortune sufficiently strong to warrant the build-
ing of permanent homes. Americans who have lived
haphazardly in the Islands for twenty years or more in
rented houses, as well as wealthy Filipinos who were
formerly content to live in the old type of Spanish-native
house, are now building beautiful modern homes.

Will this interest in modern architecture and decoration
extend to an increased appreciation of all the modern
arts? Will the owners of modern homes look for modern
works of art to replace collections of ancient treasures not
always in harmony with the idea of simplicity in modern
decoration, or will the furnishing of these lovely new homes
end with the purchase of Chinese linens, Czechoslovakian
glass, Japanese porcelain, American and German chromium
gadgets and whatndts?

Fortunately for creative art, there are a good many
persons with little lor no artistic education who feel the
force and pull of beau-
ty. These people may
in the course of beau-
tifying their homes gain
an understanding of
the true function of art
which, in itself, is of
far more worth than
any valuable art treas-
ure their money may
procure.

It will not be an easy
achievement, this ac-
quisition of knowledge
so unrelated to a man's
everyday business life,
as it is lived today.
He might, of course,
begin his art education
by learning to appre-
ciate art traditions.
But that is a long, slow
process for a man with

264

little artistic background because it takes him even farther
away from daily existence. A genuine understanding of art
is more easily acquired by another approach than that of
the academicians. Esoteric discussions of the objective and
subjective view of art bewilder the uninitiated. Certainly
there must be recognition of traditions, but art must be-
come intimately associated with the emotional life to give
that inner experience which is the first requisite to true
understanding. Intelligence is useful and necessary in
the world of science and business, but to depend upon it
alone in a search for beauty is to fail. Deploring the
aridity of the average man's life today, Alexis Carrel states
in his "Man the Unknown":

"Intelligence depends largely on education and environment. Also
on an inner discipline, on the current ideas of one's time and one's group.
It has to be molded by the habit of logical thinking, by that of mathema-
tical language and by a methodical study of humanities and sciences. . .
One may live in an unintelligent social environment and yet acquire a
high culture. The education of the intelligence is relatively easy. But
the formation of the moral, esthetic, and religious activities is very diffi-
cult. The influence of environment on these aspects of consciousness
is much more subtle. No one can learn to distinguish right from wrong,
and beauty from vulgarity, by taking a course of lectures. Morality,
art and religion are not taught like grammar, mathematics and history.
To feel and to know are two profoundly different states. Formal teaching
reaches intelligence alone. Moral sense, beauty and mysticity are
learned only when present in our surroundings and part of our daily
life "

To understand the essential beauty of a work of art one
must "feel" with the artist — painter, sculptor, or writer, —
the reality of what D. H. Lawrence describes as "a flame
or Life Everlasting wreathing through the cosmos forever
and giving us our renewal, once we get in touch with it."
The direct way to art appreciation is through this personal
response and inner experience.

Conquest of time
and space and the
changing aspect of life
today present such a
contrast to the more
static existence of those
generations which re-
quired three score years
to turn out a "gentle-
man" that the art of
those days no longer is
capable of eliciting for
the average person that
complete personal re-
sponse which is essen-
tial if a work of art is
to live for one.

Aliveness and vitality

is precisely what the

, > , \ modern school of expres-

A.^** St *fr< (Continued on page

From a Painting by D. Holesch 266)

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

THIRTEEN questions to make you
stop thinking. (With apologies to
Life and double apologies to Pu-
takte and Bubuyog).

1. The reason why our column did not
appear last month was that —

the Editor's stock of White Horse had run short.

one of the authors, though happily unmarried, almost became a father.

both authors had an uncommonly violent attack of sanity.

we had a few dishonest pesos in our pockets and thought ourselves

too rich to write,
we did not know Latin like Ciprianus Unsonia.
we did not write it.

2. One of these should be a legitimate ground for divorce
in the Philippines: — •

cruelty to one's better half's sweetheart.

killing one's wife or husband.

woman suffrage.

olfactory cruelty.

admiration of Robert Taylor on the part of the woman and of Greta

Garbo on the part of the man.
admiration of Mussolini or Hitler on the part of either,
playing the bull-fiddle to beguile one's leisure.

3. One of these words is correctly misspelled: —

Ritzal Qweezon Mac Nut Rocksas Manira
magnum oppus or magnum upds (it does not matter which).

4. Shakespesre said one of these: — •

What's in a woman?

It's a great life if you don't weaken.

Oh, Puso mag t iis ka sana.

Saan yo a casarita ti chofer no agtartaray ti truck.

Hail, hail, the gang's all here.

Why did I kiss that girl? why? oh why? oh why?

5. There is no truth in the rumour that — ■

General Santos has been appointed professor in the 20th Century
Academy of Ball Room Dancing to teach the ronda at P10 per
hour to be paid by him to the Academy.

the P100,000,000 Oil Excise Tax refund money has been satisfac-
torily spent.

Manuel L. Quezon will be the last President of the Philippine Re-
public.

•even Mussolini is afraid of Mussolini when Mussolini looks at Mus-
solini in Mussolini's mirror in Mussolini's palace in Mussolini's
Italy.

Hitler is a great Talmudic scholar.

a local mining company, or any local mining company for that matter,
has actually found gold on its properties.

since April 30, women have been offering men their seats in street
cars.

6. The 1*100,000,000 Oil Excise Tax refund money
should all be spent — •

in developing the nut industry by inducing the local nuts to increase

their output,
in holding a coronation more elaborate than that of George 6 to which

Haile Selassie will not be invited,
in importing more dollars.

in importing gold ore to "plant" in local million-peso
gold mines.

in conducting a How-to-Spend-the- Pi 00,000,000 Oil-
Excise-Tax-Refund contest.

7. A girl marries because —

the fellow doesn't know any better.

she gets tired of the fellow's being tired of women.

she can not pay her cedula tax.

he wants to make other men envious of her husband.

she wants to make her husband envious of other men.

because.

8. A cock-and-bull story is — •

what your stock-broker tells you.

a story about an Irish male cow.

what Mussolini told Theo. (Tio) Rogers and the Arabs.

the story of Alindada and the Cockroach.

what Ciprianus Unsonis told Auditor Hernandez in Latin.

Public Defenders.

9. When a man has a bellyache his friends can help

him by —

telling him the pain is imaginary.

having the proprietor of the restaurant where he eats arrested

sending for a priest.

calling in a midwife.

10. Galumphing in the presence of a young lady is not
proper because — •

it is absolutely frabjous.

it is against the Constitution of the Commonwealth,
it might lead to quints,
there is no use beating about the bush.

it is expressly prohibited by the rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.

11. We did not win in the last Sweepstakes because — ■

others deserved the prizes less than we did.

gambling is prohibited by law.

the judges were too honest.

as Ciprianus Unsonis said "Magna est Veritas et praevalevit." (every

bit of it),
not all people who bought tickets won.
we did not have enough money to buy all the tickets including the bogus

ones,
we did not buy any tickets.

12. The Christian name of Rizal is: — •

Mike

Adolf

Manuel

Abram

Boysie

Jose

Paco

Arsenio Napoleon

Solomon

George

13. One of these definitions is correct: —

Latin the language of the dead.

Patriotism living on thirty centavos a day and onions only.

Rotterdam an immoral woman.

Peptone jazz.

Grand Piano a piano worth $1,000.

Spade a tool with an immoral name.

Enfant terrible an illegitimate baby.

Apology the story of Apollo.

(Continued on page 269)

265

Approach to Modern Art

{Continued from page 264)

sionism is attempting to bring to modern art. Its
aim is to recreate beauty and "mysticity", not as some-
thing far removed from us, but as part of our daily life
and surroundings. The modern artist is seeking for the
fundamental springs of personality which the shallow,
literal, imitative art of the Victorian period never reached.
If surrealists and other ultra-modern artists have sometimes
gone below consciousness so far into the unknown that the
personal vision becomes lost in the abstract, that is no
reason to dismiss all modern art with a shrug as unintel-
ligible.

In recreating for us the eternal values, the modern artist
has returned to the first principles of creative art. He
recognizes all traditions that do not depart from these
fundamentals, but he also introduces a new element ex-
pressive of the peculiar quality of modern life. That is
the process of evolution, a joining on of the new with the
old.

The modern artist not only takes note of the outward
changes in the manner of living, but feels deeper currents.
The chaotic state of personal lives and of national govern-
ments reverberates upon the inner life with an insistence
which he can not ignore. Throughout the world there is
restlessness and dissatisfaction and recognition of the in-
adequacy of the old molds of living, an awareness that for
all our scientific advancement there is a great void which
perhaps can only be filled by a more profound regard for
the spiritual values of living. As many writers have pro-
claimed, old values have been scrapped and nothing as
substantial put in their place.

The building of modern houses is a beginning of our
readjustment to modern life. It is probable that the re-
novations of our surrounding will not stop there. Modern
homes need modern works of art. It is such a logical
necessity that continued opposition to modern painting,
for instance, seems incredible, or would seem incredible
if one did not remember the artistic background of the
average person. Resistance from the conservative die-
hard type of individual is easily understood. We have
with us always the man whose first reaction to some new
gadget is "I wouldn't give it houseroom". He remains
obstinate until he has seen its convenience demonstrated
in the homes of his friends. He is considered an "old
fogy". The attitude toward modern art of presenting
a deaf ear and closed mind, which in any other field would
be condemned as narrow-mindedness, is not, however,
confined to the "old fogies".

One reason for this attitude on the part of otherwise
liberal, progressive, and open-minded persons is that
modern art has suffered a good deal at the hands of faddists
and the snobs who think that because something is un-

intelligible to the masses it must be good. No distinction
has been made between the inability to understand because
of lack of background and the fact that a work may be
incomprehensible even to an expert. (It is often meaning-
less for the artist himself!) Such works are not true works
of art, for art belongs to everyone. Artistic failures, in-
capable of mastering the difficult technique of the old
schools, daubed masses of colors on canvasses, struck intel-
lectual poses, and for a time found favor with jaded dilet-
tantes. Not all of these bizarre, weird, or fantastic crea-
tions were fake. Some of this work was a true expression
of a human soul and for that reason may live as honest
work, perhaps serving as inspiration to some other artist
who in his turn may work out a thought imperfectly con-
ceived. In the minds of the public, however, much of
modern art is synonymous with the incomprehensible
and even the ridiculous.

Another reason why the average person can not imme-
diately respond to modern art is the deficiencies of his early
education. America has only recently begun to express
either in literature or the other arts something of its own
rhythm of living. It is always easier to copy than to pro-
duce something original. Throughout the hundred and
fifty years since the American Revolution, most writers,
artists, and musicians looked across the Atlantic for inspi-
ration. But the American art that will live in the future
will be expressions of American life and not copies of some
European artist's original creation.

Will it be necessary for the Philippines to serve a similar
apprenticeship or will it be able to shorten the period?

To accomplish in a short space of time what was once
achieved over a longer period, necessarily means the dis-
carding of unessentials. This is as true of the evolution
of art as of anything else. To reiterate, fundamental prin-
ciples of art must be constantly ke,pt in mind in beautify-
ing one's surroundings and acquiring genuine culture.
One can not afford in the beginning to linger over the "color
harmonies of Monet, fixed from nature's tenderest fleeting
aspects, and . . . Sargent's uncanny exposures of character
and dashing portrayal of clothes and bric-a-brac". There
is too much danger in that approach, of sacrificing an in-
heritance of more profound aesthetic discernment for the
merely imitative "mirror-like art, bright with easily under-
stood transfers from nature's storehouse of beauty". This
was the abyss into which art fell in the Victorian era and
from which the modernists are attempting to extricate us.

As Sheldon Cheney points out in his book "Expression-
ism in Art", the average person today still suffers from his
early education in that

"a false conception of art as illustration is developed in one's school
years : by the pictures and statues in classroom and home, and by actual
illustrations (properly literary and realistic) in popular magazines. By
these agencies the young student or casual observer is led, as a matter
of course, to evaluate a work of art by the degree of its likeness to nature.

Prelude To Meeting

By Filomena

NO. . . . Yes. . . .
No Yes If he

Does not come ere the sun sets,
I'll break every bone in your body,
Gecko. . . .

NOTE: In some parts of the Philippines the chirps of the house lizard or
gecko are counted and the outcome is supposed to show whether or not a visitor
is coming.

.... To me it seems clear that this pushing forward of illustrative
works in various forms, in place of creative art, is a chief reason why any
deeply expressive painting puzzles or repels the student at first meeting:
and I urge the reader to be sure that he has brought clear in his own mind
the all important distinction between realistic-illustrative activity and
truly creative art."

The manner in which one discovers that the creative
element in art is related to his daily existence, will vary
with one's temperament. For example, a woman in her
personal make-up and dress, or in her housekeeping duties,
such as laying table or arranging furniture harmoniously,
may be expressing her inmost self. Or she may be practic-
ing these everyday arts with nothing more than a real-
istic-imitative intelligence, modelling her make-up and
dress on something seen shallowly, from the outside.

Every one has at some time or other experienced a
moment such as John Cowper Powys describes:

"Suppose a man to be seated in the yard of a house with a few patches
of grass in front of him and the trunk of a solitary tree. The slanting
sunshine, we will suppose, throws the shadows of the leaves of the tree
and the shadows of the grass-blades upon a forlorn piece of trodden
earth-mould or dusty sand which lies at his feet. Something about the
light movement of these shadows and their delicate play upon the ground
thrills him with a sudden thrill; and he finds he 'loves' this barren piece
of earth, these grass-blades, and this tree. He does not only love their
outward shape and color. He loves 'the soul' behind them, the 'soul'
that makes them what they are. He loves the soul of the grass, the
soul of the tree and that dim, mysterious, far-off soul of the planet,
of whose body this barren patch of earth is a living portion."

This sensation is not caught by the camera; it is a diffi-
cult thing to put into words, or to transfer to a canvass.
The physical scene and the sensation together are what
the artist endeavors to capture for us. If in expressing
the "sensation' ' the physical is sometimes distorted, it is
all the more necessary to "feel" the sensation with the
artist. One may then understand the reason for the dis-
tortion. A photograph or imitative-realistic painting
may be considered intellectually. One should look deeper
into the personality of the subject of a modernist portrait.
The true artist's conception is more than photographic.

The best way to understand a modern painting is to
live with it. I remember reading a statement George
Bernard Shaw made some ten years ago about some
modernist painter whose ndme I have forgotten. Shaw had
looked at many modern pictures for a long time but could
not bring himself to like any of the)m. Finally he decided
to buy one and hang it in his home. Perhaps he was a
little piqued that there was anything in the world he couldn't
understand. At any rate the statement which I read was
made sometime after he had purchased this modern paint-
ing, and it was an enthusiastic defense of modern art.
Even the great Bernard had first to "feel" the picture
before he could understand it intellectually. It is sig-
nificant that what I remember, is Shaw's explanation of
how he came to appreciate modern art. His analysis and
defense I have completely forgotten. But his own ex-
perience was sufficiently impressive to send me to modern
art exhibits in Paris, London, and New York with an open
mind. And my living in an artist's apartment (sublet
for the summer), every inch of wall space of which was
covered with modern paintings, changed open-mindedness
to enthusiasm.

Imagine a modern painting in every one of these modern

new home in Manila, placed there because it had some
vital meaning for its owner! The effect on the artistic
life of the community would be like the house in the fairy
tale that Jack found the morning after he planted the bean.

Even if only a few of these prosperous builders of new
homes take advantage of the cultural opportunities offered
in beautifying their surroundings, the community should
benefit. There are no museums, no public or private
institutes of art in the Philippines. Responsibility for the
development of the arts at present rests with the individual.

If our new-found wealth is to be a strong cultural factor
in individual lives, reaching out and influencing commu-
nity life, it will not only bring the art of other nations and
other ages to Philippine shores, but it will take cognizance
of modern art because this most vitally expresses the tempo
of our age and the present -day stirring of nations and
peoples.

O Perfect Day

(Continued from page 259)

carabao lying placidly in the river. It is the keeper's
beast and it knows Boy, so he clambers on its back, and
now the animal is climbing ponderously up the side of the
hill, until Bebe screams that it should not be ridden, pity
the beast, it has just had a baby!

The keeper's wife smooths out a mat and brings out
pillows, white-sheeted. We are so tired with our eating ; it is
very welcome to lie down and pat our stomachs. But
someone suggests volleyball. There is a court somewhere
near; we can hear the smack of a ball bein^ met by hands
and served and returned. There are men playing there,
and we wait for them to finish their game. Then we take
sides — all the women on this side; all the men on that side.
We are so many against them, and except for Inday, who
captains all three (gosh!) of her school's teams, not one of
us knows enough about the game to keep from chiding the
men because they serve hard balls, or because they toss
the ball too far out of our reach! But what is a game for
except for shouting and jumping, even if one never touches
the ball at all!

TX7e played volleyball until the light grew rather dim,
and even then quit only because the ball fell plunk
on to a cake of carabao dung.

Someone brought out some patadiongs and we girls
scurried into what cbver there was to change into them.
Armed with dippers of coconut shell, we went, Bingbing
and I, tb the riverbed where there was a well that we cleared
of moss and dipped into. There were wild bushes by the
river's bank, with many flowers. We gathered these, and
plucked their petals and sent them with the water coursing
away. How lovely they looked floating thus, petals of
orange, very s/nall like confetti, many like stars. And
then Bingbing, digging in the well to make it deeper, said,
"Come, and see what I see."

Dusk was falling, but in the well, nevertheless, the light-
ness of the heavens was very clear. I leaned over Bing-
bing's shoulder and watched my face a.mong the clouds
reflected in the water; clouds that kept forever moving,
so that now the well darkened, and now lightened again.
Andthenv— I clasped my hands in delight, for while we wat-

267

ched one star glimmered in the welj. "Star light star bright,
first star I've seen tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might,
have the wish I wish tonight." Bingbing threw her head
down and bent over so that her wet hair hung into the well,
and drops dripped from it and disturbed the image of the
solitary star in the water. Then the water cleared again,
and now there were other early stars in the sky. How
early they were! Bingbing got up and went away.

T should be afraid. All around me there are trees, and
on the river there is now no person but myself, beside
the cold well, under the early stars. Bathing at night, or
even at dusk has always held a kind of fascinating terror
for me. The cold water seems to envelop me in a mantle
that grips my limbs and prevents me from moving. A cold-
ness creeps into me that seems to reach my very bones and
makes me shiver in chilled terror. I remember how one
night, with some friends of my mother, we went to Talisay
in our car, with Mother driving. I was a girl of twelve
and I sat beside Mother in the driver's seat. The other
matrons in the seat behind us were very gay, and I joined
in with their laughter. In Talisay, where there are swim-
ming pools, we asked the owner to fill a small pool for us.
We changed into our bathing suits; then we waited for the
pool to fill until the moon was high, and the coconuts palms
around the tank cast shadows of their leaves on the water.
And then one of our party announced that the pool was
almost filled. We went into the water, I staying in the
shallow end. As soon as my body was wholly in the water,
with just my head out, I felt suddenly afraid, yet somehow,
I didn't want to get out. Someone stood on the diving
board, a slim mestiza, in a bathing §uit that for those days
was very daring because it was white and molded her body
like a sheajth. She poised herself, her body very straight,
very white under the light of the moon, her arms stretched
out before her, her feet a-tiptoe. She sprang up; there was
an arc of white through the air and a gentle cutting of the
water, and then she disappeared from view. I held my
breath and waited for her to come out, and when she did,
she was near me, and my mother and the others were clap-
ping their hands.

There was still that chilled terror with me, but I gritted
my teeth and bent my knees so that my head was covered
by the water. I was in the shallow end, yet somehow,
with my head under the water and my breath held, I had
a sudden feeling I was alone in the world, in the pool, that
I was near to drowning and must hurry to save myself.
I had only to stand up, and my head would be out of the
water, but some unreasonable panic possessed me, and I
thrashed my arms wildly about and opened my mouth to
shout, but I only drank in quantities of water; and then I
had managed to stand up at last, and I was breathing in
hungry gasps of the cold air. There were my mother and
the others, out at the deep end, and they were laughing,
and telling stories, and daring each other to dive. But
the feeling of being all alone would not leave me, the feeling
of danger from the water stayed with me, and I grasped the
iron railing that ran around the entire tank, swung myself
out of the water, and changed hurriedly into my clothes.
But the chilliness never left me. I wrapped myself in some
towels, but I could not drive away that awful feeling of

268

fear. All that night, I dreamed I was in the water, and
my mother woke me up once because I was screaming, and
then in the morning, I was sick, and the doctor said it was
my lungs.

npHAT was so long ago. Here it was dark and it was
cold, and I was, I realized, afraid again. I poured some
dippers full of the water over myself. I imagined bogey
men in the trees that clustered on the banks, and when some
chance winds made the bamboos creak, I thought it would
be someone calling to me, sqmeone of the evil creatures
that hide themselves and prey Qn humans, like vampires,
like witches — •. I stood up quickly, left the well, and ran
to the others in the cottage. They were singing again, and
preparing a bamboo table out under the moon to eat our
supper from. They seemed so busy with their prepara-
tions, everything was sto cheerful — the songs, the moon-
light, the food on the table — -, that I laughed at myself and
changed into dry clothing, chiding my fancy for weaving
such frightening thoughts.

We Had no lights to eat by except a solitary candle that
someone found somewhere in the cottage. Usually the
keepers do not need light. This early, they are already
in bed, all their chores done. But there was light from the
heavens and we saw well enough by that. Our mothers
began putting into the baskets what things we must not
leave behind. We soon finished with supper and prepared
ourselves for the walk to the road, and the ride back home.

rp here are no lights to walk by. There will be moun-

tains and there will be shadows. Ansiang whimpers we
shall be so afraid. But the keeper of the cottage gathers
some withered coconut palm leaves, and twists them into
tight bundles, gives one to every boy in the party, and
lights each torch frqm the precious candle. Kint keeps
beside me, and Luis keeps beside Inday. There is a sudden
brilliance as the torches flare up; brilliance that startles
after the preceding dark. The shadows move away, and
draw up in walls beyond the reach of our flares. Kint
holds something in his hand that looks lovely, a nosegay
of white caznuning flowers, and in their center, ringed
around by their curling whiteness, a single pink rose bud.
Kint holds it out to me and says, "Picked it for you."

We raise our voices in song, through the short walk to
the road. There is more more water in the river, and some-
times we can not help wetting our shoes. How ineffective
is moonlight when there are so many trees and mountains
and your fears to cast their shadows!

We are out on the road. We are in the courtyard of the
church. Behind the roof of a house, there appears a lumi-
nous glow as of a fire rising up in flames. We point to it
and wonder aloud what it is. We do not have long to wait.
The moon peeps over the roof, and we clap our hands in
delight. There are bamboo trees with tufts that look like
giant feathers when the moon's glow is behind them; and
coconut palms, their fronds hanging demurely down, so that
with a little f ancyone can say they are maidens casting their
eyes bashfully down before a suitor too bold.

Kint looks at the moon, and stamps out his flare. He
says, "Do you remember?" I know what he has in mind:
nights when we used to walk to the pier and sit down and

talk and sing; a whole crowd of us. That was before he
fell in love with me. When he did, he was barred from the
group and its singing, for he had committed a grievous
breach of friendship. He says, "I afm always asking do
you remember, when there is nothing to remember !" I
look at him in silence, then before I know it, the cruel
words have sprung to my mouth, "Haven't I shown you
yet how bad I can be? Are you still in love with me?" He
turns his head away, and there; is a fierceness about his
mouth.

I walk away, feeling sorry for him. I watch Luis sit on
a big stone beside the church door. I watch his eyes follow
Inday about. And Inday keeps on singing and walking
about among us, flinging jokes at us, slinging off smart
talk she must have learned in Manila. Inday's mother
and my mother are talking together. I know them so well.
Their talk will be about me and Inday, and the others;
about their hopes for us. They will mention so many
things they feel they can be proud of. They will have so
many dreams to tell about, and all through their words
there will run their love for us, their fear of anything hap-
pening to us. I go back to Kint and let him watch me
being careless with the flowers he has given me. I tell him
of someone I love very dearly. And he smiles at me and
says he hopes I will be happy.

I sit down beside Luis and ask him not to put his chin
that way on his hand. But he says that it is restful that
way, and he tries to join in the singing there is. The bus
arrives and we take our seats in it. Bebe sits beside me,
and tells me I can not write a story about today. There
is a moon in the sky. There are fragrances carried on the
breeze. We pass a cemetery and Ansiang points out the
grave of her sister. There are so many crosses, and they
look so peaceful standing there in row. My brother Nene
sings lustily. But always Nene will be by himself; he and
his jokes about women and their defects, his apparent
hardness to everything that one can cry about. How hard
it goes with a picture of him I have in my mind, when one
day I saw him taking a bath and he crossed himself before
getting his head under the shower. My brother Boy, how
big he is ! Only yesterday I was boxing his ears and bullying

him.

I look at Kint and realize how I must have hurt him . . .
how I always have hurt him. A woman may feel trium-
phant about such things but it will never bz true that she
is happy about them. There is Luis. He will always love
Inday too. Inday's mother will always think him or any
man unworthy because she loves Inday so much. Luis
will always follow her about and not speak to her, and
dance with her but not look into her eyes. There are our
mothers. They will always have such dreams of us, and
we shall always never quite fulfill them. They will always
love us so much, it will always hurt them to have us fall in
love. Inday leads the singing, "Another perfect day has
gone away." What peace that sqng breathes! Perfect day.
Bebe sings but she looks out of the bus window and watches

the moon.

Today was perfect not just because it held laughter;
but because, like every other today, there were yesterdays
to remember, to cry about and to be glad about; and to-
morrows to look forward to in fear and hope.

Charity

(Continued from page 265)
Dormitories Tories who sleep during the sessions of Parlia-
ment.

Exhaust a former host.

History that which tells us what the dead do.

Polygamy the game of parrots.

Dictaphone Mussolini's telephone.

Islam the way angry people shut doors.

Sinecure a cure for sins.

Adenoids a handsome fellcw like Robert Taylor.

Sexton one with excessive sex appeal.

Atlas what an old maid says when she embraces a man!

Answers: 1. One of the authors, though happily unmarried almost
became a father. 2. Cruelty to one's better half's sweetheart. 3. It
dees not matter which. 4. Oh, Puso magtiis ka sana. 5. A local
mining company, or any local mining company for that matter, has
actually found gold on its properties. 6. In developing the nut industry
by inducing the local nuts to increase their output. 7. Because.
8. What Mussolini told Teo. (Tio) Rogers and the Arabs. 9. Calling
in a midwife. 10. It might lead to quints. 11. We did not know the

judges until it was too late. 12. Abram. 13. Atlas what an

old maid says when she embraces a man.

On December Typhoons

(Continued from page 257)

entrance of Balintang Channel and on the morning of the
9th it passed very close to the west of Ooagarizima. From
then on it appeared to move slowly toward the north-
northeast and almost north by east. This brought it
within the influence of the Pacific High to which it began
to respond in a most remarkable manner. When the storm
was about sixty miles to the southeast of Kiu-Siu, the center
started to describe a clockwise loop, responding with singular
precision to every movement of the Pacific High. When
the Pacific High was centered at about the same latitude
as the typhoon, the storm moved very slowly. When the
Pacific High gained in latitude (moved north) the typhoon
moved southward. When the Pacific High moved south-
ward, the typhoon completed the loop and finding the
way favorable, it curved around the northern part of the
High and moved toward the northeast with remarkable
swiftness.

The point about this storm of greatest interest to meteo-
rologists lies in the fact that the loop described by this
storm was clockwise. Many instances are on record of
hunicane storms, both in the Atlantic and the Pacific,
that have executed loops in their tracks — in a few, even
double loops have been formed — but in nearly all cases the
storm hss turned on itself in a counter-clockwise direction.
The explanations of this that have been offered are too
technical to discuss here. It is sufficient to say that clock-
wise loops seem not to be executed south of 30° to 35
latitude.

A more recent instance of the influence of the same
conditions that send a typhoon astray, and one nearer
home was afforded by the typhoon which crossed Luzon
twice between October 7 and 16, 1936, notes and obser-
vations on which have been kindly furnished to me by Father
Bernard F. Doucette, chief of the meteorological division
of the Philippine Weather Bureau.7

This storm appeared as a depression out in the Pacific
Ocean about five hundred miles east by north of Manila.
It moved northwest, then west, gradually growing in inten-
sity until on the evening of October 7, it had developed

269

270

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

into a full-fledged typhoon. On the morning of the 9th
the storm was close to and south of Echague, Isabela Prov-
ince. It gradually inclined to the west-southwest and
the rough, mountainous country over which it was passing
apparently slowed down its progression. It passed south-
east of Baguio and Dagupan, and on the morning of the
10th was located near the coast line. It then moved very
slowly west and then south, and the next morning started
to move east, crossing the northern part of Zambales and
appearing about sixty miles north of Manila on the morn-
ing of October 12. It then changed its course to north -
northeast and then northeast, entering the Pacific behind
another disturbance that had meanwhile formed in the
Pacific. It disappeared on October 16. We may venture
the guess that it merged with the second storm, but of
this there is no real evidence.

This performance was due to a rapid building up of the
anticyclone over China. The reversal of the course was
expected by the Weather Bureau which, of course, had
tidings of the strong northeasterly monsoon winds in
Formosa Channel and the North China Sea, and the rapidly
rising barometers reported from the Chinese stations which
combined to check the westerly course of the storm and
deflect it back toward the east.

This Siberian anticyclone is very active during the winter
months and is a thing to conjure with for it blocks the
typhoons that are traveling towards the northwest or north.
This is accomplished either by a southward migration
of the anticyclone or an increase in its intensity.

The Monsoons
That these changes in atmospheric pressure over the
continent can not but be profound is easily appreciated

when one realizes that the annual temperature range over
Siberia, let us say the Lake Baikal region, extends over
160° Fahrenheit. That is to say, from 70° below to 90°
or more above zero. In consequence, in the winter when
the temperature there is low the density and pressure of
the air over northern Asia increases enormously, the baro-
metric pressure in January and February rising to as high
as 780 m.m. (30.70 inches). The winds of this high-
pressure area (anticyclone) blow outwards from the center
in a circular, clockwise direction and, among other pheno-
mena, give rise to the Northeast Monsoon which sweeps
down the China Coast and makes itself felt in the Phil-
ippines from Fall until Spring. Along the China Coast
and down the Formosa Channel this Northeast Monsoon
blows with great intensity — at times with almost hurricane
force so that instances are on record of powerful steamers
consuming five days in the voyage between Hongkong
and Shanghai. As the cold weather develops, the influence
of this high pressure works farther south and comes to be
felt in the Philippines during the winter months.

From April until September the conditions are reversed.
The temperature over Asia gradually rises. The land
becomes greatly overheated, in fact stores more heat than
can be discharged by cooling and radiation at night, and
this ever-increasing reservoir of heat rarefies the air and
causes its pressure to fall until in the month of September
we find over Siberia that the center of 780.0 m.m. of pres-
sure has become replaced by a center that has fallen to
764.0 m.m. (30.07 inches). We now have a comparatively
low pressure area (cyclone), the winds of which blow inward

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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

271

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272

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

to the center in a circular counter-clockwise direction.
The Northeast Monsoon subsides and the prevailing winds
now tend to blow from the southward toward the con-
tinent forming what we may speak of as the Southwest
Monsoon. Correspondingly, the high pressure zone over
the Philippines recedes back into the continent. We have,
in other words, high pressure and an outward rush of air
from the continent during the winter months; lower pres-
sure and a rush of air into the continent during the summer
months, or, as one writer has felicitously expressed it:
"a kind of inspiration and expiration of the Asiatic Col-
ossus." These conditions cause the Northeast and South-
west Monsoons.

These phenomena are shown very graphically on the
two charts (Figs. 1 and 2), which I have borrowed from
Father Froc's atlas. They are very informative and worth
some study. The shaded areas extending up from the
lower right corner of each chart represent the area and
comparative frequence of typhoons during the months of
September and December. The concentric lines bearing
the figures are the isobars or lines of equal atmospheric
pressure as they are distributed during these months.

Turning now to Fig. 1, which shows the conditions exist-
ing in the month of September, we find that while the
pressure over Baikal is lower than the pressure there
in December (Fig. 2), still it is the point of highest pressure
in the Far East at the time and for that reason should
be regarded as the dominant high-pressure area.

This 764.0 m.m. isobar is a very important line in Far
Eastern meteorology because of its influence on typhoons.

It will be seen on studying Figs. 1 and 2 that it seems to
form the limit of atmospheric pressure beyond which a
typhoon can not travel very far. However, it will be noted
on inspecting the September chart (Fig. 1), that in the
summer months the storms do not travel inland much
beyond the 760.0 m.m. (29.92 inches) isobar. The 764.0
m.m. isobar is away up in the Baikal region which is sep-
arated from the coast by a vast stretch of comparatively
arid land. Clearly, another influence has stepped in.

Now, typhoons are dependent for their source of energy,
and, hence, their very existence, upon a continued supply
of water vapor and if the storm is deprived of this for any
great length of time the storm literally dies of thirst. Well
developed storms, other things being equal, are able to
cross limited areas of land with possibly little diminution
in intensity. The gap crossed, the storm usually recovers its
energy pretty quickly regaining its stock of moisture when
it comes once more over the wave. But let one of these
storms start a journey northward over the Asiatic continent,
and its hours are numbered. An instance is recorded of
a typhoon that passed inland m China far beyond the
usual limits and progressed well up into the continent before
it died. However, it was found, on investigation, that
the area over which the storm passed had been heavily
inundated by previous continental storms.

Let us now turn to our December chart (Fig. 2), and see
what has become of our 764.0 m.m. isobar. We find it
forming the limit of typhoon invasion on all sides. Ty-
phoons are now seen to be excluded from all of China
and Formosa, including the Formosa Channel up which

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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

273

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Conrad sent the Nanshan, and at the southern mouth
of which the Nanshan was made to pass through the vortex
of the typhoon.

The "Quantico Typhoon"

Such are the conditions that existed late in December,
1918, when the Philippine Weather Bureau wrestled with
one of the most anomalous and surprising situations in all
its history — the prediction of the course that would likely
be taken by the famous "Christmas Typhoon" of that
year, usually spoken of as the "Quantico Typhoon," in
memorial to the interisland steamer of that name that
was cast ashore and wrecked on Tablas Island, that dread-
ful Christmas night, with the loss of twenty-one lives.
The accuracy with which the Weather Bureau handled
the difficult problem afforded by this storm is one of the
outstanding achievements of the institution in its entire
history.

A detailed and excellent description of this storm was
published at the time by Father Jose Coronas then chief
of the meteorological division of the Weather Bureau.9
This is available to those who seek fuller details than I
can give here. I have taken the liberty of using one of
Father Coronas' charts as Fig. 3, to illustrate the brief
account I shall give of the storm.

This remarkable storm appears to have formed over the
Western Carolines between December 17 and 19, and passed
about one hundred twenty to one hundred fifty miles
south of Yap on the 20th. At this time it was following
the west by north path normal for typhoons in that latitude
at that time of the year. On the 22nd the barometers
were rising in Yap and falling along the east coast of the
Philippines. If the typhoon continued its west by north
course, it would have been dangerous for the Visayas.
Accordingly, the Weather Bureau hoisted the No. 1 (old
system) signal in the threatened area.

However, on the 22nd the storm began to turn toward
the north and by all precedent— Father Coronas says in
about ninety-nine percent of cases — it should have con-
tinued to incline to the north and then to the northeast,
passing up the Pacific past the Philippines. The storm
kept on the northerly course for two days and the Weather
Bureau issued its storm warnings on this basis, the wind
directions and barometer readings showing that the typhoon
was, in fact, pursuing this course. Such was the evidence
as late as the morning of the 24th. The typhoon was
moving definitely northward and away from the Phil-
ippines, as will be seen by tracing the track on the chart
(Fig. 3). Accordingly, the signals in the Visayas were
ordered lowered. There was no reason to suspect that the
storm would depart from the usual path. As a matter
of fact, there was no record of any northerly-bound storm
in the Pacific east of Luzon ever having recurved and travel-
ed in a west-southwest direction.

At 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 24th the wind direc-
tions clearly showed the storm to be northeast of Samar.
A fall of the barometer was interpreted as indicating a
growth in intensity of the storm which was then thought
to be either stationary or slowly recurving to the north-
east. There was abundant precedent for this. This fall
in the barometer was later shown to be really due to a
sudden and abnormal change in the direction of the typhoon
to the west and west-southwest. This new direction was

followed for one day before the typhoon entered the Archi-
pelago.

At 2 o'clock on the afternoon of Christmas Day it was
realized that the incredible had happened; that the storm
was moving west by south and would cross the Islands.
Warnings were hurriedly issued. At 10 o'clock that night
the center was over Tablas Islands and the Quantico was
in her last throes. A few hours later the storm was in
the China Sea still moving west-southwest.

So suddenly did all this happen that many of the observers
were thrown on their own resources and had to issue their
own warnings to the populace. Notable among the men
of the Weather Bureau who rose to the occasion was Ber-
nardino Costa, the observer at Legaspi. At 10 o'clock
on Christmas Eve, Costa's barometer read 755.63 m.m.
(29.74 inches) and this, with the direction of the wind,
led him to believe that the storm would pass safely by to
the north. However, he had a hunch which led him to
stand by, and between 11 p. m. and 1 a. m., the wind had
shifted to the northwest. He hoisted the precautionary
No. 1 signal and sent out a general warning. He con-
tinued his observations and at 4 o'clock he hoisted No. 4
signal, meaning that the typhoon was dangerous for the
locality, and sent out a general warning which he repeated
at 6 and 8 o'clock. At 9 o'clock when he saw that the
storm was close at hand he hoisted signal No. 7 so that
the people of Legaspi and the country nearby had some
warning of the disaster that fell upon them. Records
of the Weather Bureau later showed that Costa was entirely
correct in his assumption that the typhoon was in a latitude
higher than Legaspi at 10 o'clock Christmas Eve.

Reduced to the simplest terms this whole performance
was the reaction of the typhoon to a sudden and extensive
southward migration of the Asiatic anticyclone. The
Far Eastern weather map of the morning of December 24,
shows the approaching typhoon, the 764.0 m.'rn. isobar
running through the island of Formosa — just north of the
Philippines, in fact — and ^ tongue of the Pacific High in-
sinuating itself on the east. The storm kept on its course,
farther and farther southwest until, on the 29th, the center,
as will be seen by Fig. 3, was in the China Sea south of
Indochina. We find also, that the 764.0 m.m. isobar
has continued its southward journey, crowding the typhoon
before it, the pressure line now passing through Indochina
at about 14° latitude and running northeast through Bashi
Channel, a southward migration in about five days of
more than five hundred miles.

Such are a few of the facts concerning December typhoons,
and the final evidence in support of my statement that
Joseph Conrad's typhoon could not have occurred on De-
cember 25.

LITERATURE CITED

1 Haughwout, Frank G. : A Mortal Queries an Immortal. Philippine Magazinexxxiii

(1936) No. 4, p. 179.

2 Haughwout, Frank G.: Joseph Conrad's "Christmas Typhoon." Philippine Ma-

gazine xxxiii (1936) No. 12, p. 602.

3 Froc, Louis: Atlas of the Tracks of 620 Typhoons 1893-1918. Imp. de l'Orph.

de T'ou-Se-We. Shanghai, 1920.1

4 Selga, Miguel: Charts of Remarkable Typhoons in the Philippines 1902-1934;

Catalogue of Typhoons 1348-1934. Manila: 1935. Bu. of Printing.

5 Haughwout, Frank G. : Philippine Typhoons from 1348 to 1934— A Review.

Philippine Magazine xxxiii (1936) No. 6, p. 295.

6 Philippine Meteorological Bulletin, 1932, p. 271. Manila: 1935. Bu. of Printing.

7 Doucette, Bernard F.: (Personal communication).

8 Deppermann, C E.: Outlines of Philippine Frontology, Manila: 1919. Bureau

of Printings

9 Coronas, Jos6: The "Quantico" Typhoon December 25, 1918. Manila: 1919.

Bu. of Printing.

274

Jane, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

275

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276

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

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The Smell of Green Apples

(Continued from page 255)

and shape and suddenly I felt emptied of everything but a
white, clean memory which kept tugging at my heart like
a little child insistently pulling at the hand of its father.
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There was an interval of calm, — silent, amazed. A thou-
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and then came one final death of all lovely things.

When I turned my gaze from her wondering eyes I caught
the glint of the lamp reflected from the white basin under
the bed, and all at once the heavy sickening odor of the
room engulfed my senses in one stifling wave and the fra-
grance of grass and green apples was lost to me forever.

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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

277

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

TUT ARC T. Greene suddenly jumped from
***** England to Japan apparently, because the
article on the pitiful and tragic hegira of " White"
Russians, especially of Russian women, to the
China Coast, was sent me from Kobe. His
brief letter of transmittal ended with the line,
"Hope to have the pleasure of seeing you before
long'", so evidently he is planning to come to
Manila soon.

C. V. Pedroche well known to readers of this Magazine, wrote me in
a letter that accompanied the manuscript of his story "Lost Fragrance",
in this issue: "You will be surprised to know that I am now a municipal
treasurer. If you publish this story I will be the first municipal treas-
urer to have had a story published. Lifein this little town is very tame,
but every once in a while things happen. I wish I could write of the
man who was hacked to death because he stole a carabao and made a
feast of it all alone by himself in the forest because he was hungry.
Then there was a hare-lipped fellow who fell in love with a balasang
(young lady to you) who told him she would accept him only if he would
have the gap over his teeth sewed up — and danged if he didn't go home
and sew up his lip himself with needle and thread and a pocket knife
and a fierce pang of determination! And so it goes, but most of the time
it's just land taxes and cattle license fees."

Gliadys Traynor, author of "Approach to Modern Art", in this issue,
came to the Philippines some nine years ago after spending a year in
China. Her interest in art began through her membership in dancing
and art theater groups in the United States and her meeting Sheldon
Cheney, author of "Expressionism in Art". The illustration published
with her article is a reproduction of a painting by D. Holesch, a Hunga-
rian painter belonging to the more conservative modern school. He
came to the Philippines last July and has done many landscapes and
studies of the people, especially the people of the Mountain Province.
He has also painted a number of portraits in Manila, including Carson
Taylor, Mrs. H. Findlay Gourlie, J. V. Hickey, and Master John T.
Haussermann. Mr. Holesch plans to leave shortly for Japan. Mr.
Holesch's treatment of color is particularly modern and vivid, un-
fortunately not apparent in the black and white reproduction shown.
Estrella D. Alfon, young Cebu writer, is rapidly coming to the fore
as among the very best woman writers in the Philippines. "O Perfect
Day" is her third story in this Magazine and she has had several very
fine stories in the Graphic. She has recently come to Manila to study
medicine and Dr. Arturo B. Rotor will have to look to his laurels. . .
More about Rotor anon.

Jose Velez Yasay, author of the poem, "The Blacksmith", is editor
of the Commonweal, a Visayan organ of the Commonweal (Catholic
Action) Publications. He has had a number of poems in this and other
Manila publications.

Silvestre L. Tagarao, youthful author of the pcem, "Sunset" is a
senior student in the Davao High School, and says he became interested
in writing through his instructor, Geronimo B. Sicam, who is an occa-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

sional contributor to the Philippine Magazine. Young Tagarao was
born at General Trias, Cavite, on the last day of 1919, and went to
Mindanao with his family, his father being a Bureau of Lands surveyor.
Of the short poem, "Prelude to Meeting" by "Filomena", Beato de la
Cruz, of Kalibo, Capiz, who sent it in, said in a letter: ". . .A maiden
wrote this poem. She showed it to me, and I grabbed it and am send-
ing it to you. Is it good?" That reference to a maiden got me. Be-
sides, it's not bad. And it doesn't take up much room. Here's to
Beato and his maiden!

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". . .Philomel will deign a song,
In her sweetest saddest plight,
Smoothing the rugged brow of Night."

Talking about poetry, I had another note from Mr. George Hyde
Preston of Shorefront Park, South Norwalk, Connecticutt, quoted in
the February issue in this column. Because he said a copy of the Maga-
zine had disappeared that he wanted again to refer to I sent him the
issue I guessed he was looking for, and a few others just to make sure.
He wrote: "Many thanks for the extra copies of the Philippine Maga-
zine containing your poems. 'Thou, Thou Only* was the one I wrote
you about and on rereading it I like it better than ever. [I am glad
about this because I have or had particular reasons why I wanted that
poem to be good.] I was interested and glad to see my letter to you
in the February number. My letter and the one you quoted with the
Moscow date line at least go to show that the Philippine Magazine is
read in countries far distant from the Home Office. . ." Well, I thank
Mr. Preston for his courtesy.

The April Fact Digest (U.S.) reprintecfDr. Leopoldo B. Uichanco's
article "Philippine Animals' ' published in the Philippine Magazine
some months ago.

I suggested some time ago to former Governor Frank W. Carpenter,
now in Washington, that he write up some of his Philippine experiences
for the Philippine Magazine. He wrote me recently: ". . . . You are
very flattering when you suggest I might write something worth publish-
ing in your Magazine. Thanks, and I will think about it. . . The
Magazine deserves to be really profitable to you — it represents venture,
rare ability, plus much work and worry. . ." I'd be the last to deny
that Governor Carpenter's last sentence embodies a great truth, but
alas and alack for the profitableness!

I. B. Powell, 100 Westward Rise Rise, Barry, Glam., Wales, noted
British authority on the Philippines, sent me a letter together with
some copies of the Manchester Guardian and the New Statesman
and Nation, in which he stated: "I have put off sending you my '37
subscription as I have been hoping for time to write you a long letter,

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

279

but it never seems to come and now I am about to push off for Easter.
So— cheque enclosed. As ever, I am delighted with the Magazine and
your good work in the cause of Las Islas. 'Four O'Clock', February
issue, reports that you have been unwell. I hope you are fit again.
Ever yours, If or B. Powel. P. S. I was sorry Montana didn't win the
fight. I sent him a telegram— in Tagalog (!) too— but somehow it
didn't help him! It was the last round that did it." There's your
Britisher for you— a scholar and yet he remembers a prize-fighter he
met years ago, and thinks enough of him to send him a telegram ! And,
note, he reads even this column! As for my health— if anyone besides
Mr. Powell is interested, it's not so good as it might be, but, as Mr.
Quezon once said when, in other days, he was granted a "vacation"
by the Party: "I'm not dead yet!"

I had a letter from J. C. Dionisio of Stockton, California, editor of
the Pioneer, during the month in which he stated: "Inclosed are two
dollars to cover the gift subscription I requested by radio last December
for Prof. George Savage of the University of Washington. In-
closed you will also find Professor Savage's letter which I think is good
for the famous Four O'Clock column, which, by the way, is always the
first thing I read in the Magazine. Please return the letter to me. . .
You may be pleased to know that Mr. Maliaman, an Igorot whose
article on Bontok rock-fighting you published some time ago, was a
classmate of mine last year. ... I enjoyed very much Daguio's delight-
ful essay 'Tea' in the February issue. . ." Professor Savage's letter
read in part: "Dear Mr. Dionisio: The Christmas number of the
Philippine Magazine with the gift card just arrived. I am delighted
to have the magazine and am particularly interested in that it is not
iust 'something novel from another country' but a magazine I really
want to read. It has dignity, interest, amazingly good typography
(better than most American magazines), and everything that tends
to make a magazine distinguished. I don't know why, but somehow I
anticipated finding a point of view completely different from our own,
I certainly didn't expect to see advertisements for Webster's Dictionary,
Chesterfield Cigarettes, Waltham Watches, Stillman's Freckle Cream,
and other American products. I had thought all such things would be
manufactured i n the Islands if they were available there at all. I do
like the cover, too on the December issue. Thank you very much
for your thoughtfulness. . . Have you had time to do any writing on
your novel? I can't stress enough how important I think it is for you to
keep on working. If I can help you in any way with your writing, let
me know. Next year there will be an advanced class in Narration.
I wish you were here to enroll. I'd like to have a number of the
students of the class you were in as a nucleus for this new class. ..."

Had a note from Aleko E. Lilius, too, who left Manila and founded
the South African monthly called Africa. He wrote: "... I am
off for Europe and the States in a few months' time. Wit marsh sold
Africa magazine and the whole staff left— paid off as per contract.
Have been roaming in Zulu-and Swalilands enjoying witch doctors
and debunking them. Sold a story to Liberty the other day and am
getting along so-so. Hope Europe has something to offer. Will lec-
ture in Sweden, and signed a contract with a book publisher to write
reminiscences of the Finnish War of 1917. When can you persuade
Quezon to start a tourist propaganda magazine for the Philippines?
Give me a ring when that happens and I'll come over right away.
But I want something really classy. Let Quezon give you the
money and let us handle the rest. [Ha-ha-ha!] Greetings and
send me the checks care of the Standard Bank, Durban, Natal. Love
to the Hornbostel family and the Major. Salut!" Unfortunately I
couldn't send my old friend any checks because the manuscripts he sent
me did not fall within the scope of the Philippine Magazine field.

I had a letter from Dr. Vishnu D. Gokhale written in Baguio. He
said, in part: "... I had a talk with Dr. Vidal Tan [head of the De-
partment of Mathematics, University of the Philippines]. He liked
your editorial in the April issue very much and inquired whether Vargas
and Quezon know that it was written before Quezon's radio address.
Will you tell Romero [our chief clerk] to send Dr. Tan a copy of the
April issue— address U. P. Mess Hall, Baguio. Also put his name down

on the subscribers' list " There's the kind of friend a man ought

to have many of!

I had an interesting letter this month from an occasional contributor
to the Magazine. I was surprised to see it came from Davao, for his
home is in Pasig and I didn't know he had left there. "Perhaps you
would like to know how I happen to be here in Mindanao", he wrote.
"Well, I came here eight months ago as a sacada capataz of thirty
shiftless 'Manila boys' (most of them were from the Muelle de la In-
dustria and some of them had served time in Bilibid) and I earned my
living as such for five months on the Cotabato- Davao Interprovincial
Road. I lost my men last December and so was forced to work as a

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

laborer myself— which I still am. Strangely enough, I'd rather be a
laborer any time than the capataz of such city-bred lazy-bones as I
had to deal with At present I am boarding with a Visayan family

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here in the midst of extensive coconut and abaca plantations mostly
owned, of course, by Japanese. Nearly everything is Japanese here.
Everybody wears black rubber shoes made in Japan. The road workers
subsisted mainly on Japan-canned sardines, cuttlefish, and clams,
which they cooked in Japan-manufactured pots and ate from Japan-
made plates. It was the government, too, which supplied us with most
of this stuff! As if there were no shoes of local manufacture or as if
foodstuffs from Japan were of better quality than what might be obtain-
ed here. But then, Davao City is much nearer than Manila. I was in
Davao for a few days not long ago. It might as well be called Davao-
kuo. If you are a stranger, you stay in a Japanese-owned hotel, to
begin with, and the Rizal Avenue bazaars in Manila have nothing on
those that line Davao 's wide asphalted streets. You have only to
look at the Davao Yearbook for 1397 to realize how completely Ja-
panized Davao is. We might as well get Japanese coffins, too, to be
buried in ! But enough of this or you will get as sick of things Japanese
as I am. However, a national economic defense system of some sort
against this foreign economic penetration is not a whit less important
than the military defense system President Quezon is sponsoring. It
is probably more difficult to repel a silent invasion of our homes with
nothing more obviously deadly than very cheap goods than it is to
repel naval and air attacks. What is more difficult to deal with than
fighting from within?"

Mr. Robert S. Hendry. Manila publisher, sent me a complimentary
copy of "A Brief History of Philipine Literature" by Teofilo del Casti-
llo y Tuazon, with a foreword by Teodoro M. Kalaw (486 pp. P3.80).
He wrote me: "After a conception period of unprecedented length and
a labor period of considerable anguish, this book is finally born. I
have been too close to it over too long a period of time, to be able to
form an adequate opinion as to its merits. All I can say is that there
must be a need for a book of this kind and that this book —good, bad, or
indifferent — represents the sincere attempt of the author and publisher
to do the best that they could. I sincerely hope that in your opinion
its merits will outweigh its deficiencies." Not to be oracular, I will
say that although I have not yet read the bock, the material seems to
be well presented. It may not be what is called a "definitive" work,
but it is a good start and the author and the publisher deserve credit
for their work and enterprise. What else could I say when
almost every chapter contains quotations from the Philippine
Magazine? However, the statement made in the Preface, that I read
most of the book in manuscript form, is not true. Mr. Castillo left
the manuscript with me for some days, but I had time for no more
than a few glances at it.

June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

281

And now as to Doctor Rotor. The Board of Editors of the Philip-
pine Book Guild, of which I am a member, has decided that the first
volume of the projected Contemporary Philippine Literature Series
will be a collection of Doctor Rotor's short stories. There may be
some gibing about this because Rotor is himself a member of the Board,
but I'll swear that he himself did everything possible to get us to select
some one else for the honor of starting off the series. His work was
selected for various reasons: he was one of the first to write short stories
in English here; he is one of the comparatively few writers in English
who have so far written enough to fill a two hundred page volume, and
finally, and chiefly, his work is among the best, — in spite of the fact
that he has never had a story published in the Philippine Magazine,
(!) the reason for that being that his stories exceed the length that I
prefer for this publication. A. E. Litiatco is writing an introduction.
The rest of the manuscript has already gone to the printers — 'the McCul-
lough Company, insuring excellent work. The book ought to be off
the press some time next month. There is still time to become a charter
member of the Philippine Book Guild and to have your name appear
as such on the fly-leaf of the volume— not that in itself is anything but
it will show just who are willing to put up twenty pesos toward the en-
couragement of English literature in the Philippines. Membership
also entitles one to a discount of fifty per cent on all books published
by the Guild during the first five years. I seriously urge everybody
who reads this and can afford it to send in their twenty pesos. The
money is needed and it's a good cause and nobody is going to make any
"financial profit" out of it, neither the author nor the editors receive
any financial remuneration. A number of Doctor Rotor's stories are
based on his experiences as an interne in the Philippine General Hos-
pital and later as a physician in Bilibid Prison and the prison colonies
at Iwahig and Davao. From the point of view of general reader in-
terest alone, this volume will be worth having and as the first of a series
of volumes it will soon become a "collector's item" as only a thousand
copies will be printed.

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282

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

/une, 1937

News Summary

{Continued from page 247)

god-mother. Later Mrs. Quezon receives an honorary
degree of doctor of literature from Mary Grove
College, Governor Murphy delivering an address
in which he states that "history will speak of Manuel
Quezon as the father of his country. The Com-
monwealth is built on a sound basis as the result of
President Quezon's efforts and the great cooperative
spirit of his people".

April 26. — Miguel Elizalde, Philippine business
man and member of the joint committee of experts,
is reported in the press as having stated that in his
opinion the Philippines will be "much poorer" after
independence and that the one valuable feature of
the Tydings-McDuffie Act is that it "affords an
opportunity for the liquidation of American interests
in the Islands".

April 27. — The Appropriations Committee of the
House approves the $416,413,382 appropriation bill
for the War Department, $25,395,677 larger than
last year and including $1,050,447 for the enlisted
members of the Philippine Scouts. Officials state
that the present political relations continue to keep
America responsible in the Islands, the army plans
to keep troops there "until the period of transition
expires".

President Roosevelt nominates Harry Woodring
as Secretary of War. He has been the acting Secre-
tary since the death of George Dern.

The flight of the Pan American Hawaiian Ctipper
is postponed to Thursday at the request of naval
officials because of the maneuvers in progress in the
vicinities of Hawaii and Midway.

April 28. — President Quezon and his party sails
for Europe on the S. S. Normandie. He stresses
the fact that it is strictly a private trip. He is ex-
pected to study land legislation in the Irish Free
State and in Denmark.

April 29. — Rep. Hamilton Fish, New York Repu-
blican, introduces a resolution calling on the Trea-
sury "to pay no more than $25.00 an ounce for gold
imported from areas outside United States sover-
eignty". Discussing the resolution, he states that
the outstanding financial blunder of the government
is the accumulation of $12,000,000,000 worth of gold
of which $4,000,000,000 was imported from abroad.
The $35.00 an ounce price paid is approximately
twice the cost of production, he declares. "Two
men, Roosevelt and Moigenthau, are responsible
for leading us into this fool's paradise". Sen. A.
Vandenburg supports the resolution, stating that
"gold dug in South Africa is valued at $16.00 an
ounce; we buy it for $35.00. The government spends
$1,500,000,000 every year buying gold and silver.
We have nearly $12,000,000,000 in gold now, more
than half the supply on deposit in the world's central

banks and nearly $2,000,000,000 more than Europe's
combined gold hoards. It is absurd to talk of ba-
lancing the budget unless we take the gold situation
into consideration." Meanwhile the Securities and
Exchange Commission is reported preparing to again
tighten control over the stock markets following the
President's recent pronouncements against specula-
tion. Shares drop sharply in London and Paris and
other world centers, and also in Manila.

April SO. — Rep. H. B. Steagall, Chairman of the
Banking Committee, states that adoption of the
Fish proposal "might start us on the downward
path again. I look upon his plan as deflationary.
I do not think we are on an inflation basis now that
needs correcting".

Ma j. -Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur marries Jean
Marie Faircloth of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. They
will sail for Manila shortly.

May 1. — President Roosevelt signs the Neutrality
Act approved by Congress last week, the temporary
neutrality law expiring today.

Some 3500 employees in fifteeen of San Francis-
co's largest hotels go on strike, leaving guests, to
carry their own baggage and make their own beds.^H

Some 2500 union movie technicians begin a strike
at Hollywood, holding up production on seme fifty
pictures. . „ ...

May 3. — The Supreme Court holds constitutional
the provision of the 1934 Revenue Act imposing a
tax of 3 cents a pound on the processing of coconut

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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

283

oil imported from the Philippines, and it is reported
that the decision paves the way for the release to
the Philippines of some $50,000,000 that has been
impounded. The provision was challenged by a
number of soap companies. The provision that the
proceeds of the tax be paid into the Philippine Trea-
sury was inserted in the law after President Roose-
velt had suggested that otherwise such a levy would
violate the spirit of the Tydings-McDufhe Act.
The decision declares that "whether the payment to
the Philippines of the large sums of money which
will flow from this tax is unwarranted in fact ... is
a matter with which the courts have nothing to do".
The decision, written by Justice George Sutherland,
stresses the fact, however, that the United States
has "a moral obligation to protect, defend, and
provide for the general welfare of the inhabitants
of the Philippines as an American possession", and
states also that the Court "might indulge in the
presumption that the funds will be appropriated for
public purposes and not for private use". Com-
missioner Paredes states that the "Commonwealth
is still firmly opposed to the tax, but naturally we
are glad to have the refund" and he states that he is
especially pleased that the Court recognizes the
moral obligation to the Philippines.

May 4. — Rep. Karl Stefan of Nebraska in an ad-
dress sponsored by the National Council for the
Prevention of War, denounces the expenditure of
$20,000,000 a year for the American army in the
Philippines and urges the withdrawal of the army
and also the recall of General Mac Arthur. "General
MacArthur has no business in the Philippines. If
we are going to give the Islands their freedom there
is no reason why any American officer should con-
tinue to keep us entangled in Island affairs".

May 5. — Vicente Villamin, Philippine economist,
states with reference to the coconut oil tax decision:
"Let the Filipinos appreciate these things and weigh
the facts when they talk about congressional viola-
tions of the Tydings-McDufhe Act". He suggests
the tax refund be used to retire the Philippine bonded
indebtedness. "If this is done, the repeal of the
Tydings-McDuffie Act export tax provisions would
be assured and the Philippines would have nine years
of clear free trade with the United States".

May 7. — The German dirigible Hindenburg ex-
plodes and bursts into flames just as the great airship
noses toward the mooring mast at Lakehurst, New
Jersey, after an uneventful trans- Atlantic passage.
The known dead among the 98 persons aboard num-
ber 33, and many others are seriously burned and
injured. The Hindenburg had just completed its
first year of successful flights across the Atlantic.
It was 813 feet long, slightly shorter than the liner
Queen Mary, and could carry about a hundred pas-
sengers and crewmen and twenty tons of freight.
Its crusing speed was 80 miles an hour and its cruising
radius was 10,000 miles. Later Capt. Ernst Leh-

mann, commander of the airship, succumbs to his
injuries, and also the chief radio officer, bringing the
total deaths to 35.

The Senate military committee approves a bill
strengthening federal control of helium gas and also
liberalizing its sale and export. Helium, which
has 92 per cent of the lifting power of hydrogen, and
is noninflammable, is obtained chiefly in Texas arid
Oklahoma, being practically an American monopoly,
and has been reserved for the fighting arms of the
United States.

Andres Soriano, prominent Manila business man
now in New York, is reported to have interested
large Spanish and English capital in Philippine in-
vestments.

May 9. — The principal Hollywood moving picture
studios agree to a "closed shop" union policy, an-
nouncing they will henceforth employ only actors
who are members of the Screen Actors Guild, and
plans for a strike are abandoned. The current strike
of workers affiliated with the Federated Motion
Picture Craft is unaffected and its leaders say that
the actors have sold them out.

May 10. — Representative Fish introduces another
resolution which would forbid Secretary Morgenthau
to buy or import gold from any foreign source except
as payment for merchandise or in settlement of debt.
The prohibition would not apply to Philippine gold.

In New York financial circles it is predicted that
the Philippines will shortly redeem all outstanding
callable bonds. The Herald- Tribune states that the
Philippine financial position is "impressively strong"
and has gained additional strength as a result of the
Supreme Court's decision in the coconut oil tax case.
Strength is attributed to the balanced budget, the
heavy export surplus, and the adequate revenues
for covering outstanding bond issues.

May 11 — Rep. A. W. Mitchel, Negro member of
Congress from Illinois, files a $50,000 damage suit
against the Illinois Central, Rock Island, and Pullman
Company, alleging he was evicted from a dining car
and forced to travel in a day coach. The incident
occurred during a trip from Chicago to Hot Springs,
Arkansas. Southern states still enforce the "Jim
Crow" law requiring Negroes to travel in trams
aboard coaches set aside for them.

Other Countries

April 9. — Government forces drive the rebels from
the gates of Madrid and trap some 10,000 of them in
the University City sector.

Announced that Prince Nickolas, 34 year old heir
presumptive to the Rumanian throne, has renounce^
all his titles and prerogatives and been banished by
his brother King Carol. The Prince preferred this
to a renunciation of his morganatic marriage in 1931
to Madame Saveanu, divorced wife of a Russian
diplomat.

April 10. — Mexico City fetes President Quezon
and President Lazaro Cardenas, who is away from
the capital on an inspection trip, sends him a tele-
gram of welcome.

April 11. — Spanish rebels claim that in a surprise
attack on the Madrid front the loyalists suffered
very heavy casualties, with 4000 dead, caught in a
cross-fire. The rebels holding the pinched-off pos-
ition in University City are still holding out. Gen-
eral Francisco Franco warns that he will do every-
thing in his power to halt four British ships carrying
food supplies to beleaguered Bilbao, "even at the
risk of an incident with the British navy". The Bri-
tish Cabinet is reported to have decided to afford
protection to the food ships on the high seas but not
to aid them through Spanish territorial waters into
the port of Bilbao. The Hood, largest battleship
in the world, is on its way to the Bay of Biscay, and
other British warships are already there. Reported
that Premier Benito Mussolini has consented to dis-
cuss the withdrawal of Italian volunteers from Spain,
which he refused to do before, and it is said that
Chancellor Adolf Hitler, seeking British friendship,
induced Mussolini to cnange his attitude. Indalecio
Prieto, Spanish Minister of Marine and Air, states
that "perhaps within a few weeks we will see the end
of this struggle". The government has issued a
decree guaranteeing the lives of rebels who will
surrender. It is said thousands of persons are fight-
ing on the rebel side against their will.

The Belgian elections result in an overwhelming
victory for Premier Paul Van Zeeland and a smash-
ing defeat for the fascists.

April 12. — The labor element in Parliament attacks
the Cabinet for its "failure to give adequate protec-
tion to British shipping."

Nine British officers and 20 Indian soldiers are
killed in a border clash in South Waziristan on the
Northwest Frontier.

The rains in the famine-stricken areas of China
prove to be of short duration and reports of increasing
suffering and death are coming in from Szechuen,
Kansu, and Shensi.

After meeting President Cardenas in the morning
and lunching with him at Taxco, 115 miles from
Mexico City, where he went by automobile, President
Quezon and his party entrain for New York. He
states: "Here we have seen how a nation is built

on the basis of a new social order Mexico is the

'long-lost brother' of the Philippines . . . President
Cardenas is one of the biggest men in the world", k

April 18. — Spanish loyalists comment bitterly
on the British action with reference to the food ships
as a "shocking surrender of the characteristic British
fair play and fearlessness in the face of Franco's
bullying tactics". The Italian press taunts Britain
for its loss of maritime supremacy and its inability
to protect British shipping. British conservatives

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Philippine National Bank 261

"Philips" Radios 244

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Tattoo 244

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T. J. Wolff 8b Co 244

Ticonderoga Pencils 242

Wise & Co 285

284

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

state the Cabinet's action is a "wise gesture of cau-
tion" although conservative shipowners oppose the
stand.

The presence of Assemblyman Felipe Buencamino
at the International Sugar Conference in London is
said to be stimulating European interest in Philip-
pine products other than sugar, especially basic
metals such as iron, copper, chromium, and manga-
nese. British and Dutch officials have been confer-
ring with Buencamino as to the possibility of Anglo-
Dutch investments in Philippine minerals.

April 14- — Reported that two British food ships
have run through the rebel blockade and reached
Santander. Major Clement Attlee, Laborite leader,
states that "Franco hopes to win by starving women
and children and the British government is going to
help him". Foreign Secretary Captain Anthony
Eden states that to take "forcible measures within
Spanish territorial waters would be tantamount to
intervention as much as landing troops on Spanish
soil". Attlee's move for a vote of censure is lost 345
to 139. Reported that differences have arisen be-
tween Franco and his German and Italian allies who
have suggested he turn the military command over
to another leader while he concentrate on govern-
mental affairs.

The Seiyukai Party issues a statement demanding
that the Cabinet resign because it "recklessly, co-
wardly, and unconstitutionally dissolved the Diet
after the political parties has generously cooperated
in the passage of the budget." The statement charges
that Premier Senjuro Hayashi and his Cabinet lack
a proper conception of their duty to the country.

A suggestion of Buencamino is incorporated in the
general program to be submitted to the delegates to
the Sugar Conference which provides that the Philip-

pine sugar industry will continue on the present basis
provided the other sugar nations agree to waive the
most-favored nation clauses in their treaties with the
United States in regard to the Philippines. This
would be an important aid in removing technical
obstacles to special trade relations between the United
States and the Philippines after independence.

April 15. — Following the British lead, France
denies protection to French ships within Spain's
three-mile limit.

April 1 6. — The rebels make a fresh thrust at Bilbao,
recapturing Saibu Mountain and leaving the slopes
littered with bodies of loyalist dead. Furious fight-
ing is also reported from Madrid where the rebels
are trying to relieve their forces trapped in Uni-
versity city. Spanish rebels seize a Dutch freighter,
the Sarkana, as it attempted to run the blockade
through the Straits of Gibraltar, a Dutch cruiser
refusing aid because the ship carries munitions.

Emperor Hirohito gives an audience to Helen
Keller, noted American editor who was born blind,
deaf, and dumb, and who is in Japan to introduce
her "talking book" to Japan's 200,000 blind.

Cornell S. Franklin, American attorney, is elected
Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council for
1937-38. He is the third American to assume the
chairmanship in 50 years. The last American Chair-
man was Sterling Fessenden who held the position
in 1925 and who is now Secretary-General of the
body.

April 18. — The international patrol of the Spanish
coast goes into effect, and some 500 land observers
representing the Neutrality Committee take their
posts along Spain's land frontiers. Neither land
nor sea observers are authorized to halt men or ship-
ments bound for Spain, but they will notify all the

governments concerned if breaches occur. Accord-
ing to Rome dispatches, Mussolini is discouraged by
Franco's showing against the government troops
and is averse to any further Italian intervention,
wanting only to be "liberated from the whole mess".
"It is believed further intervention might antagonize
the Italian populace".

April 19. — Reported that two British freighters
with cargoes of coal have been detained by the Span-
ish rebels and prevented from continuing to Bilbao.

Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, German Minister of Na-
tional Economy, asserts in a speech at Munich that
"our food situation has shown that we can not be-
come independent of foreign imports within calcula-
ble time. This is one of the reasons why I am raising
the colonial issue." Despite recent disclosures of
the critical economic situation of Germany, this is
taken as a surprisng admission. George Lansbury,
British Laborite and pacifist, following a talk with
Chancellor Hitler, states that Germany is willing to
attend an international economic conference if Pres-
ident Roosevelt or the head of another great state
takes the lead in calling such a meeting. "America
is the logical nation to take the lead because it is
above reproach. Furthermore, Mr. Roosevelt has
shown an interest in international cooperation in his
economic policy toward South America", states
Lansbury.

April 20. — The Spanish government declares the
international patrol of the boundaries of Spain are
unjust and contrary to international law. Loyalists
state that the blockade is part of a plan to aid the
rebels and charge that Germany and Italy have
been left free to "continue espionage and aggression
in the sections assigned to them". The loyalist

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285

Ministry of Marine and Air in Valencia issues an
order to warships and warplanes to fight interna-
tional blockade vessels if necessary to protect friendly
ships seeking to enter government-controlled ports.
It is reported that a large German contingent at
Vittoria has mutinied and refused to leave for the
Basque front to fight the loyalists. The vicious
long-range shelling of Madrid, in progress for over
a week, is continuing. ,,..„,

Sir Neville Chamberlain, Lord of the Exchequer,
presents a £826,848,000 budget to the House of Com-
mons. The basic income tax is raised to 25 per cent
of individual earnings to finance the country's gi-
gantic rearmament program.

According to the Tokyo Nichi-Nichi foreign Min-
ister Naotake Sato is reported to have emphasized
at a recent three-minister conference the urgency of
the adjustment of Sino- Japanese relations and the
necessity of supporting Britain's endeavors to effect
Anglo- Japanese cooperation in China. The Army
and Navy Ministers promised to support such a policy.

April 21. — It is stated in Washington that Britain
and France do not really desire a new world con-
ference, but only an American "contribution", such
as underwriting French security or assurance of
continued British access to American raw materials
in case of a war The responsibility that would be
assumed by the United States in calling a conference
would carry with it a moral obligation to make some
such contribution toward achieving success, yet the
prospects for constructive results from any interna-
tional economic or disarmament conference have
never appeared less hopeful, it is stated.

Gen. Chiang Kai-shek enters a Shanghai hospital
for treatment of an injury to his back sustained dur-
ing the Sianfu coup last December.

April 22. — Three British ships carrying 6000 tons
of food supplies successfully run the rebel blockade
of Bilbao under protection of British warships while
at sea and of Basque shore batteries when in close.
Crowds of the beleaguered people cheer frantically
as the ships come in with the much wanted food.
The shelling of Madrid continues for the eleventh
consecutive day. New German guns of secret make
and manned by German crews, said to have a range
of 30 miles, are bombarding the Basque front. Over
a hundred of such pieces of artillery and the largest
assembly of German Junker planes and Italian light
bombers are cooperating in the new offensive.

April 23. — Premier Mussolini and Chancellor Kurt
Schuschnigg of Austria meet in a conference at Venice,
and it is reported that the latter assured the former
that Austria will continue to collaborate with Italy
provided Italian foreign policy does not change but
that Austria does not want to join an Italian-German
bloc or a counterbloc against Germany. Schusch-
nigg is said to have accepted Mussolini's statement
that the restoration of Archduke Otto to the throne
of Austria would be inopportune at this time, but
Mussolini accepted the Austrian case that Otto's
eventual restoration is an internal Austrian question.
Later a joint communique is issued stating that
Germany's participation is necessary for the conso-
lidation of peace in the Danubian basin and that
Italy is free to seek German collaboration, and
Austria to seek Czechoslovakia's friendship.

April 24. — Civil rule is reestablished in Madrid
under the Socialist Henche de la Plata and a new
civilian council. Gen. Jose Miaja will again devote
all his time to military affairs.

The text of an Anglo-French declaration regarding
the release of Belgium from its Locarno obligations
is published, the two governments, however, reaf-
firming their promises to protect Belgium against
unprovoked attack and Belgium to continue to fulfill
its obligations under the League of Nations Covenant.

April 26. — Retreating Basque loyalist forces leave
cities behind them in dynamited and flaming ruins as
the rebels press on toward Bilbao in the most bloody
fighting since the beginning of the civil war and with
hundreds of civilians killed. Bilbao authorities

claim that 1500 Germans recently disembarked at
San Sebastian, which is denied by Germany. Gen.
Emilio Mola warns Bilbao civilians to surrender if
they wish to escape the risk of a forced capture of the
city, promising to treat them "as humans". Vir-
tually admitting defeat, the Basque government
asks foreign diplomats in St. Jean de Luz, France,
to negotiate the surrender of Bilbao, the capital.

The French government nationalizes the Hotch-
kiss factories, effective May 18, in its program of
breaking up the powerful munitions trust.

April 27. — Rebel planes, allegedly piloted by Ger-
mans, destroy the undefended town of Guernica,
"cradle of Basque liberty", killing over 800 men,
women, and children. Five other towns, Eibar,
Bolivar, Arbadue, Guerriaiz, and Marquina are also
bombed with incendiary bombs and thousands are
reported killed. The Basque retreat is said to be
developing into a rout. Morale in Madrid is also
reported low because government aircraft have
not been able to locate the rebel batteries that have
been shelling the city and which frequently change
their position and range. Both Madrid and Valencia
are now being shelled with shrapnel and many hun-
dreds of noncombatants have been killed.

A conference between Premier Mussolini and Gen.
Hermann Goering, No. 2 man in Germany, leads to
speculations as to a possible German-Italian alliance.
British Foreign Minister Eden has long interviews
with Premier van Zeeland and Foreign Minister Paul
Spaak of Belgium. .

Merchandise and raw material smuggled into
China, chiefly through North China ports, amounted
to $200,000,000 (Mex.) in 1936, according to a gov-
ernment report. Cases of recent Japanese smug-
gling in Shanghai is causing worry that the renegades
will transfer their activities to the nation'sleadingport.
April 29. — Britain announces plans to evacuate
of thousands of terror-stricken civilians from Bilbao
and to take them to St. Jean de Luz, as the mechan-
ized rebel columns press on toward the city. Bnt-
ish warships will participate in the evacuation and
France has promised full cooperation.

Reported from London that Japan has reopened
informal conversations with Britain regarding Far
Eastern affairs. The Japanese are reported to be
urging that greater powers be allowed to Japan to
rehabilitate China financially and economically.
It is emphasized that Britain has no intention of
entering into any agreement without American
cooperation.

April 30.— More than 150,000 bus workers in
London go on a strike, threatening to complicate the
transportation problem during the coronation cere-
monies of George VI, during the week, May 9-15.

The Hayashi government having announced it
would continue in office, regardless of the results of
the election, and would again move for dissolution
of the Diet if it fails to follow government policies,
a "voters' strike" is reported from Japan in the elec-
tion held today, but despite this, later reports show
that the government captures barely 20 seats in the
Lower House and that a strong swing to the more
radical parties is evident.

May 1. — General Franco notifies the British Em-
bassy in France that his fleet will not respect trans-
ports evacuating civilians from Bilbao and Gen.
Queipo de Llano warns that he will consider this
enterprise an "unfriendly act". The battleship
Espafia, pride of the rebel fleet, is sunk fifty miles
west of Bilbao by a lucky hit from three government
airplanes which attacked it. The 15,452-ton ship
was sunk by a 210-pound bomb dropped from a
height of 1-2 /3 miles which went down a funnel and
exploded amidships, blowing up the magazine. The
complement of the ship was 854 men, less than a
fourth of whom were saved. A rebel destroyer
near-by, was forced to flee.

Reported from London that Japan will seek re-
cognition of its special economic and strategic position
in the Far East, but will not demand recognition of

Manchuria in the forthcoming discussions.

May 2. — The Manchukuo government takes over
control of all key industries, including munitions, air
craft, automobiles, liquid fuel, steel, gold, and other
metals, coal, textiles, and flour milling.

May 8. — Rebel troops come to within nine miles
of Bilbao. British officials express disappointment
over the objections to the "purely humanitarian
action" while British and French warships never-
theless take positions in the Bay of Biscay to protect
commercial vessels which will carry noncombatants
to safety. General Franco has suggested that non-
combatants take refuge in a zone between Bilbao
and Santander. Hard-fighting Basques and Astunan
troops are reported to have halted the rebel advance,
fishermen and their wives joining loyalist militiamen
in fierce hand-to-hand encounters. It is claimed
that the invaders include 16,000 Italians and hun-
dreds of Germans. . .

Gen. Goering orders that all leading officials in
Germany must spend at least two months a year at
manual labor.

Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson's divorce decree is
made final. .

President Quezon arrives in France and is officially
greeted by French and American officials.

Through the press, the people and political parties
in Japan are unanimous in demanding the resigna-
tion of the Cabinet, stating that in view of the elec-
tion results it is unconstitutional and illegal for the
government of Premier Hayashi to remain in office.
May 4. — Baron K. von Neurath confers with Premier
Mussolini in Rome where, it is reported, the strength-
ening of the Rome-Berlin entente, the Austrian ques-
tion, and the situation in Spain are discussed.

The Italian parliament approves a 5,500,000,000
lire national defense budget for 1937-38, an increase
of 727,000,000 lire over the previous year of the
Ethiopian war.

The final draft of the agreement reached at the
London Sugar Conference commits the signatory
nations to waive their most favored nation privileges
insofar as the Philippine- American sugar trade is
concerned. The world's free export quota is fixed
at 3,622,500 metric tons and will include the basic quoT
tas of 13 exporting countries. The Philippines agrees
to confine its sugar exports to the American market.
Former King Edward meets Mrs. Simpson at
Monts, France, for the first time since his abdication.
Ambassador William Bullitt gives a dinner in honor
of President Quezon at the U. S. Embassy in Paris.
May 5. — Reported from Paris that Germany and
Italy have concluded a military accord, giving the
former a free hand in Austria. Austria, it is said,
hopes for a new Franco-British declaration insuring
Austrian independence.

Troops are rushed from the war front to Barcelona,
capital of Catalonia, where an anarchist revolt broke
out yesterday. A four-man "Directory" govern-
ment, tantamount to a dictatorship is installed fol-
lowing the suppression of the anarchists. President
Luis de Companys is retained as the titular head of
the government. „,-»., 1 « or

The Japanese Ministry of Railways grants a 10 7o
increase in wages to avert a strike. The Army has
also decided to increase wages and shorten hours
and grant pensions to workers in the arsenals to
combat unrest.

May 6. — Antonio Sese, one of the four of the Cata-
lonian Directorate government, is reported killed.
It is said that the anarchists still control a large
section of Barcelona.

Over 2,300 children are evacuated from Bilbao
by British steamers under the protection of the guns
of the city forts and Anglo-French warships. The
docks were jammed with parents who had waited
all night to bid their children goodbye.

It is denied at Rome that there is any question
of a Italo-German military alliance. .

The international sugar agreement, is signed in
London, to be effective for five years.

JACOB s

LKI

BISCUITS

WISE^CSInc.

286

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

June, 1937

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June, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

287

May 7. — The Central Daily News, official organ of
the Kuomintang Party, states that the fate of China
can not be made the subject of exclusive Anglo-
Japanese negotiations in London.

The Minseito and Seiyukai parties in separate
caucusses demand the resignation of the entire
Hayashi Cabinet.

May 8. — The anarchist revolt in Barcelona is
reported to be spreading. Mexico grants the Va-
lencia government a long term. credit of $20,000,000
and will grant a similar amount in the summer ac-
cording to a French newspaper.

Reported from Rome that Italian newspapers are
recalling their correspondents from London as a
protest against the attitude of the English press
toward Italy and Italian volunteers in Spain. All
British newspapers except the Daily Mail, the Eve-
ning News, and the Observer, are banned from Italy.

Representatives of nine powers at Montreux,
Switzerland, sign a convention abolishing the Egyp-
tian capitulations.

The Italian Air Ministry announces that Col.
Maria Pezzi, flying a Caproni single-seated biplane,
established a new world altitude record of 15,700
meters.

The German government announces its confidence
in dirigibles remains unbroken despite the Hinden-
burg disaster and that the trans-Atlantic service
will be resumed shortly with the LZ-130 now under
construction. Construction on still another great
airship will be begun as soon as the LZ-130 is com-
pleted.

The Countess of Covadonga, Cuban heiress, wife
of the former Crown Prince of Spain, obtains a di-
vorce in Havana. The Count is expected to marry
Miss Martha Rocaforo, daughter of a Havana dentist.

May 9. — The China Press states that one of the
problems awaiting solution with eventual Philippine
independence is the question of the admission of
Chinese, the editorial pointing out that while Chinese
are excluded from the Philippines, Japanese are ad-
mitted.

May 10. — Basque resistance to the rebel besiegers
is reported to be stiffening and women help the men
in digging new tranches. General Franco sends a
second note of protest to Britain denouncing as "un-
acceptable" the evacuation of children from Bilbao.
It is reported from Paris that the revolting anarchists
in Barcelona have imprisoned President Azana.

The coronation ceremonies in London open with
a state banquet for 450 notables in Buckingham
Palace. Among the guests are the United States
official envoys, J. W. Gerard and Gen. J. J. Pershing.
Dick Merrill, and his co-pilot Jack Lambie, arrive
in England after a non-stop Atlantic flight of ap-
proximately 21 hours, bringing the films of the Hin-
denburg disaster and planning to return with pictures
of the coronation which they hope to deliver in New
York on Thursday; if they succeed they will each
receive $100,000. The bus strike in London is still
unsettled. Persons wearing coronation emblems
are attacked in anti-coronation demonstrations in
Dublin, Ireland.

The Shunpao publishes an editorial believed to
have been inspired by the government blaming
Britain for tolerating Japanese aggression during
and after the Manchurian incident until Japanese
aggression finally menaced British interests. "We
believe Japan offered to agree to British rights
in South and Central China in return for British
recognition of Japan's 'special position* in North
China." The reported Anglo- Japanese conversa-
tions in London have caused an outburst in the

Chinese press and it is generally declared that China
must not be expected to stand by passively while
British and Japanese make a private deal concerning
the country. Chiang Kai-shek is reported to have
held a number of conferences with high officials.

May 11. — King George receives addresses of
loyalty from the Prime Ministers of its far-flung
dominions and from representatives of its many
colonies. The King states: "Today I stand on the
threshold of a new life of heavy responsibilities which
have so suddenly and unexpectedly come upon me.
But it gives me courage to know I can count on your
unfailing help and affection".

May 12. — King George VI is crowned sovereign
of one quarter of the world and of half a billion people
at 12:31 P.M. in Westminster Abbey amidst scenes
of "deepest solemnity and unparalleled splendor".
The Irish Free State officially ignores the coronation
and while the King is being crowned, the Dail Eireann
hears the second reading of President Ramon de
Valera's new constitution which proclaims Ireland's
complete independence and which does not recognize
the King. The Italian press ignores the ceremonies
because the British government invited a represen-
tative of Emperor Haile Selassie to attend.

Reported that King George has asked former King
Edward to postpone his wedding to Mrs. Simpson
until June because of a difference that has arisen
between the Royal Family and the government,
several members of the family believing that the
wedding should be public and insisting that Edward
receive "fair treatment" while the government insists
it should be a strictly private wedding.

The rebels press to within eight miles of Bilbao
inflicting heavy losses on the loyalists. They also
claim success in the area south of Toledo. The
shelling of Madrid from concealed batteries con-
tinues with heavy damage done.

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PADS FOR ALL GRADES

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PHILIPPINE EDUCATION COMPANY, INC.

Stationers -Printers

288

PHILIPPINE ^MAGAZINE

June, 9371

Astronomical Data for
June, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

June 1. 5:26 a.m. 6:22 p.m.
June 6. 5:26 a.m. 6:23 p.m.
June 12. 5:26 a.m. 6:25 p.m,
June 18. 5:27 a.m. 6:26 p.m.
June 24. 5:28 a.m. 6:27 p.m.
June 30. 5:30 a.m. 6:28 p.m.
Summer's Solstice on the 22nd of June at 4:12 a. m.
Eclipse
A total eclipse of the Sun, June 9th, 1937, invisible
in the Philippines. The belt of totality is confined
to the Pacific Ocean and runs through the islands
of Nukufeta, Vaitufu, Funafuti, Gardener, Canton,
Birnie, Enderbury and Christmas. The belt of
totality ends at Casma and Huaras in Peru.
Moonrise and Moonset
{Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

June 1 11:38 p.m. 11:00 a.m.

June 2 11:52 a.m.

June 3 12:19 a.m. 12:45 p.m.

June 4 1:02 a.m. 1:41 p.m.

June 5 1:47 a.m. 2:39 p.m.

June 6 2:37 a.m. 3:41p.m.

June 7: 3:31a.m. 4:45 p.m.

June 8 4:30 a.m. 5:51 p.m.

June 9 5:33 a.m. 6:55 p.m.

June 10 6:38 a.m. 7:55 p.m.

June 11 7:41 a.m. 8:49 p.m.

June 12 8:42 a.m. 9:38 p.m.

June 13 9:39 a.m. 10:23 a.m.

June 14 10:32 a.m. 11:04 p.m.

June 15 11:24 a.m. 11:44 p.m.

June 16 12:14 p.m.

June 17 1:01p.m. 12:22 a.m.

June 18 1:50 p.m. 1:00 a.m.

June 19 2:39 p.m. 1:40 a.m.

June 20 3:28 p.m. 2:22 a.m.

June 21 4:18 p.m. 3:05 a.m.

June 22 5:08 p.m. 3:51 a.m.

June 23 5:57 p.m. 4:40 a.m.

June 24 6:45 p.m. 5:31 a.m.

June 25 7:31 p.m. 6:22 a.m.

June 26 8:15 p.m. 7:14 a.m.

June 27 8:57 p.m. 8:05 a.m.

June 28 9:38 p.m. 8:56 a.m.

June 29 10:19 p.m. 9:48 a.m.

June 30 11:00 p.m. 10:40 a.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 2nd at 1:24 p.m.

New Moon on the 9th at 4:43 a.m.

First Quarter on the 16th at 3:03 a.m.

Full Moon on the 24th at 7:00 a.m.

Perigee on the 8th at. ... 11:00 a.m!

Apogee on the 21st at 4:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th
MERCURY rises at 4:05 a. m. and sets at 4:43
p. m. Just before sunrise the planet may be found
in the eastern sky in the constellation of Taurus.

VENUS rises at 2:40 a. m. and sets at 3:04 p. m.
In the early hours of the morning the planet may be
found in the eastern sky a little to the north of the
constellation Cotus.

MARS rises at 3:54 p. m. and sets at 3:10 a. m.
on the 16th. From sunset to midnight the planet
is easily visible in the constellation of Librae.

JUPITER rises at 8:40 p. m. on the 14th and sets
at 7:55 a. m. At midnight the planet will be found
about 45° above the eastern horizon between the
constellations of Capricorn and Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at. 12:45 a. m. and sets at 12:43
p. m. After midnight the planet will be found in
the eastern sky in the constellation of Pisces.
Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m.

North of Ihe Zenith
Deneb in Cygnus
Vega in Lyra
Arcturus in Bootes
Regulus in Leo

South of the Zenith
Altair in Aquila
Antares in Scorpius
Alpha and Beta Centauri
Aloha Crucis (in the

Southern Cross)
Spica in Virgo

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

announces the opening
of his laboratory of

Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambra

(Heme Studio Building) Ermita

Tel. No. 2-34-98

Pupils! Students!

Books needed in the different grades

GRADE V

Philippine Readers, Book V, Revised PI. 67

Essentials of English, Fifth Grade 1.60

Stone- Winkel Arithmetic, Book I, Revised. .. 1.40

Intermediate Geography, New Edition 4. 28

Elementary Civics, Grade V 1. 57

Character and Conduct, Book 1 1. 67

Progressive Music Series, Book II 2. 16

P14.35
GRADE VI

Philippine Readers, Book VI, Revised Pi. 76

Essentials of English, Sixth and Seventh Grades 2. 05

Stone- Winkel Arithmetic, Book II, Revised.. 1.75

Intermediate Geography, New Edition 4. 28

Elementary Civics, Grade VI 1. 59

Character and Conduct, Book II 1.67

Progressive Music Series, Book III 2. 30

P15.40
GRADE VII

Philippine Readers, Book VII, Revised Pi. 85

Essentials of English, Sixth and Seventh Grades 2. 05

Stone-Winkel Arithmetic, Book II, Revised.. 1.75
Brief History of the Philippines, Fernandez,

Revised 2. 35

New Pioneers, Wade 2 15

Philippine Civics: How We Govern Ourselves 1.94

Character and Conduct, Book III j. 87

Health Through Knowledge and Habits 1.64

P15.60

Number of

subscriptions

needed to earn

them

16 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

17 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

Books needed in the different grades

FIRST YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Philippine High School Readers, Book One. . P2. 34

Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volume One ... .70

English Fundamentals for Filipino Students.. 3.08
History of the American People, Beard and

Bagley 3.55

Elementary Community Civics, Hughes 2.95

Elementary Algebra, Edgerton and Carpenter 3. 36

Number of

subscriptions

needed to earn

them

P15.98

17 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

SECOND YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Philippine High School Readers, Book Two. . P2. 34

Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volume Two. . . .70

English Fundamentals for Filipino Students.. 3.08

Modern Times and the Living Past, Elson... 5.80

Plane Geometry, Strader and Rhoads 3. 42

General Science for Philippine Schools 4.00

P19.34

THIRD YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

Silas Marner, Eliot Pi. 32

Adventures in Story Land, de Mille 2. 42

Book of Make-Believe 2. 42

English in Action, Book Two 4. 24

Modern Times and the Living Past, Elson... 5.80
History of the Orient, Steiger-Beyer-Benitez. 4. 48
Second Course in Algebra, Edgerton and Car-
penter 2. 91

New Civic Biology, Hunter and Uichanco . . . 4. 50

Laboratory Manual for New Civic Biology... 1.65
Applied Arithmetic for Philippine High Schools,

Tan 3.40

P33. 14

17 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

21 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

35 subscrip-
\ tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

Books needed in the different grades

FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

English and American Writers P3. 45

English in Action, Book Two 4. 24

History of the Philippines, Benitez 4. 19

Philippine Government, Malcolm and Kalaw. 5. 24

New Practical Physics, Black and Davis 3.77

New Laboratory Experiments in Practical

Physics 2. 50

Principles of Economics Applied to the Phil-
ippines 5.12

P28.51

Number of

subscriptions

needed to earn

them

30 subscrip-
tions to the
Philippine
Magazine

f^^^Ai-'****^

AUU 10 1937

IPPINE

MAGAZINE

70L. XXXIV

July, 1937

No. 7 (351)

THE SHIP-MASTER

Gavino Reyes Congson

Twenty Centavos the Copy

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

Economize

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Always on the job-
Always thrifty with gas and oil

IVE careful consideration to the following important facts before you buy
any truck this year:

1. Chevrolet trucks have more pulling power than any other low priced truck.

2. Chevrolet trucks are the most economical for all-around duty.

3. Chevrolet trucks sell in the lowest price range.

A ND, of course, Chevrolet builds the highest quality
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BAGUIO - BACOLOD — CEBU

ILOILO — LEGASPI — MANILA — ZAMBOANGA

PHILIPPINE
MAG A Z I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1937 No. 7 (351)

The Cover:

"The Ship-Master" Gavino Reyes Congson . . . Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Barlett Richards 290

News Summary 291

Editorials :

Dictatorship and Democracy in the Philippines — School

Costs and the Pernicious Farce of the Annual School

Crisis The Editor 297

Forgotten Songs (Verse) Luis Dato 299

"India's Stubborn Mood" Marc T. Greene . 300

Anesthesia Anonymous 302

Orchids in a Pasay Garden (Verse) Dee Vere 303

The Yami of Botel Tobago Kilton R. Stewart 304

Of the Land (Story) Juan L. Raso 307

Ifugao Love Potions and Charms Alberto Crespillo 308

The Cagayan Hunter Mariano D. Manawis 309

,,The Woman Characters in Rizal's Novels — Dona Consolacion. Pura Santillan-Castrence 310

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog".. . 311

Finance and Investment Section:

How to Read a Balance Sheet John Truman 312

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 328

Astronomical Data for July The Weather Bureau 336

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarifias, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

289

290

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

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PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

Distributors

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

EXPORTS appear to
have kept up pretty-
well in most lines in May,
although a shortage of
freight space was still
evident. Sugar exports
were a little higher than
in April but not much
better than half as great
as in May, 1936. Ship-
ments of coconut products
were very good, as in-
creased space became avail-
able. Hemp shipments fell off following the heavy
shipments made in March and April to anticipate
freight rate increases to Europe and the United
States, effective April 1 and May 1 respectively.
Exports of leaf tobacco were unusually good in May.
Shipments of logs to Japan and lumber to the United
States and Europe were very good. Gold production
and exports were heavy and shipments of base metal
ores increased. Lumber prices were firm and tobacco
steady. Abaca was fairly steady and sugar inclined
to be easy while coconut products continued weak.

The sugar market was quiet during the month,
with a declinelof 30 centavos per picul in the export
sugar price. Shipments continue substantially
below normal, due, it is reported, to prevailing low
prices in New York and to restriction of demand in
that market to nearby sources of supply. The
domestic consumption market continued easy.

Copra arrivals continued moderate but prices
were weak, due to a declining oil market in the United
States and the expectation of increased copra sup-
plies from now on. Oil prices fell more rapidly than
copra prices with the result that mills found it diffi-
cult to make a legitimate milling profit. Exports of
both copra and oil increased as space became avail-
able. Heavy shipments of meal to the United
States offset a decline in cake exports to Europe.
Desiccating plants are operating at capacity, with
nuts available at a reduced price, and should be able
to withstand a reduction in the American desiccated
coconut price if it should come, which seems likely.
A lower price level for copra is generally expected
in the next few months.

Abaca prices were steady to firm in the higher
grades but eased off in the lower grades. Demand
from foreign markets was quiet at the end of the
month and somewhat lower prices seem to be indi-
cated, unless production declines further. Produc-
tion was lower in May than in recent months but
still higher than last year.

Harvesting of tobacco in the Cagayan Valley is about
completed and buying of the new crop has started.
Prices are steady due to the reduced production.
Exports of leaf tobacco were unusually good in May
and shipments for the year are now a little ahead of
last year. Cigar exports to the United States fell
off.

The rice market was quiet during the month, with
negligible price changes. Current estimates indi-
cate that the Philippines will not be self-sufficient
this year but may have to import as much as 1,000,-
000 sacks of rice, or about half as much as was im-
ported in 1936.

Lumber mills are working at capacity and are
increasing their exports as freight space becomes
available. Export demand continues very good and
some mills are exporting a much larger proportion
of their output than has been customary in past
years. Domestic demand is also good and imports
of Oregon pine will probably be larger this year than
usual.

Gold production increased substantially in May,
falling only about F5 0,000 short of December, 1936,
the record month. Equipment is being installed for
a new placer operation in Mindanao. Shipments of
base metal ores to the United States increased in
May as freight space became available. Iron ore
shipments to Japan were normal. A local company
is arranging to commence shipments of copper ore
to Japan.

The value of import collections was 25 percent
greater than in April and 24 percent over May, 1936.

The value of commercial letters of credit opened in
May was 37 percent over April and 28 percent over
May, 1936. Credit conditions continue excellent.

Imported goods generally continue in excellent
demand, although in some lines stocks appear ample
and importers are reluctant to place orders at current
high prices for delivery three to four months ahead.
Cotton textile stocks are generally sufficient and, with
demand seasonally dull, dealers are inclined to defer
ordering, anticipating lower prices. Stock prices
were steady. Flour stocks appear sufficient but
ordering has been light in recent months and a short-
age may develop in the next two or three months if
demand improves. Prices are firm and approx-
imately at the replacement level. Imports of canned
fish fell off in May, stocks being heavy. Prices are
steady. Canned milk arrivals were normal in May
and stocks appear fairly large, but demand in good
and prices continue steady.

Ordering of iron and steel products is light, stocks
being apparently ample. Japanese galvanized sheets,
for the tinsmithing trade, are reappearing in the
market. Demand for automobiles continues ex-
cellent and although the volume of imports is good,
distributors are still finding it difficult to fill orders.
Tire sales are good. Leather is seasonally quiet
with prices steady.

Export cargoes apparently increased somewhat
in May, according to the Associated Steamship
Lines, with freight space still at a premium. Rail-
road carloadings continue to decline seasonally, but
are still running a little anead of last year. The
Philippine Railway Company bonds fall due June
1, 1937, and it appears probable that the line will be
abandoned.

Consolidated bank figures show a substantial
decline in demand deposits and a moderate increase
in loans, discounts and overdrafts for the four weeks
ended May 22, 1937, offset by an increase in net
balances due by local bank branches to foreign head
offices. This is contrary to the normal trend at this
season of the year. It may be due in part ot the
fact that sugar sales have been below normal. Aver-
age weekly debits to individual accounts fell off to
what may be considered a normal figure, while cir-
culation declined very slightly. The dollar continued
steady on the exchange market, with good demand
on both sides on the book. It is still believed, how-
ever, thac the large amount of sugar still to be sold
makes any continued strength in the dollar impiob-
able in the next few months.

Government revenue was slightly better than in
May last year, a moderate increase in collections by
the Bureau of Customs more than offseting at slight
decline in internal revenue collections. For the five
months period, collections by the Bureaus of Cus-
toms and Internal Revenue this year exceed those
for last year by 10 percent.

Power production totaled 10,972,358 KWH in
May, a slight decline from the April figure despite
the longer month. The reduction was apparently
due to the longer hours of daylight. Production is
still well ahead of last year, when it amounted to
only 9,732,863 KWH in May. For the first five
months of this year, electric power production to-
taled 55,488,658 KWH, a seven percent increase
over the same period last year.

May real estate sales were larger than in any other
month on record, with the exception of January, 1931.
Totaling P4, 126,498, they exceed the figure for the
previous month by about 35 percent and that for
May, 1936, by 381 percent. The May figure includes
two large transfers in Sta. Cruz and one in Binondo,
both downtown districts. For the first five months
of this year, recorded sales have totaled PI 2, 295, 709,
exceeding the same period of 1936 by 120 percent.
The 1937 figure substantially exceeds that for any
previous year on record and it appears probable
that the year 1937 will set a new all-time rec*rd for
rsal estate transfer. Interest in real estate is ap-
parently due to stock market profits and demand for
office space as a result of the mining development;
general prosperity; and very high rentals for modern
office and residential property, with a particularly
notable shortage in the latter. A real estate com-
pany was organized during the month by several
prominent Manila businessmen to develop Manila
and suburban real estate and offer investors an op-
portunity for diversification. Incorporators include
a number of prominent Manila businessmen. The
company has an authorized capital of Pl,000,000, of
which P700,000 will be offered to the public.

New building permits improved moderately in
May and were slightly ahead of May, 1936. For the
first five months of this year, however, they are
nearly 20 percent below last year. Permits for repairs

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental Insurance Co.

The Employer's Liability

Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
Orient Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America

E. E. ELSER, INC.

GENERAL AGENTS

Kneedler Bldg. No. 409

Telephone 2-24-28

July,

1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

291

are running nearly 50 percent below last year. Con-
struction throughout the Islands is apparently active,
however, as the two cement companies are finding
it very difficult to keep up with the demand for
cement. Tne renovation of the Lyric Theater was
approximately completed by the end of May and it is
ready to open early in June.

May Total 5 months
1936 1937 1936 1937
New construc-
tion 625,790 638,610 3,049,680 2,477,170

Repairs 53,200 23,030 217,840 123,110

Registrations .
Cancellations .

Total 678,990 661,640 3,257,520 2,600,280

There were 520 new radio receiving sets sold during
the month of April and 91 cancellations. In April
last year, there were 344 sets registered and 88 regis-
trations cancelled. For the first four months of this
year and last, registrations and cancellations were as
follows:

Total 4 months
1936 1937

1,550 1,914

425 361

There were 29 corporations newly registered in
May, with P14,228,495 of authorized capital, of
which P6,867,095 was subscribed, P2,993,961 paid-
up in cash and P246,306 paid-up in property. This
is a reduction from April in the number of companies
and the authorized capital but a very substantial
increase in the amount subscribed and paid up. Of
the new companies, 20, with P4,543.000 subscribed,
are controlled by Filipinos; six, with P2, 278, 000 sub-
scribed, by Americans; one, with Pl2,000 subscribed,
by Chinese; and two, with F33,500 subscribed, by
Germans. Mining led in the number of companies
formed, with nine registrations, but with a total of
only P255,000 subscribed and 1*70,000 paid-up, was
not among the leaders in capitalization. Three
companies listed under merchandising had a sub-
scribed capital of 1*3,017,500, of which Fl, 160,000
was paid-up in cash and 1*189,000 in property.
Most of this was made up of one company, formed
primarily to manage the Perez-Samanillo estate but
under a charter which authorizes it to export, import,
etc. One large American-controlled company was

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formed, with P2,000,000 subscribed and Pl,145,000
paid-in, largely as a holding and development com-
pany for mines. Two manufacturing companies
were formed, each with P100.000 subscribed and
P25,000 paid-in. One will manufacture hair tonics,
lotions, etc., under an American trade name and the
other is merely a reincorporation of an existing wine
and spirits importing business. One publishing
company, with P600,000 subscribed and P300,000
paid-in, was registered, but it represents merely a
change in ownership of a Manila paper. A company
was formed, with P350.000 subscribed and P87,500
p lid-up, to devslop ana deal in reil estate. An
aviation school was registered under Filipino control,
with 1*200,000 subscribed capital, of which P7,343
was paid-up in cash and P5 7,307 in property. One
company was formed, under American control, with
a charter permitting it to engage in agriculture any-
where in the Philippine Islands. Its subscribed
capital is P5 0,000, all paid-up in cash. A new Fili-
pino film producing company was registered, with
P40,000 subscribed and Pi 0,000 paid-up. Other
companies were organized to engage in the lumber
business, construction and consulting engineering.
There were 12 general partnerships, with P347,000
paid-up, of which P295,000 was in three brokerage
firms and P34.000 in five merchandising partner-
ships. Two limited partnerships were registersd,
one Spanish firm, with P 7 70,000 paid-up, to engage
in the investment business, and one Filipino firm,
with P4,000, to engage in manufacturing. Only one
American partnership was formed, with Pl35,000,
to engage in the brokerage business.

News Summary

The Philippines

May 13. — The Philippine Curb
Exchange, headed by Dr. Camilo
Osias as President, is issued a
permit. The new exchange will
deal in unlisted stocks and in
small amounts.

lUnder-Secretary of Justice Jose
P. Melencio rules that the Sak~
dalista, organ of Sakdal Party,
may not use the mails as it would
be "ridiculous for the govern-
ment to extend this privilege
to a newspaper which seeks to overthrow it".

May 14- — According to the report of Auditor-
General Jaime Hernandez, the first year of the Com-
monwealth was the best year financially since 1925.
1936 revenue was P103, 502, 237.61 as against P82,-
839,281.32 in 1935. The budget was more than
balanced, leaving a surplus of Pll, 136,044.92, in
spite of the fact that expenses were P92,366, 192.69
as against P75,933,192.53 in 1935.

The National Interisland Airways inaugurates its
landing field in Mandaluyong and christens its first
plane. The Company is capitalized at P100,000,
and has four Cessna planes. It will engage in char-
tered flights. W. S. Price is the President.

Dr. C. P. Romulo returns to Manila from the

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OF PHILIPPINES
MANILA

ILOILO — BACOLOD — CEBU

DAVAO — LEGASPI — BAGUIO

292

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

United States. He tells the press that if a proposal
for earlier independence reaches the floor of Congress,
"we will get it".

May 15. — The drawing of lots for the second group
of trainees to be called to the colors takes place today.

Reported that United States High Commissioner
Paul V. McNutt has advised foreign consuls in
Manila that in accordance with the Tydings-Mc-
Duffie Act official communications intended for
officials of the Commonwealth government must
be coursed through the office of the High Commis-
sioner.

Assemblyman Cecilio L. Maneja files a bill provid-
ing for the appointment instead of the election as at
present of provincial governors and municipal pres-
dents and vice-presidents.

Pimples Go Away

Diitributen—ICIIQK BOIE, Manila

May 16. — The Manila Port Terminal Company,
a subsidiary of the Manila Railroad Company,
begins operation of the port service, handled by the
Manila Terminal Company for the past fifteen years.

A cook, a baker, a laborer, an Army officer, and a
young girl are among the winners of the big prizes
in the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes held today.

A. W. ("Deacon") Prautch, organizer of the govern-
ment's rural credit system and of various anti-usury
measures, and one of the founders of the Protestant
movement in the Philippines, dies of a stroke, aged
71. He came to the Philippines as a civilian in 1898
and was for fifteen year s prior to coming here a
Methodist missionary in India.

May 18. — Assemblyman Eugenio Perez states that
High Commissioner McNutt's letter to foreign con-
suls in Manila directing them to course their com-
munications to the Commonwealth government
through his office, is "uncalled for" as they know their
duties, but Assemblyman Tomas Oppus states he
sees no reason for criticism as the action may serve
to correct some "slips" made in the pest. Philip-
pine officials generally are said to welcome any clari-
fication of the High Commissioner's powers, but
some suggest that a distinction should be made
between foreign affairs and foreign relations in so far
as the powers of the Commonwealth government
are concerned as the Commonwealth has relations
of an international character in the International
Postal Union, and various athletic, educational, and
scientific organizations and political organizations,
like the Interparliamentary Union, as well.

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District Engineer of the Mountain Province, will
succeed E. J. Halsema as Mayor of Baguio. Mr.
Halsema's resignation, submitted and accepted some
time ago, takes effect on May 31.

The National Rice and Corn Corporation is re-
ported to have made a net profit during the first
eight months of operation from April 24 to December
31, 1936, of around F2,500,000 or 121 per cent of the
paid-up capital stock.

May 19. — Secretary Jorge B. Vargas at a Cabinet
meeting urges greater powers for the Commissioner
of Mindanao and Sulu, similar to those formerly ex-
ercised by Governor Frank W. Carpenter.

Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce Eulogio
Rodriguez states he will recommend the reservation
of additional areas of agricultural land in the Moun-
tain Province for the protection of the Non-Christian
inhabitants.

Assemblyman Perez returning to Manila from an
inspection trip in Zambales declares that labor con-
ditions in the mines there are deplorable and charges
the owners with non-compliance with the labor laws
He states he will demand action of the Department
of Labor. "•

Secretary of the Interior Elpidio Quirino an
nounces that the appointment of Captain Fernando
Fores as Chief of the Manila Secret Service has been
made permanent.

May 20. — High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt in
his first public address in the Philippines before
teachers and Baguio residents at Teachers' Camn
advocates an adequate system of education to keen
protect, and strengthen the democratic form of
government which is "America's greatest gift to the
Philippines". He praises the accomplishment* nf
President Roosevelt, stating "There was vigor where
there had been weariness, unity where there had been
disunity the power to act where there had been
deadlock. The impression was driven home tW
there was no vCsted interest so powerful that it
could block the action of the government WW

was done constituted a perfectly oveYwhewJf.!
demonstration that the American government Ta
master m its own house, that it was in commanoTof
the situation, that it had untold resourc£™nd no
hesitation whatever m using them". He state* fW
though there are many dictatorships in the worid
today, the democratic system has not suffered in the
old democracies —Scandinavia, France Swit^er-io^T

3ni!e5dStf£ain' thC Br!tish D°mini°"; WS
Secretary Vargas, President of the Phii;™;„-
Amateur Athletic Federation, designates Dr Reg inG
Ylanan, National Physical Director, to attend Se
annual meeting m Tokyo of the Amateur Athletic
Association of the Orient. He is expected £ •« • *
that the PAAF can not participa^Ttnf Olympic

According to the report of Secretary of Finance
Antonio de las Alas, revenue collections for loS
reached 1*99,000,000, representing an increase of A IS
per cent over the preceding year Customs rtiLot,
amounted to P42.291.421.80, up 17 per lent EJSS2
revenue collections to P56.591.599.89 Tup f 20 £££?

t?o7sToPlT^

tions to i"iu, Z/AU28.93, an increase of thr#»« «,,„•.♦..,..

of a million pesos over 1935. The cedull ta5 rnlW

tions amounted to P4.626.223.00 ? up 3 peV ?ent

Reported that the Philippine Chamber of Mines

has furnished data to the Joint Committee of Experts

in Washington that investments in the PhShie

SSSS ^SSZoT™. March 31' 1937> a~S™

are killed, 2000 rendered ho^ieW a nd ^? PerS°"3
estimated at P700.000. nomeIes*, and damage is

High Commissioner takes precedent ««-,. Vi,- r> 1
toasts^ thC <^™"^*1^™o£^

havleCfeerdredhattheVM0lif £reign consuls ™ Manila
have referred the High Commissioner's letter re-
quiring that communications to the Commonwealth
government be routed through his office to the5
Ti^r^nJ??imt°&Ces- Some locaf students T
KS laW^St^e that consuI* usuallv deal with
m«tl j£f«f tnd th^ °nIy du{y accredited diplo-
matic officials are authorized to deal with the central

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July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

293

government, represented in this case by the High
Commissioner. It is also stated that consular offi-
cials in case of emergency should be able to deal
direct with local officials, say in Iloilo or Cebu, with-
out losing time by having to appeal to the High
Commissioner's office in Manila.

Mayor Juan Posadas refused to permit Manila
labor leaders to hold public meetings to enlist support
for the Filipino labor strike in Hawaii. Reported
that Secretary of Labor Ramon Torres has asked
Resident Commissioner Quintin Paredes in Washing-
ington to intervene on behalf of the strikers.

May 22. — Secretary Quirino states that Marcial
Kasilag, Commissioner for Mindanao and Sulu, has
ample powers but that what is hampering his ad-
ministration is the failure of some departments to
appoint representatives in Mindanao with whom the
Commissioner may consult direct as provided in the
law.

Announced that the Philippines Herald and the
other D.M.H.M. newspapers have been taken over
by a new corporation, D.M.H.M., Inc. — Jorge L.
Araneta, President; J. Amando Araneta, Vice-
President and Treasurer; and C. P. Romulo, Ramon
S. Araneta, and Oscar Ledesma, directors. The
Corporation is the holding company of the People's
Press, Inc., of which J. Amado Araneta is President
and Romulo Vice-President. Mr. Romulo retains
the title of Publisher.

May 23. — Rice dealers protest against the importa-
tion of rice duty-free by the National Rice and Corn
Corporation, interferes with the laws of supply and
demand, deprives the dealers of business, and ma-
terially affects government income. They state
that instead of the 1*2,421,551 netted by the Cor-
poration last year, the government could have col-
lected customs duties of over P5, 000,000 on the rice
imported from Saigon and could also have realized
arouiid P148,000 from sales-tax proceeds. Corpora-
tion officials state that the benefits to the general
public by the establishment of the concern can not be
measured in terms of revenue foregone by the govern-
ment.

May 24. — Reported that Internal Revenue collec-
tions for the first quarter amounted to P21,409,747.60
as compared to Pi 7,650,7 19.38 last year, an increase
of over 21 %.

Prof. Vicente Sinco of the University of the Philip-
pines and Pablo Canizares, as amid curiae in the
case of Petra Baltazar vs. the Insurance Board,
declare that the liquidation of the Teachers' Pension
and Disability Fund as provided in Act 187 is un-
constitutional in their opinion.

May 25. — The High Commissioner's office issues
a press statement signed by Wayne Coy, Adminis-
trative Assistant, to the effect that in view of the
confusion existing as to proper procedure in proposing
toasts at official functions a letter was sent to the
foreign consuls in Manila stating that toasts should
be offered first to the head of the sovereign state in
whose honor any function is held, and second to the
President of the United States. If it is desired to
propose any further toasts, the High Commissioner
should be toasted first as he is "the ranking official
in the Philippines".

The Electoral Commission declares former Senator
Jose Fuentebella, Assemblyman for the Second Dis-
trict of Camarines Sur, ousting Luis N. de Leon who
has held the position while the case was pending.

May 25— Justice of the Peace of Licab, Nueva
Ecija, sentences Lucia M. Vda. de Tinio, wealthy
landowner, to a month's imprisonment and to pay
the aggrieved party, Gaudencio Lina, the amount
of P39.30 for violating the Tenancy law and appro-
priating the 15 % share of the rice crop due to the
complaining tenant.

May 26. — The Philippine Army announces that
ten additional officers will be sent to the United
States to pursue advanced courses in military schools
there.

May 27. — Dr. Romulo, publisher of the Herald,
recently returned from Washington, states in a talk
before the Manila Rotary Club that President Que-
zon's move for earlier independence is the result of
"sober deliberation" and not born of an impulse to
"rock the boat", but to bring about greater stability.
He states that President Manuel L. Quezon did not
submit his proposal to Congress as that body would
have acted upon it without delay and without
"wasting time on a supporting economic pact", but
to a joint group headed by Assistant Secretary of
State Francis B. Sayre who was acting for President
Roosevelt, this committee being in a position to study

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the matter from all angles. "While the economic
issue is basic in Philippine-American relations, we
should not lose sight of other factors which will
render impossible the complete separation of the two
countries. President Quezon recently alluded to this
when he said that 'independence does not mean a
desire to part with America' ". Arsenio Luz, res-
ponding, thanks the Speaker for his "carefully prepar-
ed address", and states that as the issue is so vitally
important, "affecting our very lives", it is natural
that there should be diverse opinions and that those
who dissent should feel it their duty to speak out
frankly and courageously, adding that he is sure
President Quezon would welcome such a frank ex-
pression of opinion.

Malacanang releases F150,000 from the Port
Works Fund for beginning the work on the proposed
PSOO.OOO Central National Airport on the shore of
Manila Bay. The construction will be undertaken
by the Bureau of Public Works.

Auditor-General Hernandez, orders the deduction
of three per cent from the salaries of ^all government
officials and employees as their contribution to the
new insurance system. The government makes an
equal contribution according to the plan.

Forty secret operatives are appointed to the in-
telligence division of the Philippine Army.

Maj.-Gen. Douglas MacArthur tells the press on
touching at Shanghai on his way to the Philippines:
"We are determined to stay out of trouble and equally
determined to keep trouble away. . . . Americans
are still sympathetic toward Filipino nationalistic
idealism. After all, the Filipinos are a chip off
the old block".

May 28. — The Board of Directors of the Philippine
National Bank approves the proposal of Secretary
of Agriculture and Commerce Eulogio Rodriguez to
grant loans to riceland owners at 7 % so they may in
turn loan it to their tenants at not more than 10 %.

May 28. — The Board of Regents of the University
of the Philippines approves the plan of President
Jorge Bocobo for an armory-gymnasium to cost
P250,000. The Board also designates A. E. Duggle-
by, prominent Manila mining engineer, to head the
Department of Mining Engineering at the University.
He will receive only a nominal salary.

The Central Stock Exchange, organized last
October and the third to be established in Manila,
holds it last session, the volume of business having
proved insufficient for three exchanges.

May 29. — A party of armed, uniformed Japanese,
carrying belts of cartridges, is reported to have
landed on Camanca island, off Palawan, on May 19.
They were traveling in a two-sailed ship with an
auxiliary engine with a crew of around fifty.

Reported that a New York state court of appeals
has reversed a Philippine Supreme Court decision,
and has awarded approximately Pi, 000,000 to Mrs.
Idonah Slade Perkins, estranged wife of E. A. Per-
kins, prominent Manila attorney. Complications are
expected because of the doubt that any state court
in the United States has authority to reverse a Phil-
ippine Supreme Court judgement. It is stated that
this New York court acted on the ground that Mr.
Perkins has never lost his New York residence and
citizenship and that the New York law governs prop-
erty rights grown out of marriage.

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294

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

May SO. — Maj.-Gen. Mac Arthur returns to Ma-
nila. Also Assemblyman Felipe Buencamino and
Leon Guinto, Commissioner of Public Safety. Mac-
Arthur tells the press that President Quezon has been
highly successful in the United States. "He changed
indifference into interest, skepticism into conviction,
hostility into silence. He has made the Philippine
question a live and vivid thing." The General pre-
dicts "the complete abatement of threatening des-
tructive trade provisions now in the Tydings-Mc-
Duffie act and the continuation of the present econo-
mic set-up for an indefinite time". He states also
that he does not believe that "any country will
pledge itself to use its armed forces to secure the
integrity of fndependent Philippines. That any
nation will sriend its blood and its treasure to defend
Philippine shores and homes because some other
country may violate them is not within the realm
of reality. . . . The only ones who will defend the
Philippines are the Filipinos" He states tht the
United States government and an overwhelming
majority of its people "desire national security fdr an
independent Philippines! . . and wholeheartedly
support such action as may be taken by the Common-
wealth to perfect its own defenses. The American
army and the Amerian navy are rendering invaluable
assistance in developing our forces. They support
our plans without equivocation. Pacifist organ-
izations are very vocal but the noise they make is out
of proportion to their influence. ... A secure and
neutral Philippine nation will do much to secure
tranquility in the Pacific and there is no doubt that
the United States heartily and overwhelmingly
backs any reasonable steps to that end".

May 81. — According to the annual report of Vice-
President Sergio Osmena, Secretary of Public In-
structions, public school enrolment last year was
largest since the beginning of the American regime —
1,250,000 as against 1,200,911 in 1935. Teachers
numbered 28,337 as against 27,397. P25,053,885.18
was spent for public education, or 19.51% of the
total expenditures of the central, provincial and
municipal governments.

Dr. Manuel Carreon, Dr. Romulo, and Assembly-
man Manuel Roxas are elected alumni representatives
of the board of regents of the University of the
Philippines.

June 1. — Celedonio Salvador, acting Director of
Education, reluctantly approves the three-shift
plan for Manila high schools, but disapproves the
double-shift plan for the elementary schools as in-
adequate and hard on children and teachers. Mayor
Juan Posadas states that the decision makes a solution
of Manila's school problem hopeless as the city can
not spend more money on schools (35 % of the re-
venue already being devoted to educational purposes)
and that thousands of pupils will have to be turned
away.

It is reported that the Bureau of Posts made a net
profit of Pl,211,495.19 during 1936, an increase of

15% over 1935. The gain is attributed to brisk
sale of stamps including commemorative issues and
to increasing activities of the mining industry.

Gold averages drop 4.97 points to 141.61 as a
result of renewed rumors of an impending change
in the price of gold.

June 2. — It is reported that Customs collections
in 1936 totalled P28,735,114.15, 17.4% more than
in 1935, and the best since the establishment of the
service. The total foreign trade amounted to
P497,602,664, an increase of 38 % over 1935. P202,-
252,349 constituted the imports, up 18 %, and P295,-
350,315 the exports, up 56 %. The favorable balance
of trade with the United States of Pi 14,510,338 was
more than enough, as usual, to offset the unfavorable
balance with the rest of the world.

Secretary Vargas, domestic sugar administrator,
announces domestic sugar quotas for 1938 at 92,-
928 short tons and the emergency reserve at 57,377
tons, and declares that for 1939 there will be no
reserves established as there will be enough reserve
stocks on hand from previous yeats.

The Philippine Islands Antituberculosis Society
is reported to have decided to build a group of more
than twenty buildings to be known as the Quezon
Institute on Tuberculosis at a cost of PI, 5 00,000.

June S. — Andres Soriano announces the consoli-
dation of certain of his mining companies under the
Eastern Development Co., Inc., increasing the ca-
pitalization from P2,000,000 to Pl5,000,000. Forty
percent of this will be acquired by a group of Negros
capitalists headed by Placido Mapa and Warner,
Barnes & Co.

Walter E. Olsen, prominent American business
man, dies in Manila, aged 61.

June 4- — The German steamer Oliva, bound for
Singapore, returns to Manila after an explosion of
celluloid cargo and a fire some 150 miles out of
Manila. One man was killed and buried at sea
and six severely injpured. The S. S. Tjikarang and
the S. S. Friderun rendered assistance.

Vice-President Osmena calls a meeting of educatk n
officials to discuss the school "crisis" and afterwards
announces that all schools which were opened last
year will open next week.

June 6. — Secretary Rodriguez and Secretary of
Labor Ramon Torres and a number of bureau direct-
ors leave on the Apo for a trip of inspection of the
Visayas and Mindanao as a part of their program of
"bringing the government to the people".

June 6. — Vice-President Osmena states that every
child seeking admission to school nextf Monday will
be admitted. Part of the necessary funds will be
obtained from the National^ Relief Board^and the
rest from the City funds.

Dr. H. F. Bain, Commonwealth mining adviser,
submit 8 a report to the National Development Cor-
poration estimating the Philippine coal reserves at
45,000,000 tons and urging the operation by the
government of the Uling (Cebu) and&Malangas

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June 6. — Dr. Y. T. Tu, new Chinese Consul
General, arrives in Manila; also General Tsai Ting
Kai, famous former commander of the Nineteenth
Route Army who comes for a visit of several months.

Amando Avanceiia, prominent sugar planter, and
Dr. Jose Mirasol, technical adviser of the Confe-
deration of Sugar Cane Planters, aie reported to have
started a movement among the Iloilo and Negros
people to ask for the continuation of the Common-
wealth government. They believe the Islands not
ready for independence and that most Filipinos know
this but are afraid to speak.

June #.— Former Governor-General F. B. Harrison
and his wife and daughter, Andres Soriano, Enrique
Santa Maria, and other prominent persons leave
Manila for Europe today. The Harrisons may
return next December, but in the meantime Mr.
Harrison has relinquished all his business director-
ships.

June 9. — High Commissioner McNut tells the
press that he considers the matter of his two consular
circulars closed. As for consular communications
he states those concerning international matters and
the United States government, will have to be sent
to him, communications concerning purely local af-
fairs may be directly addressed to the offices affected.

According to an announcement by Secretary
Vargas, President Quezon last night, by radio tele-
phone, disapproved the action of the Cabinet ex-
tending the perrrfit to government employees
teach in private schools as uconstitutional.

Assemblyman Juan Luna introduces a bill designat-
ing members of the Assembly as "Senators".

June 10. — The Rodriguez-Torres party takes
cognizance of the existence of rampant smuggling of
aliens into the Philippines through southern waters,
and Secretary of Labor Ramon Torres states meas-
ures will be taken immediately to curb this illegal
activity.

Announced that President Quezon has authorized
the Interisland Airways Company to operate an air-
plane service without any fixed routes, this being
the first exercise of the authority granted him by an
Act of the National Assembly to grant such a permit
without legislative franchise.

Vicente Singson Encarnacion, President of the
National Rice and Corn Corporation, is reported to
have asked President Quezon to add another F2f-
000,000 to the present paid-up capital of an equal
amount, for expansion of its activities. Later it is
reported that the National Development Company
according to the action of the Board of Directors'
will subscribe to P2,000,000 worth of stock of the
Corporation. Part of the money will be spent in
erecting a large grain elevator in Manila to hold huge
stocks of rice.

United States bondholders petition a federal court
in Hartford, Connecticut, for the reorganization of
the Philippine Railway Company, a Connecticut
corporation. They hold it is insolvent. The com-
pany has $9,000,000 in outstanding bonds and owes
the Philippine Government $6,000,000.

June. — Secretary Vargas receives a telegram from
Resident Commissioner Paredes stating he will look
into the Honolulu Filipino strike on his way to Ma-
nila with the joint committee of experts.

The National Transportation Board designates
three roads as national highways — the road to Biac-
na-bato, Bulacan; the road traversing Mount Ma-
kiling, Leguna; and the Cebu-Dalaguete road. The

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July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

295

Board has also decided to declare as national high-
ways all roads leading to military camps, whether
American or Filipino.

Heirs of the late Luis Perez Samanillo form a new
F3,000,000 corporation under the name of Luis Perez
Samanillo, Inc. The company will engage in general
business including import and export.

Francisco D. Reyes, of the Bureau of Science,
noted chemist, dies of a heart attack, aged 53.

June 12. — High Commissioner McNutt is guest of
honor at the Filipino Veterans' Association fiesta at
Kawit given by General Emilio Aguinaldo in com-
memoration of the declaration there of Philippine
independence 39 years ago. Commissioner McNutt
emphasizes the visit is non-political. Besides Com-
missioner McNutt, Major-General Lucius R. Hol-
brook, Commanding General of the Philippine De-
partment, and Rear-Admiial Geo. J. Meyers, Com-
mandant of the 16th Naval District, are also among
the guests. Vice-President Osmena was invited
but is out of Manila on inspection. Bishop Gregorio
Aglipay reads an invocation alluding to "social,
religious, and economic, and political slavery in
which we have sunk". General Aguinaldo empha-
sized that the Veterans' Association is not a political
one and that "if sometimes our association inter-
venes in a political activity, it is limited to the task
of securing early independence ... for which our
comrades fought and fell in the battlefield." As the
last speaker, in a brief address, High Commissioner
McNutt states that "the United States sought inde-
pendence from the tyranny of a nation. Philippine

independence means merely the physical separation
of two friendly nations. There has never been tyran-
ny." He points out that the United States has only
the most friendly interest in the Philippines and that
it proposes to establish economic stability before
political independence.

The Insular Treasury pays the National Develop-
ment Company 1*9,000,000 completing the first
Pl0,000,000 capital investment of the government.

June 13. — Governor Emilio Gaston of Occidental
Negros dies in Manila of cancer after a long illness,
aged 57.

The United States

May 12. — Anti-Roosevelt members of Congress
suggest the recall of William E. Dodd, Ambassador
to Germany, who recently in a letter to Senator
Robert Bulkley, defending Roosevelt's judiciary
reorganization plan, warned against the danger of an
American dictatorship. He stated that one man
who owns nearly a billion dollars, is ready to support
such a dictatorship. He did not name the man.

May IS.— A strike in the Fisher Body plants m
Cleveland spreads rapidly and flares into violence m
one plant. Strikers claim that General Motors
Corporation was showing discrimination against
union workers in the Fisher plants and failing to
settle grievances in spite of the recent agreement
with the Committee for Industrial Organization.
4 000 employees of the Pittsburgh Steel Corporation
also walk out, 400 remaining to finish work on steel
which had already been heated.

Strike begins in the Pittsburgh and Ahquippa
plants of the Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation, an
agreement similar to that with the United States
Steel Corporation not having been reached between
the Corporation and the Committee for Industrial
Organization. 25,000 men are affected and the
strike threatens to extend to other steel companiej.

May 14.— Reported that President Roosevelt,
alarmed by a new wave of strikes and lockouts m the
rich industrial area of eastern Ohio and western Penn-
sylvania, is planning to submit a minimum wage and
hour bill to replace the provisions of the outlawed
N.R.A. and to supplement the National Labor Rela-

1 The strike in the Jones & LaUghlin Steel Corpora-
tion plants due to failure of the Company to sign a
collector bargaining agreement is settled under a
temporary agreement. The strike in the Fisher
Plants against the "lay off and speed up" j pohcy of
the management is also settled under temporary

agD?ckeMerrill and Jack Lambie arrive in New York
24 hours and 22 minutes after their take off from
S«uthpost, England, with pictures of King George s

C0TMiaT0li5— Washington officials are reported as
considering that the Bnand-KeUogg agreement and
the Washington treaty if fully respected by • alT signa-
tories, are adequate for the peace needs of the Pacific.
Although discussion of a pact guaranteeing Fmlip-

(Coniinued on page 331)

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296

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

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Editorials

It is gratifying to note that occasionally a man like Dr.
Lenox A. Mills, head of the Department of Political Science
of the University of Minnesota,
Dictatorship and comes here and penetrates to the
Democracy in the facts instead of merely applying
Philippines theoretical or idealistic principles

which, however worthy, are often
mere formulae.

In an interview with a member of the staff of the Manila
Tribune, Professor Mills, after briefly describing the
Philippine situation as he sees it, stated that ' 'during such
a period. . . you will have need of a strong government and
a strong man such as President Manuel L. Quezon or
someone like him."

It is easy enough for critics in the United States — and
some here— to charge Mr. Quezon with setting up or
attempting to set up a "dictatorship" and to point to various
means and measures he has allegedly employed to do so.
More difficult than to arouse prejudiced condemnation is
it to make a genuine contribution toward understanding
the facts, which requires knowledge of the social, economic,
and political conditions here that is not so easily gained.

The writer holds the principles of genuine democracy just
as dear as any writer for the Nation or the New Republic
and is as desirous for the development of a true democracy
in the Philippines as any one. He has no love for dictators
of any brand — fascist or communist.

The truth of the matter is that there has never been any
real democracy in the Philippines. There could not be
until the people of the Philippines themselves are recog-
nized as a sovereign people. From the inception of the
American regime in the Philippines, democratic principles
have had to be compromised — not that this wasn't neces-
sary and even desirable, but they were. That is one
reason why the democratically-minded people of the United
States have in general always favored the establishment of
Philippine independence as soon as might be.

The American governor-generals, every one of whom
governed as liberally as possible, nevertheless exercised
great power, in respect to which the "consent of the govern-
j ed" was taken, as comfortably as possible, for granted.
I In a country socially and politically so undeveloped as
I the Philippines, the executive branch of the government
i had to be strong, in many respects, in fact, dictatorial.
! When, by virtue of the Tydings-McDi^ffie Act, the execu-
tive arm of the government, in so far as local authority is
1 concerned, was turned over to the Filipinos themselves,
and under very trying conditions, it became necessary for
the central executive power to be even stronger. The
American chief executives governed not only during more

piping times, but, for historical reasons, in the eyes of the
masses of the people and their petty leaders, under the aegis
of a prestige not available to a Filipino chief executive.

Undoubtedly, Mr. Quezon, experienced statesman that
he is, realized this, as did some other Filipino leaders,
notably the more able members of the Constitutional
Convention and the National Assembly, and both in the
Constitution and by later statutes the powers of the Pre-
sident of the Commonwealth have indeed been made very
great.

This, however, does not mean that Mr. Quezon is a
dictator or a tyrant set on lording it over his fellows for his
own aggrandizement and to please his personal vanity.
Mr. Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth
had to have power and the Constitutional Convention
and the National Assembly wisely gave it to him.

In his sponsorship of such measures as the Rice Tenancy
Law, which seeks to protect tenants against the exploitation
of the land-owners; the act creating the National Rice
and Corn Corporation which insures fair prices to our farmers
for their produce; the new arrangement whereby the
Philippine National Bank loans money to land-owners for
re-loaning to their tenants at ten per cent instead of the
usurious rates that have long been exacted; the pro-
jected program of buying up large estates for resale in
small lots to the present tenants; and in other more general
measures such as the provision of larger appropriations for
the schools, the grant of suffrage to our women, etc., Mr.
Quezon is doing far more for real democracy in this country
than he could do by merely observing certain "democratic"
forms in Manila.

Democracy must come from below and can never come
in the Philippines until literacy is far more general than it
is as yet and until our feudalistic land-system has been
broken up much more thoroughly than it has. It is not
how much power Mr. Quezon exercises over petty politicians
that matters, but how much power the people themselves
exert in political life, and the steps Mr. Quezon is taking are
calculated so to improve the conditions of life of the common
people that they will have the economic security and the
social and political intelligence to take a more active part
in the political life of the country than they have so far.
In this, Mr. Quezon is only continuing the great program
begun by America in this country, but far from completed,
and it may probably be said with truth that he is doing
this in a much more realistic manner than has latterly been
the case under American chief executives, who have done
little more since Governor- General Wood but mark time.

Mr. Quezon has, of course, certain advantages as well
as handicaps. As himself a Filipino, he can in some ways

297

take steps that would not have been advisable for an
American chief executive to take. He furthermore knows
his country from end to end and thoroughly understands his
people. Then, too, he is confronted with a greater urgency
to decisive action due to an increasing discontent among
the masses of the people in recent years. This would
have become evident even if there had been no change in
the form of government. With the growing development
of the country and the people, the masses can not help
but compare their own very slow advancement in living
standards with those of a few of the more favored ones
among them. Where before they lived in stolid resignation,
never expecting anything beyond what they had, they are
now filled with new wants, desires, ambitions. This is a
sign of genuine social advancement and a prerequisite
thereto. It is a state of mind that it would be futile and
dangerous to seek to repress and that should be construct-
ively utilized.

We may well cease to worry very much about the out-
ward forms of democracy in this country and give very
much more attention to the basic essentials — -which are
what Mr. Quezon seems very wisely to have in mind.

Now that a good portion of the country's revenues must
go toward the support of new undertakings of the Com-
monwealth such as the
School Costs and the maintenance of the Phil-

Pernicious Farce of ippine Army (and it must

the Annual School Crisis be expected that these will

demand increasing amounts
from year to year), the perennial problem of financing the
public schools has assumed a new significance, for a number
of so-called leaders are trying to make the people believe
that the government is spending too much money for this
purpose. The annually recurring "school crisis" has of
late been pointed out as proving that the country has gone
beyond proper bounds in public school expenditures.

The editor of a Manila daily recently wrote: "Exclusive
of the University of the Philippines, the appropriation for
public instruction has averaged about 34 per cent!" He

referred to the insular appropriations for public instruction.
He then made the wild statement: "It is safe to believe
that the provincial and municipal governments are like-
wise devoting a similar percentage of their revenues to the
maintenance of public schools."

Figures taken from the ten latest annual reports of the
Director of Education, places the total annual average
expenditures for public schools— insular, provincial, and
municipal—at P27,287,441.51 yearly for the period. This
corresponds to 19.77 per cent of the total expenditures of
the three entities of the government for the years 1925 to
1934.

In 1935 (report still unpublished), the writer has been
authoritatively informed that the three branches of the
government spent 1*25,053,995.18, or 19.51 per cent of
their total revenues for the public schools. Of the sum
spent for public schools in 1935, 63.43 per cent came from
the insular funds, 17.34 per cent, from the provincial,
and 19.23 per cent, from the municipal.

These figures show that the provincial and municipal
entities are bearing but a small part of the expense of
maintaining the schools. In other progressive countries,
the reverse is the case, and local authorities provide amply
for the education of their youth.

In this country dependence upon the national govern-
ment for major school support has continued now for many
years, and is getting worse. The so-called "school crisis"
each year is largely due to the incapacity or unwillingness
(it is more of the latter) of the provincial and municipal
governments to make proper and timely provision for
their local school needs. They have come to rely instead
upon the so-called "emergency insular aid" which they
believe will always be extended to them. On the average
this insular aid for schools to provinces and municipalities
totals f*10,Q00,000.00 yearly, or approximately two-fifths
of the total school appropriations. This large proportion
of the yearly school funds, released always late but
always relied upon by municipal and provincial politi-
cians, furnishes the root cause of our "school crises".

Spending a little less than 20 per cent of all income of the
three entities of the government for our public schools,
are we justified in holding that this is too much?

SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON SCHOOL COSTS
I. Distribution of school expenditures (1934) of U. S. and Philippine public school*:
UNITED STATES a PHILIPPINE ISLANDS b

Amount contributed by:

Percent Amount contributed by:

Percent

Federal Gov't. P43,095,876 1.2

State Gov't. . . 846,356,430 23.4

County Gov't. 338,317,006 9.3

Local Gov't. . . 2,393,534,874 66.1

Insular P14,215,905.35 61.92

Provincial 4,094,009.70 17.84

Municipal 4,648,004.80 20.24

Total P3,621,304,186 100.00 Total P22,957,919.85 100.00

a — Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Bulletin 1935, No. 2, Office
of Education, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936, p. 19.

b — Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Director of Education, Bureau of Printing,
Manila, 1936, p. 59.

II. Per-Pupil and Per Capita Costs (1934): c

Per Per

Countries Pupil Capita

Alaska P339.88 P26.36

Continental U. S 152.44 27.08

Hawaii 132.48 24.28

Canada 106.82d 22.14c

Virgin Islands 80.74 9.84

Puerto Rico 45.06 5.86

Japan 36.12f 6.06S

Philippines 19.13h 1.78**

c — Allffigures in table II, unless otherwise footnoted, have been taken from the
Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Bulletin 1935, No. 2, Office
of Education, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936, p. 90.

298

d — Computed from figures given in The Statesman's Yearbook, 1935, Macmillan,

London, p. 298.
e — Computed by dividing the total public schools' expenditures by total population

according to the 1931 census. The Statesman's Yearbook, 1935, Macmillan,

London, pp. 294 and 298.
/ — Computed by dividing the total elementary and secondary school expenditures

by the total elementary and secondary enrollment for 1932. A General Survey

of Education in Japan, 1935, Department of Education, Tokyo, pp. 14, 19, 71.
g—A General Survey of Education in Japan, 1935, Department of Education, Tokyo,

p. 70.
h — Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Director of Education, Bureau of Printing,

Manila, 1936, p. 58. The 1935 unpublished data: Per-pupil cost, P20.38; per

capita cost, P1.91.

III. Percentage of all public educational costs of total governmental expenditures
from all sources:

Continental U. S. (1928) 40.18 %i

Japan (1934) 24.73 %)

Canada (1933) 23.16 %k

Philippines (1934) 20.21 %\

i — Department of Superintendence, Ninth Yearbook, National Education Association,
Washington, D. C, 1931, p. 320. This is the only available data published on
percent of total educational costs of total governmental expenditures derived
from all sources. In the study reported all educational costs, including those
for higher education, coming from local, county, and state revenues were com-
bined and divided by all tax collections from the same entities but excluding
Federal aids for schools.

j — Computed from the World Almanac, 1937, p. 671, from total educational ex-
penditures of the Empire and total governmental expenditures from all entities.

k — Computed by dividing total public school expenditures by the sum of the con-
solidated general expenditures (Dominion) and provincial ordinary expend-
itures. The Statesman's Yearbook, 1935, pp. 298 and 299. The school ex-
penditures given do not include those of universities.

I — Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Director of Education, Bureau of Printing,
Manila, 1936, p. 60. Data for 1935 from Bureau of Audits (not yet published)
is 21.71%.

In 1935 the per pupil cost in the Philippines was f*20.38.
For several years it has remained approximately the same.
The corresponding expense in Puerto Rico is about twice
as much; in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Sweden, more
than five times as much; in continental United States,
about six times as much. Compared with the states lead-
ing in educational work such as New York, California,
Massachusetts, and New Jersey, the per pupil expense
in the Philippines is not even one-tenth. Japan's per pupil
cost for elementary and secondary education is almost
twice that of the Philippines.

The per capita cost is conceded to be a better index
than any other for measuring the educational burden,
although it must be borne in mind that a discrepancy here
is inherent because of the varied percentages of children
in attendance in the schools of the different ^countries.
The per capita school cost for the Philippines in 1935 was
PI. 91. It has been around f*2.00 for the last several
years. In Alaska and Puerto Rico, where there are approx-
imately the same percentage of children attending the
public schools as in the Philippines, the per capita costs are
thirteen and three times as much, respectively. In Japan
it is three times as much. In the United States it is about
fifteen times as much. Among the states in the United
States leading in educational work the per capita expense
is more than twenty times that of ours.

The total expenditure for all public education in^the
Philippines (this includes all the expenses of the Bureau of
Education and the University of the Philippines and certain
expenditures of the Bureau of Science, the National Lib-
rary, the Department of Public Instruction, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Commerce, the Bureau of Non-
Christian Tribes, and the Office of the National Physical
Director) for 1934 was 20.21 per cent of all government
expenditures coming from all sources and entities. The
latest (1934) data available on similar expense in Japan
is 24.73 per cent. The United States has been estimated
to spend 40.18 per cent (1928) and Canada 23.16 per cent
for public education alone (1933), not taking into con-
sideration institutions of higher learning under government
support.*

The foregoing figures do not seem to indicate that we are
spending more than we should be spending for education;
in fact, they show the reverse. Due to untimely release
and improper distribution of money for schools, we have
of late years experienced annual "school crises" which are
absolutely unwarranted. Our children are made the victims
of the cheapest kind of "politics".

There was no such thing as "emergency insular aid"
up to five or six years ago. School money appropriated
by the insular government in earlier years for distribution
to provinces and municipalities was released well in advance.
Fifty per cent of such money was given out on the basis
of population and the other fifty per cent on the basis
of school attendance. After the invention, however, of the
"emergency insular aid", the basic plan of distributing
proper insular aid has been crippled, and the insular school
expenditure has since been placed practically in the same
category as the "pork barrel" appropriations. Local
government officials, believing that they may wangle
some of this insular money for the schools for their par-
ticular localities now give no serious consideration to the
problem on financing them and refuse to transfer from their
general funds sufficient money for school needs. They
wait and wait. Then the schools open. Children are
heard crying for admission. Then politics hum in the
' "service" of education. Rush correspondence, urgent
telegrams are sent. Flying trips are made to Manila.
And then, behold! the "emergency insular aid" is author-
ized. The schools are "saved"! And the chosen officials
become "heroes" to the general populace which knows
no better.

The farce is a pernicious one and must be stopped if the
educational work of this country, which has drawn praise
from many quarters of the globe, is to continue efficiently
for the upbuilding of the people and the country. As more
and more children are pressing for admission into the public
schools (more than half of school age are still out), not only
should we make sufficient provision for them all, but we
should also see to it that such provision is planned care-
fully and systematically in advance and the money released
on time.

Forgotten Songs

By Luis Dato

THE songs I sang in childhood
When I from care was free,
Again I hear in moments
Entwined in memory.

And with the songs of childhood,
The past returns once more,
Again I am as yesterday,
A child by summer's shore.

God grant that in my passing,
I end where I begun,
And hear the songs of childhood
Come with the set of sun.

299

"India's Stubborn Mood"

By Marc T. Greene

AFTER more than eight years of wrangling,
called by courtesy "conferences" and "de-
bates," the British Government succeeded
in evolving a plan through which it hoped to
satisfy India's demand for a further measure of
self-determination. It centered about what is
known as a Constitution, that supposedly democratic
instrument, and it gave the electoral privilege to 30,000,-
000 Indians, including women, where less than 50,000 had
enjoyed it before. It also, as a deed of beneficence for
which it was hoped in London that the Indians generally
would be properly grateful and even the extreme National-
ists placated, granted the boon of native legislatures and
even ministries. That is to say, the electors should choose
their own delegates to provincial assemblies in the eleven
British India provinces, and these should select pro-
vincial ministries.

According to Lord Linlithgow, present Viceroy of India,
this marked "the end of the old imperialistic order and the
birth of democracy" for India. The Marquis of Zetland,
Secretary of State for India, set forth, in the influential
Christian Science Monitor, in the serene and honeyed
language of which he is a past master, the great merits of
the long-debated plan for India and its tremendous ad-
vantages for which, as he implied, the Indian peoples could
never be sufficiently grateful. Said the Marquis compla-
cently, "This is a greater advance than the most ardent
Indian reformer of the last generation would have looked
upon as a practical possibility."

Yet despite all this, notwithstanding the many apparent
reasons why he should be appreciative of the efforts on his
behalf by his overlords, in defiance of paternalism, and in
obstinate rejection of the olive-branch, the Indian Natio-
nalist continues in his truculent attitude toward British
rule. He is, as you will discover very soon if you visit
India, still dissatisfied. In fact, strange as it may seem and
difficult as it is to credit after listening to the statements
of the eminent gentlemen quoted, he appears to be more
dissatisfied than ever. He even refuses to accept this
great constitutional boon, this unprecedented concession
on the part of England. Intransigent still, he entertains
the notion of using it to inaugurate a kind of "wrecking"
policy in respect of the Indian Government. Or else, as is
the attitude now generally taken by the majority of Indians,
he proposes to ignore it altogether and to refuse formation
of the ministries aforesaid, though electing provincial legis-
latures of Congress, or popular, party leaders.

Why, then, as the British tax-payer upon whom directly
or indirectly falls the burden of all these colonial controver-
sies asks, is the Indian in this stubborn mood? What more
does he want, or any rate expect to get? What is behind
his long-cherished and still-unabated bitterness toward his
European overlords?

A full and satisfactory answer to these questions would
involve such a detailed survey of India as is possible in

300

nothing less than a volume, and many such
volumes have been written. We can, however,
by discussing the position quite frankly, perhaps
get at the gist of the matter within the limits
of our short space.

Primarily, the charge laid against the British
Government by all Indian Nationalists is that of what is
called "exploitation." That is to say, the Indian insists that
54 hours of labor a week in an English-owned jute-mill at a
wage of 30 cents a day is improper, insomuch as while the
Indian laborer exists on a pretty low scale the mill -owner is
making huge profits. Make your own deductions. The
Indian feels, too, that $2 a week for railways workers, in-
cluding firemen on locomotives, is too small pay. Since
the railways are mainly owned in England and very pro-
fitable, he points to this as another instance of the afore-
said exploitation. Incidentally, British locomotive engi-
neers on some of the through expresses get as high as $100
a week.

The peasantry comprises about two-thirds of the popu-
lation of India. More than eighty-five percent of that
peasantry are today practically bankrupt. By reason of
the constantly increasing cost of even the meagre exist-
ence to which they are forced, the low price of their pro-
ducts and the high taxation, they are frequently driven
into the clutches of the money-lenders. These are mainly
Pathans and Afghans. If the loan, with incredible interest,
is not repaid on time they come around to collect it with
clubs in their hands. They use direct methods, but they
will permit the debtor to carry on the loan, all the time
adding enormous interest, so long as there is any hope of
seizing any of his property. When that is about to vanish
the loan "sharks" — -wolves and hyenas, rather, in this
case— appear with their clubs and take anything they can
lay their hands on, sometimes even the womenfolk, inci-
dentally leaving a few scars on the head and shoulders of
the despairing debtor.

There are more than 10,000 unemployed "Anglo-Indians"
in the country today. These are, of course, what are com-
monly known as "half-castes," or "Eurasians." They, as
elsewhere in the East, constitute a great and difficult prob-
lem, but perhaps nowhere so much as in India. Mainly,
they are of Indian maternity and European paternity, and
many, of course, were born outside of wedlock. That in
no degree challenges their right to live, as any decent-
minded person will agree. But, right or not, they are starv-
ing. There is no place for them in the economic scheme of
things, even less place in the social. I was talking to one
in an English tailor-shop in Calcutta. He was not among
the 10,000 unemployed and half-starved, of course. As
the pay of his class goes in India, he was fairly well off.
Yet he was discouraged and unhappy, and so he told me.
His father had been well to do and he himself had been
well-educated and brought up in a comfort that he could
not now know. He had an Indian wife and several chil-

dren, no social affiliations in accord with his breeding and
education and none possible to his present estate. He
barely made both ends meet. What did the future hold
for him? Or if by any fell chance he lost his present place,
where was he?

Before visiting India on this, my sixth trip to the Far
East, I spent a long time in Egypt. You would think
economic conditions there were about as bad as they could
be, and the Egyptians, the fellaheen (peasantry) and the
industrial workers, to say nothing of the many unem-
ployed, living on a scale of existence that had fallen about
to the minimum. But Egypt is a land of milk-and-
honey and the people there prosperous to a man in
comparison with impoverished, miserable, weakened, embit-
tered, and discouraged India where a western Power has
scored the most abject colonization failure in all history.

I am saying this deliberately and advisedly. For what
is it but failure when a European Power has been in
a country, in one guise or another, for centuries, and
failed to bring that country out of the economic and social
and moral slough in which India is so deeply mired today?
It is failure and nothing else. My previous visit to India
was ten years ago. One of the first questions I asked this
time was, "Are things any better now?" That is to say,
have 300,000,000 Indians any more to eat than the next-
to-nothing they had then?

Nobody, not even the British, pretended that things
were any better. "Worse" was generally the terse comment.
Why, then? Because, as the Indian Nationalist tells you,
the Indian people can not have control of their own finances,
establish nor conduct their own economic system, and there-
fore reap the advantage for themselves of their rich com-
mercial possibilities and economic resources instead of
having it go into the hands of the English, a few rich In-
dians, and the fabulously wealthy Indian Princes, those
most atrocious parasites that burden the economic system
of any land on earth.

Of course that answer is insufficient. It does not cover
the subject by any means. Because exploiting India's best
resources, its humanity, as England is doing and always has
done, the prosperity that India's natural advantages should
bring it and the economic improvement that should provide
for all its people a living standard high enough at least to
keep the fear of actual starvation at bay, will never be achiev-
ed until the many sharp and apparently irreconcilable di-
visions that prevent anything like a united India are ended.

The principal, and most menacing as well as most archaic,
of these divisions is of course the religious, that is to say,
the broad gulf between Hinduism and Mohammedanism.
Here lies, next to the economic, India's greatest problem.
Compared to these two the political problem is trivial, yet
the Englishman would have you believe it all-important.
But you will have concluded, if you have surveyed the
world as I have, that the basic problem everywhere is the
economic. Or to put it another way, give the people
enough to eat and there will be no trouble. In any case,
if political disputes should arise among people who are
contented in their economic security, the task of adjusting

them would be so much less as to offer no serious obstacles.
Economic security and the measure of political self-deter-
mination that their native culture and their enlightenment
entitle them to, that in the main is all any people asks.
And how many have it?

So it is altogether possible that were the Indian people
provided for economically even to the extent of a sufficiency
of rice for today and the assurance of a like sufficiency for
tomorrow, much of their truculence would disappear, their
ages-old bitterness toward their overlords and among their
own different factions be chastened, and the ground made
ready for the seeds of amity and accord that should pre-
sently flower into a rich harvest. At any rate, so the In-
dian leaders assure you. "Once we gain a measure of political
freedom," the editor of the leading Indian Nationalist news-
paper said to me in Calcutta, "religious and all other cleav-
ages will be healed and all factions will 'get together' to
bring prosperity and content to India. But what we need
more than all is control of our own finances and commerce."

Personally, I am not so sure about this "getting together."
I feel that it would be the best policy for the Indian leaders
to make the most of the newly-granted Constitution to the
end that bye and bye something more may be gained, mean-
while directing every effort toward establishing in India a
united front that shall be able to make demands upon
Britain that can not be resisted. I said as much as this
in a statement in the aforesaid Nationalist journal and, if
you will believe it, I was under police surveillance from
that day until I left India. I was, as the Japanese say,
suspected of "disseminating dangerous thoughts."

That, you see, is the kind of mentality that rules India.
However well the higher officials mean, they are always
handicapped by the presence of the type of half-educated
Britisher who dons his dinner clothes every night, what-
ever the weather, sits in the hotel lounge or cafe when he
can not afford a club, and calls "Boy!" in the commanding
tone that shall immediately establish his prestige as a
member of the dominant race.

That sort of thing has done a great deal of harm in the
East, especially in British possessions, and specifically in
India. It is a kind of superiority assurance that really
is born of an actual inferiority complex. These people
would be nothing at home and well they know it.

You gather by now how much this loudlyvproclaimed
Constitution amounts to in the face of all the foregoing.
There is nothing whatever in it to check or to control eco-
nomic exploitation of the Indian people, for the excellent
reason that no Englishman— outside a few "radicals" of
course— will admit for a moment that India is exploited.
Little hope is discernible in that direction so long as Eng-
land has full control of India economically and refuses to
yield an iota of it, so long as the industries of the country
are mainly in English hands, and so long as Britain sides
with the Princes in order to use them as a bulwark against
the further spread of militant Nationalism.

But if the Constitution, the new order of which Lord
Linlithgow and the Marquis of Zetland think so highly,
(Continued on page 325)

301

Anesthesia

Anonymous

WHEN a friend of mine told me before I went
to the hospital that to undergo general anes-
thesia is often a notable experience, his words
made no great impression on me and I remarked
dryly that that is one experience I should just as
lief take second-hand. It was only afterward that
I realized how tremendous an experience it is, seeming,
indeed, to reduce to second place the intrinsically
much more important su'fgical operation which the
anesthesia is intended to facilitate by inducing uncon-
sciousness and insensibility in the patient.

I visited a strange region I shall never forget, for though
of the imagination, no landscape was ever more vivid;
there I met with an adventure in humanity for which I
shall always be grateful, and experienced other things,
including a solemn foretaste of death, and the joy of the
reestablishment of reason after a period of hopeless aber-
ration.

After a morphia and atropine hypodermic in my room,
I walked to the operating room accompanied by a nurse,
and found the surgeon there, standing with his back to
me, carefully adjusting his rubber gloves, and four or five
other persons, dressed in white gowns, ranged, it seemed
to me, in some sort of ordered position about the brightly
lighted room, studiedly quiet, I sensed, yet alert. Much
as I hated the ordeal I faced, I had to admire the order-
liness of this tableau and the scientific planning and psycho-
logical understanding that produced it. Not, however,
caring to simulate a lightness of heart I did not feel, I
merely said "Good morning' ' and walked straight to the
operating table. Instantly the heretofore motionless fig-
ures shifted their stations. I was adroitly helped onto the
table, and before I could get a good look at the large circular
reflector over me, the anesthetist placed a folded bandage
loosely over my eyes while I felt others slipping on some
roomy surgical leggings. My hands were placed on my
breast and a number of folded sheets were laid over my
legs and abdomen. I noticed no strapping.

The anesthetist rubbed some greasy stuff on my lips,
telling me it was vaseline to prevent burning, and then
asked me whether I had ever taken ether before. When
I answered in the negative, she said: "Well, we'll start out
easily then; just breathe naturally".

I breathed in a rather pungent gas which made me think
of a darkish brown, smoky, dry, almost powdery sort of
stuff, not at all like the smell of ether as one gets it out of
a bottle. I breathed it in for some time without difficulty
and told the anesthetist that it seemed to be having no
effect. "That's because I am still mixing in lots of air",
she answered. "Well, thank you for that," I said. "Please
don't cut it off too abruptly."

The surgeon made a few remarks about how some people
like to take ether. He and the anesthetist spoke to each
other now and then and when some one asked whether I
could still hear, the doctor said that probably their voices
sounded quite loud to me. This I recognized to be true,

302

and^ after some indecision as to whether I should
answer or not, I spoke from under the hood, say-
ing that I could still hear clearly. As I noticed the
gas increasing in density, I coughed slightly, and
said that I thought I was beginning to float off.
After a period of vagueness, I suddenly heard the
words: "Are you still with us?" The voice was smooth and
insinuating and although the question was not specifically
addressed to me, I knew the "you" meant me and that it
was the anesthetist speaking. The question struck me
as somewhat humorous, and I answered, whimsical-
ly, I thought, "I think I am", but as if from a great dis-
tance.

It seemed that I had set out on some great inter-
planetary journey, seeking I know not what. I plodded on
through vast, murky spaces, like a pilgrim or the Wander-
ing Jew. I traversed a strange, broken, mountainous
country, obscured in a brownish mist, struggling over
obstructions, with slowly moving clouds in strange, lurid
heavens above me. I felt a despairing sense of being lost
and alone in an unfriendly, indeed a hostile universe as
without end or aim I labored on, it seemed to me, for untold
years, an eternity.

It was when my plight seemed most bitter, that what I
still think is one of the greatest experiences in my life
came to me. Suddenly, miraculously in that phantas-
magoria, I felt a strong, live handclasp! Instantly I was
aware that it was the anesthetist who had gripped my hand,
perhaps for some test of her own; but never did, never can
anything bring me greater solace. For somehow, I did
not entirely return in consciousness to the operating room,
and that handclasp seemed to me to hold all the precious-
ness of comradeship, giving me that warm sense of a common
humanity, which, though seemingly alone in a weird arena of
difficulty and trouble, I now felt. Much heartened and
deeply grateful I toiled onward through the gloom, great
muggy brownish clouds rolling around me, when again I
heard a voice, "Is he under?" I knew it was the doctor
and was conscious of a sort of sly, reptilian satisfaction
that I should still be able to hear him speak and he not
know that I could hear him. Then I heard the anes-
thetist say: "Not quite; but it won't be long now." My
mood changed. I can't fool her, I thought admiringly,
and believed what she said about it not being much longer,
although I knew not what to expect.

There was a sort of roar through the world, a growing
darkness. And then it seemed like a vast curtain came
down from overheard, or that rather a great brass door,
through which but a moment before I could see light, was
smoothly, swiftly, inexorably closing. The lighted area
presented to my view, still a lurid, murky brown, with
whirling clouds, became a smaller and smaller triangle,
as if the door were moving on a pivot, and then, with a
great metallic clangor, it crashed shut. Even as it fell,
in awe and resignation, but without terror, I gave up all
thought of anything more to come. It was finality ab-

solute. So must death come— it may be death— was my
last thought. I was on the further side of silence.

How long I remained in this stage, in utter oblivion, I
do not know, but once again it seemed that I was engaged
in a great and puzzling welter of conflict that had been
going on for a long time. Self- consciousness was as yet
hardly present, if at all, but writing now in retrospect,
I seemed to be living in at least two or three worlds at
once, and I couldn't establish any sort of understanding of
any of them. I felt a sense of bewilderment and at the
same time an anxious hope that I might win to under-
standing. All the time, too, it seemed as if I were carry-
ing a great burden and I had a feeling of some sort of pain
at the base of my spine, but somehow I was not giving that
much attention. It seemed far more important for me to
recover my way, to establish some degree of coherence and
order in these jumbled worlds. I strove to follow intan-
gible clues which came to nothing, and without rest turned
to others which brought me to nothing more compre-
hensible. I can recall no specific associations or mental
images. It is all like a forgotten dream. The nurses say
that I did not talk, so there are no clues.

I was again on another false trail, anxious and intent,
when, suddenly, I saw the daylight streaming through a
window. I felt and heard, rather than saw, that someone—
it must be a nurse, I thought— had her arm around my
shoulders (not one of the nurses would admit this later!)
and was saying to me soothingly, as to a child, "Now you
can't do that You know you can't do that!" I was

trying to get up. Immediately I was convinced that the
half-formed notions I had been pursuing were vagaries, and
that this sunlight, this hospital bedroom, these people in the
room constituted the real world, and I said to myself in in-
describable happiness and relief: "This is real; let the phan-
tasmagoric go!"

The first question I remember asking was, "What time
is it?" I think I asked it several times before the answer
became intelligible to me— ten minutes after eleven. I
had walked to the operating room a little after eight o'clock.

"So I lived through it", I said. "Yes, you lived through
it," said a kind-faced, gray-haired lady, whom I saw through
a blueish mist that still encompassed me and whom I
afterwards recognized and came to know as the Head
Nurse. "Are you suffering much pain? We can do some-
thing for that, you know."

"Not at the moment", I said. But later that was
another story.

Note by the Anesthetist: In pre-operative preparation, the patient was given
1/4 gr. morphia and 1/150 gr. atropine. He walked to the Operating Rccm and
was placed in a dorsal position on the table. Anesthesia was by the drop method,
ether, started at 8:10 and ending at 9:20 A.M. Although he cooperated, it was
difficult to produce a state of complete relaxation. It is possible that he was con-
centrating so deeply on what effects the anesthetic would have that he unconsciously
resisted entering tne second stage. During this stage he showed very little excite-
ment The respiration was more labored, the skin was flushed, and perspiration
was evident. The patient was disoriented and tried to move his arms and legs,
but much restraint was not necessary. Passing into the third stage, the muscular
twitchings did not completely disappear, although the breathing was deep and
regular Though not an alcoholic addict, the patient required mere ether than is
ordinarily used, and even so the surgeon had to resort to a loca 1 anesthetic with
the general in order to complete the operation. The patient was back in bed by 9 :40.

Orchids in a Pasay Garden

By Dee Vere

EVERY paradise we find on earth
Has, they say, its serpent.
This is the Eden of these beauteous flowers,
For here they grow; in simple loveliness
And queer, fantastic likenesses of beasts,
Insects and birds.
For some are like

White butterflies in flight, thro' whose frail wings
The sunrays filter, giving them
Translucence as of nacre.

Yet leprosed lilacs, spiders— bloated, blotched—
Grow by their side:
On the next tree

Hang purple pitchers, portering perfume,
And pigeons, whirling in an ecstasy
Of purity, white garbed, against the blue
Of tropic skies. Here blooms
The coloured cartoon of a carabao,
And bells, whose silence is more sweet than sound—
(Their colours all the harmony they need,
For music added would a surfeit prove.)
Such wealth of beauty, such obscenity,
Macabre — exquisite,
Like the wild dreams
Of a Dictator, who would also be
A Saint.

303

The Yami of Botel Tobago

By Kilton R. Stewart

ON a little island forty miles off the southeast tip of
Formosa live the Yami. This ethnic group consists
of some seventeen hundred souls who live in seven
villages dotted about the narrow coastal plain of the island,
which consists mainly of rugged mountains. Their staple
foods are taro, which they grow in terraced water patches
much like those of Bontoc, millet and sweet potatoes which
they grow on cleared mountain patches on the steep side
hills, and yams which they plant in tiny clearings in the
jungles or find growing wild. They live in houses of thatch
surrounded by high stone walls to protect them from the
incessant winds and they make splendid plank canoes which
they decorate with geometric figures and a highly conven-
tionalized drawing of a dancing man. They weave loin
cloths, short skirts, short capes and vests like jackets from
the fibers of the bark of various plants. They weave bas-
kets and hats arid a kind of armor from rattan and the fiber
of the coconut palm, and make graceful pottery which is
usually unglazed.

Although they form a part of the Japanese Empire they
are without doubt Filipinos from the view points of cul-
ture and of race. In fact, theirs may constitute the purest
Filipino culture in existence, for their Japanese masters
have during the last forty years of contact with them pur-
sued the wise policy of leaving them alone. Except for a
few policemen who take no interest in changing the people's
ways of living or their beliefs, they might as well have
lived on the moon. The children are attending school now
but the Japanese language is so difficult that they get little
else but a little language. As yet they remain quite un-
touched by the great civilizations of either the East or the
West. Since they grow and make everything they need,
and want nothing they do not need, they have been a poor
target for any kind of commercial enterprise. They are
also protected by a bit of the roughest water in the China
seas and by malignant subtersian malaria. The Yami
have developed an amazing immunity to this disease. Ap-
parently all of them are infected at a very early age and go
on having attacks throughout their lives, but each inocula-
tion seems only to make them feel poorly for a few days and
then leaves them immune to the mosquito bites for a year
or two. On the other hand, it is particularly fatal to the

304

Japanese, a number of whom have caught it from one-day
visits to the island. The mainland tribes apparently
considered the island a pest house and gave it a wide berth.
The people's language and traditions and customs all indi-
cate that they migrated from the Batan Islands and show
them to be closely related to the groups in the mountain
provinces of Luzon, especially the Bontocs. It would
appear however that they lost contact with these people
long before the advent of Spanish influence in the Philip-
pines.

A casual inspection of their squalid little villages and
simple tools and primitive ways of doing things, would give
the opinion to the average Chinese or Japanese or European
that these people are only stupid savages. Such a conclu-
sion however would prove the observer more stupid that
they think the Yami are, for, in fact, these simple folk are
neither stupid nor savage. During a three-month expedi-
tion among them which has just been completed, their
performances in various mental tests indicate them to be
quite on a par intellectually with Chinese, Japanese, and
European- American norms, and an examination of their
social system makes it appear that they are, from many
view points less savage than any of the great groups who
pride themselves so highly on their civilization.

The Yami are an important society scientifically for a
number of reasons. The smallness of the group made it
possible to obtain a good sampling of the entire population
in a period of three months, and their isolation gives as-
surance that the superior individuals in the group do not
owe their superiority to any "Arian" strain of blood. These
people have geneologies extending back for hundreds of
years and there is little question as to the purity of their
lineage. It is also very evident that their ideas are not
borrowed from external sources of great modern civiliza-
tions. In fact I could not help thinking, as the occasional
mails arrived on the island bringing news of the political
strife and violence in Spain, that if the early Spaniards had
studied the Filipinos instead of "converting" them, they
might have found the ideal of social balance, for which they
are now struggling so desperately, in the Philippine civiliza-
tions they thought nothing of destroying.

It might well be that the
great nations of today could
profitably send scholars to this
little group of people, for the
Yami have attained a social
order which the thinkers of
most countries dare only to
dream of. The Yami have a
society in which the indivi-
dual enjoys personal liberty,
and in which no man is placed
above another man. They
have never had head men or
chiefs in their villages except
those appointed by the Japanese, and in the last forty years
the Japanese have never succeeded in persuading a single
one of them to become an assistant policeman, even though
it would have given them many advantages over their
fellow tribesmen. In America we have a saying that man
is created equal. We consider it an ideal for which to
work, but many say that human nature being as it is, the
ideal can never be attained; in fact many wonder if it is not
completely being lost sight of.

Without the advantages of modern technology, the
experimental method, written literature, and the kindly
precept of Jesus Christ to do as you would be done by, these
people have attained the ideal of which we have been dream-
ing in America since 1776. They say, "If you are a Yami
you don't need a policeman over you and you do not want
to be a policeman over any one else."

At first I listened to them with a tolerant smile when
they said these things, and answered "Yes but, what would
happen if someone decided that you had something which
they wanted?" They answered, "If he stole from you, you
would challenge him to a wrestle and if you lost and still
believed you were in the right, you and your friends would
challenge the thief and his friends to a duel. In this case
you would all put on your rattan armor and go down to the
beach and count your strength. If more people believed
in your side of the argument, your opponent would retire,
or if they were evenly divided one of the old men would be
chosen to arbitrate the matter. If either of the parties
should not want to abide by the deci-
sion of the old man, the opponents
would line up and whale each other
with their fighting sticks until someone
wished to quit or drew blood on an op-
ponent which would decide the argu-
ment in favor of the opposite side. If
any one were killed the leader of the
opposite side would become an outcast
and if any one were maimed the com-
munity would have to take care of him.
This is the machinery for settling dis-
putes, but the old men could remem-
ber no one who had ever been maimed
in such a battle, and no one had ever
been murdered in that or any other
way in the memory of living men.
Neither had there been an illegitimate
birth or a dispute between the different
villages in which anyone was seriously

hurt. Nor had the Yami
any practice like head-hunting.
They do not need alcoholic
beverages or tobacco to make
living worth while and use
neither of these things.

I went to the island to study
problems connected with in-
sanity, but the maddest per-
son I found is admittedly one
of the most useful members of
the entire society. She is per-
haps the most successful mid-
wife and healer on the island,
and the mild, friendly way the people live made it ap,
pear that the rest of the world might well be a madhouse
for this little island. There are a few people who are feeble
minded, nine I counted out of the seventeen hundred,
who play around the beach and are treated like children-
by every one. Every one else on the island is filling a use-
ful place in society. I ran on to three other men who might
be described as decidedly neurotic but they are favorites
in their respective communities. Every time any one has
any kind of a venture to put across, they go to these men
and ask if it will succeed or when is a lucky day on which
to begin it. These "mad" men then crack their middle
fingers and give advice. If their advice is favorable the
people have increased confidence in their project. If it
is unfavorable they either postpone it or do it any way
saying that the mad man is made mad by the anitos rather
than by the gods and his advice doesn't matter.

I also ran on to four or five men who might be described
as effeminate. They looked like women, sounded like
women, and acted like women, and yet they are all happily
married men. Homosexuality among them is unheard of
and all these effeminate individuals have enviable places
in society. Two of them are renowned, one as a weaver of
hats and another as a story teller. They are both great
favorites among their fellow tribesmen.

Besides the three different types of mental tests that I
gave them, my program also included tests for waking sug-
gestibility and susceptibility to hypnosis. Although I
found a few individuals who seemed
pathologically suggestible, they also are
well and useful members of their respec-
tive communities. Their free associa-
tions under the influence of hypnosis
made it appear that their psychic make-
up and development was much the same
as the individuals I have worked with
in Europe, America, and China, and yet
they were well and happy, where a si-
milar type of reaction would warn the
investigator to look for trouble in other
societies.

Since I could find no mentally sick
people to investigate, it seemed as good
a problem to try to find out what kept
them from being sick. We modern
therapists would find such a place an
unprofitable spot in which to practice,
since under our present system it is

305

curing sickness rather than preventing it which brings
in the fees. We are, however, at last faced with the
possibility that if society gets much more sick, fees will
lose their value and their meaning and curing the in-
dividual will do us no good. It begins to appear as if
we will have no society in which to work unless we forget
making more money with which to make more money
for a while and work in the interest of the group.

As the investigation proceeded it became more and more
evident that the Yami are well partly because they are
interested in working for their society rather than spending
all their time in competitive practices to prove themselves
greater than their fellows. Not that the Yami are com-
munistic. On the contrary, it is the most capitalistic
culture I have ever seen. Even the gods are important
according to their ability to change things into gold. There
are seven villages of gods, one for each Yami settlement,
which exist up in the sky directly above the native villages.
They live in houses just like the Yami structures except
that the heavenly villages are made of gold, not marble or
onyx, but solid gold. All the gods are more or less expert
at changing wood and dirt and things into gold but there
is one among them who is more expert than any of the rest.
No one wants to offend any of the lesser gods by saying
who this best "gold maker' ' is, so they simply say that he
is the uncle of the gods. He can have all the gold he
wants, and apparently they believe he is the only one in
heaven or earth who can.

The importance of each person in the Yami community
is largely determined by the number of beads, the amount
of gold, the size of the silver hat, the size and excellence of
his house, and the number of taro patches he owns. Attain-
ing wealth is probably the most important thing in the life
of the ordinary Yami, and it is kept in families through
inheritance and intermarriage from generation to genera-
tion much as it is in Europe and America.

Yet when the Yami enters into any group activity, it
is a group activity and not an individual enterprise. They
work on the assumption that it does not matter if you are
old or young or brilliant or stupid when you are working in
a group. As long as you are a member of a group working
in coordination with others, you are equally important with
the others. Whether you are the helmsman in the boat
or the bailer, you are a vital unit in the perfect working of
the boat, just as vital as any other unit, and the eye can not
say to the hand "I have no need of thee." Not only are
you just as important but you are given credit for so being
among these people. And that is probably the cause of
their mental sharpness and emotional balance. That is
probably why their creative people are happy and useful
instead of insane patients, suicides, and criminals. They
do not have any jails on Botel Tobago and never have.
They have never heard of suicide and need no mental
hospitals.

When he is working in a group, the young man is given
credit for being as important as the old. The adult Yami
seem to realize that society transcends the individual and
that the canals to their water patches will have to be kept
up when they are too old to work and that the boy who is
not strong now will be strong when they are weak or gone.

The individual is as important when he is beginning as he
will be at his prime, for the group must go on.

When they go out for flying fish, the stupid are as impor-
tant as the intelligent. In fact they are more important,
because of their ability to do harm. To spit into the ocean
while on a flying fish expedition would cause a national
calamity, they believe. The flying fish might get offended
and never come again. Even to look into their boudoirs
directly would cause them to scurry away with a modest
blush and leave the Yami territory indefinitely. And to
say the word "flying fish" while they are about would offend
them for ever. They must always be referred to as my
"favorite little bird", and even if you aren't fishing for
them you might offend them just as much by throwing a
stone into the sea from the bank or saying some forbidden
thing.

This flying fish ceremonial is a foreshadow of our chem-
ical laboratories and great industries where a stupid or
vindictive act can destroy millions of dollars' worth of
property and thousands of lives. It is paradoxical that
these primitives should give to every member of their
group the credit for both their positive and negative im-
portance, when we all know that their flying fish would
come just the same, whether they looked down into the
sea or not; while we who can have a train wrecked or an
industry blown up or an epidemic started by an ignorant
or dissatisfied person, will not even give the members of our
group who must follow because of man's graded ability to
compete and graded opportunities, the positive credit for
being important to society. With us labor is a commodity
and the individual is only important when the commodity
is scarse.

It looks as though it is mainly superstition which gives
the individual member of society among the Yami his
feeling of importance, and yet I could find no other explana-
tion for their excellently balanced personalities than this
feeling of importance. This feeling that every individual
is equal to every other individual whenever they are work-
ing in a group, seems to take care of one of the basic cravings
of man's personality. That craving is as old as history and
is not amenable to reason. As often as we point out that
men are tall and men are short and that men are wise and
men are dull, something contradicts the evidence of our
senses to say that men are equal. We have thought and
talked over the matter for ten thousand years, we have
fought wars over it and are still fighting wars, civil wars and
wars of conquest, and as yet there seems to be no solution,
or prospect of reaching a solution, throughout the whole
civilized world.

* And yet on this little speck on the Pacific, seventeen
hundred people are living the solution and have been from
the dawn of their racial memory. The solution is simple;
it has the hidden simplicity of the obvious. Man is equal
when he is in cooperation in a group enterprise. He gives
over himself and becomes the group, unless some member or
members of the group wish to be the group themselves in
exclusion of him and use him only as a slave. The Yami
do not have slaves. No man will sell his labor to another.

(Continued on page 322)

Of the Land

By Juan L. Raso

DOMINGO looked up at the sun in the sky to
gauge the time, the while he shaded his eyes
from its blinding rays with his right hand.
He could tell by its position that it was almost noon.
Besides he was hungry. It was time to go home.

He took off his sadok, rubbed the sweat from his fore-
head with his varicolored handkerchief, and surveyed
with his eyes the piece of land which he had plowed during
the week and his adjoining field which was golden with
ripening grain. His chest swelled with pride as he gazed
at the expanse of palay which shimmered in the sunlight
like a carpet of living stars, and there was satisfaction in
his eyes like that in an artist's who looks upon a work of
his creation.

Domingo felt he had brought this about with the brawn
of his body, and he stood with his legs planted on the ground
like a sturdy mango tree, a god of the fields.

They were chilly dawns when he had had to leave the
softness and warmth of his bed beside his wife and go into
the fields. His father, whose father and father's father
had all been farmers, had bred in his bones this passionate
devotion to the soil. He had been trained to the plow
since he was a little boy, and he loved the soil as if it were
a part of him.

Before his father's death, the old man had arranged for
his marriage with a neighbor's daughter, Mariana. And
Mayang, as he called her, true to the traditions of her
breed, had been a loyal helper since the day they were
married in the little town church six months before. Her
mother was a farmer's wite. Her people had all been
farmers, like his. She herself had a small crop of tobacco
which she tended with painstaking care.

Domingo looked at the carabao which he had not yet
unhitched from the plow. He went toward the panting
beast and patted it softly on the head as he took off the
yoke with his other hand. Together they had worked
day after day, man and beast— both eternally bound to
the soil.

He climbed onto the back of the carabao, and gave it a
shove in the side with his bare, calloused foot. When
they reached the river, the man dismounted and left the
beast to cool itself in the water, while he continued on his
way home toward the cluster of huts at the foot of the hill
a short distance away.

At the gate, his dog sprang to meet him, barking and
wagging his tail. Domingo patted the animal and waited
for Mayang to look out of the window to greet him as she
always did when he came in from the field. But today
she did not, and Domingo was surprised. She must be
busy in the kitchen, he thought.

He whistled snatches of a song that his long-forgotten
ancestors had sung as he ascended the bamboo stairs.
Perhaps she would meet him at the door when she heard
him whistling. His surprise increased when she did not.
Mayang was busy sewing a piece of cloth when he entered.
She was sitting on the bamboo bench which ran along the

wall, and which Domingo himself had made. She
seemed so engrossed in her work that she did not
appear to notice him as he stood in the door way, look-
ing at her.

He did not speak. He went to the taznbi and
washed his hands with water which he got from an earthen
jar, using a polished coconut shell as a dipper. Alter wash-
ing his hands, he poured water on his feet, rubbing one foot
alternately with the other. All this time he was thinking
of the strange behavior of his wife. He filled the shell
with drinking water from the bayong, a bamboo water
container which was standing against the wall, and drank
his fill.

He returned to the small sala, feeling refreshed, and
sat down beside the young woman on the bamboo bench.
Then realization dawned upon him as he gazed at the bit
of a dress Mayang was making. He stared at her for a
long while, speechless.

"Why did you not tell mer— before?" he asked her at
last, with a strange, faint break in his strong voice. Mayang
turned to look at him, then lowered her eyes shyly and
resumed her sewing with nervous fingers.

"Are you not hungry after your work in the fields?"
she asked him after another silence.

"I am: let's eat," he answered suddenly. He had forgot-
ten his hunger, but there was nothing else he could think
of saying.

Mayang stood up to set the table, but Domingo stopped
her.

"You look tired," he said. "I'll set the table."
He walked slowly into the kitchen, feeling shy and awk-
ward before his wife. Mayang remained in the room
carefully putting away her sewing in the family tampipi.
Alter the meal Domingo sat down before the window,
thinking. Mayang had gone off to take a nap in the little
sleeping room of the house.

The river, a short distance beyond the fields, gleamed
like a winding sheet oi molten silver in the early afternoon
sunlight. He looked toward where it curved gracefully
around a hill and was lost to sight behind the woods. A
stretch of cogon grass land adjoining his newly plowed
plot still remained virgin and idle, awaiting the eager touch
of the farmer. It would not lie idle for long, he thought
warmly.

His chest again swelled with pride as he gazed at his
field of ripening rice. Within a few days he would reap
his first harvest.

He felt flushed and warm inside him. A few harvests
more and he would no longer be alone in the fields. He
visioned a boy with a skin as brown as his own, with hair
as curly and eyes as dark as Mayang's, working beside
him.

A cool wind, redolent with the fragrant odor of ripened
grain, touched his face. He turned from the window,
took his sadok irom its peg on the bamboo wall, and was
soon whistling on his way back to his field.

307

Ifugao Love Potions And Charms

By Alberto Crespillo

LOVE charms have been believed in among all
peoples, and are believed in today. Especially
prevalent is this belief among the Orientals.
The Ifugaos of the Mountain Province are no excep-
tion, and their love potions and charms are most
curious and interesting.

The Ifugaos are a superstitious people. It is to be noted,
however, that among the supposedly enlightened ancients,
belief in love charms was also prevalent. Ovid made
mention of them. And the Roman Lucullus was said
to have been a victim of a concoction which was, besides
being highly aphrodisiac, poisonous.

The Ifugaos are no experts in the preparation of potions,
but they do have many charms. A certain tribe called the
Ahins, people of the Ifugao type living in the high mountains
of the sub-province bordering on Benguet, know of a pre-
paration, not of laurel branch, toad brain, and dove's heart,
as the Romans made it, but of leaves of tiny, fern-like plants
growing in the steep mountainsides of their locality.

The preparation of this charm is not easy, and only a
few old men are in possession of the art. When one desires
to have such a charm, he goes along the precipices and
watches perhaps for several days for certain red birds
which feed, on particular "holy" days, on these fern-like
plants. The birds do not touch these herbs except during
the mating season, but this season is not definite. It is
the old men, the priests and guardians of ^tradition, who
declare when the season opens, usually during full moon
just after the rains. And the gallants of the village then
go out to watch for the birds and to gather the herb.

The plants are brought to one of the old men, who
merely looks at it, declares it to be "the herb," and then
enjoins the young man to keep his [find a secret and|tto
prepare the necessary fowls for sacrifice: one hen or two
ducks, and a chick. On the day of sacrifice both the young
man and the old go to some isolated place, and kill the fowls,
the old man making his incantations meanwhile. As the
birds are being cooked by the young man, the old one con-
tinues to pray and recite the baki1 invoking the good graces
of the gods and their help in making the love charm truly
potent and capable of bringing happiness to the young
possessor. He cuts the herbs, folds them in accordance
with a definite pattern, and then carefully binds them to-
gether with cotton string, including also two*or three of the
chick's feathers, the chick's burial being the last part of
the ceremony. (In other places the chick is not buried
but placed above the fireplace to dry and rot). The old
man then eats the fowl while the young gallant looks on.
He must not touch the cooked thing. After the old man
has regaled himself, he declares the charm to have been
blessed, and gives it to the young man for safe-keeping.

The charm is thereafter kept at the waist of the possessor,
either tied to his G-string or kept in his pouch. It is be-
lieved that he henceforth easily draws the attention and
love of the young maidens. The women look with favor
on any man who is reputed to have such a charm, for they
believe that such men are passionate and virile.

306

The[most^potent of love charms are believed to
be able even to quiet any dog and make it friendly
at first sight. Sometimes the charm is put in a
small bottle filled with coconut oil. A little of the oil
is surreptitiously put on the hair or hand of the de-
sired girl.

Of love potions the Ifugaos have a preparation composed
of the sexual gland of the crocodile dipped in a mixture of
kingfisher's brain, coconut oil, and the juice of a number of
different herbs. The gland is then dried. It is used by
cutting off a tiny portion and mixing it with the food or
betel-nut of the woman whose love is craved. It is believed
a woman who has eaten this — without her knowledge of
course — falls passionately in love. The man who himself
eats of it becomes a satyrist, it is believed, but they never
do this.

Another love charm, in which the Kiangan Ifugaos have
a strong belief, is made of the tiny lizards that live under
the stones near springs where women are wont to take a
bath. It is said that these lizards gather the fallen hair
of the women and make a sleeping place or nest of it.
Such a lizard is caught, carefully killed without any part
being dismembered, dried with some herbaceous prepara-
tion, prayed over by one of the old men, and is then
kept in the a small bamboo tube carried in the pinun-na.2
The hair gathered by the same lizard must also be kept if
found, for this makes the charm more powerful. It is
believed that a man who owns such a charm is, besides a
favorite among the women, an expert in catching fish.
When he goes fishing he merely ties a hair from the lizard's
nest on the tip of his fishing rod. The fish are believed to
be also charmed and easily caught.

In order to win the love of a married woman, the super-
stitious Ifugao gazes upon the beloved object through a
ring made of long yellow reeds in which a snake has left
his skin. The ring must contain a portion of this skin.
The charmed ring, before it may be effectively used, must
have been blessed by an old man who recites a certain
prayer for the purpose.

For this service, the old man is given a chicken or a small
pig to eat, like for all the divers services performed by such
people who keep the traditions and pagan rites from disap-
pearing. They are what we may term the Brahmin class
of the Ifugaos. In Kiangan, such old men are fast disap-
pearing due to the active missionary work of the Belgian
priests and nuns. There are no successors to the remain-
ing three or four reputed experts in the baki.

Against the effects of such love charms and potions as

have been mentioned and numerous others believed in by

Ifugaos of the outlying districts, there are certain remedies

or means to ward off their effects. The women, especially

(Continued on page 318)

ibaki; recitation of the traditional stories about the gods and spirits of dead
ancestors.

tpinun-na: a pouch for keeping tobacco or anything of immediate necessity,
carried by the men at their waist.

The Cagayan Hunter

By Mariano D. Manawis

And

AS a hunter, Adoy, the Cagayan Valley
peasant, is amongjthe most daring in the
Philippines. Mounted on a fast horse and
armed with a long spear, he pursues his game
through the bushes and over the ditches, finally
plunging into a stream or a river, horse, spear, and
all, if to get the prey such a plunge is necessary
should he come face to face with a wild carabao, it is very
seldom— this is especially true if he is one of the famous
hunters of the Itawes district— that he flees. He retreats
when the beast charges him, but the moment the bulky
creature turns on his companion or on his dog, he rushes
up to spear the animal from behind.

He may have lost a good horse on one such encounter,
and he may have been gored himself, too; but such incidents
do not put an end to his hunting. All the time he nurses
his wound, he is looking forward to the day when he will be
able to go into the hills again, to meet the same carabao—
the animal that almost killed him did not escape unhurt
and he feels sure he could recognize it by the wound he
inflicted— and thus vindicate jhis name; for !do not the
people of his village, when they hear of such an incident,
say, instead of sympathizing with him, that he is not the
equal of his forebears?

When Adoy goes hunting, he wears a sort of a uniform:
a pair of rayadillo trousers, and a shirt of similar color.
He may wear a coco camisa China at times, or maybe
only a camiseta, but always there is that inseparable
vari-colored bahaques about his waist, wherein he keeps
his buyo, his cigars, and perhaps his anting- anting, his
amulet, if he has any.

His horse has been bred purposely for hunting. The
animal is called addaddag in the Itawes dialect, and
anganu-t in Ibanag. He has hunting dogs, too, and
like his horse, they have been trained. His spear is a fine
piece of workmanship, something tourists would wish to
take home. It is made of a fine, carefully selected pole
of pasingan (a strong, thick kind of bamboo) about four
meters long, skilfully seasoned in the sun, and painstakingly
polished. At one end is a dagger-like blade, and at the
other end a piece of iron about three-fourths of a meter
long to give the spear the necessary weight, although it is
also used for planting the weapon in the ground when
Adoy is at rest.

Adoy's saddle is made of wood. Fashioned after a bird,
like his bridle, he calls it "Cagayan" because it is made in
his province. It is very much smaller than the ordinary
saddle, but like his other equipment, it is richly embellished
with shining metal, and the stirrups are of horn, wild cara-
bao horn if you please.

Adoy carries with mm a hunting bolo, too; and in the
pocket of his shirt a sort of a whistle about the size of the
little finger made of the tip of a deer's antler. The curious
little instrument produces a rich sound similar to that of a
flute. By playing on it a certain melodious tune, Adoy
can summon his dogs from a distance, but also urge them
on in the search for a deer.

The hounds, while scouring the forest, make
no noise whatsoever. They run on and on until
they pick up the scent of a deer or a pig, when
they bark to inform their master of their find,
-C^ Adoy then stands up on the back of his horse to
view the chase, while his horse waits tensely
for the familiar jerk which means pursuit. The hounds
generally do not wait for the help of their master. They
pull down the game whenever they can, but if they are
properly trained, they always manage to steer the fleeing
game in the direction of their master, and the moment he
sees the animal his part in the chase begins. He seldom
misses the game once it comes within his view, and after
the kill, he dismounts to drink the blood gushing out of
the wound. After that, he hangs the spoil from the branch
of a tree, or, if he is satisfied with one animal, he takes it
to a nearby stream, and butchers it.

For lunch he roasts the lungs and the heart and if it is
a deer, he makes a soup out of the fresh grass in the intes-
tines. This he calls sarat and because it is very tasty he
sometimes manages to bring home some in a bamboo tube.
He gives a good quantity of the bones to his tired hounds,
and of the venison — -he always brings with him enough salt,
vinegar, and lay a (ginger)— he makes plenty of pindang
or casasut. This, his wife and children like very much, but
each time they eat he sees to it that they do not sniff the
food for he believes that if they do, they are likely to con-
tract a kind of skin disease which usually breaiks out on
the nose and around the mouth. Adoy thinks that physi-
cians can not cure this ailment— he does not believe very
much in medicine anyway— but he himself has a very
simple and effective remedy. He scratches a quantity
of bamboo dust from his old, perhaps broken spear, mixes
it with coconut oil, heats the mixture, and while it is hot
he applies it all over the affected portion of the body. Or
else, he simply chews plenty of buyo and moistens the
itchy places with his saliva. Strangely enough, two or
three days after the application of either remedy the erup-
tions dry up and gradually disappear!

Adoy does not go out hunting so often now. Shotguns
have become a fad in the Cagayan Valley lately, and have
practically robbed him of his only diversion, his only sport.
Hunting with spears, dogs, and nets, however, still persists
in some localities, and on Sabado de Gloria the hunters
of the Itawes district, believing that deer are most numerous
on this particular day, go hunting en masse in a region in
the bordering Mountain Province where they meet the
hunters of other villages who, like themselves, have come
to take part and to exhibit their skill in the biggest hunt
of the year.

When all have arrived, the lacub — this is what the Itawes
people call the annual chase— starts with the hunters, some
eighty to one hundred of them, ranging themselves around
a vast area of tall, very thick bassao (a kind of plant re-
sembling the bamboo in some respects in which deer are

(Continued on page 319)

309

The Woman Characters in Rizal's Novels

By Pura Santillan-Castrence

Dona Consolacion and Dona Victorina have
been made into immortal flesh and blood
figures by the brush of Juan Luna. "My work
will be gratis",1 he said to Rizal, for he wanted to
help the young author bring the sinister meaning of
his writings to the hearts of his people. Epifanio de los
Santos says of these pictures, "although their merit
is variable, these sketches are so excellent that they are
simply priceless. That of the Espadana couple is a de-
lightful caricature. Dona Consolacion ... is a genre pic-
ture."2 For the great Filipino critic, Rizal and Luna
were a matchless pair in the portraying of their times.

Dona Consolacion was the alferez1 wife. Rizal included
her among the "rulers of San Diego" to show with the
sinister cynicism in which he was past master, the execrable
state of affairs in his country, when such an obnoxious
creature as Dona Consolacion could be considered as one
of the "higher-ups," a feared if not a respected senora of
the community. Of her, Rizal wrote:

"Eve was a good woman, sprung from the hands of God — they say
that Dona Consolacion is evil and it's not known whose hands she came
from. In order to be good, a woman needs to have been, at least
sometime, either a maid or a mother."2

Cruel, malignant, cunning, the "Muse of the Civil
Guards," as Dona Consolacion was often called because she
dressed and rouged herself like a common soldier's querida,
her softly -sounding, sweet-meaning name was an unhappy
misnomer, for she was not only no man's consolation, but
she was also the cause of the grief of the victims which
fell prey to her cruel, sadistic nature. Kindly people say:
"But no one is perfect in this world. All people possess
some good in them and some bad." Dona Consolacion
must have had more than her share of the bad, when all the
virtue which Rizal could see in her was that, although a
woman, "she had evidently never looked in a mirror.3 There
might be other reasons, however, besides lack of vanity and
modesty, for not looking in a mirror. Luna's portrait of
Dona Consolacion would suggest less worthy causes. Rizal's
pen-picture was not any more flattering. He described
her briefly as an old Filipina "of abundant rouge and paint,
known as Dopa Consolacion — although her husband and
some others called her by quite another name . . ."4, or
more detailedly and picturesquely as follows:

"The lady of the house, according to her indolent custom, was dozing
on a wide sofa. She was dressed as usual, that is, badly and horribly:
tied round her head was a panuelo, from beneath which escaped thin
locks of tangled hair, a camisa of blue over another which must once
have been white, and a faded skirt which showed the outlines of her
thin, flat thighs, placed one over the other and shaking feverishly.
From her mouth issued little clouds of smoke which she puffed wearily
in whatever direction she happened to be looking when she opened her
eyes."5

Of these unlovely eyes and their evil look when their
owner was aroused, he said:

"Her glance reflected the look that springs from the eyes of a serpent
when caught and about to be crushed; it was cold, luminous, and pene-
trating, with something fascinating, loathsome and cruel in it . . ."6

310

Her moral make-up did not belie the physical,
and the evil -looking shell which was her body hid
an occupant as evil and foul as the very furies of
Hell. I think that the youthful author of "Noli Me
Tangere", in his very pardonable fervor, must have
overdrawn the picture, for Nature could not be so
corrupt as to allow a Dona Consolacion so abomin-
able and filthy through and through among her crea-
tures. Rizal hated the society which Dona Consolacion
represented. He may have copied his fiction character
from life, tingeing the obvious cruelties that he saw com-
mitted by his model with the seething hatred which found
indignant expression through his pen. But perhaps, writ-
ing as he was to awaken his people to a just fury against the
social injustices committed against them, he may have per-
mitted himself a hyperbolic touch here and there in pre-
senting the utter ugliness of the soul that was Dona Con-
solacion's, in the hope that they would realize that the
time was ripe for them to push away the heavy foot
that she had put down upon their oppressed heads. For
I can find no Dona Consolacion in life who would be a
counterpart to Rizal's. Sisas there are enough, too many
even now, Maria Claras are still abundant, sad as that fact
may be; one has only to visit a few conventos to relive
Rizal's anecdotes about the Tertiary Sisters. But we must
needs go back to the hideous witch, the mankukulam7
who was the alferez9 wife. It was the day of the fiesta,
but Dona Consolacion was not among the crowd that
attended the mass or the procession. She had wished to
go but her husband had not wanted her to make a public
spectacle of herself with her ridiculous airs and her way of
dressing up like a street woman. She was nursing her ills
with bad grace, for she could not understand her husband's
objection to her going out or to her make-up.

"She knew she was beautiful and attractive, that she had the airs
of a queen and dressed much better and with more splendor than Maria
Clara herself, who wore a tapis, while she went in a flowing skirt."8

Therefore her mood was ugly and she was capable of any
atrocity. All she needed was a victim upon whom to spit
all the venom which the injustices of her loving spouse had
aroused in her. The victim came; it was Sisa, Sisa and her
sad kundiman song, which made the soldiers who heard
her stop to listen and then fall silent, for "those airs awoke old
memories of the days before they had been corrupted".9
She called Sisa to her, bidding her in broken Tagalog
to sing, "magcantar icau!"10 The song Sisa sang was
"The Song of the Night", and Dona Consolacion listened
at first with a scowl and a sneer which disappeared little
by little from her brows and lips. She became attentive,
then serious, even meditative and thoughtful. Rizal, up
to now, painted the fiend who was his Dojia Consolacion,
as a denatured creature, but as Sisa sang he made her for
some minutes a woman, a woman with a heart which could
be touched.

(Continued on page 319)

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

Women and Symbolic Logic

" A RISTOTELIAN logic is now seen to be a
XA logic of two truth values as is also the
Russell -Whitehead logic. Lukasiewicz
in conjunction with Tarski published in 1930
a set of postulates for a logic of four truth
values. Becker has also developed postulates
for logic for six and twelve truth values. The indications
today are towards an ever-increasing number of truth
values. This paper makes a first attempt to develop not
the properties of a logic having a given number of truth values
but the properties of the truth values themselves. A trutn
value is treated as the result of an operation upon a group ot
symbols. Hence, it is possible to speak either of the operator
or of the result of the operation. The concepts of group theory
are applied to these operations and certain theorems are proved
which indicate two important results. (2) Every logic based
on a set of truth values not forming a group is bound to break
down. (2) The two-value logic has been the most successful be-
cause its truth values do form a group and there are indications
that they are a subgroup of a larger group. "-Abstract of a forth-
coming paper by Dr. L. O. Kattsoff on Group Theory of Truth-values.

TRUTH-VALUE should not be confused with the
value of truth. Frege, to whom this phrase is due,
was neither a Pragmatist nor a Blackmailer. As
Russell says "The 'truth-value' of a proposition is truth
if it is true, and falsehood if it is false." The Aristotelian
logic admits only these two truth-values.

Modern logicians, chiefly due to the influence of women
who have refused to learn their logic from Aristotle, have
adopted a number of the truth-values which have won for
women their present reputation. Thus Hugh MacColl
admits the following as truth-values— "true", "false", "cer-
tain", "impossible" and "variable". C. I. Lewis recognizes
the following truth-values— "true", "false", "impossible",
-possible", "necessarily 1rue". By combining these simple
truth-values we get complex truth-values, so necessary in
winning cases in court or getting men bred on mere Aris-
totelian logic to undertake women's support for life.

But even modern logicians have nothing on the women
when it comes to juggling with truth-values. The latter
employ a truly amazing number and variety of them. Even
the old-fashioned woman used at least six primary truth-
values, and there is no computing the number of secondary,
tertiary, and quarternary truth-values that she availed
herself of. In a quandary she of course used more, you
silly! For the benefit of male readers we append the list
of the primary truth- values used by the pre-Mae Westian
women; "because", "aba", "maybe", "naicti", "mammal
and "aray". These truth-values can not be interpreted in
terms of symbolic logic, for as Calabrius Politer says,
"Women are illogical symbols."

In consonance with the tendency noted by Professor Katt-
soff "towards an ever-increasing number of truth-values",
the modern woman as well as her appendage, the modern
man, uses a much larger number of truth-values. Among
them, we might mention "Oh yeah", "You don't say so!",
"Unh unh", "Nope", "Tell that to the marines", "Now
you are talking", "Atta boy", " 'ot dog", "You betcha",

"Tell me another", "Yep", "Nix", "Aw nuts",
"Aw, skip it", "Of course, you silly", "Come
up and see me sometime", "I'll tell the world",
"Scram", "Hotcha", "Cheese it." It can be
easily seen that these truth-values form not
only a group in the Kattsoffian sense but a
gang, and a pretty tough one too.

The following will illustrate some of these truth-values.
"Asked if he had met McNutt, Quezon replied ' "Yes, we had cock-
tails together once in New York."'

' "Who was toasted first?" ' he was asked.

* "Nobody," ' said Quezon. ' "We just had a drink together. I have
never refused a drink." '—Daily Paper.

Truth- value: Atta boy!

"Let us forget class, let us forget self and take up once more the ban-
ner of unselfish service. We can then go to the rest of the -Peoples of
the world with the plea that they accept our ideals. —McNutt.

Truth- value: 'Ot dog!

"On the ship between Honolulu and San Francisco, in an intimate
moment, I told President Quezon point blank that he was being cri-
ticized because in the one and a half years of the Commonwealth, he
had not announced a definite economic program for the Philippines.

"It was then that he revealed to me his plan for the shortening of the
transition period and, in revealing this, he said that only two people
knew it when he left Manila. These were Mrs. Quezon and Secretary
of Justice Jose Yulo. I was the third man to know it before he formally
launched his proposal."— Senator Buencamino.

Truth- value: Tell me another.

♦ "And I will not wait, either," ' McNutt said in reply to a remark t>y
a newspaperman that ' "the Commissioner would wait and watch. —
Daily Paper.

Truth-value: Wazzo maro?

"But as to patriotism, there should be no question but that it is a
necessary virtue and trait for every man or woman who wants to be a
useful citizen." — President Bocobo.

Truth-value: Tell it to the marines.

"It is clear that in this particular instance, the government must use
suppression and that will be nothing but suppression of open lying
against the government and the spread of ideas subversive of the tra-
ditions and institutions dear to the hearts of the people. When free
speech is deliberately misused for purposes of misr epresenting the
government, it is the duty of the authorities to stop it."— Mr. Mendez,
Information Board Manager.

Truth-value: You don't say so!

"Ferrero is right. This is the essential question. To know what we
want and need and to want what we need are the beginnings of states-
manship."— McNutt.

Truth- value: Aw, skip it.

HEARING ON ANIMALS
VARGAS to Be Invited, Says DE La FUENTE
Headline, Daily Paper.

Truth-value: I'll tell the world!

"Secretary Torres, the first to be introduced by Governor Cailles,
pointed out the necessity of cooperation among local 0"s.inr^bfX
ing on an intensive campaign of information among the barrio folk
£! called attention to the danger of radical propaganda, which is liable
to disrupt the work the government has been doing to ameliorate the
condition of the masses." — Daily Paper.

Truth-value: Of course, you silly!

"The police department of Manila, stung to action by the story of
the Manila Hotel special guard, will require every member of the force
to 'dress' properly when they are on duty, it was announced today by
Chief Antonio Torres."— Daily Paper.

Truth- value: Come up and see me sometime.
"I shall not forget the infectious enthusiasm with which the people
in the different municipalities in my district received and applauded
{Continued on page 318)

311

Finance and Investment Section

When You Buy Mining Stock

By John Truman

How to Read a Balance Sheet

COMPANIES which have sold or are selling
their stock to the public ordinarily publish,
once a year, a report of their activities and
this report always carries what is called a "balance
sheet". Sometimes the balance sheet alone is pub-
lished and serves as a report.

The balance sheet is the most important part of the
annual report of a company as it gives investors a picture
of the activities of the company during the past year and
of its financial condition at the beginning of the new year.
The balance sheet is or should be a true copy of the general
ledger of the company, showing the final figures of each
account as of a certain day, usually December 31, in most
cases, however, simplified, various accounts being combined
and the total figures appearing under a general heading.
For example, the balance sheet of a mining company may
show a certain amount as having been spent for "Roads
and Trails". This amount may have been arrived at by
adding the figures of the following general ledger accounts :
"Expenses for Road A", "Expenses for Road B", "Expenses
for Trail to Shaft N", and "Expenses for Trail to Ore
Bodega". Thus a hundred or more accounts that appear
in the general ledger may be combined in the balance sheet
under fifteen or twenty items which are sufficient to give
the reader a general idea of how the company stands. In
many cases the report that accompanies the balance sheet
furnishes details and explanations as to some of the gross
figures in the balance sheet.

The general ledger of a company must "balance" and so
must the balance sheet. This means that the total of the
credit entries must be the same as the total of the debit
entries. The balance sheet, however, is not divided ac-
cording to "Debits" and "Credits", but according to "As-
sets" and "Liabilities". We may call the balance sheet a
"statement of the assets and the liabilities" of a company.

The assets represent everything that the company pos-
sesses or holds.

The liabilities represent everything that the company
owes to other parties.

"Assets"

Generally, a mining company lists the following items
in the balance sheet as assets:

Mine and Mining Properties

Buildings

Machinery and Tools

Furniture and Fixtures

Roads and Trails

Transportation Equipment

Engineering Equipment

Assaying Equipment

Etc.

These items represent the "Fixed Assets" or that part
of the property which has been purchased or built to last

312

for a long period. The amounts which appear in
the balance sheet opposite these items represent the
cost prices. As some of these items lose in value as
time passes, the cost prices do not represent the real
values. A part must therefore be "written off"
and for this reason there is an item, "Reserve for
Depreciation", in the balance sheet, the amount of which
is deducted from the total figure for the fixed assets.
Provided the depreciation has been carefully estimated,
the final figure, obtained after deduction of the deprecia-
tion, will give a true picture of the value of the fixed
property.

The company also has what are called "Current Assets".
Under the heading "Cash"— the cash which was available
at the end of the year— we may find, for instance, "Cash
on Hand", "Petty Cash at the Mine", and "Petty Cash at
the Manila Office". "Cash on Hand" would be the amount
in checks, bills, and coin which the cashier was holding on
that date with the intention of depositing it in the bank
the following day. The two petty cash items represent
the 'amounts which are always kept available for minor
expenses, such as for postage, fare for messengers, over-
time payments, etc., the money spent always being restored
so that the cashier will always have approximately the same
amount available for such expenses.

The current assets may further show the "Banking Ac-
count (or Accounts)", showing the money deposited with a
bank or banks either in "Current Account" or "Fixed
Deposit", the latter consisting of funds which will not be
used for a certain time and which therefore have been de-
posited in a special account that will be credited with month-
ly interest by the bank. The same money may, however,
appear instead under the heading, "Investments", which
would mean that the board of directors of the company decid-
ed to buy stocks or bonds with this sum in order to bring
the company additional income in the form of dividends.

Under the headings, "Bullion on Hand" and "Bullion in
Transit", is shown how much gold is in possession of the
company still unsold.

The current assets may further contain figures for supplies
on hand such as dynamite, chemicals, and medicines. ~

Besides the fixed and the current assets, a third type of
assets, "Deferred Assets", may be listed. Under this
heading we may find the item, "Organization Expenses",
which represents the amount spent to organize the company.
It would not be fair to write this amount off during the
first year of the life of the company as the stockholders
may profit from the organization for many years, and there-
fore these payments are carried forward as a deferred asset.

As deferred assets, are further carried items for such
payments as may have been made during the year which can
not be charged to the year covered in the report, such as
prepaid insurance, prepaid rent, etc. When the books of a
company are closed at the end of the year, it must be

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

313

PHILIPPINE

NATIONAL BANK

MANILA, PHILIPPINES

(Sole Depository in the Philippines of the Commonwealth)

NEW YOBJC AGENCY

25 BROADWAY, NEW YOP.K CITY, NEW YOKK

Complete

BANKING AND TRUST FACILITIES

Agricultural Banking
Commercial Banking
Deposit Accounts
Commercial Credits
Foreign Exchange

Letters of Credit
Travelers' Checks
Cable Transfers
Personal Trusts
Corporate Trusts

Executor and Administrator

BRANCHES IN TEN PROVINCES
AGENCIES AND SUB-AGENCIES IN 1010 MUNICIPALITIES

Correspondents in All Important Cities of the World

314

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

carefully figured just what part of the insurance expenses,
for instance, are chargeable to the year of the report and what
part to the following year. If PI, 200. 00 was paid for in-
surance on September 1, 1936, as prepayment for one year,
P400.00 would be counted as expense for 1936 and P800.00
would appear in the balance sheet as a deferred asset under
the heading "Prepaid Insurance".

The total of all fixed, current, and deferred assets con-
tains, therefore :

(1) The property, with buildings, improvement, fixtures,
etc.;

(2) The money the company is holding ;

(3) The unsold products of the company;

(4) Expenses for the mine, offices, the dispensary, etc.;

(5) Expenses for insurance, etc., prepaid for the follow-
ing year or years.

The assets as they appear in the balance sheet show
where the money of the company is or what it was
spent for.

"Liabilities"

The second part of a balance sheet refers to the liabilities.
This column shows to whom the values belong that are
listed as assets and shows, at the same time, where all the
money came from.

The heading, "Capital", needs no subdivisions under it if
the whole authorized capital of the company has been
issued in the form of shares which have been paid for in
full. If this figure, for instance, amounts to Pi, 000, 000. 00,
the meaning is that one million pesos' worth of stock has

been sold to stockholders. In the case of many mining
companies, the total number of shares has not been sold
for cash, but a number of shares have been given to the
former owners of the mining claims, without cash payment,
as compensation for the property which they turned over
to the company. In other words, a part of the "capital"
has been paid in cash by subscribers to the stock of the
company, and another part was not paid in cash but in the
form of mining property.

If the entire authorized capital stock has not as yet been
issued, the balance sheet will show a deduction for the un-
issued stock under the heading "Capital". If the stock
subscribed for has not yet been paid for in full, still another
deduction from the "capital "will be necessary. The final
figure that appears in the liabilities column under the heading
"Capital" contains only (1) that paid for in full with money
by subscribers to the stock of the company, and (2) that
paid for in full with property by the former claim owners.

The liability column may also show an item, "Current
Liabilities". Here are listed all current obligations of the
company such as unpaid bills ("Accounts Payable") and
unpaid taxes — usually payable on June 15 of the year
following the date of the report.

As I have shown, the assets of the company — -in general,
the total property of the company, belongs to the elements
listed under the liabilities:

the stockholders, appearing in "Capital",
the suppliers, appearing in "Accounts Payable", and
the government, appearing in "Unpaid Taxes" or
"Taxes Accrued".

Representing The Following Products And Firms ....

ATLAS POWDER CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Dynamite and Supplies

AMERICAN POTASH and CHEMICAL

CORP., LOS ANGELES

"TRONA" Brand Soda Ash

THE DENVER FIRE CLAY CO., DENVER,

COLO.

DFC Assay Equipment and Supplies

DENVER EQUIPMENT CO., DENVER,

COLO.

Mine and Mill Equipment

THE EIMCO CORP., SALT LAKE
New and Second Hand Machinery

FRASER & CHALMERS ENGINEERING

WORKS, ERITH, KENT.
Ball Mills and Heavy Mining Machinery

C. C. FILSON CO., SEATTLE
Hats, Coats, Pants, Waterproof

FAGERSTA, SWEDEN
Drill Steel

Mine and Mill

Supplies and

Equipment

GREAT WESTERN ELECTRIC CHEMICAL

CO., SAN FRANCISCO

Flotation Reagents, Xanthates, etc.

JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS, SAN
FRANCISCO
Mine Hoists

MANCHA STORAGE BATTERY LOCO-
MOTIVE CO., CHICAGO
Battery Locomotives

PORTABLE LAMP & EQUIPMENT CO.,

PITTSBURGH

"Cool Hats" and "Cool Caps"

D. MORGAN REES & SONS LTD.,
ENGLAND
High Grade Wire Rope

T. C. WILSON CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Pine Oil

JUSTRITE MFG. CO., CHICAGO
Carbide Lamps

Diesel Engines
W. H. ALLEN SONS & CO., LTD., BEDFORD, ENGLAND

MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INC.

July, 1937

p H I L I PPINE MAGAZINE

315

A meal in itself!

HERE'S something about Campbell's Vegetable
Soup that makes appetites sit up and take notice
every time it comes to the table.

Of course it is tempting and substantial with its
fifteen different vegetables. But there's even more—
there's the delightful home flavor. That is be-
cause Campbell's Vegetable Soup is made the good
home way — just as you would make vegetable soup
yourself.

You'll find that it is the best part of a delicious,
satisfying lunch or supper— and that it is apt to be
praised as your own good home-made vegetable soup.
Watch how eagerly the children (and the grown-ups,
too) pass their plates for more— and how thoroughly
everyone enjoys the many delicious vegetables which
have been cooked to such perfection in the rich, home-
style beef stock.

Why not serve Campbell's Vegetable Soup often?
This tempting soup is ready in a few minutes — and
it's as sustaining and nourishing as it is tempting.

'„ Soups

21 Kinds to Choose
from— Try these:

Campbell's Chicken Soup

Campbell's use all the good meat
of the whole chicken and, in small
open kettles, simmer it down to a
rich, golden-glistening broth. As a
garnish, they add melting-tender
chicken meat — plenty of pieces.

Campbell's Pea Soup

It's a rich, thick puree of plump
green peas, fine table butter, and
piquant seasonings. A masterly
blend you will delight in, every
spoonful of the way.

Campbell's Asparagus Soup

The chefs have made a smooth-
as-cream asparagus puree, lightly,
very subtly seasoned it, enriched it
with fine table butter, and finally
adorned it with fragile young as-
paragus tips. No drastic change,
but a new magic of blend and
flavor.

Taste Them Now!

Better than ever! And remem-
ber, too, that Campbell's Soups
being condensed, the price has
always been most reasonable.

316

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

The total "property" must be the same as the total
obligations. The total assets must be the same as the
total liabilities.

"Profit and Loss"

Suppose that the assets, cash, bullion, have increased
during the year through favorable development of the mine
— there would be a surplus ; the assets would exceed the liab-
ilities. Or suppose the expenses of the company were not
covered by income or by an increase in the value of the
property — -there would be a loss. Yet the corresponding
figures do not necessarily appear in the balance sheet,
and here we arrive at a very important point for the
non-expert who tries to analize such a statement.

In the balance sheets of various mining companies, the
profits, or a part of them, are added to the liabilities — -with
the effect that the statement balances again. On the other
hand, losses are added to the assets or deducted from the
liabilities — -to the same effect. Profits usually appear
under the headings "Surplus" or "Undivided Profits"; losses
are usually stated under the heading "Loss", or "Net Loss".

In many cases however, profits have been distributed to
the stockholders as dividends during the period covered
in the report or have been given in part to employees of
the company in the form of bonuses. In such a case the
profits are not visible in the balance sheet. As long as the
profits are undivided, they appear on the asset side of the
balance sheet, included in the cash held by the company,
and on the liability side as "Surplus" or "Undivided Pro-
fits". The profits paid to stockholders and to employees
tmust then be made known through a special "Profit and

Loss Statement", published together with the balance sheet,
showing the operating expenses plus depreciation on the
one side, and income on the other side. The difference
between the two sides represents the profits or losses
respectively.

Stockholders should always demand the publication of a
certified profit and loss statement from the board of direc-
tors of their company and should also demand detailed ex-
planations regarding the operating expenses, which, as is
well known, include the payroll and the amounts spent for
supplies. They should further ask for information as to
the purchasing agent of the company and the nature of the
control exercised over purchases, for this is one of the
weakest points in the protection available to stockholders.

The income of a mining company may be derived from
(1) a sale of its products, metal or ore, (2) interest earned,
(3) dividends from investments, and (4) the premium from
the sale of its own stock.

As to the last item, the following will explain a point
which has proved to be important with reference to some
well known Philippine mining companies.

Suppose the authorized capital of a mining company is
1*3,000,000.00 divided into 30,000,000 shares at a par
value of 10 centavos. The capital stock issued up to a
certain date amounts to f>2,000,000 or 20,000,000 shares,
sold to the public at par value. The board of directors
of the company now decides to sell the remaining stock to
the public, but, as the market value of the stock is above par,
say 50 centavos a share, the board offers the new issue also

WARNER, BARNES & CO., LTD.

LONDON, MANILA, ILOILO, CEBU & BACOLOD
IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS

SHIPPING DEPARTMENT

INSURANCE DEPARTMENT

Agents For: Transacting: Fire
Nippon Yusen Kaisha Marine

Cunard- White Star, Ltd. Automobile

Bibby Line Workmen's Compensation &c.

GENERAL MANAGERS OF COMMONWEALTH INSURANCE COMPANY

GENERAL MANAGERS OF RAMONA MILLING COMPANY

GENERAL MANAGERS OF ILOILO WAREHOUSING CORPORATION

SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES OF IMPERIAL AIRWAYS, LTD.

MACHINERY DEPARTMENT

Agents for Sugar Machinery, Diesel Engines, Condensing Plants, Mining Machinery

and Steels, Shipbuilders and Engineers.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT

IMPORT DEPARTMENT

All Classes of Fertilizer Sperry Flour Sugar Bags

Cable Address: "Warner," Standard Codes
Manila Office: SORIANO BUILDING, Plaza Cervantes

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

317

Decoration above main entrance, Legislative Building

T is fitting that great monuments to our
nation's progress, such as the Legislative
Building, should be constructed of durable
APO CEMENT.... A product of Philippine
Industry.... moulded into an edifice of en-
during beauty.... by Filipino hands.

Build well and protect our national indus-
tries by specifying APO cement for your
construction jobs.

Best by Test

Cebu Portland Cement Company

Plant
Naga, Cebu

Central Office
MANILA

Branch Office
Cebu, Cebu

318

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

Overnight Freight Service

is now at the disposal of Railroad
shippers between Manila and San
Fernando Union, including Baguio,
via Bauang Union station

A thru northbound freight train
leaves Manila at 10:00 o'clock
every evening assuring arrival at
destination early the following
morning

A thru southbound freight train
leaves San Fernando, Union at
5 :30 p. m. every day, and arrives
at Manila early the following
morning

THE ORDINARY FREIGHT RATES

APPLY TO SHIPMENTS FORWARDED

ON THE OVERNIGHT TRAIN

For further information,

write or call

Traffic Department

Tel. 4-98-61 (local 41)

Information, Local 42

R. E. BERNABE

Chief Clerk

LEON M. LAZAGA

Traffic Manager

City Office

521-523 Dasmariiia

Tel. 2-31-83

CANDIDO SORIANO

City Agent

Manila Railroad Company

943 Azcarraga

Manila

above par, say 25 centavos a share. The company there-
fore sells 10,000,000 shares at 25 centavos a share, which
means an intake of P2, 500,000, disregarding some expense
in connection with the sale.

In the balance sheet, these new shares sold are listed on
the liability side as follows: * 'Capital issued and fully paid:
30,000,000 shares at fMO. . . P3,000,000.00." "Surplus
from sale of 10,000,000 shares at P.25. . . .1*1,500,000.00."
This surplus must naturally also appear on the asset side
in the form of cash on hand or investment or expenses.

This sort of surplus is a source of ' 'profits' ' which are
not real profits at all, as they have not resulted from the
production and sale of the products of the mine but are
constituted of money paid in by the public. The intelligent
investor should therefore carefully analize the profit and
loss statements of the companies he is interested in to make
sure that profits listed in the statement are genuine.

I hope that the foregoing will give those readers of the
Philippine Magazine not familiar with corporate bookkeep-
ing some idea as to how to read the reports and the
balance sheets of mining companies and that this will
help them in selecting the company or companies in whose
stock they may be thinking of investing their money.

With Charity to All

{Continued from page 311)

your speeches denouncing Communism and the leaders who are sowing
the seeds of discontent among the masses. . . .

"The voluminous statement of Captain Bonner Fellers, however,
extolling Soviet Russia to the skies, is an explosive which set our pro-
mising efforts to naught. People in the First District of Nueva Ecija
are beginning to wonder whether or not we really told them the truth.
The growing skeptism of the people pains me, indeed, but I would not
be so much concerned if the boomerang would affect me alone. What
grieves me sorely is its effect on you, for it undermines the strength of
the foundation which we are laying in connection with your future
elevation to the highest position within the gift of the Filipino people."
Senator Alzate.

Truth- value Mabuhay !
''It's toasted." — An ad.
Truth-value: Aw Nutts!

Ifugao Love Potions

(Continued from page 308)

the married ones, carry with them, carefully hidden in the
waist-fold of their short skirt, whenever they go out of
their houses, pieces of ginger. It is believed that the ginger
strengthens their resistance to the effects especially of love
potions, of which they are very much afraid. The un-
married women are not worried a whit about charms, and
generally have no feeling against them.

As previously stated, the Ifugaos are no experts in the
making of love potions. Such as they know about and
have were acquired from the Gaddangs of the Cagayan
Valley, who are reputed to be expert poison makers. Su-
perstition aside, however, some of the old men, the "pagan
priests, " know of the aphrodisiac qualities of certain plants,
and make concoctions for such as care to pay the price of
the ceremony. As can be easily surmised, such aphrodi-
siacs are not infrequently poisonous. And those bought
from the Gaddangs are more often poisons than aphrodi-
siacs. The Ifugaos, who have a deep aversion for impo-
tence, sometimes resort to these preparations to remedy
such a misfortune, — and often the effects are fatal.

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

319

The Cagayan Hunter

{Continued from page 309)

fond of living), each starting a fire. As the flames move
toward the center, the frightened game animals appear
from their hiding places, one by one or in groups, only to
fall under the spears of the hunters. Sometimes so many
deer rush out at the same time that the hunters are at a
loss as to which to strike. But even in this case, the animals
that succeed in escaping the spears nevertheless meet their
deaths, for perched in tall trees at a respectable distance
from the fire are a number of people armed with shotguns
from the poblacion. They have come not only to watch
the big hunt but also to shoot down whatever game the
mounted hunters miss.

It often happens in this chase and on other hunts, too,
that one of the deer or wild hogs speared down by Adoy
had been previously wounded by another hunter. In
this case, should Adoy find out who inflicted the first wound,
even if it be only superficial, he delivers to him one-half
of the animal if he is generous enough, but in every case
he is under obligation to give the first hunter at least one
hind leg of the spoil. That is a part of the unwritten law
of the hunters of the valley, and Adoy— well, Adoy respects
the unwritten law of the spear as strictly as he abides by
the written laws of his country.

she. The alferez was kind compared to her, and Rizal
had no cause to love him, representing as he did the
tormentor of his people. Yet, "the alferez put his hand as
gently as he could on the shoulder of the strange dancer
and made her stop."14 It has been said again and again
that woman can be as soft as a dove, and as cruel as a
panther, and that when woman is cruel she is no longer
human, she is all beast, ugly, clawing, bloodthirsty. For
the brief span of a minute or two Dona Consolacion was
the changed, softened, exalted being, under the spell of
Sisa's kundiman: then, as if ashamed to have been caught in
that weak mood of womanly sentimentality, she in the next
few instants changes again into the vengeful, sullen, cruel
creature, the product of Rizal's hatred.

Woman Characters of Rizal

(Continued from page 310)
"The voice, the sentiment in the lines, and the song itself affected
her— that dry and withered heart was perhaps thirsting for rain."11

For a little while, the bitter, twisted and dark soul of
Dona Consolacion seemed to straighten up and brighten
as she listened to the sweet voice telling her of the ' 'sadness
and the cold and the moisture that descend from the sky
which was wrapped in the mantle of the night. . . ."" and
as the song went on;

"The withered and faded flower which during the day flaunted her
finery, seeking applause and full of vanity, at eventide repentant and
disenchanted, makes an effort to raise her drooping petals to the sky,
seeking a little shade to hide herself and die without the mocking of
the light that saw her in her splendor, without seeing the vanity of
her pride, begging also that a little dew should weep upon her. The
nightbird leaves his solitary retreat, the hollow of an ancient trunk,

and disturbs the sad loneliness of the open places "12

Dona Consolacion struggling against the pain which the
words must have surprised in some obscure recesses of her
heart, cried out in perfect Tagalog for Sisa to stop, ad-
ding weakly, "Those verses hurt me."11 This was the
first and last kind touch of Rizal in the pictures which
he painted of this strange, sinister woman. The next
time we see her is when, drunk with a mad desire to do
something cruel, she is whipping Sisa to make her dance
until the poor, demented woman dropps from sheer exhaus-
tion and pain.12 "Her thin camisa was torn, her skin
broken, and the blood was flowing ... the sight of blood
arouses the tiger; the blood of her victim aroused Dona
Consolacion." She seemed to be enjoying the whole gory
spectacle with sadistic pleasure, for she was smiling, and in
her smile there were "hate, disdain, jest, and cruelty; with
a burst of demoniacal laughter she could not have expressed
more."13 How Rizal must have hated Dona Consola-
cion! No other woman character is painted as blackly as

i-w

ft* ^

easy with

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the box marked "Kodak. "

KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., Dasmarinas 434> Manila

The snapshots you'll want Tomorrow
. . .you must take Today

320

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

Always a favorite-
Del Monte
Fruit Salad

T^VEL MONTE Fruit Salad—one of Del Monte's
-*-^ finest and most popular products — offers you
a combination of choice California fruits with all
their delicious flavor. Serve it as a salad, or as
a dessert. Every one enjoys the matchless quality
of this Del Monte favorite.

Always look for the Del Monte goods on your
dealer's shelves. Depend on Del Monte to bring
you finest quality, choicest fruit, most exquisite
flavor. Del Monte's prestige is based upon the
unfailing practice of giving you the best in canned
foods at a reasonable price.

Del Monte Catsup

Del Monte offers a catsup of unusual excel-
lence, made from choice, ripe tomatoes and the
finest spices. Have Del Monte Catsup on the
table at every meal. Use it on meats, fish, and
omelets, with soups and sauces . Your dealer has
it in large or small bottles.

FOOD PRODUCTS

At all dealers9

Let us follow that hatred through a more loathsome pic-
ture. This time we are in the town-hall where those who
are suspected of complicity in the rebellion supposedly
incited by Ibarra are being questioned.

"Dona Consolaci6n yawned in a corner, exhibiting a dirty mouth
and jagged teeth, while she fixed her cold sinister gaze on the door of
the jail, which was covered with indecent drawings. She succeeded
in persuading her husband, whose victory had made him amiable,
to let her witness the inquiry and perhaps the accompanying tortures.
The hyena smelt the carrion and licked herself, wearied by the
delay."14

The prisoner, Tarsilo Alasigan, is at last brought forth,
is questioned, but will not commit himself nor the other
prisoners with him. He is tortured, beaten, tied to a bench.
He looks around, sees Dona Consolaci6n. "I've never
seen an uglier woman!" he exclaims. "I'd rather lie down
on a bench as I do now than at her side as the alferez does."1*
Then growing braver with the courage of the truly des-
perate, "You're going to flog me to death, Sefior Alferez,
but tonight your woman will revenge me by embracing
you!"15 Dofia Consolacion turns pale at these insults, then
a cunning, fiendish gleam lightens up her cruel eyes. She
arises and murmurs a few words to her husband. Tarsilo's
fate is sealed, he is condemned to the well, the timbain,
as the Filipinos used to call it. We shall not dwell too long
on the ghastly scene, on the poor boy Tarsilo being pulled
up and down, hung up by his feet, while his tormentors
laugh at his pleadings to take care of his sister and to let
him die quickly. Dona Consolaci6n takes the whole scene
in gloatingly, vengefully, and may even have sighed regret-
fully when it was all over. Wanting to make sure that she
is not being cheated of her victim, "Dona Consolacion
applied the lighted end of her cigar to the bare legs, but
the flesh did not twitch and the fire was extinguished."16
Tarsilo is dead and Dona Consolaci6n is satisfied.

I have chosen a humorous setting for the last set in which
this fantastic, awful character of Rizal's invention will ap-
pear. The tragic scenes which we have witnessed and in
which she played an important part leave a bitter taste, as
of gall and vinegar, in the mouth. Let me try to deaden
that taste, if it can not be altogether removed, by the comical
encounter of Dona Consolacion and Dona Victorina,17
both with their absurd pretensions of greatness and aristo-
cracy, and both presenting ludicrous pictures of middle-
aged ugliness, ignorance, and vulgarity.

"Dona Consolaci6n was at the window, as usual, dressed in flannel
and smoking her cigar. As the house was low, the two sefioras meas-
ured one another with looks: Dona Victorina stared while the Muse
of the Civil Guards examined her from head to foot, and then, sticking
out her lower lip, turned her head away, and spat on the ground. This
used up the last of Dona Victorina's patience. Leaving her husband
without support, she planted herself in front of the alfereza, trembling
with anger from head to foot and unable to speak. Dona Consola-
ci6n slowly turned her head, calmly looked her over again, and once
more spat, this time with great disdain." 18

The quarrel from mere gestures of scorn and ridicule
soon becomes one of angry words, insults, and abuse, and
the bystanders enjoy with much gusto the mud-slinging
competition which brings out all the evil which one lady
knows of the other. Unfortunately, for the spectators, and
for us, the curate comes along and restores order before
the affair comes to blows.

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

321

1 he PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE has been required
for use in the senior classes in the high schools
as a supplementary class reader for several years
and has also been recommended by the Director of
Education for use in the first and second year
classes. The Atlantic Monthly is similarly utilized
in many schools in the United States.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION

Manila, June 20, 1936.
ACADEMIC BULLETIN
No. 11, s. 1936

USE OF PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE BY FIRST YEAR AND SECOND
YEAR STUDENTS

To Division Superintendents:

1. More extensive use of the Philippine Magazine than is required for Fourth
Year classes in English is herewith recommended. When available copies are not
being used by Fourth Year classes, for example, they can well be utilized by First
Year and Second Year students. It is therefore suggested that First Year and
Second Year students be urged to read, as supplementary material in connection
with Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volumes One and Two, both current issues and
available copies of previous issues of the Philippine Magazine. Care should be
taken, however, to prevent the reading of current issues by First Year and Second
Year students from interfering with their use by Fourth Year classes.

2. One of the objectives in studying Philippine Prose and Poetry, it may be
noted, is to foster the desire to read worth-while selections published in local perio-
dicals.

LUTHER B. BEWLEY,

Director of Education.
-046
Reference:

Circular: No. 21, s. 1935.
Allotment: 1-3— (C. 7-36).
To be indicated in the Perpetual Index under the following subjects:

Course of Study, ENGLISH.

Course of Study, LITERATURE.

MAGAZINE.

Special classroom Rates are quoted to high
school principals or instructors in English
on six or more copies a month mailed to one
address, paid in advance and ordered direct
from the publisher.

One year. . W 1.80 for each subscription
Six months .90 for each subscription

Four months .65 for each subscription
Three months .50 for each subscription

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

Dona Consolaci6n, as a type, is fortunately exceedingly
rare. That Rizal and Luna chose her to show to what
depths of vice and degradation Spanish corruption could
make a Filipino woman sink, is significant of the message
which she was meant to bring to the hearts of their people.
It was a negative message, none the less clear because of its
terrible import. She clearly portrayed the debasement
and deformation of Filipino womanhood; it was for her
countrymen to lift it up once more from the mire into which
it was sinking and glorify it for the future greatness of the
race.

(1) From "Rizal and Luna", Introduction by Epifanio de los Santos to the
Derbyshire translation of "Noli Me Tangere".

(2) Charles Derbyshire's Translation, "Social Cancer", Philippine Education
Co., 1931, p. 191.

(3) Op. cit, p. 81.

(4) Op. cit., p. 79.

(5) Op. cit, p. 300.

(6) Op. cit., pp. 301-302.

(7) Op. cit., p. 301.

(8) Op. cit., p. 301.

(9) Op. cit., p. 302.

(10) In good Tagalog, the command should read, "magcanta ka", but those who
would make believe that they did not know the base language of the Indios, cor-
rupted their speech to show their European background. The mestizos, and the
Filipinos who would pass for mestizos were more guilty of this snobbishness than
the real Spaniards. Dona Consolaci6n as wife of the alferez felt that she was an
orofea (European) and should talk like one. Unfortunately, we still have a few
specimens of this type of snob.

(11) Op. cit., p. 306.

(12) Op. cit., pp. 307-308.

(13) Op. cit., p. 308.

(14) Op. cit, p. 434.

(15) Op. cit, pp. 437-438.

(16) Op. cit, p. 441.

(17) Dona Victorina de De Espadana will be the next woman character to be
taken up in this series of articles.

(18) Op. cit, p. 367.

Botel Tobago

(Continued from page 306)
There is no limit to the amount of land which you may have
if you are willing to clear it and cultivate it, no restriction
on individual enterprise. A Yami can become renowned
as a weaver, a fisher, a carver, a boat maker, a potter, an
artist, a farmer, a rich man either through inheritance or
individual enterprise. This opportunity for the boundless
expression of individuality is probably another reason for
their mental health and emotional balance. But individual
enterprise among the Yami is individual enterprise. If a
man gets more than fifty water patches, he must either let
them grow up to weeds or work himself to death. If it
grows up to weeds he is a prey for every ambitious man in
the community. And when someone takes these weedy
patches, his friends will refuse to fight for him because he is
selfish, wanting more than he can use. If you build a boat
yourself it is your creation. If ten of you build it, it is
the group's creation and belongs to the group.

The Yami pay no taxes. A man "is" his family, his
relatives, and his friends, if you are going to have a fight
with him. He is protected by the group according to his
usefulness and to his ability to make friends. He pays
for this protection by offering the same to them. In mod-
ern society we pay taxes for this protection of life and
property. If one of our modern statesmen should say to
the individual, "You have more land than you can work
yourself and the trouble of protecting it for you is equal to
its revenues'' the owner would probably cry to high heaven

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July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

323

that he was being robbed by the state. If the bank pre-
sident were told that he got only the same recognition
and credit for his participation in the group enterprise he
was directing as the office boy who was training for greater
responsibility later on, and the clerk who was willing to
honor him by submitting to his leadership, he would prob-
ably feel that there was no justice left in the world. And
yet this is the way in which Yami society is run. It is a
society in which democracy is a fact and not a far distant
ideal. It is a society in which man is equal. It takes care
of his never resting emotional desire to create as an indivi-
dual and to improve his status through individual effort,
and gives to him at the same time the opportunity to feel
that he is useful to the group and equal to his fellows.

This is a Philippine society, perhaps the Indonesian ideal
before feudalistic Europe swooped down upon it with supe-
rior weapons and paid soldiers. It is a society in which there
is private property, a capitalistic society. There is not only
private property for every individual now living, but there
is land held in reserve for the children which will be born
tomorrow and next year. There is private property for all.
This would not be possible if the individuals now living ,
were not limited in their possession. The Yami limit him
in a very simple and direct way. Its justice is easy for the
simplest person to understand. What you can work indi-
vidually you may own individually. If you are stronger
or wish to work harder than your neighbor, you may have
more than he, but if you work with your neighbor he is
your equal, regardless of your opinion of your own value
or his opinion of his. If you are older than he you may
direct the work, but you get no credit for directing it any
more than he gets for submitting to your direction. It is
just as necessary to have submission in a group activity as
it is to have direction, and just as praiseworthy. It is
often more difficult to submit than to dominate.

All these things were pointed out to me by the old men
and when I asked them why someone did not make himself
King of the island and take all the land that nobody owned,
they seemed to think that any one who would protect
another's holdings and thereby enslave himself or his chil-
dren would be the prince of fools. They could see no need
to be chiefs or to have chiefs.

This was an interesting fact psychologically. It makes
it appear that what we have been calling capitalism is
nothing more than industrial feudalism, and that feudalism
is a mental disease, which destroys both the master and
the serf. When a man thinks himself to be a god and starts
killing devils, we put him in an insane asylum, at least we
still do in some countries. But when he thinks he creates
a railroad or a bridge or a skyscraper, because of some cir-
cumstance which enables him to direct or initiate the work,
we put his name in the foundation stone, and make him a
feudal baron. Most of the men who employed their brain
and muscle in the group enterprise get no credit for creation.
Their creative force is traded for the right to live, sold over
the block for the profit of others. For them there is no
individual enterprise and no group enterprise; there is only
the hope for a full belly. There is no spiritual credit for
following a leader, only a chance to eat. Such people
belong to a sub-human order of beings. They are serfs
whose only excuse for existence is the profit and pleasure
of their lords. They are the footstools of the supermen.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

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There is one difficulty however with supermen. It is a
difficulty which has been demonstrated for hundreds of
years in feudal Europe and feudal Japan. It has been
demonstrated thousands of times,— insanity. When looked
at from the horizon of this ancient Indonesian civilization
of Botel Tobago, it appears to be a problem of insanity,
which may explain many of the phenomena of mob violence
and of war, many of the hopeless, numbing, futile traits
which we have taken to be human nature.

The Yami also make it appear that this may have a very
simple answer, an answer which Indonesia found thousands
of years ago and only lost under the forced labor of Europ-
ean supermen, an answer which such men as Jose Rizal
never lost. When a man wishes to approach his ideal
picture of himself through his own individual creation, this
ideal drives him to a higher and higher level of creation in
the arts or crafts, in philosophy or mathematics or science.
It is this force which has lifted man from the beasts. But
when he tries to arrive at this ideal picture of himself through
the creation of others, he is chasing a phantom which leads
him lower than the beasts from which he has evolved. The
Chinese and Europeans have called the Indonesians, head
hunters. They will have to remember in all justice, how-
ever, that when the Indonesians took a head, they did not
leave the body to wander about without its soul like a
Frankenstein monster loaded down with weapons of de-
struction. Such were the serfs of feudal Europe and Japan
who slaughtered for pay or for the ideals and gods of their
supermen.

It would appear that when we attach a symbol called
money or tax to the creation of one man and give it to
another, this symbol gives the illusion of progress. The
man who receives this token says, "This is mine; I have
been increased through the effort of my slave. I have been
enriched by the labor of another. ' * He has become a lunatic.
The very effort he makes to collect these tokens prevents
his individual development, starves his desire to create as
an individual. For this hunger he eats more tokens which
again increases his hunger. When he owns a town, he
thinks his hunger will be satisfied by having a country;
when he has a country he must murder all the devils who
oppose him and gain the world; and when he has the world
he must cry with disappointment and drink himself to
death like Alexander the "Great."

We have depersonalized our slaves somewhat now in the
"great" civilizations. Now we take a man's head by the
day, and renounce the responsibility for his body. For
the use of his soul we give him a dollar and our modern
feudal lords collect these dollars. It is the same old story
as when they collected people, however. It is the same
old pattern of insanity which equally robbes the master and
the slave of the right to individual development and of the
support which should come from the group to the indivi-
dual in group activities.

America was peopled by a group of Idealists from Europe,
who wished to be free and were willing to allow freedom to
others. Its organization was a reaction against feudalism
and slavery. While its limitless resources were easily
available to the average individual, the people were able to
realize, in a good measure, the ideal for which they had
forsaken their European homes. But there was not an
efficient quarantine at Plymouth Rock and the germs of

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

325

feudalism were carried by the travelers to their new home.
By eliminating the words "king" and "baron", from their
vocabularies, they were not able to change their habits of
thinking. To people who had serfdom in their very bones,
a less oppressive form of slavery than they had suffered in
Europe seemed like freedom; a higher standard of living was
mistaken for liberty. It was progress toward the ideal of
liberty for them as individuals, but the system was only
a new form of the old disease, perhaps a more deadly variety
than had ever been known before, since it renounced the
responsibility for its slaves.

The Philippine Islands have been subjected for hundreds
of years to the three most virulent forms of feudalism which
the world has ever evolved. From the south came the
politico-religious ideology of Mohammedanism, establishing
itself through the sword and advocating the maintenance of
absolute authority through violence. From Europe came
the politico-religious ideology of feudalistic Spain, estab-
lishing the same germs of culture which is now destroying
Spain like an avid, insatiable plague. From America came
the ideology of industrial feudalism which, in the midst
of limitless resources, allows long queues of men to stand,
day after day, at the gates of industry waiting to be favored
by an opportunity of earning their living; waiting on a dole
with the feeling that there are too many men in the world ;
cursing themselves for having children which they can not
provide for adequately; knowing that when they do get a
job, there will be other men standing in queues ready to
take their place if they refuse to prostrate themselves
completely and ask for a share of responsibility in the enter-
prise in which they are engaged. Not that these systems
have been all negative. Each has brought the good which
it has had in itself along with the bad, if we can call social
entities good and bad.

But it is up to the people of the Philippines to choose
from the conflicting pile of patterns which has been poured
upon them; whether they will be tempered and matured
by their heritage or plagued with it. Unless they are dis-
criminating they might easily choose the three-fold curse
of feudalism. They are at the cross-roads of the world,
surrounded by rich neighbors who will be glad to corrupt
them for their own ends, who will not hesitate to use
money or soldiers to accomplish this purpose.

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India

{Continued from page 301)
gives nothing to India economically, what does it give
politically? It gives just as much, and that is why India
rejects it, rejects it largely as an insult to Indian intelligence.
For, in the light of a passage from the Government of India
Act, Part III, Chapter VI, Section 93, the native legisla-
tures amount, as bodies able to enact anything on behalf
of the Indian people in antagonism to the benignant pater-
nalistic overlordship of the Indian Government directed
from London, to exactly nothing at all.

This is the passage which leaves every atom of final power
in the hands of the British Provincial Governors who are
practically the political clerks of the Government at Delhi:

Starting causes More Engine Wear than all the run-
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326

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

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"// at any time the Governor of a Province is satisfied that a
situation has arisen in which the Government of a Province
cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this
Act, he may by Proclamation (a) declare that his function shall,
to such extent as may be specified in the Proclamation, be exer-
cised by him in his discretion; (b) assuming to himself all or
any of the powers vested in or exercisable by any Provincial
body or authority; and any such Proclamation may contain
such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear
to him to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the ob-
jects of the Proclamation.'1

Read that over again carefully and you will see where it
leaves the Constitution, high and dry as a stranded por-
poise and just as useful so far as any advantage accrues
from it to the people of India. A word from any Provincial
Governor can nullify, without trial or debate, any or all of
the acts of the native assemblies the constitution gives the
Indian people the high privilege of forming. It binds and
gags possible native ministries and renders them helpless
and impotent.

So much for the noble Lord's "end of the imperialistic
order and birth of democracy" in India. It is all very well
for the perpetrators of this allegedly new and "advanced''
scheme for India's political reconciliation to insist that the
rights of the Provincial Governors are not supposed to be
exercised "except in cases of emergency." But the Gover-
nors themselves are to determine when the "emergency"
exists and what its character, a fact which leaves the native
ministries tied hand and foot, and they know it. That is
why India rejects the Constitution.

Thus things stand at the moment, with every possibility
of continued controversy in the future and probable revival
of the old resorts to force. One and only one way out
remains for India, to form the aforesaid united front, reli-
gious, political, and social, to give over many of the pri-
mitive practices attached to Hinduism which Mr. Gandhi
himself condemns in no uncertain terms and which provide
the best of all excuses to the British for the maintenance
of the political and economic status quo — -and so with a
united voice that shall speak for all India to demand the
concessions to Indian Nationalism and Indian economic
and social well-being that can not and ought not to be
refused.

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July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MA GAZINE

327

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

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\" 37HH/3 l\/rAEC T> GREENE wrote me with reference to
a it ^JR nis art*c*e on India, "You may not like

it for I feel pretty strongly on the Indian posi-
tion and my feelings are not enthusiastic in re-
spect of England's part in it". I decided to
publish the article in spite of the fact that British
readers of the Philippine Magazine are not likely
to relish it because I am sure it is an honest
expression of opinion and of undoubted interest. After accepting the
article I noted, too, an advertisement of the Asia Magazine announc-
ing an article on the same theme and to the same effect by Mr. Greene in
one of its forthcoming issues. At the time of writing, Mr. Greene was
in Yokohama. He said: "Since getting here three weeks ago, I have
put in more work than I ever did before in twice the time. I received
two months' mail on arrival and so many requests for stuff that I have
actually got off eighteen articles, ranging from 1000 to 6000 words in
that time, in addition to some 45,000 words as part of a book the Viking
Press has asked me for. . . I feel as if I'd like to go somewhere and
hide — especially away from typewriters."

With reference to the striking effect of the handclasp of the anesthet-
ist on the anonymous author who describes his experiences under anes-
thesia in this issue of the Magazine, my attention was called to a sen-
tence in a standard work on anesthesia which throws additional light
on the subject: "Care should be taken not to hold the hand of the
patient in such a way that he may grip it, for a strong one may entirely
overcome a nurse in this way when in the stage of excitement and he
may even injure her". In another work, "Manual of Surgery", by F. T.
Stewart, occurs the following description of the three successive stages
of anesthesia. "In the first stage of anesthesia, which ends with the
loss of consciousness, the pulse is accelerated, the pupils are large and
mobile, and a rather pleasant feeling of drowsiness and a tingling in
the extremities is experienced. With the onset of unconsciousness,
there is a short period of analgesia (primary anesthesia), during which
a brief operation may be performed. The second stage, or the stage
of excitement, extends from the loss of consciousness to the loss of re-

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July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

329

flexes. Memory, volition, and intelligence are abolished, while laugh-
ing, shouting, and struggling may occur. Slight movements of the
extremities should not be restrained unless they interfere with the anes-
thetist, as such often evokes greater struggling. The pulse is rapid, the
pupils are dilated and react to light, and the muscles may be rigid or
thrown into clonic contractions. At this time the breathing may be
irregular or temporarily suspended. The face is congested, sometimes
cyanotic, and often covered with perspiration. More or less frothy
mucus is present in the mouth and throat, and sometimes it becomes
excessive. During the third stage, the breathing is deep and audible,
the pulse full and regular, the muscles relaxed, and the corneal reflex
abolished. Touching the cornea with the finger, however, may produce
irritation, and it is much better simply to separate the lids and notice
the presence or absence of flaccidity. The pupils are of moderate size
and react to light. Dilated pupils failing to react to light indicate a
dangerous degree of anesthesia. During this stage a transient roseolous
rash may be noticed.' '

H Kilton R. Stewart, author of the article on little known island of Botel
Tobago, due east of the southernmost tip of Formosa and inhabited by a
people closely related to some of the mountain people of the Philippines,
has written for the Philippine Magazine before. Readers may remem-
ber his articles some years ago on the Ainus of Japan and his impressions
of the rice terraces of Northern Luzon. He is a student of psycho-
ethnology and was for a time on the faculty of the Peking Union Medical
College. He is at present in Manila, and has opened a psycho-analysis
clinic to help finance a study he plans of our mountain tribes.

The full name of the Hon. Alberto Crespillo. member of the Constitu-
tional Convention in 1934-35, is Alberto Crespillo Gallman, he being
the son of the famous Jeff D. Gallman, first Lieutenant-Governor of
Ifugao who brought that country under government authority and laid
the foundation for the regime of peace that has existed there ever since.
Governor Gallman is one of the characters in T. Inglis Moore's book,
"The Half Way Sun" (Angus & Robertson, Ltd., Sydney) first publish-
ed serially in the Philippine Magazine under the title "Kalatong"-
Mr. Crespillo graduated from the University of Santo Tomas in 1933»
and is now a member of the faculty of St. Joseph High School. He
states he will be a candidate for the National Assembly in the coming
general elections. His article on love charms among the Ifugaos is the
first of a series of articles he has promised to write for the Philippine
Magazine

I stated some time ago that the article by Mariano D. Manawis*
"Death in the Cagayan Valley", was the last of his outstanding series
of articles on peasant life in the Cagayan. Later, however, he came to
the decision to publish the series in book form and found that he had
not quite enough material to make a book and that there were some
other aspects of life in the Cagayan that he might well include — hence
his article last month on the agricultural methods of Adoy, and, in this
issue, on his hunting. Mr. Manawis has personally taken part in a
Cagayan hunt, stating in a letter that it was "the most thrilling hunt I
have ever been in . . . That is why, with Adoy, I mourn the fact that
the shotgun is replacing the spear".

After an interval of several months, Mrs. Pura Santillan-Castrence
continues her series on the woman characters in Rizal's novels, this
time taking up the atrocious Dona Consolacion. She had intended to

cover Dona Victorina and Dona Patrocinio in the same article, but told
me, "I got so excited 'analyzing' Dona Consolacion that I just went on
and, before I realized it, she alone had jelled up the whole space."

The Facr Digest (U. S.) for May reprinted the article "Silver-Plated
Puddings" by Alice Franklin Bryant in the December issue of the Philip-
pine Magazine . My own article in the July issue, "Eastern and Western
Psychology" was reprinted in the May issue of the Berlin Auslese,
at least the sixth time that this article has been reprinted to my knowl-
edge. The Auslese ran the article under the title, "Ostliche und
westliche Geisteshaltung" . The most formidable word I noted in
the translation is is "Durchschnittsorientale" for "the average
Oriental ' ' — literally .

An interesting letter from F. Kress, formerly with F. E. Zuellig, Inc.
ran as follows: "... I have heard from various sources that business
is quite good in Manila at present. I sincerely hope that you and your
Magazine will profit from the better conditions — you surely deserve all
success. The devaluation of the Swiss franc has helped the tourist
trade considerably; also the export industry. There are, however,
many restrictions on international trade which is so vital to the country

continued Mrs. Eleanor B. Smith, leading
woman, "do not buy just any kind ot mi
ask for BEAR BRAND by its name! Thei
the difference in the world. Our childre
the natural refreshment of rich pure
BEAR BRAND Milk contains all the pro
of a nourishing and sustaining food."

330

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

that no real betterment can be expected until there has been a general
readjustment. But economics are so closely knit with politics in this
part of the world that improvement in this respect can only come
through the cooperation of the strong, democratic nations, like Britain,
France, and the Scandinavian countries. Let me add that after study-
ing official methods here and in other parts of Europe, I have acquired
a high admiration for the Philippine government and its employees.
With many handicaps and earning but low salaries, they are attending
to their jobs just as well and often better than some of the people here..."

I also had a letter from Dr. Alexander Lippay, although from no
farther away than Baguio. He wrote: "... That was a masterpiece,

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your editorial in the April issue of the Magazine (on the Quezon early
independence proposals). There is no one else who could present his
arguments in the situation with greater frankness and objectivity and
with more compelling force, yet without hurting anyone's amor propio.
If by this time the entire business- world does not yet realize fully what
immense value to its vital interests the Philippine Magazine is just now
and will continue to be during the time to come, it really does not un-
derstand its own needs. . ." Business men please note!

A letter from Delfin Ferrer Gamboa, Tarlac, called attention to a
grammatical slip of mine. "It was like meeting an old friend again.
Yesterday I was in Manila and at a downtown store I got a copy of
your magazine (June issue). I haven't gone over all the pages as yet,
but, as usual, the Four O'Clock pages claimed my first attention. You
urged everybody who could afford it to join the list of charter mem-
bers of the Philippine Book Guild. I wish I could afford it, but I didn't
strike any gold on the Escolta (and everybody is saying there is so much
gold there!), and just now I can't even afford to pin a two-peso bill to
this letter to cover a year's subscription to the Magazine which I should
like to be receiving more regularly again. But very soon, perhaps,
you will be hearing from me — with a remittance. Best wishes." Then
the post script: "P.S.— How about this? On page 281 your sentence
runs: 'I seriously urge everybody who reads this and can afford it to
send their twenty pesos'. Please do not misunderstand me just be-
cause I know a little grammar. Indeed, this business of calling other
people's attention to errors has not gotten me anywhere. But I am
only trying to be brotherly". Well, brother Gamboa caught me in
flagrante delicto, toting the corpus delicti in plain sight of everybody.
I shall never be able to get rid of it. I have this to comfort me, how-
ever. As a result of my fervent, though ungrammatical appeal, on
behalf of the Philippine Book Guild, several friends sent in their checks,
including Dean Bienvenido M. Gonzalez and John Scott McCormick
The first volume, by the way, "The Wound and the Scar", by A. B.
Rotor, is now off the press, and may be ordered from me or any other
member of the Board of Editors, post-paid, at Pi. 20. As the first of
the "Philippine Contemporary Literature Series", it is, in a way, one
of the most notable books ever published in the Philippines and a hand-
some little volume, too, with specially designed cover and end-pieces.
I'll send anyone a copy, wrapping and postage free, as a premium with
the Philippine Magazine for three pesos.

You Can Have
This Radio

50 paid annual subscriptions to the PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE
will bring to you this fine Super-heterodyne circuit

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Philippine Magazine

Circulation Department

P. O. Box 2466 -— — ~ Manila, P. I.

217 Dasmariiias

7-1-E

July, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZ INE

331

News Summary

{Continued from page 296)

pine neutrality might develop along broad interna-
tional lines that might embrace many of Australian
Prime Minister Lyons' ideas, it is said it is extremely
unlikely that the United States would assume re-
sponsibility for guaranteeing the integrity of such
areas as the Netherland-Indies, or would consider
compounding the question of the reorganization of
Manchukuo with the general international policy
of maintaining peace in the Pacific.

May 17.— Associate Justice Willis Van Devanter,
78 years old conservative, informs President Franklin
D. Roosevelt he will retire from the bench on June 2.

May 18. — The Senate judiciary committee votes
10 to 8 to report the judiciary reform bill unfavorably.
Senator H. F. Ashurst, Chairman, states the bill will
eventually pass both houses without ammehdment.

Leaders of the 6,000 motion picture technicians
on strike in ten major film studios place Robert
Montgomery, Frank Morgan, Franchot Tone, Hum-
phrey Bogart, and Edward Arnold on their "unfair
to organized labor" list and request a boycott of
pictures in which these actors appear.

May 19. — Assistant Secretary of State Francis B.
Sayre states in an address that "neutrality laws can
not possibly save the United States from the conse-
quences of a major war" and that the only way to
save the world from war is through constructive and
cooperative commercial policies by the various na-

Cardinal Mundelein, Archbishop of Chicago, in an
address to the priests of his diocese, make& a bitter
attack on the German government's attitude to the
church, and asks "how a nation of 66,000,000 could
submit in fear and servitude to an alien Australian
paper-hanger". Bishop Stewart of the Provincial
Episcopal Church support the Cardinal's remarks
and expresses satisfaction that the Nazi attack on the
church had formally been challenged. Germany
lodges a protest with Washington.

Dr. Robert Watson Hart, former Quarantine officer
in Manila, dies in San Francisco.

May 20. — James W. Gerard, President Roosevelt s
special envoy to coronation, states at a dinner given
in his honor in London "We in America, are deter-
mined on three things: (1) We are against war; (2)
we are against any alliances; (3) we are against med-
dling in the muddled affair of Europe. But we and
you, the great British Empire, are bound by some-
thing more binding than alliances and treaties. We
are bound together by mutual trust and understand-
ing, by a common desire for stability and peace, and
especially, by a feeling that at this moment, with
fascism on one side and communism on the other, the
three great democracies — Britain, France, and the
States, stand as the sole hope of liberalism and of
freedom in the world! "

Ten Filipino labor leaders are jailed in Hawaii,
seven being later released on bail, in connection with
a strike on the Puunene sugar plantation that has
lasted a month and involves some 1,000 laborers.
The regional director of the National Labor Relations
Board will leave for Washington today to make a
report on the situation.

May 23. — John Davison Rockefeller, Sr., the
world's first billionaire and one of its greatest phi-
lanthropists dies on his guarded estate at Ormond
Beach, Florida, unexpectedly from a weakening of
the heart, aged 97. He desired to live to 100. The
physician attributed death to a hardening of the
heart muscles. "He had no final message and ap-
parently did not realize he was dying". His death
removes one of the most towering personalities the
United States has ever produced. Much hated in
his earlier life, his benefactions exceeded $750,000,-
000. He retired in 1911. He established a branch
of the Rockefeller Foundation in the Philippines
which worked in cooperation with the Bureau of
Health in research on tropical diseases and donated
the School of Hygiene and Public Health building
to the University of the Philippines. Several Fili-
pinos received Rockefeller Foundation scholarships.
He was born in Richford, New York, on July 8, 1839,
the son of a promoter and traveling "doctor* . He
was first a clerk and being refused a promotion, he
became a commission merchant. He founded the
Standard Oil Works in Cleveland in 1865 and the
Standard Oil Company in 1870 and within a dozen
years he had a monopoly in United States oil, and
was one of the most important figures in United States
bank and railroad ownership. He also had millions
invested in gas, electricity, real estate, steamships,
and government bonds. The Standard Oil Trust
was dissolved by the Courts in 1892 but the Standard
Oil Company of New Jersey took up where the old
firm left off. He retired in 1911 at a time when
the capitalization of the companies was valued at
$1,000,0000,000. After this he began to consider
how best to give a large part of his fortune
away and founded the General Education Board,
P50 0,000,000, and the Rockefeller Foundation
P470,000,000, making large gifts to education and
public health work in the United States and foreign
lands. The Laura Spelman Memorial in honor of
his wife, was given F200,000,000.

May 24. — By a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court
upholds the unemployment in insurance provisions
in the Social Security Act, the Court ruling that a tax
on payrolls to finance unemployment benefits is
legitimate. Approximately 27,800,000 workers and
2,700,000 employers are taxed to provide old age
pension benefits to start in 1942 when the recipients
reach the age of 65 J

President Roosevelt sends a special message to
Congress recommending enactment of a new labor
law providing minimum wages and maximum hours
and a bar on the products of child labor and on em-
ployers who exploit unorganized labor. The pro-

posed bill virtually revives the defunct NRA as far
as labor standards are concerned.

Representative of the American Zeppelin Transport
Corporation states at Washington that his company
is "very anxious to undertake an air route t© the
Philippines." Dirigibles could go to the Philippines
faster than airplanes which have to rest overnight
and follow a zigzag course.

Brig.-Gen. Charles Burnett assumes office as Chief
of the Bureau of Insular Affairs succeeding Brig.-
Gen. Creed F. Cox.

President Quezon returns to New York from Eu-
rope. He states he had intended to go to Ireland
and Denmark but returned to the United States
because of a slight trouble with one eye.

May 25. — The American Federation of Labor led
by President William Green, votes to start a cam-
paign against John Lewis's rebellious Committee
for Industrial Organization by expelling of all CIO
locals from AFL bodies.

The Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation of Pitts-
burgh signs an exclusive labor contract with an affi-
liate of the CIO.

The German swastika flag is torn down from the
downtown San Francisco decorations for the Golden
Gate Bridge opening ceremonies, and maritime labor
organizations threaten to withdraw from the festiv-
ities after city officials refused to removed similar
banners at other points.

Assistant Secretary Sayre sends Sen. M. F. Tyd-
ings and Rep. Leo Kocialkowski a letter concerning
the agenda of the joint American-Pkilippine com-
mittee of experts, this being the first official notifica-
tion to Congress of the committee's studies. He
emphasises the magnitude of the problem involved,
"not merely relating to the trade between the two
peoples, but to political and economic considerations
of far-reaching significance to the United States,
the Philippines, and all nations interested in the Far
East. The attainment of our objections will require
patience, a sense of fair play, and cooperation. It is
believed the leaders of both peoples are imbued with
the highest ideals and will surmount the difficulties'*.
He states the joint committee will endeavor to make
some contribution and appeals for a removal of "un-
certainties and misconceptions" in the future rela-
tions of the United States and the Philippines.

May 26. — Assistant Secretary Sayre states that
it is anticipated that the committee will submit its
report some time before the close of the present year
to the President through the interdepartmental
committee, and that it will be available in ample
time for consideration by Congress and the Philip-
pine Assembly this autumn or winter. He states,
too, that the understanding that "preferential trade
relations will be terminated at the earliest practicable
date consistent with affording the Philippines a
reasonable opportunity to adjust their national eco-
nomy" "does not mean that preferential tariff rates
or preferential excise taxes will be withdrawn prior

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332

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

to July 4, 1946, the date of complete independence
fixed by the terms of the Independence Act. The
studies of the joint committee will be based upon the
assumption that trade preferences will be terminated
on that date or as soon as practicable thereafter,
having in mind the difficult task of economic adjust-
ment with which the Islands appear to be faced as
trade preferences are withdrawn."

The Committee for Industrial Organization calls
strikes in five great independent steel plants in Chi-
cago. At Ford's River Rouge plant a fight between
union men and men identified with the Ford organiza-
tion results in injuries to more than a dozen persons.
The battle occurred when the union sought to distri-
bute literature to Ford workers leaving the plant.

May 28. — Rep. Leo Kocialkowski states that all
legislation directly affecting the Philippines, except-
ing possibly the sugar bill, will be delayed pending
the report of the joint committee of experts.

May 29. — Twenty persons are injured in Chicago
when 500 marching strikers and 50 policemen clash.
The National Labor Relations Board begins an inves-
tigation of the steel strikes in six states affecting 70,-
000 workers. Strikers charge the Republic Steel
Corporation of Chicago in storing guns and gas bombs
to fight the strikers. The Committee for Industrial
Organization files charges against the Ford Motor
Company for violating the Wagner Labor Relations
Act. Longshoremen at Richmond, California, refuse
to load Ford automobiles in support of the CIO
strike. The plant supplies 1,000 Ford trucks to
Japan each month under contract.

President Roosevelt in a press conference denounces
the "inmoral and and unethical evasion of income tax
in the higher brackets" and states he will recommend
remedial measures' to Congress.

President Roosevelt approves the bill providing
for establishment of naval air station at Alameda,
California, to cost $13,500,000.

President Quezon is reported ill in New York with
a throat disorder.

Mrs. Emma Harbord, wife of Maj.-Gen. James
G. Harbord, dies in Rye, New York.

May SO. — Rafael Alunan resigns as adviser on
sugar to the Philippine delegation in the joint com-
mittee, it is believed to avoid criticism. The com-
mittee will begin public hearings in Washington on
June 16 and in Manila sometime in September.

Four persons are killed and 78 wounded in a clash
between strikers and police at the Republic Company
steel plant.

Geo. F. Baker, New York financier, dies on his
yacht at Honolulu, following an operation at sea.
He inherited the title "Sphinx of Wall streec" from
his father and is said to have an estate valued at
$500,000,000.

May 31. — American and European stock markets
register sharp declines at the renewed rumors that
the United States will change it gold purchasing
policy. The Treasury Department reiterates that
no change is imminent.

June 1. — After two weeks, rebellious Democrats
in the House surrender to President Roosvelt's

demands and the $1,500,000,000 reflief bill is passed
in substantially the form recommended, and now
goes to the Senate.

President Roosevelt sends a message to Congress
asking for legislation to halt the tax evasions which
he estimates cost the Treasury between $200,000,-
000 and $400,000,000 in lost revenues for the cur-
rent year.

The Hollywood movie strike is settled with the
adoption of the closed shop and a 10 percent salary
increase.

Gov. J. B. Poindexter of Hawaii issues a statement
at the request of Philippine Resident Commissioner
Quintin Paredes urging Filipinos to resume work
and assuring them of fair treatment. President
Quezon also telegraphs the Governor, stating "If
there are matters to be adjusted, this should be done
by amicable discussion." The strike is in its eighth
week.

Mrs. Amelia Earheart Putnam completes the first
leg of her round-the-world flight from Miami to San
Juan, Puerto Rico.

June 2. — A sixth victim of the clash at the Republic
steel plant dies. A stockholder files suit against the
company alleging it illegally spent more than
$1,000,000 for guns, gas, and the employment of
thugs to combat union organization.

Mrs. Earheart reaches Caripito, Venezuela.
June 3. — President Roosevelt recommends to
Congress the establishment of seven regional author-
ities to undertake comprehensive program of flood,
draught, and dust storm prevention and soil conser-
vation. They would also administer hydro-electric
projects, the President again warning that the water-
power resource of the nation must be protected from
private monopoly and used for the benefit of the
people.

Mrs. Earheart reaches Parameribo, Dutch Guinea.
June 4. — President Quezon summouns the entire
Philippine membership of the joint committee of
experts to New York for a conference.

June 6. — Filipinos on several more plantations in
Hawaii join the strike and some 4,500 men are now
idle.

June 7. — Resident Commissioner Paredes, with
reference to a report that certain Philippine sugarmen
will ask for the continuation of the Commonwealth
states, "They will have an opportunity to present
their views when the committee visits the Philippines.
The contention represents one aspect of opinion
that will have to be heard. The committee was form-
ed for tne purpose of hearing both sides and it is
a good idea for those concerned to make their ideas
known."

The two- weeks strike at the Ford Motor Company
plant in Richmond, California, is reported settled
with the agreement that Ford will show no discrimina-
tion against union men and will observe the seniority
rights of all employees. All union organizations
will be disbanded except the U.A.W.A. which will
be granted sole bargaining power. AH grievances

will be referred to the National Labors Relation
Board. Ford officials denied, however, that they
are recognizing the union — in other words the U.A.
W.A. receives sole bargaining rights but the Com-
pany won't bargain.

Jean Harlow, famed blonde actress, dies of urimic
poisoning at Hollywood.

June 8. — Alaska fisheries inform the officials of
the Maritime Federation in San Francisco that 26
large Japanese cannery ships are operating off Bristol
Bay with a fleet of smaller craft, intercepting tons
of salmon which normally would reach the Alaskan
traps. It is suggested that the Federation boycott
the Japanese cargoes until the cannery ships are
withdrawn.

Congress sends the White House a bill granting
Frank W. Carpenter a $1,800 annuity in recognition
"of his many years of distinguished and conspicuous
service" in the Philippines.

The American Medical Association for the first
time officially sanctions the medical practice of birth
control through contraceptives.

June 9. — President Quezon confers with Assistant
Secretary Sayre with regard to his accompanying
the members of the joint committee to Manila and
states afterwards that there is no necessity for his
making the trip and that he will go to Europe again
instead.

The United States Chamber of Commerce has
called the attention of its members to the scheduled
joint committee hearings, but plans to submit no
statement of its own, declaring that "although there
are some very real economic problems in connection
with the Philippine independence, the Chamber
considers it primarily a political question".

President Quezon goes to Johns Hopkins Hospital,
Baltimore, for his throat ailment.

June 11. — Governor Frank Murphy calls out the
state troops to curb violence as union officials threa-
ten to send "at least 10,000 men" to reenforce the
strikers in the Newton Steel Company at Monroe, a
subsidiary of the Republic Company where pickets
lost a battle with the police and nonstrikers in which
scores were injured.

A strike in the Bethlehem Corporation plant at
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, of 10,000 men brings the
total number of strikers in the steel industry to 83,-
000.

The House appropriation committee recommends
reduction of the Philippine High Commissioner's
entertainment fund from $10,000 to $7,000, and
other reductions in rental and household expenses, and
in the salaries of some of the members of his staff.

Johns Hopkins specialists find the condition of
President Quezon's throat not alarming and he re-
turns to Washington.

June 12. — According to Department of Commerce
statistics, United States trade with Asia during the
first four months of 1937 showed notable improve-
ment over the same period last year — total exports
to Asia being $191,752,000 as against $124,996,000,
and imports $320,902,000 as against $231,619,000.
The United States trade with Asia is at present
about double the trade with South America.

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Index to Advertisers

Sole Importers

Jose Oliver Successors Co.

317 Carriedo

MANILA

Phone 2-15-37

Name Page

Alka-Seltzer 328

Anacin 292

Apo Cement 317

Airline Radios 330

Asiatic Petroleum 325

Bear Brand Milk 329

Binney & Smith Co 324

Botica Boie 326

Campbell's Soup 315

Cebu Portland Cement Co 317

Chesterfield Cigarettes .... Back Cover
Chevrolet Cars. . . .Inside Front Cover

China Banking Corp 326

Coty 323

Crayola 324

D.M.C. Threads 291

Del Monte Foods 320

Dodge 8b Seymour 330

Dr. West Tooth Paste and Brush 293

Elmac Inc 333

Elser, E. E . . 290

Frank G. Haughwout 336

Gets Bros. 8b Co 328

Heaco Trading Co 334

Insular Life Insurance Co 296

International Harvester Co 291

Jacob's Biscuits 335

Name Page

Jose Oliver Succ, Co 332

Kodak Philippines 319

Kolynos Dental Cream 329

Klim 328

Levy 8b Blum 323

Luzon Brokerage 333

Manila Electric Co 292

Manila Hotel 322

Manila Railroad Co 318

Marsman 8b Co 3 14

Mentholatum 326

Mennen's 334

Mercolized Wax 293

Moutrie Pianos 332

Ovaltine Inside Back Cover

Pepsodent 330

Philippine Charity Sweepstakes... 331
Phil. Education Co., Inc. . . 295-328-336
Philippine Magazine Special Class-
room Rates 321

Philippine National Bank 313

Qui-Bro-Lax 326

San Juan Heights Co 327

San Miguel Brewery 294

Stillman's Cream 294

Ticonderoga Pencils 290

Warner, Barnes 8s Co 316

Wise 8s Co 335

Juyl, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

333

June 14. — The Senate judiciary committee reports
unfavorably on the President's judiciary reform pro-
gram on the grounds that its real purpose is obs-
cured, it would undermine the constitutional system,
it would "punish" the Supreme Court, forcibly sub-
jecting it to the will of the executive, it would break
constitutional safeguards against "autocratic domi-
nance" on the part of the executive. The committee
report, signed by 7 Democrats and 3 Republicans,
brands the measure "heedless, futile, utterly dan-
gerous, and an abandonment of constitutional prin-
ciples". The bill "should be so emphatically rejected
that its parallel will never again be presented to free
representatives of the free people of America."

Governor Murphy withdraws the state troops
from Monroe believing threats to violence are over.
Homer S. Martin, President of the United Automo-
bile Workers of America, states at a mass meeting
"If the company and the city officials think they can
hoist the black fingers of fascism over the United
States flag, they have another think coming." John
L. Lewis calls strikes in the coal mines operated by
the Bethlehem Steel Corporation and the Young-
stown Sheet and Tube Company. He declares:
"The Republic Steel Corporation is already respon-
sible for the murder of eight persons and the maiming
of a hundred with help from Chicago police. These
armed maniacs should be restrained before they
turn the steel districts into shambles and loose all
the pent-up forces of passion."

The National Labor Relations Board cites the
Inland Steel Corporation for violation of the Wagner
Labor Relations Act through failure to negotiate
with the CIO for a labor contract. Corporation
officials claim written contracts are not necessary
under the Act.

Other Countries

May IS. — King George in a world-wide radio
broadcast dedicates himself and his reign to the cause
of "world peace and progress".

Former King Edward, the Duke of Windsor, and
his fiancee, Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, at the
Chateau de Cande, listen to the coronation broad-
casts. Intimates of the Duke state he is insisting
the British government permit a public wedding and
officially recognize his wife as the Duchess of Windsor.
Members of the royal family are supporting his
demands.

The Rev. Silvestre Sancho, Rector of the Univer-
sity of Santo Tomas in Manila, arrives in Salamanca
as head of a delegation which will present General
Francisco Franco with a gold medal and other va-
luable mementoes in conneccion with the 3rd In-
ternational Eucharistic Congress.

May IS. — Reported from Geneva that Mussolini,
following the conclusion of an economic and military
pact with Germany has announced withdrawal of
Italy from the League of Nations. Diplomats
believe Italy hopes to force the League to take action
favorable to Italy regarding Ethiopia.

An explosion aboard the British destroyer Hunter
five miles outside of Almeria, while patroling the
coast under the international non-intervention agree-
ment, kills eight men and wounds some twenty
others. The disabled ship is towed into port by a
Spanish government destroyer, while British war-
ships rushed to the scene to search for a possible
attacker as it is believed the cause of the explosion
was outside the ship.

May 14. — Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin opens
the Imperial Conference in London and calls for an
unified defense policy for the Empire. "We deplore
the necessity but have no choice", he states in refer-
ring to the magnitude of Britain's rearmament pro-
gram, "since many of the most powerful nations in the
world are expanding their forces. ... we believe in
maintaining democratic institutions as a method of
government. We set trust in them because we think
they are the best means by which mankind may pre-
serve liberty and individual freedom of thought, speech,
and conscience." Australian Premier Joseph Lyons
states that Australia "would welcome a regional
understanding or pact of nonagression by countries
bordering on the Pacific."

"Several Danube nations" are reported in diplo-
matic circles in Vienna to have informed Britain and
France of their willingness to conclude military al-
liances in exchange for military assistance, despite
the fact that this would bring down the wrath of
Italy and Germany upon them.

Philip Snowden, crippled British statesman, twice
Chancellor of the Exchequer, dies aged 73.

According to official figures, the Abyssinian war
cost Italy 11,350,000,000 lire (approximately Pl,-
200,000,000).

A few hours after Francisco Largo Caballero,
premier of Spain submitted the resignation of his
Cabinet, he is called upon to form a new ministry,
as he is considered indispensable. The new cabinet
will probably be appointed following consultation
with all parties.

A number of persons in Germany are sentenced to
terms of from 2 to 6 years imprisonment for forming
groups to listen to broadcasts from Moscow, charged
with "preparing to commit high treason".

May 16. — After Caballero gives up trying to form
a cabinet, President Manuel Azana announces the
selection of Juan Negrin. A physician and a socialist,
he is the sixth Spanish war-time premier. He will
also serve as Minister of Finance, the position he
formerly held.

Former King Alfonso of Spain is reported enraged
over the plans of his son who recently divorced his
wife to marry again in defiance of the Roman Ca-
tholic Church, and also at his statements that he
aspires to sit on the throne of Spain.

Premier Senjuro Hayashi states at a conference of
prefectural governors that he will govern without a
parliament until the Diet manifests a spirit of co-
operation.

Thirty-four persons, mostly Japanese men and
women emigrants are killed in a terrific boiler ex-
plosion aboard a Japanese launch in Hongkong har-
bor. They were returning from a trip ashore to a
ship to South America. Nearby Chinese boatmen
are also among the dead. Bodies were hurled to a
distance of from 200 yards to a quarter of a mile.

May 18. — A French newspaper states that 200
Italian soldiers were short when an entire regiment
mutinied and refused to embark for Spain to join
the Spanish fascist forces. Demonstrations have
broken out throughout Italy against continued inter-
vention, according to this paper.

May 18. — Reported that the French have begun
preparatory work on a great naval base at Cam-Ranh
Bay, Indo-China. Modern submarine flotillas, fast
destroyers, and squadrons of bombing hydroplanes
will stationed there. A secondary base will be built
in Along Bay, facing the Chinese island of Hainan
where the Japanese fleet has already maneuvered.
The coast defense at Camp Saint Jacques, controling
the river entrance to Saigon will be strengthened.
At present France has only one cruiser, 5 colonial
sloops, 5 river gun boats, and one submarine flotilla
stationed in the Pacific. Recruiting a large native
army is being considered.

May 19. — Reported by Paris diplomatic sources
that Britain, France, and Russia have reached a
verbal accord for cooperation in preserving the status
quo in Central Europe and preventing the spread
of Italian and German fascism.

The Spanish steamer Habana sails with 4,000 re-
fugee children from Bilbao to Southampton, England.

According to a government communique four
persons convicted of espionage and sabotage at Svo-
bodny have been executed. Alleged they were
acting under the orders of Japanese secret service in
organizing railroad wrecks in the Far East.

A Sino- American radio telephone service is inau-
gurated under the auspices of the Ministry of Com-
munications in Shanghai with Madame Chiang Kai-
shek and Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt conversing across
the Pacific. Foreign Minister Wang Chung-Lui
talked to Secretary of State Cordell Hull.

The Nanking government directs the prosecution
of Chen Chueh-sheng, managing director of Peiping-
Mukden Railway for tolerating the Japanese spon-
sored smuggling between Manchukuo and North
China, ignoring the Central Government's regula-
tions and declining to aid customs authorities in
curbing the traffic. Chen was installed in 1935 in
connection with the extension of Japanese influence
in western China. He has a Japanese wife. The
move marks another step by the Chinese government
in reasserting its jurisdiction.

Former King Edward announces through his
official spokesman that his bride will become not
onlv the Duchess of Windsor but "Her Royal High-
ness" as well, despite efforts of the British govern-
ment to prevent her receiving the royal title.

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334

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

May 20. — Spain asks the League to consider foreign
intervention in Spain during the session opening
on May 24.

A Foreign Office spokesman states that Japan
favors a Pacific non-aggression pact, although a
definite statement could not be made as to the Lyons
suggestion because it has not been explained in detail
to^the Japanese government.

Reported that people in Kansu, Szechuen, Kwei-
chow.and Honan are eating tree-bark and clay because
of the drought that still continues. Thousands are
already dead.

May 21. — A big Russian plane manned by seven
men, headed by Prof. O. J. Schmidt, director of
Russia's northern sea route, after taking off from
Rudolph Island, fly over the north pole, and land
on an ice floe 20 kilometers farther oa. The party
will prepare a landing field for four other Soviet
planes and establish a base where the party is ex-
pected to remain for about a year. A route for the
proposed Moscow-San Francisco airline is being
worked out.

Reported that France, Belgium, and the Vatican
have approved a British plan for an armistice in the
Spanish civil war by the withdrawal of foreign vo-
lunteers.

May 22. — The Spanish Cabinet in Valencia states
that no peace is possible in Spain until the rebels are
completely crushed.

Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden states at the
Empire Conference that England's armaments are
a prerequisite for successful endeavor in the diploma-
tic field. Prime Minister Baldwin declares that the
undesirable set-backs in England's foreign policy in
the past years were due largely to its weakness from
a military viewpoint.

The Russian press indicates Russia intends to
claim ownership to the polar region. Rear Admiral
Robert E. Peary planted the American flag there in
1909 after a weary dash by dog sled, but Washington
officials state that no question of sovereignty is in-
volved because the region is only an ice-filled sea.
Steiniger, a German expert, establishes a new
glider record at Grunack, reaching a height of 18,000
feet. The previous record was 12,900 feet.

May 23. — Italy is reported to be against the British
proposals for a Spanish armistice, while both rebels
and loyalists scoff at tha proposal. Rebels
are closing in on Bilbao in fierce fighting. Women
and children are killed by rebel airplanes machine
gunning the streets.

May 24. — British sources at Geneva state that the
armistice plan for Spain have been given up because
of opposition by both factions, but British with
French support will still work for withdrawal of
"volunteers" in Spain.

Reported that the Archbishop of Canterbury for-
bid any Church of England clergyman from attend-
ing Edward's wedding.

King George VI reported to have regretfully tele-
phoned his brother, former King Edward, that he is
compelled to prohibit British officials from beine
guests at Edward's wedding.

May 26— A French airliner engaged in the Bayon-
ne-Bilbao service is shot down by rebel planes at
Sopelna, 9 miles north of Bilbao, injuring but not
killing the pilot and 5 passengers.
T ,°n5 of the £hree suPPly Planes sent from Rudolf
Island to the Soviet polar party has failed to arrive
and it is feared it may be lost. . ,

May 27— Tewfik Rushdi Aras foreign" Minister
of Turkey, is unanimously elected President of the
League Assembly m a special session convened at
Britain s request to consider Egypt's application for
membership. Egypt is unanimously admitted as a
member. The fifty nations represented recognize
the loyalist regime at Valencia as the legal govern-
ment of Spam, ignoring protests of General Franco
Spam charges Italy m a "white book" submitted to
the League of the most scandalous violation of
international principles since the world war" nro
longing the civil war and breaking Article X of the
Covenant, and acting as a "truly belligerant power."

General Sung Chen-yuan, Chairman of the Honei.
Chahar Political Council, issues a decree imno^nJ
the death penalty on all Chinese found guilty of
selling land to Japanese. The Japanese have re-
cently bought large land areas in Tientsin, leading
to the belief that they intend to extend their conces?
sion boundaries. .* ..^ .. „ ,

May 28— As previously indicated, PrimeJMinister
Baldwin resigns, ending a 29-year polidcal career
and Ramsay MacDonald also res?gns Ne^fue
Chamberlain Chancellor of the Exchequer, is sum!
moned to the pa ace to assume leadership. Cham-
ber lain, born in 1869, is consideredfone of the first-
rank British statesmen, and has been called a "finan-
cial genius". M«eui

Forty-thousand London bus drivers and conduc-
tors return to work ending a four- week strike

King George VI informs former Kine Edward
that he withholds from Mrs. Simpson the fight Sbe

addressed as "Your Royal Highness" after her wed-
ding. Edward himself, as Duke of Windsor, is
entitled to the address, and is said to be angry.

Rebel planes drop 300-pound demolition bombs
on Valencia killing several hundred people.

The Minseito and Seiyukai parties at a joint meet-
ing adopt a manifesto calling upon the Cabinet of
Gen. Senjuro Hayashi to resign in favor of a national
government "in the true sense of the term". The
two parties won 354 of the 466 seats in the House of
Representatives.

f. A large gold field is reported discovered in Shensi
province by the provincial mine surveying office on
the Shensi-Szechuan border, covering an area of 100
square miles.

Prof. Alfred Adler, famous Viennese psychologist,
dies in Aberdein, Scotland, where he was engaged in
delivering a series of lectures.

May 29. — Two leftist planes drop bombs on a
German "pocket battleship", the Deutschland, par-
ticipating in the international neutrality patrol near
Ibiza in the Balearic islands. According to a Va-
lencia communique, the ship had fired on the planes,
this leading to the attack. "International patrol
boats are supposed to remain ten miles from the coast
and run serious risks if they venture into Spanish
waters," according to the communique. The Spanish
defense ministry states it can not guarantee safety
of foreign warships in zones or ports notorious for
rebel sea activities such as Ibiza. Intense fighting
continues on the Basque front, and Bilbao and Bar-
celona are severely bombed from the air.

The new Chamberlain Cabinet is composed of
fifteen Conservatives and National Laborites. John
Simons, former Home Secretary, is Chancellor of
the Exchequer; Sir Samuel Hoare, former First Lord
of the Admiralty, is Home Secretary; Anthcny Eden
remains Foreign Secretary. King George approves
an earldom for Baldwin.

The Council of the League adopts a resolution
demanding that every member respect the territorial
integrity and political independence cf every other
nation. Objections by the Spanish delegate blcck con-
sideration of a resolution condemning foreign inter-
vention in Spain, the Valencia government consider-
ing the resolution too weak. It made no recommen-
dations, however, except to support the non-inter-
vention committee. The Spanish delegate charges
that the Italian forces in Spain constitute a "verit-
able army of occupation" and accuses Italy and Ger-
many of criminal invasion on violation of the Cove-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

335

nant. He charges German air raiders with destroying
the city of Guernica on April 21 with a loss of 800
lives.

May SO. — The Deutschland "limps into Gibraltar
with 23 killed, 19 seriously injured, and 64 slightly.
A Berlin spokesman broadcasting the news, states
that the German government "will know how to give
an appropriate answer to this unheard of provoca-
tion at the hands of loyalist criminals." He states
the cruiser did not fire on loyalist planes as claimed
by the Valencia government and that the "Reich
finds itself forced to take immediate measures".
The Deutschland arrived at Gibraltar with flags at
half-mast British and foreign ships half-masted
their flags in sign of respect. All the injured are
taken ashore and rushed to the hospital. It is said
the warship did not fire a shot in defense. The killed
and injured were all in the ship's unprotected quar-
ters which were squarely hit by the first bomb. The
attack took place between 6 and 7 in the evening.
Germany announces it will not participate further
in session of the internation non-intervention com-
mittee until there are guarantees of cessation of such
incidents as the bombing of the Deutschland.

May SI. — Five German warships shell the Spanish
port of Almeria, 150 miles from Gibraltar on the
southeast Mediterranean coast of Spain without
warning and in reprisal for the Deutchland; silencing
the "Red batteries" destroying the port, and killing
an u lknown number of people. Some 200 shots
were fired from a distance of ten kilometers. Italian
Officials at Rome express satisfaction with the Ger-
man shelling of Almeria and state that Italy will align
itself firmly with any steps Germany may consider
necessary. French officials say that rebel controlled
Ibiza is under French patrol and that the Deutchland
had no business there. Premier Leon Blum is re-
ported to have called the British and Russian am-
bassadors into conference. Spain asks the League
to call an extraordinary session to consider the bom-
bardment of Almeria. Norman Thomas, American
socialist, states at Paris that Hitler and Mussolini are
waging a war with "particular frightfulness" against
the Spanish people "in a struggle which they them-
selves secretly fomented." The Spanish govern-
ment states it has confirmed reports that an Italian
submarine sunk the Spanish liner Ciudad de Barce-
lona with the loss of 50 lives. A submarine of un-
known nationality appears outside Barcelona harbor
and launches a number of torpedoes at the shipping
collected there, sinking onemerchant ship and damag-
ing another. Reported from Paris that France and
Britain have both warned Germany that further
reprisals might plunge Europe into a general war and
have proposed formation of a neutral board of in-
quiry to fix the blame for the Deutschland incident.
Berlin circles emphasize that the reprisals have ended
with the bombardment of Almeria. Italy announces
its withdrawal from the international non-interven-
tion committee on the same grounds as Germany.

Premier Senjuro Hayashi and the Cabinet resign
on the face of the determined attacks on his govern-
ment by the political parties.

June*!. — The German war fleet en route to Medi-
terranean has orders to fire on any approaching
Spanish^plane.

Secretary of State Hull holds conversations with
German and Spanish representatives in Washington
and informally expresses his hope for an amicable
settlement of the German-Spanish clash. It is
reported from London that the United States has
urged Germany to refrain from further reprisals.
France^and England force Spanish loyalists to with-
draw their demand for action on the part of the
League in retaliation for the bombing of Almeria.
They arejalso collaborating in the attempt to per-
suade Germany and Italy to return to the non-inter-
national committee. The Spanish government de-
clares jthat German warships are maintaining regular
contact with rebel ships and warplanes and that the
planes which attacked the Deutschland "were merely
defending themselves from attacks". The Almeria
bombardment is said to have cost 70 lives, including
many women and children with 100 still unaccounted
for. The British government protests against a

Spanish air attack of the destroyer Hardy when lying
off Palma on May 26. The ship was nesxly hit,
while the Italian vessel Barletta was struck and suf-
fered a number of casualties.

The German government sends a note to Vatican
protesting against the attack on the head of the
German state by Cardinal Mundelein of Chicago,
and stating a continuation of "normal relations" will
be possible as long as the Holy See gives no redress.

British newsreel companies have received "strong
indirect hints from official quarters" that it would be
"good policy" to eliminate Prince Edward's wedding
in the British Empire releases.

Gen. Chiang Kai-shek resumes his duties as head
of the Chinese government after two months leave
of absence.

A fast passenger and mail service is inaugurated
for the first time between Tokyo 8nd Peiping, and
also between Tokyo and Hsinking, capital of Man-
chukuo. Both trips take about 8 hours. All- Japan
Nakashima planes are used. The Chinese govern-
ment orders the suspension of the newly inaugurated
Tokyo-Tientsin air service pending approval of the
government. Outwardly a Sino- Japanese under-
standing, it is really Japanese only, with no permis-
sion to enter China, it is stated.

Prince Konoye, President of the House of Peers,
is asked by Emperor Hirohito to form a new Cabinet.
He is 43 years old and a lawyer and diplomat.

June 2. — Following the sustained attacks, Ne-
ville Chamberlain, New Prime Minister, announces
the withdrawal of the proposed graduated tax on the
growth of profits which was the outstanding feature
of the proposed national defense tax. He states he
will work out a simpler tax on the profits of industry.

German War Minister Werner von Blomberg in
Rome discusses cooperation with Italy. Reported
from Rome that Italian and German ships are co-
operating in blockading Spain against ships from
Russia, including the ports of Valencia and Barcelona.
A Rome newspaper states that Italy might send a
punitive expeditionary force to Spain under the
Italian flag.

June 3. — Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, former
King of the British Empire, and Mrs. Wallis Warfield
are married in the Chateau de Cande, Monts, France,
the civil ceremony being conducted by Mayor Char-
les Mercier, followed by an Anglican ceremony per-
formed by Rev. R. Anderson Jardine, "Labor preach-
er" of Darlington, who volunteered for the office
and performed it in defiance of his Bishop, the Right
Rev. B. S. Batty. The pair will go to Austria. The
Duke states, "After the trying time we have been
through we look forward to a happy and useful pri-
vate life and to the measure of peace we hope will be
granted us". Reported from London that "obser-
vers agree" the Duke and Duchess of Windsor will
not be officially welcomed in any of the British do-
minions, and it is also reported that the new Cabinet
is "bringing all possible pressure to bear to persuade
the Duke not to take up residence in the United
States". Prime Minister Chamberlain is said to feel
such a move would be "ruinous because of the vast
amount of publicity which would ensue".

Gen. Emilio Mola, leader of the rebel armies in
northern Spain is killed in an aircrash on the Basque
front together with his aide-de-camp, two officers
of his general staff, and two pilots. The plane was
reconnoitering and crashed in a fog. His predeces-
sor, General Jose Sanjurjo, died in the same way
early in the revolt. Britain submits to France,
Germany, and Italy a plan to create safety zones in
certain Spanish harbors, obtain guaranties from both
loyalists and rebels to prevent molestation of foreign
warships, and provide for immediate consultation
among all naval commanders of patrol fleets in case
of further attacks.

Former premier Koki Hirota accepts the portfolio
of foreign minister in the new Konoye Cabinet. The
ministers of war and navy are the same as under the
Hayashi government.

A Chinese mob storms a garrison at Changpei,
North Chahar, disarming the troops, and beheads
six Chinese "traitors", the last of a series of uprisings
showing the extreme unrest of the people under the
Japanese-advised regime of Teh Wang.

Frederick Suite, Jr. leaves Peiping on a special
train to Shanghai for return to his home in Chicago.
Stricken by infantile paralysis 14 months ago, his
body has been encased in a special cabinet (an "iron
lung" from which only his head protrudes) which
operates his lungs mechanically, powered by a por-
table electric generator. He is accompanied by his
parents and sister and a party of 25 doctors, nurses,
and other attendants. Arrived in Shanghai, he
cried out to the crowd, "I am O. K. and happy".

June 4' — General Fidel Davila has been appointed
head of the northern rebel armies following the death
of Mola which is reported to have "stunned" the
army.

Helmut Hirsch, an American Jew, is beheaded in
Berlin after conviction of treason in a secret trial.
Efforts of the American consul to save him from the
executioner were unsuccessful.

Rabaul, chief port of New Guinea, is reported to
have been destroyed by a tidal wave, possibly the
result of an earthquake. Several ships were also
smashed.

June 5. — The Spanish government demands gua-
ranties against repetition of such acts as the bombard-
ment of Almeria. With the death of General Mola,
mutiny and open quarelling is reported between
Carlist Royalists and Spanish fascists and between
Spanish officers and German and Italian volunteers
in Spain. The Basques are jubilant.

The Duke and Duchess of Windsor arrive at the
Wasserleonberg castle, Noetsch, Austria, where they
will spend their honeymoon. They were cheered
by the people at each stop of the journey from France.
Gen. Chiang Kai-shek is a summoning learned
university professors from all parts of the country
to meet at Kuling this summer to discuss means of
speeding up national reconstruction.

June 7. — Mussolini proudly shows German War
Minister, von Blomberg, his naval power in maneu-
vers in the Bay of Naples, including 70 submarines,
18 cruisers, 41 destroyers.

London pegs bar gold up to $34.72 an ounce, an
increase of 9.8 cents, as compared with the American
price of $35.00, in order to stem the flow of gold to
the United States.

Reported that 400 or 500 people have been killed
during the volcanic eruptions and tidal waves at
Rabaul, New Guinea.

Mrs. Amelia Earheart reaches St. Louis, Senegal,
French West Africa, after a 1,900-mile flight across
the south Atlantic.

June 8. — Delegates to the Imperial Conference
in London are reported to be in sympathy with the
Australian proposal for an anti-war pact among
nations bordering the Pacific, but it is realized that
considerable negotiations, involving the United
States, Japan, and other countries, would be neces-
sary.

Several thousands of Yugoslavian socialists and
nationalists demonstrate in Belgrade against Mus-
solini in connection with the scheduled visit of his
foreign minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano.

General Franco calls for 14,000 more Morocco
troops for the fighting around Madrid and Bilbao.
Rebel planes, artillery, and warships kill hundreds
of civilians on six front.

June 9. — Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are
preparing to formally demand sovereignty over vast
Antartic areas against the opposition of the United
States, France, Argentina, and Norway because they
believe rich mineral deposits lie beneath the ice and
snow there.

Sir John Simon, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
states in the House of Commons that no change is
contemplated on England's gold or monetary policies.
Pope Pius tells a group of Bavarian pilgrims that
conditions in Germany are "so grave, so menacing,
and so dolorous they cause one to weep. The Nazi
press asks the Germans whether they will "obey
Hitler or the Vatican".

June 10. — Indalecio Prieto, Spanish minister of
defense on land, sea, and air, states he is organizing
an army of 500,000 loyalists to relieve Bilbao. It is
reported that the rebels will start a giant offensive
on Bilbao tomorrow.

336

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

July, 1937

Astronomical Data for
July, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Jul. 1.. 5:30 a.m. 6:29 p.m.
Jul. 6.. 5:31a.m. 6:29p.m.
Jul. 12. . 5:33 a.m. 6:29 p.m.
Jul. 18.. 5:35 a.m. 6:29p.m.
Jul. 24. . 5:37 a.m. 6:28 p.m.
Jul. 31.. 5:39 a.m. 6:26p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

ln\y 1 11:43 p.m. 11:33 a.m.

iu\y 2 12:29 p.m.

iu\y 3 12:29 a.m. 1:27 p.m.

JuJy J 1:19 a.m. 2:29 p.m.

JuJy 5 2:15 a.m. 3:32 p.m.

lu\y 6 3:14 a.m. 4:35 p.m.

•Ju|y 1 4:17 a.m. 5:37 p.m.

JuJy 8 5:21a.m. 6:34 p.m.

«|u}y 9 6:24 a.m. 7:27 p.m.

Ju}y J? 7:24 a.m. 8:14 p.m.

•Juy Jl 8:20 a.m. 8:58 p.m.

<Ju}y J? 9:14 a.m. 9:39 p.m.

July 13 10:05 a.m. 10:19 p.m.

July 14 10:55 a.m. 10:58 p.m.

July 15 11:44 a.m. 11:38 p.m.

July 16 12:33 p.m.

July 17 1:23 p.m. 12:19 a.m.

July 18 2:13 p.m. 1:02 a.m.

July 19 3:02 p.m. 1:47 a.m.

July 20 3:52 p.m. 2:35 a.m.

July 21 4:40 p.m. 3:25 a.m.

July 22 5:28 p.m. 4:16 a.m.

July 23 6:13 p.m. 5:08 a.m.

July 24 6:56 p.m. 6:01 a.m.

July 25 7:38 p.m. 6:53 a.m.

July 26 8:19 p.m. 7:44 a.m.

July 27 9:00 p.m. 8:37 a.m.

July 28 9:43 p.m. 9:30 a.m.

July 29 10:27 p.m. 10:24 a.m.

July 30 11:15 p.m. 11:21 a.m.

July 31 12:20 p.m.

Phases of the Moon

Last Quarter on the 1st at. ....... . 9:03 p.m.

New Moon on the 8th at 12:13 p.m.

First Quarter on the 15th at 5:36 p.m.

Full Moon on the 23rd at . 8:46 p.m.

Last Quarter on the 31st at 2:47 a.m.

Perigee on the 6th at 5:00 p.m.

Apogee on the 18th at. 6:00 p.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 6:12 a. m. and sets at 7:00
p. m. Immediately after sunset, the planet may be
found low on the western horizon between the cons-
tellations of Cancer and Gemini.

VENUS rises at 2:31 a. m. and sets at 3:11 p. m.

About an hour and a half before sunrise the planet
may be found well up in the eastern sky in the cons-
tellation of Taurus.

MARS rises at 2:00 p. m. and sets at 1:16 a. m.
on the 16th. In the early hours of the evening the
planet may be found high in the sky in the constella-
tion of Libra. It transits the meridian at 7:42 p. m.

JUPITER rises at 6:29 p. m. on the 14th and sets
at 5:41 a. m. During the entire night the planet
may be found a little to the east of the constellation
of Sagittarius. It transits the meridian at 12:09 a. m.

SATURN rises at 10:49 p. m. on the 14th and sets
at 10:49 a. m. During the night the planet may be
found east of the meridian in the constellation of
Pisces.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m.

North of the Zenith
Deneb in Cygnus
Vega in Lyra
Arcturus in Bootis

South of the Zenith
Altair in Auuila
Antares in Scorpius
Alpha and Beta Centauri
Spica in Virgo

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Stationers -Printers

PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

August, 1937

THRIFT"

No. 8 (352)

jar

L*-^ /^^-^r

Gavino Reyes Congson

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

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PHILIPPINE
MAG A Z I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR AUGUST, 1937 No. 8 (352)

The Cover:

"Thrift" Gavino Reyes Congson Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 338

339

News Summary

Editorials :

Yea, yea and Nay, nay— Empires, Colonies, and Treaties —

Mrs. Sanger and the Mayor of Manila — Marconi and

Modern Demagogy— "Trouble-Makers" or Leaders?. ... The Editor 345-347

Love (Verse) Anonymous 347

Manila's Cloud Year— A Review Frank G. Haughwout 348

Servant Girl (Story) Estrella D. Alfon 350

Last Word (Verse) Luis Dato 351

Shadows over Indo-China Marc T. Greene 252

Leper Women Voted for Suffrage, 918 to 5 Eloise Sterling Hirt 354

Barrio Episode (Story) Redentor Ma. Tuason 355

The Soul of Man (Verse) Mariano Salvador Moreno. . . 355

The Alupasi Industry of Caba, La Union Dominador Z. Rosell 356

Cinquain Herminio M. Beltran 356

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog".. . 357

Idilio de Amor (Verse) Aurelio Alvero 357

Note from the Finance Editor John Truman 358

Cebuano-Visayan Kinship Terms Ignacio T. Quijano 359

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 371

Astronomical Data for August, 1937 Weather Bureau 380

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarifias, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: f>2.00 in the Philippines, P4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
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give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

337

338

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

GES PLEASE

<*>^

And they know that the
next Ticonderoga will be
just as good as the one
they are using.

It pays to use Ticonder-
oga Pencils in business.
You will find them well
worth their price for use
in business, home and
school.

Philippine Education Co ., Inc ,

Distributors

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

'PXPORTS appear to
-*— ' have fallen off some-
what in June, in most lines,
although ships continue to
obtain full cargoes. Sugar
shipments were lower than
in May and continue to
run substantially behind
last year. Copra exports
were a little better than in
May, but continue much
below last year. Coconut
oil shipments fell off in
June, but copra cake and meal were exported in
good quantity and desiccated coconut shipments
reached record levels. Abaca exports improved and
are well ahead of last year. Leaf tobacco shipments
were reduced, following the heavy May shipments.
Log and»lumber exports were also apparently reduced.
Sugar prices were firm, but copra, coconut oil and
abaca prices were easy.

The export sugar market was improved, with
fairly active business at prices which were firm during
most of the month, receding a little at the end. Ship-
ments were light but sales on the New York market
were active. The market for domestic consumption
sugar continues easy, with ample stocks and active
demand. There were some moderate shipments of
reserve sugar to Hong Kong, but this was stopped
when it became clear that it was contrary to the
protocol conditions of the London Sugar Agreement.

Copra arrivals increased substantially, although
still somewhat below expectations. Prices continued
to decline throughout the month, due to a declining
oil market in the United States, the fact that oil
purchasers have apparently pretty well covered their
requirements for the next few months and the ex-
pectation of increased copra production. The oil
market was also weak throughout the month. Ex-
ports of copra were slightly better than in May but
still running substantially behind last year. They
are going entirely to the United States. Oil exports
were considerably lower than in May but continue
well ahead of last year. Copra cake and meal were
exported in good volume, with the United States
getting the major portion. Desiccated coconut
exports were larger than in any previouslmonth on
record.

The abaca market was weak, due to lack^of demand
from abroad and in spite of reduced production.
Only a few weak holders sold at the lower prices,
however, and a reaction upward appears probable at
the end of the month. Exports continued to run
well ahead of last year to all markets, excepting to
Continental Europe.

The tobacco market continued firm but quiet.
Buying of the new crop is well under way in the
Ilocos Provinces and is starting in the Cagayan
Valley. Leaf tobacco exports fell off in June, fol-
lowing the heavy May shipments, but cigar exports
were exceptionally good.

The rice market was a little firmer during June.
Arrivals continue steady and stocks so far. appear
adequate. Some imports will probably be necessary
this year, but it is expected that revised estimates
will show a considerable increase over the preliminary
estimate of the 1936-37 crop.

Lumber mills continue to operate at capacity,
although exports were apparently a little lower than
in May. Demand continues excellent both in export
and domestic markets.

Gold production continued to increase, although
it still fell a little behind the record set in December,
1936. Exports of base metals to the United States
fell off in June but should increase from now on, with
the shipping situation easier. Base metal shipments
to Japan increased in June, the usual 60,000 tons of
iron ore being supplemented by about 5,000 tons of
manganese and copper.

The value of import collections was 12 percent
greater than in May and 23 percent greater than in
June, 1936. The value of commercial letters of

credit opened in June was five percent lower than in
May and 16 percent lower than in June, 1936. Import
collections continue excellent.

Imported goods continue in generally good de-
mand, although a seasonal recession was evident in
most lines. Demand for cotton textiles was gene-
rally quiet, althoughfthere was some indent business
done in the first half of the month. Prices were a
little easier. Arrivals of both American and Ja-
panese goods were heavy and stocks are large.

Flour imports were heavy and came to the extent
of about 60 present from the United States. Im-
ports from Japan were also above normal. Demand
continues very light, possibly due to the relatively
moderate price of rice. Very little American canned
fish arrived in June but there is an ample supply
of Japanese fish. Prices are firmer. Imports of
condensed milk were fairly good, but arrivals of eva-
porated milk were below normal, due to ample stocks
and the approach of the rainy season. The Nether-
lands continues to get the major part of the canned
milk business, but the American position is improving.
Imports of automobiles and trucks were heavy in
June. Stocks now appear to be generally adequate,
although some dealers are still short. Sales continue
very good, considering the fact that the rainy season
has started. The parts business continues excellent.
Tire sales fell>ff seasonally in June but continue good.
Ordering of iron and steel products continues light,
in spite of construction activity. Stocks on hand
and shipments en route, at prices considerably
under present replacement prices, appear to be
ample. Japan is offering competition on light
galvanized sheets and cast iron pipe and Holland
on nails.

The leather market was seasonally quiet, with
prices easy.

Export cargoes apparently fell off a little in May,
but ships are able to obtain capacity loads. Rail-
road carloadings improvedimoderately over May and
continued to run somewhat ahead of last year.

Consolidated bank figures show a substantia
increase injcash and^demand deposits for the six weeks
ended July 3, 1937, due entirely^to the payment of
P9,000,000 by the Government to the National
Development Company. Without that payment,
it appears that cash and demand deposits would
have declined. Circulation increased, also due to
the P9,000,000 payment. Debits to individual
accounts increased , steadily throughout the month,
due anainly to tax payments and partly, it may be
assumed, to$payments into weakened margin ac-
counts as a result of the stock market decline. The
dollar was easy on the exchange market, apparently
due to the unsettling effect of the volume of sugar
bills still to be offered. There were no very heavy
actual offerings of sugar bills.

Governmentlrevenue was exceptionally good, due
mainly tojvery heavy income tax collections. Collec-
tions by the Bureau of Internal Revenue were nearly
150 percent greater than in June last year, while
collections by the Bureau&rf Customs were up about
15 percent. For the firsthalf of 1937, collections by
the Bureaus of Customs and Internal Revenue exceed
those for the same period last year by 23.6 percent.
Power production totaled 11,419*195 K.W.H. in
June, an increase over the May figure, in spite of the
shorter month. It represents an increase of about
13 percent over production for June, 1936. For the
first half of this year, electric power production to-
taled 66,907,853 KWH, or about eight percent over
the 61,996,088 K.W.H. for the same period last year.
Real estate sales registered in June totaled 3P2,-
691,087, exceeding the figure for June, 1936, by about
150 percent, but falling substantially behind the
record May figure of P4,l 26,498. Interest in real
estate continues active, sales for the first six months
of this year totaling P14,986,796, exceeding the figure
for the first half of 1936 by nearly 130 percent and
substantially exceeding any six months figure on
record. New building permits in Manila fell off in
June and were not much better than half as great
as in June, 1936. For the first six months of this
year, they are 24 percent below the same period last
year, in which, however, construction activity was
unusually great. Permits for repairs were just hall
as great as in June last year and for the six months
period not much better. There appears neverthe-
less to be a fair degree of interest in building. The two
domestic cement companies^ are finding it difficult
to keep up with demand for cement and a small
amount of cement was imported from Japan in June,
despite the fact that its duty-paid cost somewhat

Atlas Assurance Company,
Limited.

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Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
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GENERAL AGENTS

Kneedler Bldg. No. 400

Telephone 2-24-28

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

339

exceeds the wholesale price of domestic cement.
A company has been organized to build a large em-
oorium or arcade. Construction activity has been
based to a considerable extent on stock market
oroats, however, and is likely to be impeded by the
very severe decline in share quotations.

There were 538 new radio receiving sets registered
in^May and 90 cancellations. In May last year,
there were 383 registrations and 119 cancellations.
For the first five months of this year and last year,
registrations and cancellations were as follows:

Registrations.
Cancellations.

Total 5 months
1936 1937

1,933 2,452

544 451

News Summary

The Philippines

June 14. — Captain Bonner
Fellers, member of the U. S.
Military Mission, who ac-
companied President Quezon
to the United States returns
to Manila after a short vaca-
tion in Russia. He tells the
press: "Anybody who believes
Russia is not making a success
of its experiment, is crazy!
Russia is a howling success!
I traveled throughout Rus-
sia, including 6,000 miles in Siberia, and from the
train windows I noticed a building boom every-
where. I tell you, the Russians are just going places!
There is no such thing as hunger or unemployment
in .c Russia. There is a great deal of construction
work, including military preparations. Oh, they
are building an army all right!" "But we can lick
them, can't we?" asks a reporter. Captain Fellers
bursts into a loud guffaw, and exclaims, I would
like to see who can lick 'em".

I Dr. Regino Ylanan returns to Manila. He states
that the Far Eastern Olympic Games under the

% There are two halves to
every shave. The first is to
get rid of the whiskers. The
second is to care for your skin.
So don't be a half -shaver. Do
a full job — this way:

1. To FEEL fine, shave with
Mermen Lather Shave: Men-
thol-iced or Plain. Then use
Mermen Skin Bracer — a skin
conditioner and a real pro-
tection.

2. To LOOK fine, use Mennen
Talcum for Men. Doesn't
show. Kills face shine. Makes
skin look smoother, younger.
Use it after the bath. In the
new green and white can.

Amateur Athletic Association of the Orient at Osaka
will be held whether the Philippines will participate
or not, but that two officials of the A.A.A.O. are
coming to Manila to make further negotiations for
Philippine participation.

June 15. — Twenty thousand twenty-year old
trainees, drafted from the 180,000 registrants last
year, complete their five and a half months of training
in 128 training cadres throughout the Islands and
become the country's first reserves. Next month
another group of 20,000, selected from among 139,000
registrants this year will begin their five and a half-
month training.

High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt at a banquet
given in his honor by former service men, pays a
glowing tribute to the American "old-timers" in the
Philippines who "not only brought the Phlippines
under the American flag, but who have done so much
for the development of the Islands."

June 16. — Felipe Buencamino tells a group of As-
semblymen that plans have been made on the basis
of independence on July 4, 1939, with an allowance
of fifteen years from that date for necessary economic
adjustments.

June 19. — Protest of the Dutch government to the
State Department discloses a Philippine violation
of the London sugar agreement in the dumping of

4,000 tons of reserve sugar in Hongkong at one-third
below the market price. The High Commissioner
suggests to the President of the Commonwealth
through his Secretary ,' Jorge B. Vargas, in his capa-
city as Domestic Sugar Administrator, that further
such shipments should be prevented. Secretary
Vargas states he will do so, although the Common-
wealth government has not yet been officially in-
formed of the agreement. An unofficial copy in pos-
session of the High Commissioner provides that,
though the agreement will not go into effect until
September, 1937, "signatory governments will main-
tain the spirit of the agreement until that date."
Assemblyman Felipe Buencamino states it is his
understanding that the Philippine Assembly must
pass a ratifying act.

Vice-President Sergio Osmefia, Secretary Vargas,
Maj.-Gen. Paulino Santos, and other high officials
attend the ceremonies in Cebu upon the official
presentation of the military airplane, "Spirit of
Cebu", a gift of the province to the government.

June 20. — Speaker Gil Montilla and his daughter,
Mercedes, return to Manila. He tells the press
that he foresees early independence with a reciprocal
trade pact and states that "if the Negros sugar
planters who are opposed to early independence
were given the assurance that it would come with
adequate safeguards to protect the national economy,

PalayerO

—a good durable plow for less money

The PALAYERO carabao plow is not just a steel plow made merely to dis-
tinguish it. from the old, inefficient, wooden plow. It is a modern plow, de-
signed and built especially to meet local rice farming requirements by the oldest
and largest agricultural machinery manufacturer in the world.

€■' :\ it's a quality plow that characterizes all

McGormick-Deering Farm Implements.

The PALAYERO carabao plow weighs 20 kilos and has a 4V2-inch cut.
For the convenience of both plowman and the carabao, the handle and
beam can easily be adjusted as illustrated above.

International Harvester Company

OF PHILIPPINES

154 M. de Comillas, Manila
Branches at: ILOILO— BACOLOD— CEBU— DAVAO— LEGASPI-BAGUIO

340

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

he could not see how any Filipino could reasonably
seek to block the movement. Itiwould be the reali-
zation of life-long aspirations,rand would be a decided
improvement over the Tydings-McDuffie. Law."

A mass meeting is held in Iloilo after a torch parade
in protest against the proposed appointment of Al-
fredo Eugenio for Mayor as recommended to Pres-
ident Quezon recently by Secretary of the Interior,
Elpidio Quirino.

June 21. — Speaker? Mont ilia radiograms President
Quezon endorsing Secretary? Quirino's recommenda-
tion of Alfredo Eugenio forfcMayor of Iloilo.

Disclosed that Commissioner^ Quintin Paredes
has again written to locahpolitical leaders" as he did
more than a month ago tota' member of the Assembly
urging amendment of the) Constitution to' pave the
way for the re-election of President Manuel. L. Que-
zon. He states that independence in twof years may
not find favor with Congress in view of the reports
of opposition to it from the| Philippines and the cur-
rent belief in Congressional circles that independence
might prove more harmful than beneficial to the
Islands. He also reiterates hislwish to be relieved
of the commissionership and states he may run for
the Assembly.

June ##.-— Thirty-five businessmen,* representing
twenty-two important firms in Manila meet at a
luncheon at Manila Hotel under the auspices of the
Philippine- Americans Trade Association and agree
on a plan to submit their representations at' the forth-
coming public hearings of the joint committee of
xperts. In the absence of Rafael^Alunan, President

of the Association, Judge J. W. Haussermann, Vice-
President, presides. The Association will act as a
clearing housefand coordinating center for the various
business interests. They will limit themselves to
the presentation of economic facts, leaving political
questions alone.

June 28. — Secretary Vargas announces that an
inspection service is planned by the Domestic Sugar
Administration to check on the production and
milling of sugar and to prevent over-production.
In the meantime, he states, there will be no further
shipments of reserve sugar abroad, pending receipt
of the official text of the London quota agreement
and a statement on it by the State Department. A
cablegram has been received from Secretary of Justice
Jos6 Yulo, urging strict adherence to the London
pact.

The government starts investigations of the re-
ported flight of a mysterious airplane over Davao
last Friday and the movements of a Japanese ship
in Lingayen Bay.

June 24. — The Cabinet rules that Philippine
oil deposits should be closed to private exploitation
and development until after the government has
defined a policy on what to do with them.

Announcing a public hearing on the cost of gaso-
line next Monday at the Legislative Building, As-
semblyman Gregorio Perfecto, chairman of the com-
mittee on rate reduction of public utilities, states
that in his opinion there is no reason why gasoline
in the Philippines should sell at a price four times
that of the price in Japan. The local managers of

Why Train Travel is Preferred

IT'S SAFE — No loss of life of a single passenger in many
years.

IT'S FAST — ■ The Railroad owns its road and regulates
traffic thereon. Trains are run on schedule.

IT'S COMFORTABLE — Good road bed makes possible
train speed with even, gliding smoothness.

IT HAS MODERN COACHES — Air-conditioned coaches
makes you ride oblivious of outside heat, dirt
or noise.

3rd class coaches are roomy, and smooth
riding.

IT'S ECONOMICAL — Fares are Extremely Low. You
save when you buy a railroad ticket.

PATRONIZE ALSO BUSES OF

Benguet Auto Line
Luzon Bus Line

For

information,

write to

Traffic

Department

Tel. 4-98-61

Information

Local 42

R. K. BERNABE
Chief Clerk

LEON M. LAZAGA
Traffic Manager

City Office
521-523 Das-
marinas

Tel. 2-31-83

CANDIDO SORIANO
City Agent

Manila Railroad Company

943 Azcarraga

Manila

various oil companies have been summoned to appear
before the committee.

Assemblyman Justino Nuyda of Albay states he
will introduce a resolution calling for a legislative
inquiry into the rapid and "scandalously extrava-
gant" promotions of army officers.

A letter from the Los Angeles Chamber of Com*
merce is published in Manila stating that that or-
ganization has protested against the short notice
given to submit its views to the Philippine- American
joint committee of experts and that it has5! declared
"off-hand" that California business interests which
are "greatly concerned in the trade with the Philip,
pines, "would be disposed to oppose" the 1938-39
independence proposals, but that this attitude might
be modified if they knew the reasons for the proposal.

June 25. — Eight different Manila chambers of com-
merce submit a joint memorandum against the
proposed increase of retailers' license fees by the
Municipal Board. A "reasonable increase" in rates
is not objected to, but the proposed rates are exces-
sive, it is stated, amounting in some lines of business
to an advance of 850%. The memorandum sug-
gests that the Board consider "whether the time has
not come for a general revision of the taxation struc-
ture of the city along modern lines, distributing the
burdens equitably in all quarters able to bear them
without disturbing the general progress of the ca-
pital", and proposes in the mean time, pending such
revision, "to retain the present license fee scale
subject to a 50 % increase in every category, except
in those for which no increase is indicated in the
Board's proposed new scale".

The Securities and Exchange Commission an-
nounces that "no galena or spahelrite ores of commer-
cial importance are indicated" in the properties of the
Batangas Mineral Company, the announcement
causing the price of the stock to topple from P.42
to P.28. The Commission sent investigators to the
mine because of the "sudden and sharp fluctuations
of the price of the shares". "Our duty is to protect
the buying public," states Commissioner Ricardo
Nepomuceno.

Legislators interested in oil development, among
whom are Speaker Montilla and Assemblymen Ni-
colas Rafols and Ruperto Montinola, are reported
to be opposed to the Cabinet ruling on the reserving
to the government of oil fields.

Maj.-Gen. Santos denies unjustified promotions
in the Army stating most of those promoted have
served from ten to fifteen years in the Constabulary.
"The army still lacks officers. We have only one
officer for every 30 men. The United States has one
officer for every 10 men."

Secretary Vargas tells S. Sakamoto, member of
the organizing committee of the Amateur Athletic
Association of the Orient, that the matter of sending
a Philippine athletic delegation to Osaka next year
will depend on whether the Assembly will appro-
priate the amount needed for training, transpor-
tation, subsistence, and equipment expenses (about
P50,000).

John Joseph Russell, prominent Manila business
man, dies aged 69. He was born in Manila in 1867.
son of one of the founders of the famous Russell 85
Sturgis firm, established in 1825, oldest American
company in the Philippines. His widow, Mrs.
Socorro Moreno and twelve children survive.

Freckles

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Stillman Co., Manufacturers,

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August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

341

June 26.— Secretary Vargas announces that Pres-
ident Quezon has appointed Valenano Gatuslao,
Governor of Occidental Negros to succeed the late
Governor Emilio Gaston. Gatuslao has been Acting
Governor since the late Governor fell ill.

Secretary Rodriguez cancels the Crown Mines
Baguio claims, the action being based on an opinion
of Acting Secretary of Justice Jos6 Melencio that all
mining claims within the Baguio townsite are illegal.
Other corporations will also be affected.

J H Marsman and a number of others arrive in
Manila on a chartered K.N.I.L.M. plane from Ban-
doeng, Java, given special permission to land here
by the State Department. The trip took approx-
imately twelve hours. Mr. Marsman tells the press
there is no cause for fear of a drop in the price of gold.

June ','27— The new Philippine Racing Club track
at Santa Ana is inaugurated. _

June 28.— Che Legislative inquiry into an alleged
gas combine opens. Assemblyman Perfecto states
that gasoline sells for fifteen centavos a liter here
which is about sixty centavos a gallon or four times
the price in the United States despite the fact that
it enters the Philippines duty free. He states further
that it sells at sixteen centavos a liter in Manila and
fifteen centavos in the provinces. Attorney E. &.
Selph questions the authority of the committee to
institute the inquiry. Managers ?f .the,.1?c.aK1,^?rf;
porations point to the high cost of the distribution
of gasoline, and state that prices are fixed by the

0MllacanaSng announces that President Quezon has

designated Provincial Treasurer Angel S. Tadeo

temporary Mayor of Iloilo. .. . . r *.u-

The Army command decides on a redivision of the

Islands into ten instead of five army districts.

The board of directors of the Batangas Minerals
Mining Company issues a statement challenging the
correctness of the report submitted by the Bureau
of Mines to the Securities and Exchange Commis-
sioner which caused the latter to denounce the Com-
pany's stock as too highly priced.
P Director of Education Dr. Luther B Bewley re-
turns to Manila after several months absence m the
United States for rest and medical treatment.

Luis Meneses, until recently executive officer and
secretary of the Pension and Investment Board, is
seSen<5d to pay a fine of P3.350 with subsidiary
imprisonment in case of insolvency and to pay the
£2Tof the^proceedings, for violation of the aw pro-
hibiting public officers from being personally inter,
ested in any contract or transaction in which he
narticioates by reason of his office.
P Virc^rident Osmeiia orders the opening of new
classes toaccommodate 150,000more children to «chool
after President Quezon approves a plan to advance
P 1,000,000 from unappropriated treasury funos
subject to refund by legislative authority. A caucus
of aWiblymen passed a resolution pledging : support
of laraer appropriations and recommending release
of sufficienffunds to accommodate 250,000 childrenj
June 29.— Secretary Rodriguez makes public a
report on irregularities in connection with timber
concessions in Mindanao, naming a number of army
offers T and government officials who have obtained
such concessions, and proposing remedies.
L Mariano Cu Unjieng, scion of a wealthy and pro-
minent family, who was accused and convicted of
Mtafa loses the last round of his fight for freeaom
whence jSJ O. Vera of .the Manila Court of
First Instance denies his petition for gobatian .He
was prosecuted for estafa through /a^f £" f
Commercial documents at the behest of the Hong-
kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation and was
sentenced to from four to eight years imprisonment,
S^mvicted separately with Rafael Fernandez
former professor of economics in the University of
JhTKdSSn?., for an estafa of 1*1,411,000 through
the -use of fake sugar quedans or warehouse receipts.
Fernandez and others later retracted their charges
of Cu Unjieng's complicity. The Supreme Court
increased the penalty to from five to seven years and
thanked States Supreme Court refused to review
the decision. The trial established a record .r all its
phases in Philippine courts. The trial began on
October 30, 1931, and was completed November 3,
1933. More than 50,000 documentary exhibits

were presented both by the Prosecf ^V^naees*
defense, and stenographic notes covered 22,923 pages.
JudgeVera suggests in his decision that the accused
seek executive clemency. . , ..K

The Manila Daily Bulletin, states editorially 'With
reference to a recent suggestion of Charles Edward
RuXhat the Philippines undertake to provide
cotton for Japanese textile mills, that this is a pro-

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posal to throw the Philippines to the control of
Japan." "If the Philippines wish admission to the
Japanese sphere of influence, or, to be more exact,
to the Japanese realm of control, cotton production
would be a convenient start".

June SO. — A number of assemblymen launch a
"school reform" movement that would shorten the
present course in the elementary schools from 7 to 5
years and in the high schools from 4 to 3 years.
Others plan to push through a bill providing for
more systematic and more adequate financing of
the schools.

Secretary Rodriguez releases a report on land-
grabbing in Mindanao, accusing almost the same
set of persons named in the report on irregular lumber
concessions.

July 1. — The National Economic Council endorses
plans for an independent currency system for the
Philippines, a central bank, and a merchant marine,
the latter to begin with 5 ocean-going steamers.
Drafts of the necessary bills are in preparation.

Malacanang announces that President Quezon
has, by a proclamation in New York, dated June
14, closed to prospecting certain portions of Bontoc
and Kalinga to safeguard the rights of the Non-
Christian inhabitants.

July 2. — Maj.-Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur in a
requested interview with the Philippines Herald
points to the beneficial by-products and the less ob-
vious accomplishments" during the first Philippine
Army training period. These, besides the accom-
plishments in the technical phases of military train-
ing, demonstrate the soundness of the defense plan,

he declares. He refers to the improved physical
condition of the trainees, increase m "teracy,
and their general enthusiasm. He speaks of the
rapidity with which the officer corps is mas-

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342

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

tering the new tasks in spite of obstacles. The air
corps has made commendable strides, he states,
and the U. S. Navy) Department is at work on plans
and specifications for the speedy torpedo boats
proposed for the offshore patrol.

Secretary Rodriguez instructs the Director of
Lands to authorize no claims on unsurveyed lands
in Cotabatof pending the completion of present inves-
tigations into land-grabbing, illegal timber grants,
and dummy corporations.

The Philippine Railway Company, which operates
lines in Cebu, Iloilo, and Capiz, is placed under a
receivership by the Supreme Court on petition by
Solicitor-General Pedro Tuazon on behalf of the
Philippine government. G. J. Kennedy, General
Manager of the Railway, and Rufino Melo, Comp-
troller of the National Development Company, are
appointed receivers. A preliminary injunction is
also issued to prevent "a race of creditors for pre-
ference. . .and a multiplicity of suits, actions, at-
tachments, etc."

July 8. — Reported that Dr. H. Foster Bain, ad-
viser to the Bureau of Mines who left the Philip-
pines recently, has urged the government to interest
large private oil companies in undertaking a thorough
survey of oil possibilities as the government itself
does not command the necessary technical experience
and the requisite capital, and it being "an unwise
field for the expenditure of public funds". He has
also recommended the liberalization of the corpora-
tion law, permitting a corporation to acquire more
than a 15 perfcent interest in another corporation,
which is the present legal limit, and extending the
lease period from 5 to 25 years. He suggests on the
other hand that government royalties be raised to
50 per cent of the net profits. As an alternative,
he suggests that one or more private companies be
employed as contractors by the government in first
exploring and later developing any fields present,
the companies to be paid for their services by an
agreed percentage of the oil produced. "It is pos-
sible," he declared in his report, "and even probable
that commercially important petroleum fields exist
in the Philippines, but the matter remains to be
proved."

Philippine sugar producers radio President Que-
zon expressing their opposition to the Jones sugar
compromise bill pending in Congress, particularly
to the provision classifying the Philippines as a
foreign country for the purpose of quota allocation
and taxation instead of an insular possession, and
against the lack of a provision for the benefit refund
to the Philippine government as provided in the
original bill.

Jose P. Laurel, Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court, in reply to a circular letter sent out by Acting
Secretary of Justice Melencio, calling attention to
the ruling of the Cabinet prohibiting outside teach-
ing, declares that as a member of the Supreme Court

he refuses to be "dictated to" by any executive de-
partment. Later Secretary Melencio denies that
he gave the Justice any orders and characterizes the
latter's pronouncement as "bombastic".

July 4- — Former Justice Claro M. Recto, who was
President of the Constitutional Convention, states
in a Tribune interview that the Cabinet ruling which
prohibits government officials from teaching outside
of their office hours is based on an erroneous interpre-
tation of the constitutional prohibition against
government officials engaging in other professions.
"I do not think the Convention had in mind the idea
that teaching is a profession. What it had in mind
was, for instance, that a secretary of justice, or city
fiscal, or a solicitor-general could not run a law office
or a secretary of finance could not be the president
or manager of a business organization. The pur-
pose was to insure a clean government". He states
the executive ban could not apply to members of
the judiciary or to legislative officials. Secretary
Vargas is quoted in the press that the matter is "not
a question of the independence of the judiciary. . . .
It concerns cooperation in an administrative policy
of the administration. I think and hope that should
the members of the Supreme Court be requested to
cooperate in such a policy they would gladly do so."
In so far as the permanent personnel of the Assembly
is concerned, who are members of the Civil Service,
they come under the prohibition, he declares.

July 6. — In a Fourth of July (observed on Mon-
day, July 5) address, High Commissioner McNutt
states that "the independence, won and maintained
by force of arms in America, is to be given freely to
the people of the Philippines in recognition of their
capacity for self-government and their pledge of
adherence to democratic and constitutional prin-
ciples. . . . Lip homage is not enough. Formal
acceptance will not suffice. Nothing short of the
substance of democracy will satisfy those respon-
sible for the independence program or give validity
to the enterprise".

July 7. — The Cabinet endorses a proposal of Se-
cretary Rodriguez to forbid officials from acquiring
public lands without previous authority from their
superiors.

Reported that a number of members of the judi-
ciary and of the Assembly will give up private teach-
ing as a gesture of cooperation with the executive
department for greater efficiency in the government
service. It is stated that Justice Laurel has al-
ready given up his law teaching and that he resented
only the "wrong approach".

July 8. — Reported that High Commissioner Mc-
Nutt has been advised by the State Department to
see to it that there will be no further ground for
complaints of violation of the London sugar agree-
ment.

In his annual report, Maj.-Gen. Santos states that
of the P15,960, 140.12 appropriated for national
defense expenditures during 1936, P12,383,465.80

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was expended, leaving the balance available for the
present year. He praises the efficiency of the officer
corps, which, he declares, is short-handed.

July 9. — High Commissioner McNutt announces
the application here of the U. S. Neutrality Law
which prohibits any activities which might be cons-
trued as favoring one side or the other in the Spanish
conflict, including the soliciting of contributions
except for medical aid and food and clothing, in which
case, however, permit must be obtained from the
State Department and monthly reports made of the
amounts collected and their exact disposition under
oath.

Securities and Exchange Commissioner Nepo-
muceno postpones until October 15 the date of the
effectiveness of the rule requiring 60 per cent cash
and 40 per cent margin in brokers' accounts instead
of the 50 per cent heretofore. The rule was to have
gone into effect on the 15th of July and postpone-
ment was requested by brokers who pointed out
that the application at this time would force many
sales at the prevailing low prices.

W. Turner, new British Consul-General for the
Philippines, arrives in Manila. He was stationed
in Peking f r some 20 years, was for 2 years in Hawaii,
and before coming here for a half year at Yunanfu,
South China.

July 10. — Despite the Exchange Commissioner's
decision to permit the continuation of present margin
accounts, the Manila gold stock index declines slight-
ly to 126.64, down 1.46 points.

July 12. — A group of American educators on the
way to the educational conference in Tokyo next
month, arrives in Manila and a program of entertain-
ment is arranged for the members. Vice-President
Osmena in a brief address to them states that High
Commissioner McNutt's remarks on democracy
were meant to be general but were mistakenly un-
derstood to imply that democracy in the Philippines
was one of form rather than substance. He de-
clares that decmocracy is not a straight-jacket and
that actual conditions and needs of a country must
be taken into consideration and principles adapted
to changing needs and circumstances.

July 18. — Secretary Vargas in an address at the
weekly student convocation of the University of the
Philippines gives examples of government policies
showing there is "no lack of the substance of democ-
racy in this country". He states that President
Quezon is a "very democratic man" and that "any-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

343

body intimate with the inner workings of the As-
^mbly" knows that while it has heeded the Presi-
dent's recommendations of national importance and
true cooperation exists between the executive and
the legislative departments, "many recommenda-
tions of the President have been disregarded by the
Assembly or left without being acted upon .

The stock market sags further to 116.28, down
4.10 points.

The United States

June ^.—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a
press conference, criticizes the steel companies for
not signing contractswith John L. Lewis' ^ mmittee
of Industrial Organization and ending the strike.
If the operators are willing to agree verbally he said,
there is no reason why they should not put the agree-
ment in writing. He also states that if the sugar
EbbyisS, Tvoukiget out of. Washington Congress
could pass the administrations sugar control tax
bill without trouble. He characterizes the lobby as
the Colt pernicious of all groups seeking to influence
the Congress".

June 16. ~ The United States Beet Sugar Associa-
tion representative appearing at the opening of the
hearings of the Philippine-American joint committee
of experts urges full tariffs on Philippine sugar after
fndepWence, and the maintenance of a gradated
Sale of taxes as provided in the Tydings-McDuffie
£w until tthen. The American Sugar Cane League
submits a statement along similar lines.

June 17.— Rep. Fred Crawford, Michigan Repu-
blican spokesman for eastern beet growers, tplls
the* omf?ommittee that to retain naval and mili-
tary bases in the Philippine Islands after independ-
ence "would invite trouble on a large scale . It
would lead to "such bitter, protests on the. part of
other nations with economic and political interests
£ the^icinity of the Philippines that it would be-
came impossible for us to prevent serious difficul-
tieV arising". He warns that the Philippines should
no? rely too much on the retention of the American
marketfoV sugar and suggests it seek ''working agree-
ments" with India, Formosa, and Java for flloca-
Uonin the Far Eastern market for sugar not allowed
to"n?er the United States. He declares that Japan
£ "digging in" in the Philippines and urges the
United States' withdrawal of all naval and q military
forces to "avoid embarrassment and final ^defeat
after tremendous costs in dollars and men .He
states there is "some room to feel that the future
of the Philippines may be serene because world
destiny has down through the untunes been pre-
paring a great power and a magnificent race to
Assume a^peculiar role over affairs in the Far
SSst and the Philippines. That nation is the
Empire of the Rising Sun, Jfpan". He calls _ the
Philippines the "treasure chest of the Far East,
a vast, untouched storehouse filled with the most
precious of metals for the conduct of war as well
as peace."

A representative of the American vegetable fats
and oils industry appears before the Jointcommittee
and recommends preferential tariff for the Philip-
pines and consideration for the ^hPPmV^£«
oil industry. Hawaii-Philippine Packing Corpora-
tion files a brief on behalf of the Ph^ppine pineapple
industry. A representative of the Philippine Maho-
gany Manufacturers Import Association urges that
American investors be given equal rights on the
lumber industry development in the Philippines.

Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins names a three-
man mediation board to settle the steel strike under
the chairmanship of Charles Taft prominent Cin-
cinnati lawyer. The two other members are Lloyd
Garden, former chairman of the National Labor
Relations Board, and Edward McGrady, Assistant

^G^V'l1' Davey of Ohio telegraphs President
Roosevelt asking him to undertake settlement of
the steel strike. "Enormous economic losses and
potential danger to thousands of people make early
settlement supremely important." # „„:«„

Bethlehem Steel company officials reject a union
proposal for an election conducted under the National
Labor Relations Board to determ ne whetherthe
C.I.O. should have sole bargaining fights. We
are convinced that a signed agreement with the <-•*•{->.
would be of no advantage to our employees, the
community, or the company". „„0j k„

President Manuel L. Quezon accompanied by
Rafael Alunan, General Basilio Valdes, and Major
Manuel Nieto leave Washington for a brief visit to
Cuba The Cuban Embassy at Washington an-
nounces President Quezon will be the "official guest

°f June%°18C^hT\5riit^ States government sends
notes to the naval powers asking if they will agree to
limit the calibre of guns on battleships to 14 inches.
All except Japan have already agreed to 14-mch
limitation provided it is universally adopted.

Reported that Philippine Resident .Comm'8S ^r
Quintin Paredes will tender his resip/tlD* uPon
leaving the United States next month for the trip
to the Philippines with the joint committee oi ex-

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perts. It is hinted he is not pleased with certain
developments in Washington affecting the Philip-
pine representation and the recognition given his
work as Commissioner.

Representatives of the United States coconut
products industry tell the joint committee that
their industry will be doomed unless the Philippines
export taxes beginning in the sixth year of the Com-
monwealth period are abandoned.

June 19.— Representatives of the desiccated co-
conut interests tells the joint committee that they
will be forced out of business as soon as the United
States tariff applies to imports of desiccated coconut
from the Philippines. Another spokesman states
that the Philippine oils should be treated at least
on a parity with the foreign oils such as babassu nut
oil from Brazil which is on the free list.

After Eugene Grace, President of the strike-beset
Bethlehem Steel Corporation refuses to close the
Cambria plant at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, at the
request of Gov. G. H. Earle, "to preserve peace and
avoid bloodshed pending action by F deral media-
tors", the Governor declares martial law and closes
the plant. Grace claimed that forcible closing of the
plant would be "an admission that the law forces
of Pennsylvania are powerless to protect men in the
exercise of their right to work."

President Quezon announces in Havana that a
message from the State Department necessitates
his return to Washington and an elaborate program
of entertainment is cancelled with the exception of
the official reception of President Fedenco Laredo

Bru, the reception of Col. Fulgencio Batista, Cuban
dictator, and a tea with Jose Manuel Casanova,
President of the Cuban Sugar Stabilization Insti-
tute.

Secretary of Justice Jos6 Yulo and hi* family sail
for Europe.

June 21.— John L. Lewis threatens to call a strike
of 600,000 members of the United Mine Workers as
a final blow to force the four huge steel corporations
to sign the labor contracts. The strike involves
100,000 workers in seven states. Union leaders
appeal to President Roosevelt to intervene personally
in the steel strike situation at Youngstown as blood-
shed would ensue if attempts were made by the steel
owners to open the mills. They also appeal to Se-
cretary Perkins asking her to halt the "contemplated
butchery" by non-strikers in Youngstown and War-
ren.

June 22. — President Roosevelt asks the heads of
the Republic Steel Corporation and Youngstown
Sheet 8s Tube Company not to open their plants
"for the promotion of public safety and in the in-
terests of a reasonable and peaceful settlement.
The C.I.O. orders swelling strike pickets to dis-
band, and the Ohio National Guard is called out by
Governor Davey. The first conference conducted
by the Federal Mediation board ends in a refusal
of the executives of the four steel companies to sign
collective bargaining contracts with C.I.O. and they
indicate they would defy the Governor's order by

{Continued on page 373)

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August, 1937

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The literal-minded are naturally always greatly
irked by such verbal maneuvering as that exhibited
by President Quezon on his way
Yea, yea and across the American continent
Nay, nay headed for the Philippines. In

New York he was quoted as say-
ing in a widely-reproduced interview in the World
Telegram that "any substitute proposals [to his
proposal for independence for the Philippines in
or 39] by Congress to end the present unsatisfactory
arrangement will receive serious consideration by the
Philippine Commonwealth". Questioned by reporters in
Chicago the same day, he remarked that what he had said
in New York "should not be construed as an invitation
to Congress for a counter-proposal looking toward the
continuation of the American flag in the Philippines".

Such apparently conflicting declarations give some
people a head-ache and fill others with indignation, righteous
or otherwise, and anyone is apt to call to mind the simple
and restful Biblical injunction: "Let your communication
be Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these
cometh of evil".

Yet Mr. Quezon's statements become consistent enough
when considered from the point of view of his position.
He knew very well that his first statement would be inter-
preted as it was, and, in fact, can have had no other reason
for making it. But he knew also that there would be dolts
in Congress who, thinking they now had him pinned down
like a bug on an entomologist's cork, would counter imme-
diately with statements to the effect that regardless of
Mr. Quezon's "new position", they favor granting the
Philippines independence as soon as possible, if not sooner.
And he knew, too, that he would be attacked in the Phil-
ippines by the so-called Popular Front, which is neither
popular nor presents much of a front (it were better called
the Popular Behind) but can make some trouble, for
his new "betrayal" of the sacred this and that. Mr.
Quezon, therefore, immediately cancelled (verbally) what
he had said in New York by what he said in Chicago, and
when the labored and prematurely exultant comebacks
from his opponents had found printer's ink, he was not
where he had been anymore, and his enemies' darts passed
harmlessly overhead. Like a skilled boxer, Mr. Quezon
had dodged. Yet his object had been gained— which was,
no doubt, to indicate that the way is open, in so far as he
is concerned, for compromise. This he logically had to

do, else why bother about the elaborate hearings
now being conducted by the Philippine-American
joint committee of experts?

Whether we like it or not, the relationship
between America and the Philippines has become
to a large extent and in actual practice a diplomatic
relationship in the broad sense of that word— as
always happens when numerous and very important conflict-
ing interests or points of view are engaged. In such a situa-
tion, especially for the weaker side, to frankly announce
its exact position and furnish a chart of its full intentions,
is to lay itself wide open to all sorts of unfortunate
consequences. It is true that all of this, indeed,
"cometh from evil"— the evil of human selfishness, but no
statesman, be he ever so pure of heart, may act as if
this were the Millennium, the thousand-year reign of
the good Lord. We are still living in the age of pre-
perfection, alas, alas.

Of the making of peace pacts, apparently, there is no
end— nor of the breaking of them.
Empires, Colonies The present renewed Japanese ag-
and Treaties gression in North China is as good

an answer as any to the proposal ol
Premier Joseph Aloysius Lyons of Australia of a Pacific
peace pact, which proposal was taken seriously by some
people and which, indeed, a Japanese spokesman said at
the time met in principle with Japan's approval. So long
as nations can not be depended upon not to disregard their
treaty obligations, it is certainly worse than futile to make
more treaties, for if they serve for anything at all, it is to
establish a sense of confidence and security which ^wholly
false and likely to interfere with precautions which might
otherwise be taken against brigandage on a national scale.
There is no negotiating with robbers. The recent world
movement on the part of sentimentalists to seek to buy ott
the war-threatening nations with colonial concerns
would be likely only, if carried into practice, to whet tneir
appetites and further implement their rapacity, mere
were those who advocated to allow Japan to have its way
in Manchuria, as this would satisfy Japanese ambitions
and reduce the danger of their moving in another direction
for conquest! Now it proves that Manchuria, many times
the size of Japan proper, is not enough. Japan wants
North China, an area inhabited by 100,000,000 people.
There were those who advocated allowing Italy to have

345

Ethiopia and that unfortunate country disappeared in the
map of the new "Roman Empire". Mussolini afterwards
said that he was satisfied, but a robber's hunger grows by
what it feeds on, as his present policy in the Mediterra-
nean proves.

And what about the people most vitally concerned — the
native peoples of the regions that it is proposed to turn
over to the "dissatisfied powers"? How many of them
would want to exchange the comparatively light rule, to
which they have become accustomed, of the experienced
colony-possessing nations, for the heavy regime of exploita-
tion under which they would fall with a change in masters?

It must not be forgotten that the few great world em-
pires now in existence acquired their colonies in most cases
centuries ago, establishing their rule over savage and under-
populated or else backward regions which have, from
the long view, probably benefited by the control imposed
by these more advanced states. Today, this much could
not be said for a change of sovereignty from that of say
Britain to Italy or from Holland to Japan. In many
places, these native populations have embraced the ways
of modern civilization and are on their way to more auto-
nomous rule. A change in masters could mean only a back-
ward step to them.

The evolution of world civilization would seem to point
away from colonial systems to more general autonomous
intercourse between countries and peoples of every race and
clime. The policies of the "dissatisfied powers" today are
atavistic, as well as criminal in so far as they translate
them into aggressive wars.

It would seem, too, therefore, that they can not prosper.
The twentieth is no longer the seventeenth or the eighteenth
century. The "dissatisfied powers" would in time be
brought to realize this, but to avoid perhaps decades of
disorder and strife, it would be well for the rest of the world
to waste no more time in firmly putting them in their
proper places. It is not these nations as a whole which
dream of imperialistic adventures, but their leaders. It is
these mock Napoleons and Alexanders and the hidden
monopolist cliques which they chiefly represent that will
have to be brought to realize the hopelessness of their vain
dreams of conquest and empire.

Italy might be a very fine country as Italy; Japan very
charming as Japan. If their people were sensible and had
a genuine pride, they would be content to be just this and
nothing more nor less, like Denmark is Denmark and Sweden
Sweden, unperturbed by dreams of an out-of-date imperial
glory, keeping their populations sensibly under control
instead of forcedly breeding more men so their leaders can
say their countries are over-populated and use this as an
excuse for robbing their neighbors of their place in the sun.
Thus they would avoid the enormous expenditures for
armaments their pirate-policies now impose on them, could
develop their own distinct cultures, and regain the respect
and good will of all their neighbors.

Such a state of affairs can not be brought about, however,
by truckling to the autocrats who now hold sway, for this
only increases their holds over their own misguided people.
Treaties signed by the agents of such personages are worth-
less, as they have no intention to abide by them. The
united pressure of the world must be brought to bear on
them to the point of their obliteration.

It seems a little peculiar — -that announcement of Mayor
Juan Posadas that Mrs. Mar-
Mrs. Sanger and the garet Sanger will not be permit-
Mayor of Manila ted to give popular lectures in

Manila because, as he said, "I
am strongly opposed to birth-control". The question
naturally arises, What has the Mayor's personal opinion
to do with the matter? Because His Honor happens to be
"opposed" to the movement known as birth-control, are all
those who are interested in meeting and hearing this noted
and courageous woman leader, who is one of the founders
of the movement and whose name is in every important
work of reference, to be denied this rare opportunity when
she arrives here a month or so hence? Officiousness and
the bigotted stupidity which backs it up, could hardly be
more strikingly expressed. The Mayor went on to say
that he "believes birth-control is both immoral and im-
practical, especially for the Philippines", which is obviously
a rather confused statement for if it is immoral, from his
point of view, it should make no difference whether it is
impractical or not; and why should it be both immoral
and impractical, especially for the Philippines, — more so
than for any other country?

Similar confusion as to the question is to be noted in the
letter which Mrs. Pilar H. Hidalgo Lim, President of the
National Federation of Women's Clubs, took it upon her-
self to write to Mrs. Sanger. She expressed regret for "our
inability to cooperate with you for the spread of your move-
ment in our country." "Our objective now", she went on,
"is for better babies and more intelligent parenthood".
Mrs. Lim does not realize, apparently, that this is precisely
the aim of the leaders of the movement Mrs. Sanger repre-
sents. Lectures by Mrs. Sanger would clear up some very
stupid misconceptions. Cooperation with her might initiate
a movement that would react favorably on our still shocking
infantile death rate and help our men and women bring
into the world more vigorous new generations than the
seriously underfed and anemic generation of today. But
His Honor the Mayor is "opposed."

Marconi and
Modern Demagogy

Guglielmo Marconi, born of an Italian
father and an Irish mother, was the

first to devise the

practical means of

wireless telegraphic

communication.
This invention may be said also to have laid the founda-
tion for the development of modern radio broadcasting
and television, today still in the preliminary stage. George
Lansbury, the English "peace ambassador", was one of the
last people to interview Marconi and told the press on the
day of his death that the inventor, though fairly cheerful
in conversation, had been worried about the difficulties
between England and Italy. "He felt deeply for both
countries, but above all he felt concerned at the possible
use of his invention for such barbarous and horrible pur-
poses as might ultimately result in the destruction of all
we value. ..."

A writer in the London Spectator stated recently:
"The theoretical researches of physicists and the brilliant adapta-
tions of engineers have resulted in the portentous fact, that, for the
first time, a man may address fifty million hearers. In a very few

years, the Dictator will stand visibly on the television screen and, with
the power of oratory which he will no doubt possess, will be able to
exert his personal influence on the whole nation and so raise a fervour
which hitherto has been confined to the bounds of a political meeting.
Already the amplifier has increased the possible size of a public meeting
from a few thousands to as many millions as transport can bring and
open spaces hold. It may well be that the historian will mark the
recent age as that of the birth of Broadcasting and the renascence of

Demagogy Science will supply the means by which a future Lenin

or Hitler will be able to shape our wants in accordance with his wishes.
Are we perhaps too young to be trusted with these elaborate toys?''

Another writer in the same issue of this noted British
publication wrote that modern advance in communication
facilities is not a merely mechanical phenomenon, but
much more than that.

"The mechanisms which help to bind a great community together,
and enable its members to be of one mind, serve no merely materia!
purpose. For the very spirit of man is inconceivable, save as commu-
nication exists between different men; the fact that we can talk to one
another is at least as important as, if not prior to, the fact that we can
think. . . . [Modern communication] is but an extension of that ele-
mentary human intercourse, much as representative government is an
extension of the direct government possible only in tiny communities-
For reasons partly economic and partly political, we have today to
live in great societies. Without mechanisms for communication, they
would either be ruled by force only, or not ruled at all. Press, film,
and broadcast may, of course, as the dictatorships show us, be made
to rivet new forms of tyranny. But they may also operate to develop,
as indeed they are indispensable for developing, that parallel growth
of freedom with concord in ever-widening circles, which is the British
ideal".

These two views are equally true, being merely different
aspects of the same thing. The fact is that with every
advance, we run new risks, and these are not separable.
The higher the climb, the deeper the fall, is an old adage.
Success throws the door open to failure. Great victories
may entail great disasters. The world has not become
safer since the days of early man. The dangers that en-
compassed him then were simple dangers most of which
could be met by direct action. But safety was never
the aim of life. The warm waters in which life first de-
veloped was a safer environment than the land and the open
air which primitive creatures nevertheless sought. Shells
and carapaces protected, but also confined and constrained.
Naked man won out in the struggle for survival. He came
down out of the trees, sallied forth from his caves, entered
the valleys and plains, launched out upon the sea, finally
flung himself into the air. He has courted danger at every
turn. Now in command of many hidden forces of nature,
he has set out to control his own destiny with truly supreme

daring. It would seem to be too late to hold back now,
play the cautious role, to discourage inventive genius (as
some have indeed proposed), to make any effort to main-
tain the status quo ante. It is also not to be believed
that mankind, regardless of the press, the film, the radio,
and television, will ever long suffer the imposition of a new
tyranny, through large-scale demagogy or any other
means. Thought can never be restrained nor ever wholly
guided, and inevitably translates itself into action, unexpect-
ed, incontrollable, even by despots.

At this writing, the Court of Industrial Relations, which
recently ordered some three hundred fifty striking em-
ployees of a local bus transporta-
"Trouble-makers" tion company to go back to work
or Leaders? after a three weeks' strike which

paralyzed transportation in a num-
ber of provinces, informing them that if they did not
he would authorize the company to employ other workers,
has not yet decided on whether to compel the company
to re-employ five men who led their fellows in the strike,
which the company is reportedly reluctant to do because
it considers these men as "trouble-makers".

Yet the strike was admittedly called in protest against
a lay-off of a number of employees because of the rainy
season when business is slacker than during the rest of
the year, which would seem to be an admissible cause for
protest, and there is no doubt that the people generally
in the community where the company maintains its head-
quarters backed the strikers, even going to the extent of
raising strike funds and supplying needed food. It does
not appear plausible, therefore, that the five men could
have been mere trouble-makers. They were not outsiders,
but were themselves employees of the company with all
the others.

The issue of whether or not these men are to be taken
back or not by the company is an important one, for if
the natural leaders among our workers anywhere are to
be singled out for punishment in such cases as this strike,
this would have a very unfortunate effect on the cause of
the workers generally. It would tend to paralyze all effort
on their part to secure better working conditions. It ap-
pears to the writer of this comment that the Court of
Industrial Relations should see to it that these men, if
they are not mere agitators, are not discriminated against,
either now or in the future.

Love

Anonymous

AH, love forever seeking love
As warmth and only solace
In this cold and orbed hell!
Poor fond man and maid

So desperately clinging

Like agglutinating microbes
In fermenting gel.
What divine simplicity
In all this complicacy!

347

Manila's Cloud Year— A Review

By Frank G. Haughwout

"For my part I enjoy the
mystery [of cloud pheno-
mena], and perhaps the
reader may. I think he
ought. He should not be
less grateful for the sum-
mer rain, or see less beauty
in the clouds of morning
because they come to prove
him with hard questions;
to which, perhaps, if we
look close at the heavenly
scroll, we may find also a
syllable or two of the an-
swer illuminated here and
there."

SO wrote Ruskin1 and
such seems to be the inspiration that moves every
writer, lay or scientific, who undertakes to explore
Cloudland, if the things that men have written about
clouds are significant. There probably is no other branch
of physical science that so spectacularly exemplifies the
narrowness of the line that separates the artistic from the
scientific or more poignantly stimulates the quest for

"Edens that wait the wizardry of thought,
Beauty that craves the touch of artist hands,
Truth that but hungers to be felt and seen,"

than the study of the clouds.

These thoughts arise in the mind of the reviewer as he
turns over the pages of the latest publication to be issued
from the Manila Observatory. It is a piece of work repre-
sentative of the highest type of scientific research, and one
of international importance in the science of meteorology.
Of itself, it is a thing of beauty.

The publication takes the form of an atlas of clouds — •
the diary of a year of weather and cloud formation over
Manila — and is issued from the pen and camera of the Rev.
Charles E. Deppermann, S.J., Assistant Director of the
Philippine Weather Bureau, under the title: "The Weather
and Clouds of Manila." It is the first cloud atlas to be
put out in the archipelago, although a study of the clouds
of the Philippines was published by the late Father Jose
Algtfe as far back as 1898 2. However, Father Algue's
book was not illustrated with pictures of cloud forms,
whereas Father Deppermann's carries one hundred plates
executed from his own photographs. These were selected
from more than 5,000 photographs taken during the year
of observation. Aside from their scientific significance,
many of them are of surpassing beauty and will give pleas-
ure to anyone who has the opportunity to look at them.
Father Deppermann has kindly permitted the reproduction
here of four of these pictures, that some idea may be gained
of the character of the work.

During the past few years the study of the clouds has
been given an impetus by the growing appreciation of the

348

Fig. 1. Cirrus clouds, true and false, with underlying cumuli
Month of May.

importance of the study of the
upper air currents and their
bearing on the problems of
weather forecasting and avia-
tion. Accordingly, Father
Deppermann 's publication is
much broader in scope than
would be comprehended by a
simple enumeration and des-
cription of the clouds of this
region. It forms his latest
contribution to a series of
studies bearing on weather
forecasting in the tropics that
he has recently published. It,
of course, deals more partic-
ularly with the area embraced
by the latitudes and longitudes
between which the Philippines and adjacent countries lie.
Although the task is large and admittedly difficult, he has
made a definite contribution towards a degree of cors-
r elation between cloud forms and weather forecasting
in this geographical area. It is a piece of work tha
is destined to be of great importance notwithstanding the-
fact that the subject is at present the basis of some contro-
versy and occasional polemics. Other papers on the same
general subject are in press or in preparation.

Shorn of its highly technical aspects, Father Depper-
mann's work may be said to represent his endeavor to
apply to the analysis of Philippine weather, the principles
of the method of air mass analysis introduced in temperate
regions by the Norwegians, V. Bjerknes and J. Bjerknes,
father and son. These two meteorologists confronted,
during the World War, with the problem of forecasting
weather in Norway in the absence of reports from neigh-
boring countries, organized a large group of amateur
observers to furnish data on wind and weather over a
close network of stations established throughout the
country.

Fig. 2. A series of four cumulus "towers" on a June afternoon.

This, of course, led to the accumulation of a vast amount
of data which, on mathematical and practical study by the
two men, led to the development of a system of air-mass
analysis and the formulation of what is known as the
"polar front" theory, a conception that now dominates
the science of weather forecasting in temperate regions.
The theory deals with the interactions between discon-
tinuous masses of cold air emanating from the polar regions
on the one hand and masses of warm air derived from the
equatorial regions on the other. These air masses move
about and tend to meet, but there is no steady mixture
of the air in the two masses at the points where they meet.
Instead, there is a sharp line of demarkation— a discon-
tinuity as it is called— which is styled the "polar front."
The air on the northern side, which is dry and comparative-
ly free from clouds, is spoken of as polar air; that on the
southern side is styled equatorial air and, on the other
hand, tends to be warm, rich in moisture, and more or
less cloud-filled. Depressions and storms form along the
front between these two masses of air that have these
widely differing properties, physical changes occurring
that result in the production of wind, rain, and other
phenomena that characterize storms, the intricate details
of which can not be discussed here. Father Deppermann
has succeeded in demonstrating the origin of typhoons
along similar fronts in these latitudes.

One of the difficulties that has retarded the application
of the Bjerknes theory to cyclonic storms of the tropics
has lain in the fact that the respective temperature differ-
ences between the northern and southern air masses in
tropical latitudes are comparatively slight— insufficient,
it has been held by some meteorologists, to initiate the
phenomena that bring about such profound results in lati-
tudes where the temperature differences between the two
air masses may be quite large. This has led some meteoro-
logists to the a priori assumption that the Bjerknes theory
can not be applied to typhoons and other tropical cyclones.
In rebuttal of this, Father Deppermann points out that
humidity differences are potent of much mischief in the
tropics.

Having spent some time at the observatory in Norway
where he studied at first hand with the authors the work-
ings of the Bjerknes theory, Father Deppermann, on his
arrival in Manila, early undertook the investigation of the
possibilities of extending the principles of the air mass
system to this region. The results of his work he summar-
ized last year in the publication of his "Outlines of Phil-
ippine Frontology"3 in which he laid down new prin-
ciples of weather forecasting and demonstrated a system
of fronts which, he has shown, exert a very definite influence
over changes of weather in the Philippines. The cloud
atlas is an extension and application of this work, and the
two, combined with the author's studies on the upper air
of Manila4 and the mean transport of air in the Indian
and South Pacific Oceans,6 constitute about as compre-
hensive a manual of weather forecasting in the Philippine
area as it would be possible to produce in the present state
of knowledge. It may be added that the new methods
have been tested and applied in the daily work of the Ma-
nila Observatory as may be seen by going through the
files of the Philippine Monthly Weather Bulletin of
recent years.

Fig. 3. A fine example of a squall line curving as it emerges from the
plains north of Manila and enters the Bay on an August afternoon.

With his Frontology as a basis the author, accordingly,
proceeds to the formulation of a classification of Manila
weather according to the various frontal situations that
arise as a result of the movements of fronts from place to
place on the weather map. This, he has carried out to
a minute and ingenious degree, but with the realization
that no system of classification can at present meet the
countless vagaries of the weather and that future discovery
will likely modify his views. The argument is, however,
that similar frontal situations may be expected to yield
similar types of weather.

There are thirty-seven pages of text devoted to the
analysis of weather-types, data being derived from airplane
observations and other sources, throughout the year.
The author, in his introduction, goes on to say:

"After the above analysis had been completed, it was noticed that,
although most days in each subdivision had similar weather, still the
weather of each subdivision was not characteristic of itself alone,—
it was often quite identical in its main features with that of some other
subdivision. This led to a briefer and probably a more natural clas-
sification of weather types, based mainly upon the lower clouds."

The results have been reduced to a series of tables which,
at first glance appear rather complicated but are, in fact,
really very easy to visualize once the principle on which
they are constructed has been apprehended. At the end
of the text the author has added other tables which are
designed to aid the reader to form some idea of what weather

{Continued on page 367)

Fig. 4. Typhoon clouds of a small typhoon center only forty miles
to the east of Manila; 11:45 a. m., April 17, 1935.

349

Servant Girl

By Estrella D. Alfon

ROSA was scrubbing the clothes she was washing
slowly. Alone in the washroom of her mis-
' tress' house, she could hear the laughter of
women washing clothes in the public bathhouse from
which she was separated by only a thin wall. She
would have liked to be there with the other women
to take part in their jokes and their laughter and their
merry gossiping, but they paid a centavo for every ten
pieces of soiled linen they brought there to wash and her
mistress wanted to save this money.

A pin she had failed to remove from a dress sunk its
point deep into her finger. She cried to herself in surprise,
and squeezed the finger until the blood came out. She
watched the bright red drop fall into the suds of soap,
and looked in delight at its gradual mingling into the white-
ness. Her mistress came upon her thus, and shouting
at her, startled her into busily rubbing, while she tried
not to listen to the scolding words.

When her mistress left her, she fell to doing her work
slowly again, and sometimes she paused to listen to the
talk in the bathhouse behind her. A little later her mis-
tress' shrill voice told her to go to the bathhouse for drink-
ing water. Eagerly wiping her hands on her wet wrap,
she took the can from the kitchen table and went quickly
out.

She was sweating at the defective town pump when
strong hands closed over hers and started to help her.
The hands pressing down on hers made her wince
and she withdrew her hands hastily. The movement
was greeted by a shout of laughter from the women wash-
ing and Rosa looked at them in surprise. The women
said to each other, "Rosa does not like to be touched by
Sancho", and then slapped their thighs in laughter. Rosa
frowned and picked up her can. Sancho made a move
to help her but she thrust him away, and the women roar-
ed again, saying "Because we are here, Sancho, she is
ashamed."

Rosa carried the can away, her head angrily down, and
Sancho followed her, saying "Do not be angry," in coaxing
tones. But she went her slow way with the can.

Her mistress' voice came to her, calling impatiently,
and she tried to hurry. When she arrived the woman
asked her what had kept her so long, and without waiting
for an answer, she ranted on, saying she had heard the
women joking in the bathhouse, and she knew what had
kept the girl so long. Her anger mounting with every
angry word she said, she finally swung out an arm, and
before she quite knew what she was doing, she slapped
Rosa's face.

She was sorry as soon as she realized what she had done.
She turned away, muttering still, while Rosa's eyes filled
with sudden tears. The girl poured the water from the can
into the earthen jar, a bitter lump in her throat, and thought
of what. she would do to people like her mistress when
she herself, God willing, would be "rich." Soon however,
she thought of Sancho, and the jokes the women had shout-

350

ed at her. She thought of their laughter and Sancho
following her with his coaxing tones, and she smiled
slowly.

Getting back to her washing, she gathered the
clothes she had to bleach, and piled them into a
basin she balanced on her head. Passing her mis-
tress in the kitchen, she said something about going to
bleach the clothes and under her breath added an epi-
thet. She had to cross the street to get to the stones
gathered about in a whitened circle in a neighbor's yard
where she was wont to lay out the clothes. She passed
some women hanging clothes on a barbed-wire fence to dry.
They called to her and she smiled at them.

Some dogs chasing each other on the street, she did not
notice because the women were praising her for the white-
ness of the linen in the basin on her head. She was answer-
ing them that she hadn't even bleached them yet, when
one of the dogs passed swiftly very close to her. Looking
down, she saw in wide alarm, another dog close on the
heels of the first. An instinctive fear of the animals made
her want to dodge the heedlessly running dog, and she
stepped gingerly this way and that. The dog, intent on
the other it was pursuing, gave her no heed and ran right
between her legs as Rosa held on to the basin in frantic
fear lest it fall and the clothes get soiled. Her patadiong
was tight in their wetness about her legs, and she fell down,
in the middle of the street. She heard the other women's
exclamations of alarm, and her first thought was for the
clothes. Without getting up, she looked at the basin
and gave obscene thanks when she saw the clothes still
piled secure and undirtied. She tried to get up, hurrying
lest her mistress come out and see her thus and slap her
again. Already the women were setting up a great to-do
about what had happened. Some were coming to her,
loudly abusing the dogs, solicitousness on their faces.
Rosa cried, "Nothing's the matter with me." Still strug-
gling to get up, she noticed that her wrap had been loos-
ened and had bared her breasts. She looked around
wildly, sudden shame coloring her cheeks, and raised the
wrap and tied it securely around herself again.

She could stand but she found she could not walk. The
women had gone back to their drying, seeing she was up
and apparently nothing the worse for the accident. Rosa
looked down at her right foot which twinged with pain.
She stooped to pick up the basin and put it on her head
again. She tried stepping on the toes of her right foot
but it made her wince. She tried the heel but that also
made her bite her lip. Already her foot above the ankle
was swelling. She thought of the slap her mistress had
given her for staying in the bathhouse too long and the
slap she was most certain to get now for delaying like this.
But she couldn't walk, that was settled.

Then there came down the street a tartanilla without
any occupant except the qoqhero, who rang and rang his
bell, but she couldn't move away from the middle of the
street. She looked up at the driver and started angrily
to tell him that there was plenty of room at the sides of

the street, and that she couldn't move anyway, even if
there weren't. The man jumped down from his seat and
bent down and looked at her foot. The basin was still
on Rosa's head and he took it from her, and put it in his
vehicle. Then he squated down and bidding Rosa put a
hand on his shoulders to steady herself, he began to touch
with gentle fingers the swelling ankle, pulling at it and
massaging it. They were still in the middle of the street.
Rosa looked around to see if the women were still there to
look at them but they had gone away. There was no one
but a small boy licking a candy stick, and he wasn't paying
any attention to them. The cochero looked up at her,
the sweat on his face, saw her looking around with pain
and embarrassment mingled on her face. Then, so swifty
she found no time to protest, he closed his arms about her
knees and lifted her like a child. He carried her to his
tartanilla, plumped her down on one of the seats. Then
he left her, coming back after a short while with some coco-
nut oil in the hollow of his palm. He rubbed the oil on
her foot, and massaged it. He was seated on the seat
opposite Rosa's and had raised the injured foot to his
thigh, letting it rest there, despite Rosa's protest, on his
blue faded trousers. The basin of wet clothes was beside
Rosa on the seat and she fingered the clothing with flutter-
ing hands. The cochero asked her where she lived and
she told him, pointing out the house. He asked what
had happened, and she recited the whole thing to him,
stopping with embarrassment when she remembered the
loosening of her patadiong and the nakedness of her bosom.
How glad she was he had not seen her thus. The cochero
had finished with her foot, and she slid from the seat, her
basin on a hip. But he took it from her, asking her to
tell him where the bleaching stones were. He went then,
and himself laid out the white linen on the stones, knowing
like a woman, which part to turn to the sun.

He came back after a while, just as Rosa heard with
frightened ears the call of her mistress. She snatch-
ed the basin from the cochero's hand and despite the pain
caused her, limped away.

She told her mistress about the accident. The woman
did not do anything save to scold her lightly for being care-

less. Then she looked at the swollen foot and asked who
had put oil on it. Rosa was suddenly shy of having to
let anyone know about her cochero, so she said she had
asked for a little oil at the store and put it on her foot
herself. Her mistress was unusually tolerant, and Rosa
forgot about the slapping and said to herself this was a
day full of luck!

It was with very sharp regret that she thought of her
having forgotten to ask the cochero his name. Now, in
the days that followed, she thought of him, the way he
had wound an arm around her knees and carried her like
a little girl. She dreamed about the gentleness of his
fingers. She smiled remembering the way he had laid
out the clothes on the stones to bleach. She knew that
meant he must do his own washing. And she ached in
tenderness over him and his need for a woman like her to
do such things for him,— things like mending the straight
tear she had noticed at the knee of his trousers when her
foot had rested on them; like measuring his tartanilla
seat cushions for him, and making them, and stringing
them on his vehicle. She thought of the names for men
she knew and called him by them. She changed his name
every day until she hit on the name of Angel,1 and that
seemed to her most proper, so she called him by it in think-
ing of him, ever afterwards. In her thoughts she spoke
to him and he always answered.

She found time to come out on the street for a while,
every day. Sometimes she would sweep the yard or trim
the scraggly hedge of viola bushes; or she would loiter
on an errand for tomatoes or vinegar. She said to herself,
He dreams of me too, and he thinks of me. He passes
here every day wishing to see me. She never saw him
pass, but she said to herself, He passes just when I am in
the house, that's why I never see him.

Some tartanilla would pass, and if she could, as soon as
she heard the sound of the wheels, she looked out of a
window, hoping it would be Angel's. Sometimes she would
sing very loudly, if she felt her mistress was in a good humor
and not likely to object. She told herself that if he could
not see her, he would at least wish to hear her voice.

i Angel, a Spanish name pronounced anhal'.

{Continued on page 362)

Last Word

By Luis Dato

BELOVED, I regret
The world to leave,
Since you might not forget;
Still burns unquenched an ember.

You still remember — •

Was this my fate?

Still burns unquenched an ember

In you of hate.

Beloved, I must leave,
Is there regret?
If love were wrong, forgive,
If right, forget.

351

Shadows Over Indo-China

By Marc T. Greene

FRANCE is the second colonial empire in ex-
tent and value of far-flung possessions.
Upon the welfare of these possessions and
the regularity with which revenue pours in from
them depends much of France's own economic
security. Portugal and Spain both fell from power
because they were unable to keep their widely-
scattered empires together. The same thing can
happen today with any one of the several nations whose
possessions abroad constitute the main sources of its wealth.
No doubt whatever that it can happen and well the
leaders of these nations know it. For that reason there
is much concern as to economic conditions in their colonies,
as to the state of mind of the native peoples, as to possible
menace by other countries lacking colonies and thus cov-
etous.

Disturbing as are conditions in many of the colonial
possessions of all the powers, probably France has the most
to worry about. Its North African native subjects are
more restive than ever because they have been told and
believe that the people of Spanish Morocco are going to
get their independence as a reward for their assistance
to the mad dogs of European fascism in Spain. More-
over, like all the rest of Islam, the natives of Algeria and
Tunisia, and to some degree of the French middle African
colonies, are excited over the turbulence in Palestine.
Concessions granted Mohammedans there or anywhere
else will excite them still further, fanning to a flame the fire
of nationalistic feeling that has always smouldered and
which religious solidarity if nothing else has kept from
dying out.

France faces these difficulties and possibilities in Africa
and the Near East, but it faces even more serious con-
ditions in Indo-China because there the economic state
of the natives is so deplorably low as to cast a cloud of
gloom and depression over the whole eastern colonial empire.
No small part of this condition is due to the economic and
financial policy of French governments preceding that of
honest, well-meaning, large-hearted Leon Blum.

The policy of those governments was exploitation pure
and simple in respect of the colonies. Indeed, French
colonial policy has rarely been anything else. It has not
even pretended to be anything else. The French have
been in Asia and Africa and the South Seas for "what they
could get out of it," and let the natives make out the best
they might.

Possibly it will be retorted that this is the colonial policy
of every nation, and that will not be very far from right.
Yet it must be admitted that England, and America too
in its relatively insignificant possessions, have done a good
deal to benefit the native peoples, have even in some measure
tried to be what England, at least, always insists it is, a
"moral force" in colonization.

But when one finds that even today, after what the Blum
Government in France has been able to do in a short time
to improve their lot, the minimum wage of Indo-Chinese
miners is 13 cents a day and the maximum about 35, and

352

that the compensations of workers in all lines are
proportionate, one finds difficulty in characterizing
this as anything but exploitation.

In any case, the Indo-Chinese natives deem it
that. Out of 23,000,000 of them inhabiting a
territory about 270,000 square miles in area, 18,-
000,000 at least are estimated to have an average
income of not more than $25.
Incredible as this may seem, it is the fact, as careful
investigation and computation by disinterested observers
has revealed. So far as this correspondent has surveyed
the world, and that is a considerable way, nothing like
such a condition exists anywhere else. Less than $.50
a week to live on! Bad as is the condition of workers
in the British-owned Indian jute-mills with their wage of
25 or 30 cents for a sixteen-hour day and six-day week,
disgrace as that is to the thing some people still refer to as
"civilization", what of the worker in a country and climate
like Indo-China's who receives for a long day's hard labor
the munificent emolument of $.07?

Shadows over Indo-China! Probably the workers and
the agriculturalists there are worse off than any in the whole
Orient, and you will agree that that is saying a good deal.
Why? It is a rich producing land, this. It grows as fine
rice as any in the world and exports an enormous amount,
especially to nearby China. Much of the rice used by
the British Crown Colony of Hongkong comes from Saigon.
More is sent to other French tropical colonies, especially
Equatorial Africa.

Why is it, then, that the people who produce this must
exist in half-starved fashion and with no assurance that
after a while they will not starve altogether? Exploita-
tion. That is the answer and there is no other. True,
the world depression hit Indo-China hard, but the financial
skullduggery that accompanied it was worse. For when
France returned to the "gold standard" a few years ago
Indo-China was also forced to cling to it. That left the
country a financial wreck stranded on a silver coast. All
the neighbors with which Indo-China traded were on a
silver basis, Siam, the Straits, China, and so forth.

The result was impoverishment for the Indo-Chinese
people. Moreover, about that time the Bank of Indo-
China resorted to a weird move, disposing of its large stock
of silver to China, all for the benefit of some of the exploit-
ers— wreckers — of Indo-China back in France. Out of
all this business the natives, Annamese, Tonkinese, Cam-
bodians, and the rest, grew poorer and poorer. The Anna-
mese, last to be "pacified" by the French in the course of
the fighting that finally subjugated Indo-China, have never
taken kindly to French dominance and do not today. In
1930 and again a year later some of them mutinied in the
north. So did Tonkinese colonial troops, and several
French officers were killed.

The French dealt characteristically with this mutiny,
rounding up everybody who by any possible chance could
have had anything to do with it. Ten or twelve were ex-
ecuted and several score imprisoned for life or transported*

though every last one denied any guilt whatever. Thus
the northern natives were left more resentful than ever
and remain so today, ready to revolt whenever the least
chance of success offers.

It is another thing to the credit of Leon Blum and his
government that, well aware of the desperate conditions
in the Oriental empire and sincerely desirous of remedying
them, likewise anxious to conciliate and gain the allegiance
of natives of other colonial possessions, measures should
at once have been taken to do those things.

Up to now Indo-China, like the rest of the French col-
onial empire, has been under what has amounted to an
authoritarian form of government. Subsidized sultans,
sheiks, and chiefs, lavishly paid in order that they may
maintain an establishment that shall impress the natives
though possessing as much actual power as one of those
natives and not a bit more, are part of the policy of the
French in colonial government. But the resident French
official, under the French Residente Superieur, and the
whole lot under the Governor- General, constitute the
real power and it is flagrantly dictatorial. There is, nom-
inally to assist the Executive but actually to approve
what he decides, a body with a grandiloquent name called
the Grand Council of Economic and Financial Interests,
Twenty-eight of its fifty-one members are French, some
chosen by various French bodies and interests such as
the Chamber of Commerce, but enough appointees of the
Governor-General himself to leave with him always the
balance of power.

This state of things the Blum Government promised
to remedy, and great was the disgust among the French
of Indo-China when it came into power. Now, vital
and significant loss to the whole of European liberalism,
Blum has fallen and one hears no great good of his suc-
cessor though the declared policy at the moment is a con-
tinuation, even a strengthening, of liberalism. But there
is so much dishonesty, chicanery, and intrigue in French
politics, that parting with such a pilot as Leon Blum at
such a critical time in France's, Europe's, and the whole
world's affairs, is a grave risk to everybody concerned.
It is particularly unfortunate as to Indo-China, and if
the new French government fails to fulfill the promises
made by its immediate predecessors, then the shadows
which hang so heavily over the impoverished country will
lower until perhaps the tempest will burst through them.
As in other countries, the coming into power in France
of a liberal government after so many years of reaction
and all its accompanying selfishness and intrigue, encour-
aged the Indo-Chinese to hope for social and economic
legislation that would somewhat relieves their distress.
As elsewhere, too, they commenced to implement their
resentment at prevailing conditions in strikes far and wide.
This is not the best way to greet the inauguration of
a new government sympathetic to the needs and wishes
of the common people and the workers. But, human
nature being as it is at the moment, such things will gen-
erally happen. The people have been exploited, crush-
ed, and scorned. Now their chance has come, or seems
to have come, and they determine to meet it more than
half way. That is precisely what is happening in Amer-
ica. How can one expect anything else among a people

who have been treated like the Indo-Chinese?

However, M. Moutet, Colonial Minister in the Blum
Cabinet, included in his first declarations of policy an
assurance to all native colonial subjects of France of
''equality of treatment with the peasantry of France itself
in all concernments." At the same time he promised
Indo-China social legislation which should improve work-
ing conditions and living generally. The working day
was to be reduced gradually to a minimum of eight hours.
Holidays with pay were to be granted, likewise a weekly
rest day, minimum wages, free medical attention, half-
pay for the incapacitated through injury or illness, and
other boons never existing before.

At the same time M. Moutet made it clear that com-
munistic agitation or violence in connection with strikes
would be dealt with on something like the old terms. In
other words, France was now determined to help Indo-
China in such ways and as rapidly as could be done, but
Indo-China must not resort to extremes in the hope
of hastening the new regime.

That was all very well, and all but the extremists were
disposed to heed the warning and to wait for the new day,
especially as harbingers of its coming were not long in
appearing. But now Blum with his good intent has fallen,
another in the long and drab list of victims of the ruthless
French financial system which buys men and newspapers
and munitions factories and combines them in an instru-
ment as ruthless and as menacing to the welfare, to the
very existence, of France, as the worst foe it could pos-
sibly have abroad.

If this fell power gets its grip upon France again, as it
seems to be making progress toward doing in its defeat
of the Blum government, then nothing can prevent trouble
in the colonies, first of all, perhaps, in Indo-China. Under
the reactionary governments which have ruled France,
native restiveness in the colonies has been kept under control
by intimidation and by force alone, as witness the exist-
ence in Algeria of a French army of more than 100,000
and in Indo-China of one of 28,000. These armies are
supplemented by extensive air forces and the latter, es-
pecially in Algeria, are being strengthened and expanded
at a very rapid rate. **

Only in such fashion can a reactionary France, a
"system"-dominated France, hold its two most profit-
able colonies. And the endeavor to hold them that way
must presently result in conflict and much bloodshed.
Everywhere the alien peoples under European dominance
are determined to throw off the yoke of medieval tyran-
nical rule. The sooner Europe recognizes that, the greater
the assurance of peace in and continued profit from the
colonies. But colonial natives have awakened to a real-
ization of their value to the power that dominates them,
likewise to the fact that nothing like an adequate return
has been made or is being made to them for the aforesaid
value. If such a return is now made, well and good. Col-
onies will continue to be of profit and empires will hold
together. If not, then, the contrary. In the case of
Indo-China, where a selfish and ill-advised policy has caused
the shadows to gather so heavily, a liberal France may
hold it in friendly and therefore profitable fashion. A
reactionary France will have to fight harder to do so than
it has ever done yet.

353

Leper Women Voted for Suffrage, 918 to 5

By Eloise Sterling Hirt

w • n

TE have to shout hurrah! Our labor was not in
vain. Is it not splendid for all Filipina wo-
men that we can now cast our vote?"

Thus writes a woman on the leper island, Culion. Nine
hundred eighteen women down there are echoing her
hurrahs. These women are going about their daily routine
in the isolated settlement with a new feeling about their
lives. They are not outcast. The world has not consigned
them to the grave. Other Philippine women needed and
called for their voices at one of the most critical times
in the life of the Commonwealth. And the leper women
answered, answered gloriously.

Culion has been called the Island of the Dead. The
vote on April 30, 1937, invalidates that name for all time.
Had Manila been as alive as the leper colony, the city vote
in the plebiscite would have been over 100,000.

In one way the leper women had an advantage. Going
to the poles was not new to them. Their city sisters
suffered a timidity which the Culion women shed 32 years
ago. Leper women of Culion were among the first women
of the world to vote, in 1906. Only seven nations had
granted any kind of franchise to their women prior to that
time. The Austrian Empire, Sweden, Finland, Iceland,
New Zealand, Norway, Australia had given more or less
limited powers to women. Some allowed only high tax
payers to vote. Some gave women a voice only in munic-
ipal affairs. Iceland and Sweden extended the privilege
only to widows and spinsters. What compensation!
Leper women were not so hampered. From the first
they had full privileges. No opinion was excluded.
The current literacy test had not been devised in 1906.
And since nobody owned property in Culion there was
never any discussion as to the vote being limited to tax-
payers. There were only two qualifications: residency
in Culion and an age of 21 years.

Dr. Victor Heiser, using every means possible to make
life in the isolation settlement as attractive as possible,
offered the vote to men and women alike. His gesture
stimulated a great interest in the affairs of the colony.
A presidente and ten councillors had to be elected, as
well as a committee representing all the leading dialect
groups in the Islands, a kind of clearing house made neces-
sary by the barrier of language. It was bad enough to
be torn away from home and loved ones; intolerable to be
where one had little understanding and no part in the
system of life around him. Helping to run the town gave
the leper women a sense of importance they had never
known at home.

Deep in their hearts they realized it was only a means
to keep them contented, a trick to give them a feeling of
normal life. They guessed that Manila had never even
heard of their voting activities, as indeed it hadn't.

But when the Filipino woman was backed against the
wall by those who had written into the Constitution a
demand for 300,000 affirmative women's votes as a pre-
requisite to woman suffrage, she called to every corner of her
Islands and the cries came back, full throated, positive.

354

Culion with its flame of life only flickering 200 miles away
between the China and the Sulu Seas answered the call
with a shout that amazed the most sanguine of the suffrage
leaders at National Headquarters.

The leper women were not without leaders. Among
the afflicted ones were women who had campaigned before,
well educated women who lost no time in showing others
the far reaching importance of the national suffrage plebis-
cite. Nurses and doctors' wives worked too, worked hero-
ically. They provided the material help which swung the
campaign to such a smashing victory.

It was my privilege to talk to almost a thousand leper
women in a hastily called meeting early in March. Fili-
pino nurses with whom I stayed knew that I had toured
the northern provinces of Luzon with the suffrage leaders,
Mrs. Pilar Hidalgo Lim and Mrs. Josefa Escoda. Nurses,
doctors, teachers, working on the island, suffer the same
isolation as the leper. They were all eager for details
of the campaign, eager to get a finger in it. Having heard
the official speeches some sixteen times, I knew I could
parrot them fairly well. I volunteered. Before I could
get my notes together the meeting was called in the open-
air theater in the Plaza which is quite like any other small
(Continued on page 360)

CULION SUFFRAGE LEADERS

Left to right, front row: — Miss Crisanta Camagon, Mrs. Paula A. de Valdez,
Mrs. Josefa Jugueta, supervising nurse and dietitian, Mrs. Apolonia Cachero,
Mrs. Casimiro B. Lara, president of Culion Woman's Club and wife of the Chief
Physician, Mrs. Victoria Nicolas, nurse. Upper row: — Mrs. Elena Ramirez de
Amagan, Mrs. Damiana N. de Postijada, Mrs. Concordia S. de Lasilas.

All but the three in the lower row to the right are lepers and have been in the
colony from 4 to 21 years. The two nurses, Mrs. Jugueta and Mrs. Nicolas, have
served in the colony 17 years.

N. B. — Mrs. Jose Raymundo, wife of the Chief of the Colony, was also an active
suffrage worker but due to a severe illness was unable to be in the picture.

Barrio Episode

By Redentor Ma. Tuazon

LITTLE Ambo was drowned during Lent. ^
Having taken his father's carabao to the
corral from the mudhole at the back of the
house and fed him freshly cut sugar-cane leaves, he
had gone up-river to see the flagellants perform the
rites supposed to purge their souls of sin.

The next morning, Indang Juana roused the people
with an anxious question: "Have you seen my boy, Ambo?
He has not been home since yesterday morning !" She
went from house to house with the tearful query. Fathers
asked their wives and children. All they could tell her
was that Ambo was last seen going to a place beyond
Whitaker's hacienda to see the flagellants.

Then Incong Berong said that possibly (but God for-
bid!) he had been drowned. Many tongues took this
up and the fear spread. If Ambo could not be found, he
must have drowned. In no time the people could not be
shaken out of this belief. Barrio folk lead uneventful
lives and rumors of occurrences that transcend the ordinary
gain quick acceptance. But where, at what spot did Ambo
drown? All eyes turned to the silent river that held the
awesome answer.

Incong Berong remembered Apung Teban whose prowess
as a diver was known to all. Did he not out-stay every one
when they went to the river to dive for clams? It was
said of him that in the water he was like a fish. It was his
fame in the barrio. It was like the renown of Esiong,
the cacambal ubihgan, when it came to snake-bites.
Esiong could cure people bitten by poisonous snakes be-
cause he had that power over them by being born with a
snake brother, as the people believed. Apung Teban
could easily recover Ambo's body if it were but known
where it lay. . . .

Apung Teban sent his wife to town hurriedly. When
she returned, she had a rice-pot with her, a new brick-red
banga. Teban took it up to his house and asked for a
candle. He set the candle upright inside the pot and lighted
it. Then he placed the whole thing before the images of
the Holy Child and the Christ with the crown of thorns.
His wife knelt down and began to pray. When she finished,
Teban took the pot and started for the river. Meanwhile,

people had gathered and followed him. Reach-
ing^the river, he reverently floated the pot on the
water, the candle still lighted.

For a long while, the pot remained motionless.
The air was stirless; the water itself was quiet. The
people waited with bated breath. Suddenly, excla-
mations broke out. The pot was beginning to move!
Uncertainly at first. Upriver; then downriver. It got en-
tangled among the reeds. The people looked on in des-
pair. "Why does not some one free it?" an impatient
man asked. "No!" answered another, "let it alone, or
you'll drive away the spirit that makes it move."

As if to confirm this, the pot began to turn a little. Slow-
ly it moved on and on . . . past the sugar central's wharf,
past the moored cascos, past the bridge.

At sundown, when the fateful pot which was expected
to point out the spot in the river where the body of Ambo
lay, reached the nipa groves, the excitement reached a high
pitch. This was the place where the flagellants had begun
their gory trail, where Ambo was known to have gone.
Suddenly the pot seemed to hesitate in its course. The
candle went out mysteriously. The water around it
became troubled. The pot turned around and round as if
caught in a whirlpool.

"He's there!" cried a nervous woman. Apung Teban
took off his shirt. He solemnly made the sign of the cross
and then entered the water. He swam toward the now
strangely immobile pot. He dove.

One minute and he had not appeared. Two minutes.
Would he never come up to breathe? Had it erred, the
spirit that supposedly guided the candled pot to this spot?
Was the body really there under the water where the pot
had stopped? Then the head of Apung Teban bobbed
into sight. Laboriously he swam for the bank, holding
something, towing it along.

"AMBO!" The cry escaped the spectators' lips in
unison. Indang Juana heard it.

"Ambo, my son! anak Ao/" she sobbed hysterically.
Apung Teban was on his feet in the shallow water now.
He held an inert form in his arms, the lifeless body of little
Ambo.

The Soul Of Man

By Mariano Salvador Moreno

ALL day the painter And yet another said:

Sat painting under the sun. "He is painting a gloomy night!

A passerby said: I asked the artist

"He is painting a cow! " And he replied:

Another said: «j g^ painting none of those things.

"He is painting a pig! " j &m painting the soui Qf man

Another said: t w of the life he leads on earth! "

"He is painting the sun! J

355

The Alupasi Industry of Caba, La Union

Random Notes of A Student of Soil Geography

By Dominador Z. Rosell

The narrow coastal plane
banana plantation

CABA is a small town in La
Union located between
Aringay and Bauang, 265
kilometers from Manila. The po-
pulation is approximately 7,000.
Agriculture is the main source of
livelihood of the people who are,
however, handicapped by the lack
of good, level agricultural land,
located as the community is on the
narrow coastal plain of the Ilocos
region. There are, in fact, only
a few hundred hectares of level
land. The soils of this land run
from sandy to loamy in texture
and are not very rich. The
rest of the land is hilly and
mountainous, and consists of
loose, friable, and droughty soils.
In addition to this, areas that
should have been allowed to
forest are badly skinned and almost barren.

The narrow level coastal plain is planted to rice during
the rainy season and tobacco during the dry season. Vege-
table crops are also grown but to a limited amount. Corn
is planted after the rice in some places where tobacco is
not grown. The hillsides and the rolling areas are planted
to upland rice. Bamboo abounds in steep areas. Coconut
trees line the seashore.

Tobacco being the leading crop of La Union, however, the
alupasi industry has become a very good source of income
for the people of Caba. Alupasi is the Ilocano term for
the Tagalog word lapnis, — dried banana sheaths used for
wrapping bales of tobacco whether for storage or ship-
ment. During the last several years the town of Caba
has produced as much as ^20,000 worth of this wrapping
material annually.

The banana is a common Philippine plant and grows
everywhere, as it may be planted either in sandy or clay
soils provided there is sufficient moisture.

The hillsides and the rolling lands of Caba are planted
to different varieties such as the Latundan, Saba, Tar-
nate, Bofigolan, Botohan, and others. The variety
of banana used for making alupasi is the Botohan varie-
ty, the tall trunks being very suitable for the produc-
tion of long, wide strips of the wrapping material.

of Ilocos with a stripped
in the foreground.

In other parts of the Philippines
the Botohan banana is grown for
its leaves, which are also wide.
People of Laguna, Batangas,
Cavite, and Rizal gather them for
sale in the Manila markets, where
they are used as wrapping ma-
terial for fish and other commodi-
ties. The panciterias in Manila
used banana leaves extensively
for wrapping pansit that is taken
home.

In Caba, the Botohan variety
is planted in open, sunny places.
When the plants have reached a
certain age, the leaves of the whole
plantation are removed, this ex-
posing the bare trunks. When the
trees have reached their maximum
growth, they are cut down,
the younger ones being left
standing. The sheaths are then removed one by one and
laid besides the remaining trees, and are left there from
one to two weeks. They are not allowed to become too
dry because then they crack and break easily. The length
of the sheaths ranges from two to two and a half meters
and the width from 15 to 20 centimeters. When dry they
are tied in bundles of 100 each. A bundle sells at retail
from forty to fifty centavos. The wholesale price for 1,000
sheaths or ten bundles runs from 1*3.50 to P4.50.
The Chinese are usually the best buyers of the
alupasi.

During a conversation I had with one man who was
removing the sheaths from some banana trunks, I learned
that the reason for cutting off all the leaves in a whole
plantation is to allow the sunshine to get to the sheaths.
But, why not gather the sheaths of only those trees that
have reached maximum growth and place them outside
the plantation to dry? This method would allow the
younger trees to grow without interruption. How many
sheaths can be obtained from a tree that has reached its
maximum growth? How dry is good alupasi? What is
the actual cost of production? What is the income per
hectare? Can we use alupasi for anything else than wrap-
ping tobacco? The answers to such questions can only
be arrived at after careful study of the industry.

Cinqi

luain

By Herminio M. Beltran

OSTAR
Of morning — -fade!
The sun doth rise. . . . Youth's dreams
Must flee, it seems, from Reality's
Dire eyes!

356

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

Mr. Toastmaster:

We own (as a matter of fact, this is the
only thing we own; everything else, we owe)
we are not aware of any task that we confront,
nevertheless, like High Commissioner McNutt,
we approach it with great humility. As Aris-
totle did not say, "This is a most extraordinary occasion.
Never before in my life have I listened to a few words of
mine in advance cf the words themselves." Well, why not?
Before our lives, we ourselves had a similar experience.
Our descendants, like those of Under-Secretary of Justice
Melencio, will never forgive us if we did not have such
experience. Neither will our ascendants. Under-Secretary
Melencio is fortunate in that he has evidently none of the
latter to worry about. Magna est Veritas et prevale-

hahhitt.

As we were saying, we never heard of Democracy in the
Philippines until McNutt called our attention to it. As
Weyl asks in this connection "Was ist Materie? " (An
English translation of this epoch -unmaking work will
soon appear under the title "What's the matter?" to be

followed by an Italian translation by Com-
mander Balbon "Wazzo maro? " The Japan-
ese translation "Watzu Maru? " has already
disappeared.) Now that we come to think of
it, we have in fact more democracy than is
good for Secretary Quirino. The other day, in
San Fernando, he made the following statement before the
poor helpless Pampangos already handicapped by their lingo :
"During the first year of the Soviet government, the earnings
were divided, one half for the leader and the other half for the
laborers. Second year, the ratio was two for the leader and
one for the laborer; the third year, three for the leader and
one for the laborer and so on, with the share of the leader
ever increasing and the poor laborer's fixed at one." In a
better governed country Secretary Quirino would have
immediately been overwhelmed with orders and decorations.
He would have been created Knight of the Most
Noble Order of the Grand Double Cross, Commander of
the Order of the Golden Fleece, Companion of the Order
of the Pink Elephant, Knight Commander of the Most

(Continued at the bottom of the next page)

Idilio de Amor

By Aurelio Alvero

FOR the fifty-four thousand
Nine hundred
And sixty-sixth time —
Miguel Pelaez y Romero
Asked the beautiful Consuelo,
Daughter of Don Pancho de la Riva
And of Dona Juana Pascuala
Mariana Rosario Lopez de la Riva,
If she
Could learn
To care
For him.

And for the fifty-four thousand

Nine hundred

And sixty-sixth time—

The beautiful Consuelo

Answered bluntly,

Cruelly,

Heartlessly,

Mercilessly,

Definitely —

"No!

And Miguel Pelaez y Romero,

Who had been asking the age-old question

Of Consuelo

Ever since they were mere |tots

Playing in the backyard

Of Dona Menchang,

Bethought himself

Of a nice,

Dramatic,

Romantic,

Sentimental

And sensational way

Of ending existence

By a high jump

From the topmost floor

Of the Equitable Life

Skyscraper. . . .

And so he took his hat,

Said gruffly a goodbye,

And pacing slowly

With a determined mien,

He went to Joe's Saloon

And took a drink

And another drink,

And another,

And then he got into a taxi

For the cabaret

In far San Juan —

And just forgot

The whole caboodle!

357

Finance and Investment Section

When You Buy Mining Stock

By John Truman

Editor's Note: — The following note and nothing else was
received from Mr. Truman for this issue of the Philippine
Magazine, and not knowing what else to do with it or this
section. I made up my mind to publish the note— evidently
written after a glance at the Stock Exchange bulletin board
for July 27 and the Lord knows how many gulps of whiskey.

The Note
"Dear Editor: — -As it appears that not only investors
but even the gamblers are keeping away from the stock
market for the present, leaving the field entirely to the
sellers— long and short, another road to fortune should
be opened. I suggest you invite the public to participate
in a prize contest for the best replies to the following
problem :

When will bottom be reached?

"Contestants should aijswer in one sentence of not to
exceed 125 words, giving either a date |or the expected
lowest price of some well known stock. For example:

(1) August 8, 1937, 13:61 a. m.

(2) When Antamok sells]at two bananas a share.
"I suggest that you offer the following prizes:

First Prize — Five pesos cash;

Second Prize— A seat on either the Manila or the
International Stock Exchange;

Third Prize— Two hundred assorted mining stock
certificates of from 100,000 to 500,000 shares each
of companies organized iduring the last boom; these
may be Used as wallpaper and are also of interest to

collectors of autographs as each certificate bears
the signatures of well known national business
men;

Fourth Prize—A job in a brokerage office;
the winner would have to present a medical cer-
tificate to the effect that he needs a vacation,
and would receive no salary but fifty per cent of the
broker's net income;

Fifth Prize— Three dozen assorted items of good

advice from a newly arrived expert on how to make

money on the Exchanges.

"Shouldn't these prizes be attractive enough, each

winner might be offered in addition easy chairs for three

members of his family in the lobby of any brokerage office,

to be used, however, only during office hours.

"The Board of Judges should be composed of the follow-
ing persons:

(1) The night watchman of the Manila Stock
Exchange,

(2) The messenger boy of the International Stock
Exchange,

(3) The janitor of the Securities and Exchange
Commissioner's office, and

(4) The editors of the Exchange columns of the
Bulletin and the Herald.

"I think such a contest would arouse great interest
throughout the Philippines.
"Yours,

(in a quavering hand) "J. T."

With Charity To All

(Continued from page 357)

Ancient Order of the Balderdash, Companion of the Most
Recent Order of the Pink Parisian Garter, Pale Trembling
Knight of the Order of Don Manuel, Knight of the Half
Order of Tenderloin Rare, P. D. Q., Companion of the
Merry Wives of Windsor, Night (Saturday) of the Order
to the Bath, K.D.O.M., K.R.S.V.P., Companion of the
Noble People of Batac, Knight Commander of the Order
for Encouragement of Cruelty to Communists, Companion
of the Order of the Irish Male Cow, and K.A.B.C.D.E.
F.G.H.I.J.K.L.M.N.O.P.Q.R.S.T.U.V.W.X.Y.Z. But un-
fortunately, Secretary Quirino can only dream of all these
grand things. If only McNutt had not discovered de-
mocracy in the Philippines!

As we were saying, High Commissioner McNutt 's grand-
father once said that every speech or sermon would be
better if it were short. Our own grandfathers entertained
a similar view. They said that every speech or sermon
would be better if it were not delivered at all.

Well, as we were saying, this here Democracy is a hard
Nutt to crack. According to ourselves, "President Jorge
Bocodo nas favorably received the suggestion to establish

358

and advanced police school in the University of the Phil-
ippines, to meet the scientific needs and higher educational
requirements of the national state police." And according
to the supporters of the police school plan, "The school
would give training in scientific police work and crime de-
tection. Aside from this, the need for the school was also
justified by the fact that higher educational attainments
are required of officers of the state police.,, According to
ourselves, among the courses to be offered in this school
will be: Guinto steak smothered with Posadas onions;
the Municipal Golf Course; Democracy, its Prevention
and Cure; How to Administer the Third Degree and even
Higher Degrees; Honor among Policemen; Suicides and
Other Murders; From Gozar to Mrs. Wilson— how They
Were Suicided; Clues and Other Nuisances; "The Course
of True Love," which, according to Putakte and Bubuyog,
leads to the nearest woman.

Ve pausen as ve Schwarzbrot mit Leberwurst eaten und
Pabstbeer drinken . Hoch I

As ve nicht sagen were, ve approachen der End unser
Task mit Sen-Sen uf grat Hiimiditat.

"S-s-s-show me the way to go home. . * ."

Cebuano-Visayan Kinship Terms

By Ignacio T. Quijano

THE Visayans constitute the largest ethnic
group in the Philippines. Due to the fact
that they are spread throughout numerous
separate islands, they speak various dialects. The
two most widely spoken dialects are the Cebuano-
Visayan and the Ilongo-Visayan. The former is the
prevailing dialect in the Eastern Visayas and the latter
in the Western Visayas. Cebuano-Visayan is, however,
spoken over a wider territory because most of the
Northern Mindanao provinces are largely inhabited by
people from the Eastern Visayas. Though the Cebuano-
Visayan is not so highly developed a tongue as Tagalogs,
yet it is a not insignificant rival. The terms of kinship
prevalent 'among the people who 'speak Cebuano-Visayan
are here compiled.

Parent-Child Group

FATHER: The Cebuano-Visayan term for father is
amahan. The children address their father as tat ay or
tatang.

MOTHER: For mother the term is inahan. Nanay
or nanang are terms used by the children.

SON, ! DAUGHTER: As .in Tagalog, the Cebuano-
Visayan term for child is anak. For indicating the sex the
word lalaki (male) or babaye (female) is affixed, as the
case may jbe. A ison is thus called anak nga lalaki and
a daughter anak nga ibabaye. Bat a generally means a
child.

The first born child is known as the kamagulangan and
the youngest the kamanghuran. The term used for an
only child is bugtong. An adulterous or incestuous child
is called anak sa gawas (ga was— outside). Pinaangkan
is used, too. Inday and undo are terms of affection used
by parents and older relatives for young boys and girls,
respectively.

Sibling Group

BROTHER, SISTER: Igso-on is the term for sibling
irrespective of age or sex. For the indication of sex igso-on
nga lalaki for a brother and igso-on nga babaye for a
sister are used.

There are various terms used by a minor child for his
older brothers and sisters. Mano, manoy, or manong
are used for the oldest brother, and ingkof inkoy, and
iyo for the succeeding older brothers. For the oldest sister
mana, manang, or manay is used and uray, manding,
and insi for the succeeding older sisters.

Grandparent-Grandchild Group
The term used for grandparents is apohan, whether male
or female. The term is also used for a granduncle or a
grandaunt. For a grandchild apo is used. Apo nga
lalaki and apo nga babaye are a grandson and grand-
daughter, respectively.

The degrees of relationship with respect to one's grand-
child (apo) are expressed as follows: apo sa sungkod for
a great-grandchild; apo sa tuhod for a grandchild of the

third degree; apo sa svngay for a grandchild of the
fourth degree.

Uncle-Nephew Group
UNCLE: The Cebuano-Visayan term for uncle is
uyoan. The male cousins of either father or mother
are known as uyoan sa pangagawan.

A child calls his uncles by the same terms he uses for his
older brothers.

AUNT: For an aunt the term is iyaan. The female
cousins of either father or mother are known as iyaan sa
pangagawan.

A child calls his ^unts by same terms he uses for his older
sisters.

NEPHEW, NIECE: The generic Cebuano-Visayan
word for nephew or niece is pag-umangkon. For the
indication of sex the term pag-umangkon nga lalaki
and pag-umangkon nga babaye are used for a nephew
and niece respectively. The sons and daughters of cousins
are called pag-umangkon sa pangagawan.

Cousin Group
The Cebuano-Visayan term for cousin is ig-agaw. A
first cousin is an ig-agaw9g tagsa; a second cousin, ig-
agaw' g tagurha; etc. When addressed by minors, the
terms used for older brothers or sisters are applied.

Parent-in-Law and Child-in-Law Group
PARENT-IN-LAW: The term for parent-in-law is

ugangan.

CHILD-IN-LAW: A child-in-law, whether male or

female, is called umagad.

Sibling-in-Law Group

BROTHER-IN-LAW, SISTER-IN-LAW: The Cebua-
no-Visayan word for a brother-in-law or a sister-in-law
is bayao.

SPOUSE'S SIBLING'S SPOUSE: For the husband
or wife of a sibling-in-law, the term is bilas.

Step-Relatives Group
STEP-FATHER: A stepfather is called ama-ama.
STEP-MOTHER: A stepmother is called ina-ina.
When addressing directly his stepfather or stepmother

a child uses the same terms as for older brothers or sisters.

A stepchild is called humabdos.

Other Kinship Terms
Parents whose children have intermarried address each
other as pare and mare, contractions of the Spanish
compadre and comadre, respectively. Bana means
husband; asawa, wife; kabanayan, relatives in general;
inanak, godchild; amahan sa bunyag, godfather; inahan

359

360

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

sa bunyagf godmother; igsoon sa dios, godbrother or
godsister. An adopted child is known as anak-anak.

A young unmarried man is called olit&wo; a young
unmarried woman, dalaga. Bayong is the term for a
boy entering his prime; dalagita for a girl entering maiden-
hood. Balo is used for a widow or widower.

Leper Women Voted . . .

(Continued from, page 354)

town plaza even to its statue of Dr. Jose Rizal. Leonard
Wood, in bronze, stands there too. I know how glad he
would have been to see the leper women finding a cause
into which they could throw so much of their fine energy.

Of course, I couldn't speak Tagalog, not even Spanish.
In order to appear a little less of a foreigner, I dressed in a
Filipino gown, a lovely blue and white one lengthened
and loaned for the occasion by a nurse, Miss Paula Lopez.
In it, I felt just as I thought ]Mrs. Lim looked, very dig-
nified and important. And as I saw the crowd that had
gathered, I needed all the moral support a gown could
give me.

Two hours ahead of schedule, the Plaza was full of
people, both men and women. Every woman who could
get there on her own feet or with the help of friends

or Boy Scouts was dressed in her best and out!

With their Commonwealth only in its second year they
were intent on seeing the Filipino woman take as important
a part in the upbringing of the nation as she takes in the
rearing of her family. Men had plotted against her in the
framing of the Commonwealth Constitution. Not a
politician in the Islands thought she could rally a vote of
300,000 literate women, which perhaps is the only comment
necessary on the judgment of the Filipino man.

The leper women were as inflammable as guncotton.
Although the suffrage speech reached them twice removed—
from Mrs. Lim to me, from me to the able leper linguist
Mr. Pedro Pasion who translated the talk sentence by sen-
tence into Tagalog— they sat on the edges of their seats
and punctuated every point with unreserved approval.
They asked questions. To see their eyes brighten, their
backs stiffen, their shoulders square as they realized what
an unfair challenge the politicians had set them, was an
experience that will never come to me again, and one I
am sure that they had never dared hope would come to
them. To feel they were not forgotten! To see their
ballots assume importance and fit into the pattern of chang-
ing national affairs! To know their voices were needed
by the women of the Philippines! To be told that their
votes— and could they possibly get 1000?— might be the
very deciding factor in the emancipation of their country-

g In this soup, you enjoy tomatoes
4f at their best!

THINK of the most luscious, full-ripe tomatoes you
ever tasted — -then remember the soup which brings
them to you with their fresh-off-the-vine tang captured
by a recipe which delights all who like good things to
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The tomatoes themselves are specially cultivated by
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a flavor never to be forgotten.

Why not serve this wonderful soup often?

At all grocers9

\ S oups

LOOK FOR THE RE D-AND-WHITE LABEL

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MA GAZINE

361

Safety Billboard erected by
the City of Manila with the
cooperation of the Philippine
Advertising Corporation.
Located at the south end
of Sta. Cruz Bridge.

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car is simply ignoring the cause of driver's fatigue.

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Standard-Vacuum Service Station
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[Mobiloil;

women, gave them more vitality than ten years' injections
of chaulmoogra oil. Even the men, edging the crowd,
caught fire and shouted not only approval but willingness
to help in the campaign. Boy Scouts too volunteered to
carry any women unable to walk to the poles.

The literacy test was a high hurdle for many. They all
wanted to vote. There were six weeks before the plebis-
cite! Classes were started.

The day before registration came, and through some
oversight Culion was without official blanks. Could those
women have marched into the offices of the Department
of the Interior that night there would have been a reck-
oning! They had staged a house to house, bed to bed,
campaign. They had taught old women to read and write.
They were all but standing in line to register.

And register they did! One of the nurses had a sample
copy of the official form. She took it to a Boy Scout of
Troop 113. He and some fellow scouts stayed up more
than half the night to mimeograph 1000 blanks for the
committee. The next day 952 women set their names on
the registration list.

Campaign funds, all too slim, could not be shared with
Culion. But nothing could stop that steam roller! Dr.
Jose Raymundo, Chief of the Colony, and Mr. Frederick
Jansen, missionary, gave their busses for the purpose of
gathering all the women in on April 30. But they couldn't
give gasoline; it's expensive down there. As resourceful
as any heroine in a Walt Disney film, the nurses put on a
benefit dance and came out P54.00 to the good. They
saved enough of it to send me a telegram after the plebis-
cite: "918 women vote yes. 5 vote no."

In the thirty-five years of Culion's life tihe Colony has
never been so alive. The curse was even removed from
isolation when they saw their ballots helping to swell
the total vote to the astounding volume of 492,000 voices
insistent on having speaking parts in their government.

Philippine women leaders are "on the spot" now! On
what will they keep this great body of women working?
Are there any intelligent enough, courageous enough to
hoist the flag of Public Health and lead a crusade against
leprosy? In that war they can count on the women of
Culion to help!

Servant Girl

(Continued from page 351)

She longed no more to be part of the group about the
water tank in the bathhouse. She thought of the women
there and their jokes and she smiled, in pity, because they
did not have what she had, some one by the name of Angel,
who knew how to massage injured feet back to being good
for walking and who knew how to lay out clothes for
bleaching.

When they teased her about Sancho, who insisted on
pumping her can full every time she went for drinking water,
she smiled at the women and at the man, full of her hidden
knowledge about someone picking her up and being gentle
with her. She was too full of this secret joy to mind their

362

teasing. Where before she had been openly angry and
secretly pleased, now she was indifferent. She looked at
Sancho and thought him very rude beside . . . beside
Angel. He always put his hands over hers when she made
a move to pump water. He always spoke to her about
not being angry with the women's teasing. She thought
he was merely trying to show off. And when one day
Sancho said, "Do not mind their teasing; they would tease
you more if they knew I really feel like they say I do,"
she glared at him and thought him unbearably ill-man-
nered. She spat out of the corner of her mouth, letting
him see the grimace of distaste she made when she did so,
and seeing Sancho's disturbed face, she thought, "If Angel
knew, he'd strike you a big blow." But she was silent
and proud and unsmiling. Sancho looked after her with
the heavy can of water held by one hand, the other hand
flung out to balance herself against the weight. He waited
for her to turn and smile at him as she sometimes did, but
she simply went her way. He flung his head up and then
laughed snortingly.

Rosa's mistress made her usual bad-humored sallies
against her fancied slowness. Noticing Rosa's sudden
excursions into the street, she made remarks and asked
curious questions. Always the girl had an excuse and her
mistress soon made no further question. And unless
she was in bad temper, she was amused at her servant's
attempts at singing.

One night she sent the maid to a store for wine. Rosa
came back with a broken bottle empty of all its contents.
Sudden anger at the waste and the loss, made her strike
out with closed fists, not caring where her blows landed
until she saw the girl in tears. It often touched her when
she saw Rosa crying and cowering, but now the woman
was too angry to pity.

It never occurred to Rosa that she could herself strike
out and return every blow. Her mistress was thirtyish,
with peaked face and a thin frame, and Rosa's strong arms,
used to pounding clothes and carrying water, could easily
have done her hurt. But Rosa merely cried and cried,
saying now and then Aruyl Aruy!, until the woman,
exhausted by her own anger, left off striking the girl to
sit down in a chair, curse loudly about the loss of such
good wine, and ask where she was going to get the money
to buy another bottle.

Rosa folded her clothes into a neat bundle, wrapped them
in her blanket, and getting out her slippers, thrust her feet
into them. She crept out of a door without her mistress
seeing her and told herself she'd never come back to that
house again.

It would have been useless to tell her mistress how the
bottle had been broken, and the wine spilled. She had
been walking alone in the street hurrying to the wine store,
and Sancho had met her. They had talked; he begging
her to let him walk with her and she saying her mistress
would be angry if she saw. Sancho had insisted and they
had gone to the store and bought the wine, and then going
home, her foot had struck a sharp stone. She had bent
to hold a foot up, looking at the sole to see if the stone
had made it bleed. Her dress had a wide, deep neck, and
it must have hung away from her body when she bent.
Anyway, she had looked up to find Sancho looking into the
neck of her dress. His eyes were turned hastily away as

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE . §63

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MANILA, PHILIPPINES

(Sole Depository in the Philippines of the Commonwealth)

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AGENCIES AND SUB-AGENCIES IN 1010 MUNICIPALITIES

Correspondents in AH Important Cities of the World

364

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

soon as she straightened up, and she thought she could
do nothing but hold her peace. But after a short distance
in their resumed walk home, he had stopped to pick up
a long twig lying on the ground. With deft strokes he
had drawn twin sharp peaks on the ground. They looked
merely like the zigzags one does draw playfully with any
stick, but Rosa, having seen him looking into her dress
while she bent over, now became so angry that she swung
out and with all her force struck him on the cheek with
her open palm. He reeled from the unexpected blow,
and quickly steadied himself while Rosa shot name after
name at him. Anger rose in his face. It was nearly dark,
and there was no one else on the street. He laughed, short
angry laughter, and called her back name for name. Rosa
approached him and made to slap him again, but Sancho
was too quick for her. He had slipped out of her way,
and himself slapped her instead. The surprise of it angered
her into sudden tears. She swung up the bottle of wine
she had held tightly in one hand, and ran after the man to
strike him with it. Sancho slapped her arm so hard that
she dropped the bottle. The man had run away laughing,
calling back a final undeserved name at her, leaving her
to look with tears at the wine seeping into the ground.
Some people had come toward her then, asking what had
happened. She had stooped, picked up the biggest piece
of glass, and hurried back to her mistress, wondering whe-
ther she would be believed and forgiven. . . .

Rosa walked down street after street. She had long ago
wiped the tears from her face, and her thoughts were of
a place to sleep, for it was late at night. She told herself
she would kill Sancho if she ever saw him again. She

picked up a stone from the road, saying, I wish a cold wind
would strike him dead, and so on; and the stone she grasped
tightly, saying, If I meet him now, I would throw this at
him, and aim so well that I would surely hit him.

She rubbed her arm in memory of the numbing blow
the man had dealt it, and touched her face with furious
shame for the slap he had dared to give her. Her fists
closed more tightly about the stone and she looked about
her as if she expected Sancho to appear.

She thought of her mistress. She had been almost a
year in the woman's employ. Usually she stayed in a
place, at the most, for four months. Sometimes it was
the master's smirking ways and evil eyes, sometimes it
was the children's bullying demands. She had stayed
with this last mistress because in spite of her spells of bad
humor, there were periods afterward when she would be
generous with money for a dress, or for a cine with other
maids. And they had been alone, the two of them. Some-
times the mistress would get so drunk that she would slobber
into her drink and mumble of persons that must have
died. When she was helpless she might perhaps have
starved if Rosa had not forcibly fed her. Now, however,
thought of the fierce beating the woman had given her
made Rosa cry a little and repeat her vow that she would
never step into the house again.

Then she thought of Angel, the cochero who had been
gentle, and she lost her tears in thinking how he would
never have done what Sancho did. If he knew what had
happened to her, he would come running now and take her
to his own home, and she would not have to worry about
a place to sleep this night. She wandered about, not stop-

The Aristocrat of the Orient

The Rendezvous of Smart Society

Even in the most remote corners of the globe, the Manila
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the world.

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They know, and they tell their friends,

place to go"

H. C. ("Andy") ANDERSON
Managing Director

W> MANILA HOTEL

Cable Address:
"MANHOCO"

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

365

vom

Yet only a thin film of oil stands

between costly breakdown and

economical operation!

TEMPERATURES as high as 3000° F. are often developed
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THE ASIATIC

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MANILA, P. I.

. (P.I.) LTD.

366

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

Manila to Baguio

for W32°

BAGUIO

TELEPHONE

THAT is the
day time
rate for a sta-
tion-to-station
2-minute tele-
phone call be-
tween Manila
and Baguio.

AFTER 8:30
P. M. the
rate is reduced
to P2.20 for the
same initial
period of two
minutes.

THE map
shows some
of the places
north of Manila
served by
"LONG DIS-
TANCE ' ' .
Many other
places in the
Philippines can
also be reached
by telephone.
Also the United
States and many
overseas coun-
tries. See the
front pages of
the telephone
directory for
rates, etc.

PHILIPPINE

LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE

COMPANY

ping at those places where she knew she would be accepted
if she tried, her mind full of the injustices she had received
and of comparisons between Sancho and Angel. She
paused every time a tartanilla came her way, peering
intently into the face of the cochero, hoping it would be
he, ready to break her face into smiles if it were indeed.
She carried her bundle on her arm all this while, now clench-
ing a fist about the stone she still had not dropped and
gnashing her teeth.

She had been walking about for quite a while, feeling
not very tired, having no urgent need to hurry about
finding herself a place, so sharp her hopes were of some-
how seeing her cochero on the streets. That was all she
cared about, that she must walk into whatever street she
came to, because only in that way would he see her and
learn what they had done to her.

Then, turning into a street full of stores set side by
side, she felt the swish of a horse almost brushing against
her. She looked up angrily at the cochero 's laughing
remark about his whip missing her beautiful bust. An
offense like that, so soon after all her grief at what Sancho
had done, inflamed her into passionate anger, and mouth-
ing a quick curse, she flung the stone in her hand at the
cochero on his seat. It was rather dark and she did not
quite see his face. But apparently she hit something, for
he suddenly yelled a stop at the horse, clambered down,
and ran back to her, demanding the reason for her throw-
ing the stone. She exclaimed hotly at his offense with
the whip, and then looking up into his face, she gasped.
She gasped and said, "Angel!"

For it was he. He was wearing a striped shirt, like so
many other people were wearing, and he had on the very
same trousers of dark blue he had worn when he massaged
her foot. But he gazed at her in nothing but anger, asking
whether her body was so precious that she would kill his
horse. Also, why did she keep saying Angel; that was not
his name!

Rosa kept looking up at him, not hearing a word of his
threats about taking her to the municipio, saying only
Angel, Angel, in spite of his protests that that was not his
name. At last she understood that the cochero did not even
remember her and she realized how empty her thoughts
of him now were. Even his name was not Angel. She
turned suddenly to walk away from him, saying, "You do
not even remember me".

The cochero peered at her face and exclaimed after a
while, "Oh yes! the girl with the swollen foot!" Rosa
forgot all the emptiness, forgot the sudden sinking of her
heart when she had realized that even he would flick his
whip at a girl alone on the road, and lifted her smiling face
at him, stopping suddenly to tell him her foot had healed
very quickly. The cochero asked her after a while where
she was going, and she said breathlessly, without knowing
just why she answered so, "I am going home!" He asked
no questions about where she had been, why she was so
late. He bade A her ride in his vehicle, grandly saying he
would not make J her pay, and [then, with many a loud
exclamation to his horse, he drove her to her mistress*
house.

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

367

Rosa didn't tell him what had happened. Nor any-
thing about her dreams. She merely answered the ques-
tions the cochero asked her about how she had been. "With
the grace of God, all right, thank you." Once he made
her a sly joke about his knowing there were simply lots
of men courting her. Rosa laughed breathlessly and denied
it. She wished they would never arrive, but they soon
did. The cochero waited for her to get out, and then drove
off, saying "Don't mention it" to her many thanks. She
ran after the tartanilla when it had gone off a little way,
and asked, running beside the moving vehicle, looking up
into his face, "What is your name?"

The cochero shouted, not stopping his horse, "Pedro!"
and continued to drive away.

Rosa went into the house without hesitation, forgetting
all her vows about never stepping into it again and wonder-
ing why it was so still. She turned on the lights and found
her mistress sleeping at a table with her head cradled in
her arms, a new wine bottle before her, empty now of
all its contents. With an arm about the thin woman's
waist, she half dragged her into her bed. fcWhen the woman
would wake, she would say nothing, remembering nothing.
Rosa turned on the light in the kitchen, and hummed over
her preparations for a meal.

Manila's Cloud Year

(Continued from, page 349)

types are to be expected for the different months of the
year. They may be studied in connection with the cloud
photographs which embellish the remainder of the book.
It may be added that the author mercifully refrains from
making extensive additions to the already replete nomen-
clature of cloud forms.

With characteristic scientific caution the author asks
this question: "How far can the weather classification out-
lined in this paper and the clouds of Manila be used for
forecasting purposes?" and he then proceeds to show how
the classification may be correlated with the data regard-
ing frontal situations appearing on the daily weather maps
and how a forecast of the type of weather that will accom-
pany the prevailing frontal situation may then be funder-
taken. The task, admittedly, is difficult when it is realized
that cloud formations in this part of the world can not
be relied upon to depict impending changes of the weather
to the extent upon which reliance may be placed in temper-
ate zones. This, naturally brings us to the consideration
of typhoon skies which Francis Thompson might well
have had in mind in his great epic poem "The Hound of
Heaven" where he exclaims:

"I knew all the swift importings

On the wilful face of skies;
I knew how the clouds arise

Spumed of the wild sea-snortings."

The lay reader, in particular, will be disappointed that
Father Deppermann's atlas contains only three plates of
these, and one he characterizes as "a good imitation of a
typhoon sky," which, anomalously, seems much more
"characteristic" than the pictures of the genuine typhoon
skies. In another publication6 Father Deppermann
gives his reasons for so robbing the public of its thrills

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368

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

tf*

ONE REASON WHY
SO MANY SELECT

CONTAX

Unrivaled in
optical perfec-
tion, Zeiss car-
ries on the
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tradition for su-
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and utmost
performance.

The Contax equipped with a Zeiss Tessar
F3.5 or F2.8 lens of 5 cm. focal length
answers fully for all average subjects, just
as one lens is found sufficient as a rule with
other cameras.

Those who frequently take special sub-
jects, however, soon discover that other
lenses are invaluable.

Contax is the camera of universal appli-
cation because with its wide range of Zeiss
objectives, it can easily and quickly be
adapted to any field or phase of photo-
graphy, such as sport and theater shots,
cloud pictures, etc.

See the article in this issue of the Philippine
Magazine, "Manila's Cloud Year", page 348.

BOTICA BOIE

95 Escolta, Manila

ZESS

KON

and, in the belief of the reviewer, they are worth the atten-
tion of the amateur weather-wise who seek probabilities
in cirrus clouds (and false cirrus) and ever endeavor to
build up a catastrophe on every cumulo-nimbus cloud-
bank that insinuates itself above the eastern horizon.

"Readers may perhaps be disappointed that no examples of 'typhoon
clouds' are given; but it must be remembered that a typhoon, though
it is of a whirling nature like a waterspout or a tornado, is of much
vaster extent, and the clouds, by the time the winds begin to rage fierce-
ly, are mainly of the dull nimbus type which give very little detail
and are uninteresting to view. Are there perhaps types of clouds which
are peculiar to typhoons and not of otherf depressions and storms?
Some favour 'scuds' and radiating Cirrus, but the writer is forced to
admit that up to the present he has been unable to find any type of
cloud present in typhoons which he has not been able to duplicate in
other situations. Often, for instance, the chaotic state of the sky
of an early evening at Manila, just before the series of surrounding
thunderstorms, is practically identical with a typhoon sky (so-called),
and the parallel Cirrus frequently seen in perfectly good weather can
scarcely be distinguished from the radiating Cirrus which sometimes
but not always precedes a typhoon."

Few, outside of those who have actually undertaken
cloud photography will appreciate the technical difficulties
that had to be met by Father Deppermann in making
these cloud studies. Many photographers will be surprised
to learn that the photographs that form the plates in the
atlas were enlarged from the movie-sized films of an ordi-
nary Contax hand camera, fitted with a Zeiss Tessar lens.
In view of this great enlargement and the fact that the half-
tone plates were executed from them, the finished product
commends itself to critical eyes.

In his Dresden publication, Father Deppermann points
out the attractiveness of cloud photography to amateurs.
He goes on to say:

"But Manila is not the only inviting place for such cloud photo-
graphy. Almost every locality has its own peculiarities of cloud for-
mation, and there isjhardly a more inviting field for the amateur who
wishes at the same time to do something really useful for science and
also satiate his desire for the beautiful than cloud photography. . . .
Who has not read Ruskin and his praise of the painter Turner for his
* truth of clouds'. Might it not be a great help for an artist to carry
a Contax with him in his rambles and snap as occasion offers the ever
changing cloud forms which the good God is continually presenting
to us in His heavens? In the writer's humble opinion the 'truth of
clouds' as shown in such pictures, afterwards faithfully depicted on the
artist's canvas, would be far more beautiful and convincing than the
monstrosities so often offered us as figments of the artist's imagination
and faulty memory."

Perhaps the reviewer may be permitted to add that those
amateurs who may feel impelled to follow Father Depper-
mann's implied invitation, and it is to be hoped there will
be many, will do well to communicate with him before
starting work so that they may be given simple instructions
as to the data that should accompany each photograph,
without which it may be utterly worthless for scientific
work even though aesthetically beautiful.

The reviewer dislikes, exceedingly, to degrade a piece
of work such as this, by an analysis of "its practical appli-
cations/ * Unfortunately, however, a continuation of a
valuable piece of research often depends largely upon the
ability of its author to demonstrate to those who are more
versed in the skullduggery of the pork-barrel than in the
magic of science, that the work has "commercial possi-
bilities" capable of dispelling the traditional timidity of a
million dollars. The reviewer can only say of Father

August, 1937

PHILIPPIN E MAGAZINE

369

Deppermann's studies, as he would say of the other re-
search that is constantly under way at the Manila Obser-
vatory, that if Father Deppermann is enabled to arrive
at the point to which the results he has so far achieved
seem to be leading him, governmental and business circles
may feel a degree of assurance that greater "efficiency"
will be added to the methods by which the probable behavior
of typhoons may be forecast, with consequent benefit to
the shipping industry and business in general. Moreover,
ships' officers will continue to be grateful and co-operative
in the common cause and, not improbably, human life
will be conserved.

In the course of the preparation of this paper, the reviewer
had occasion to go to his library shelves to check his re-
collection of a quotation, and his eye fell upon the volumes
on the clouds. His glance rested upon one in particular—
a book entitled "Cloudland" by the Rev. W. Clement
Ley,7 who pursued cloud study as a hobby and became
a recognized authority on the subject. This book, pub-
lished in London nearly half a century ago, is now very
difficult to obtain, for it is a classic and those who once
possessed themselves of it usually held on to it. The
reviewer had seen a copy of the book, and had particularly
admired the six beautiful colored plates, executed from the
original water-color studies of the author, among them,
one of the cloud distribution in a typical cyclone. For
years he sought the book in vain until one day, while going
over the shelves in a dusty second-hand-book-store in
Shanghai his eye lit upon a tattered cover bearing the
legend "Ley. CLOUDLAND."

Restraining his excitement, for the owner of the store
was very near and had, in the past, shown ability to read
poker faces with amazing accuracy, he carelessly— non-
chalantly—laid the book aside on a pile he had reserved
for further inspection, and went on with his search of the
shelves. After a decent interval, he made his selections,
casually adding "Cloudland" to the pile, paid the price,
and walked out with his precious find which, after all, was
the only book in the lot he greatly wanted.

Then came the feverish turning over of the pages at
home and the desolating discovery that some one had care-
fully cut out all the colored plates. Quite evidently, that
"some one" had been a person who appreciated the beauty
of those pictures, but who yet lacked the faculty to perceive
that they were a whole only with the text of the delightful
and scholarly gentleman who wrote the book. It was a
desecration it is true, but the sin was venial if one takes
into consideration the impulse that prompted it.

But, despite that, just beyond the title page lie stanzas
of Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind", starting:

"Thou on whose stream, 'mid the steep sky's commotion,
Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,
Shook from the tangled boughs of heaven and ocean . . ."

and turning over the leaves we encounter fragments of
verse neatly interpolated to make graphic some point in
the scientific discussion.

A neighboring book, Humphrey's "Fogs and Clouds"8
of recent date, showed that author also invoking Shelley,
from whose poem "The Cloud", he quotes as prelude to
the preface and, as an opening to the first chapter, a further
quotation from the same poem:

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370

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

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"I am the daughter of earth and water,

And nursling of the sky;
I pass through the pores of the ocean and shores;

I change but I cannot die."

and then follows an interesting discussion as to the origin
and fate of the 16,000,000 tons of atmospheric moisture
that are produced each second.

Finally, a glimpse into just one more "scientific treatise"
on the clouds, McAdie's fine cloud atlas published under
the auspices of Harvard University*. Opening the cover
we find right there in the beginning a free translation of a
long passage from Aristophanes' "Comedy of the Clouds"
from which we take these lines from the chorus perso-
nifying the clouds:

"We are the clouds of splendid hue

Rising from Sea with garments ever new,

We are the breath of Ocean old

Who rest awhile, then journey far

Marching with swift, resistless tread

O'er plain and mountain.

We enfold the peaks, enshadow fields,

We are kin to the rivers, the streams and the pools,

We master the wind and the swelling wave;

Weeping, we furrow the well-tilled earth,

Egging swift channels to the Sea."

Now, when the reviewer has completed his task, he picks
up the current issue of the Atlantic Monthly and glancing
through it he comes across a brief article headed "Dry
as Dust". Clearly, the author of this is a kindred spirit,
and it is unfortunate that he is anonymous for he would
be a man worth knowing. He, too, has browsed through
old scientific texts and periodicals, though his search has
led him into different channels. However, the impressions
he seems to have gained are identical. After a charming
little dissertation he concludes:

" 'Dry as Dust* is the conventional term applied to scholarship of
the learned journals; less complimentary is the term usually applied
to those who read them for pleasure. There is, however, no statute
against eccentricity, even in its most advanced stages and so today,
when friends discourse to me on the sterility of scholarship, I reflect
to myself how much less life and literature would be if I did not know
that Chaucer ate violet and onion salad, and that Charlemagne's pet
elephant walked all the way from Indo-China for the blossoms from the
Emperor's best rose tree."^

Yet, there doubtless are those who on reading the fore-
going will say:

"How trivial scientists are!"

Deppermann, S.J., Rev. Charles E.: The Weather and Clouds of
Manila. Introduction and text 37 pp., 100 pi., 5 tables. Manila:
1937, Bureau of Printing.

LITERATURE CITED
(1)1 Ruskin, John: Modern Painters. London: 1843.

(2) Algu6, Jos6: Las Nubes en el Archipelago Filipino. (1° Junio 1896-31°
Julio 1897) Manila: 1898. Tipo.-Lito. Priv. del Observatorio.

(3) Deppermann, Charles E.: Outlines of Philippine Frontology. Manila: 1936.
Bureau of Printing.

(4) Deppermann, Charles E.: The Upper Air at Manila. Publn. Manila
Observ., 2 (1934) No. 5. Manila: Bureau of Printing.

(5) Deppermann, Charles E.: The Mean Transport of Air in the Indian and
South Pacific Oceans. Manila: 1935. Bureau of Printing.

(6) Deppermann, Charles E.: The Contax and Cloud Study at Manila. Photo-
graphic und Forschung. Dresden: 1936. No. 9, Oct. pp. 282-296.

(7) Ley, W. Clement: Cloudland — A Study on the Structure and Character
of Clouds. London: 1894. Edward Stanford.

(8) Humphreys, W. J.: Fogs and Clouds. Baltimore: 1926. Williams & Wil-
kins.

(9)

McAdie, Alexander: Clouds. Cambridge (Mass.): N. D. Harvard Untv-
Press.

August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

371

Four O'clock

In the Editor's Office

\Sl^^9 Professor Frank G. Haughwout, protozoo-

Jf=W£ logist, formerly of the College of Medicine and
A- ^^ the Bureau of Science, and who now conducts

a clinical laboratory in Manila, pursues, as all
those who have read his articles on typhoons in
this Magazine (he is working on a book on the
subject) know, meteorology as a hobby. His
article on Manila clouds is a review of a recent
publication of the Philippine Weather Bureau and a piece of litera-
ture in itself.

Though young and though she began writing only a year or so ago,
Miss Estrella D. Alfon, of Cebu, is already to be considered in the front
rank of Filipino writers in English. She wrote me some months ago
in reply to a little note of commendation I sent her: "Perhaps you
know how your say adds a lot to a writer's reputation. Yet the
encouragement of you and of others seems only to awaken me to my un-
worthiness. So far I have been inclined to believe that what little
success I've had has been due to good luck rather than talent. That
is why I have not written anything lately." Later, together with her
very fine story, "Servant Girl", published in this issue, she wrote me in
part: "When I grow unsure of myself, I read your letters to me, what
few of them there are, and forthwith confidence reasserts itself and I feel
that I can write a story if I wanted to, yes, and even write it well. That
is the way I felt when I wrote this story. ..."

Mrs. E. S. Hirst, who writes of the efforts on behalf of woman
suffrage on the part of the women of the Culion Leper Colony, is
the representative in the Philippines of the Pasadena Star-News,
and was formerly Associate-Director of the Pasadena Community
Playhouse. She was a guest of the Bureau of Health on the Spring
trip of the S. S. Apo to the Colony. She came to the Philippines
last September to stay for a month or two, but found the program
of social and educational work so interesting here that she decided
to remain.

Redentor Ma. Tuazon, author of "A Barrio Episode" in this issue,
stated in a letter accompanying the sketch that this was an actual
happening witnessed by him many years ago in Pampanga.

Ignacio T. Quijano, who writes on Cebu-Visayan kinship terms, is a
graduate of the Cebu High School and is at present connected with the
Bureau of Internal Revenue in that city. His article may be compared
to past articles in the Magazine on kinship terms in other parts of the
Philippines.

D. Z. Rosell is a member of the staff of the Bureau of Science.
Herminio M. Beltran, author of the Cinquain published in this issue.
who has already contributed a number of poems to the Magazine, is
now a sophomore in the College of Law, University of the Philippines.
He says he took up law because his degree of Litt. B. "unfortunately
never got me a job".

Aurelio Alvero, who already has a book of poems to his credit, "Moon
Shadows on the Waters", contributes a poem in the lighter mood to this
issue.

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Luis Dato, poet of Camarines Sur, is preparing a third volume o?
poetry of which "Last Word" hrthis issue, and his poem, "Forgotten
Songs", in the July issue, are to be included.

During the month I received a letter from Mrs. L. Wendover of Port
Holland, Zamboanga, praising the covers of the Magazine. She wrote:
"The cover pictures of the Philippine Magazine— I hope they will al-
ways be so. I am crazy about them. When the Magazine arrives,
the first thing I say is: 'Let's see the cover*. Some day when I am no
longer in the Philippines, I'll have them framed and hang them on the
wall My home folks in Germany will understand my story better with
these illustrations. I compliment the artist who represents real Fili-
pino life so clearly. . ."

Other notes of commendation for the covers came from Dr. G"be^
Perez who wrote "That cover artist of yours may not have studied
formal psychology, but he is a psychologist," and from Mr. O. F. Wang of
the Advertising Bureau, Inc., who contented himself with saying,
"Your July cover in GOOD."

Iireceived a sociological note from Percy Warner Tinan anent Marc
Greene's article in the June issue, "'White' Russians on the China
Coast" "I enjoy very much the issues of the Magazine that come to
me throughthe kindness of Mr. Hayter. But may I rise to remark that
your Mr. Greene misses the facts of the case quite badly in the last two

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372

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

paragraphs of his story on the White Russians? The only girls in the
only worth while cabarets in Shanghai today are still Russians, at least
ninety-five per cent. Particularly is the Del Monte, and next the
Casonova, noted for many rather good looking ones, and far from
'worn out*. The Chinese girls who know more than a few words of
"business English' are few and far between. ..." I wish I were a
traveler like Mr. Tinan. My editorial blue pencil would then, no
doubt, be wielded with greater authority.

With a great deal of satisfaction, not to say pride, I reproduce here
an unsolicited letter I received during the month from Edward J.

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O'Brien, the world's leading short story anthologist, which proves that
our Filipino writers in English are beginning to receive genuine recog-
nition. The letter is dated June 1, Oxford, England, and reads:
"The Editor

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE
Manila, Philippine Islands
"Dear Sir:-—

"I shall be glad to consider the stories in PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE
regularly for the 'Best Short Stories' if you care to add my name to
your mailing list and send me such issues as have already appeared
since the beginning of 1937.

"Sincerely yours,

"Edward J. O'Brien."

A recent issue of the Literary Digest (May 29) characterizes
O'Brien as the "acknowledged arbiter of the short story". For twenty-
two years he has edited his annual volumes of the "best American short
stories," and since 1921 he has edited collections of British stories as
well. According to the Digest, "When the idea of a collection of short
stories first came to O'Brien as a reporter on the Boston Evening Trans-
cript in 1915, he had no idea of the success he was destined to have.
Undaunted by the knowledge that he had never written a short story —
to this day he has never written one — O'Brien plowed through the
magazines. The choice was made and published quietly. The idea
caught quickly; overnight, the collection was a best-seller. Today,
O'Brien still does the enormous job single-handed. With painstaking
thoroughness, he reads eighty- two quarterlies, monthlies, and weeklies
to select the best American stories of the year. . . . British magazines
read, including those of Ireland and the dominions, number fifty-six.. . .
He now edits his books from England. ..." That the Philippine
Magazine has now been added to the comparatively few, selected
magazines published in the English language from which Mr. O'Brien
draws his selections is, I think, a real triumph for our Filipino writers.
I have said for some years that our local authors are beginning to make
a real contribution to the great English world-language— a new and
unique element, and Mr. O'Brien's letter, I feel, goes far to bear me out.

We scored off the Philippine Army today. It seems that the Army's
telephone lines and ours get mixed once in a while, and Romero (the
chief factotum in my office down-stairs) occasionally gets an army order.
I myself, late one night, was addressed as the sergeant of the guard.
Romero always politely explains to the man on the other end of the line
that he has the wrong number and on a few such occasions has met with
the scant return courtesy of having the line cut off with a bang that
hurt his ear. This naturally peeved him and this morning he was ready
with a different come-back. Somebody asked him in a very gruff voice :
"Get me Sergeant so and so and be snappy about it!" In an equally
gruff voice Romero demanded, "What company do you want?"
"Isn't this the Supply Department?" came back the voice with a note of
hesitance. "No", barked the usually mild Romero, "this is the Major-
General's office!" Came the now very meek reply: "Oh, I beg your
pardon. . . Sir — " Romero told me he got a great kick out of that"Sir".

The July Current History reprinted parts of the edi torial
on President Quezon's earlier independence proposals in the
April issue of the Philippine Magazine. The excerpt was inclosed in a
box and with a black headlines "The Road to Ruin". So the Maga-
zine's influence grows.

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August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

373

News Summary

{Continued from page 343)

reopening their plants. Rep. C. E. Hoffman of
Michigan demands that Congress adopt a resolution
empowering the President to use federal armed
forces in strike areas if local authorities "fail to
protect persons wishing to work".

The Senate approves the administration's $1,-
500 000,000 relief bill, ending a week of bitter contro-
versy. It now goes back to the House for action
on the numerous Senate amendments.

Representatives of the Cotton Textile Institute
appearing before the joint committee advocate per-
manent reciprocity and preferential trade relations
between the United States and the Philippines as a
loss of the American market would injure the Philip-
pines and the gentleman's agreement with Japan
regarding textile shipments to the Philippines has
not achieved its objective. A representative of the
Textile Exporters Association declares that the
United States certainly needs the Philippine market .
Defending his proposal of a second term for Pre-
sident Quezon, Commissioner Paredes states that
•'vastly greater things are planned for the Common-
wealth than can be put in effect in the short period
of 6 years. It is obvious that the President should
be allowed sufficient time to carry out his great
program".

Joe Louis, 23-year-old Detroit Negro, knocks out
the 31-year-old world champion heavyweight boxer,
James J. Braddock, in the eighth round of a match
staged in Chicago. Braddock weighed 197 pounds
and Louis 197-1/4. Braddock had not fought since
he won the title from Max Baer. The encounter
was the first mixed heavyweight title bout since the
Jefferson- Johnson fight at Reno, 27 years ago, and
Louis becomes the second Negro champion in the
history of the ring.

June 23.— Premier Paul van Zeeland of Belgium
arrives in Washington to confer with officials m the
international financial situation.

E. P. Thomas, President of the National Foreign
Trade Council, tells the joint committee that "there
is a growing realization by thinking Filipinos that
their long-sought independence may be nothing
more than immediate freedom to starve and ulti-
mate domination by some other nation. . . . Any
present attempt to establish definitely the date
after which the Islands would be thrown on their
own resources, would be a most unnatural act on
the part of the United States. If this is done, the
Philippines will eventually revert to their status of
40 years ago, while if preferential trade relations
are established, the Islands have a great future .

Joe Louis receives a $400,000 offer to defend his
title against Max Schmelling. The promoter, Jack
Kearns, has offered the latter $200,000.

June 24. — The State Department makes public
a statement by President Quezon declaring that he
will recommend to the Assembly that the oil tax
refund money be used in part for the purchase of
large landed estates for resale to the tenants in small
parcels, in part for the building of roads in Minda-
nao and other undeveloped regions, in part for the
building of more schools and government institu-
tions to take care of the insane, the indigent, etc.,
all this requiring a total of perhaps $20,000,000.
The balance of $0,000,000 "would be kept intact
to be spent ultimately for the readjustment of Philip-
pine economy as the joint committee of American
and Philippine experts may recommend". President
Quezon makes farewell calls on President Roosevelt
Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Secretary of War
H. H. Woodring, and others, and states, "I am very
thankful and very happy with the splendid coopera-
tion shown me by American officials on behalf of my
country". Later he states in New York, "I am
against reelection and I stand on my published state-
ments against a second presidential term. Our
Constitution must be respected. Any proposal to
amend it now is out of order and should not be given
any consideration at all". It is reported he has se-
cured the services of Police Captain Thomas F.
Dugan of New York City to help reorganize the
Philippine police system.

June 25. — The Republic Steel Corporation and
the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company reopen
their plants under the protection of state police and
national guard units, and C.I.O. leaders protest to
President Roosevelt against their use, begging him
to intervene to prevent a massacre.

President Quezon cancels a farewell luncheon to
Commissioner Paredes and other Filipino officials
when he recalls he has a luncneon engagement with
Cardinal Dennis Dougherty in Philadelphia.

June 26. — Executives of the four large steel com-
panies make their "final" appearance before the
Mediation Board and file a formal statement rei-
terating their refusal to sign a contract with the
"irresponsible" C.I.O.

June 28. — The heads of the Bethlehem, Inland,
Republic and Youngstown steel companies claim
that the steel strike is broken and that more men are
retur ing to work every hour. C.I.O. leaders accuse
Ohio Governor Davey of "strike-breaking" activities
because he is keeping national guard units at the
gates of the steel mills to protect the men returning
to work.

President Roosevelt sends the London agreement
regulating the production and marketing of sugar to
the Senate for ratification, stating it has his approval
and that after Senate ratification the Philippine
Assembly must also approve it before he can effec-
tuate the agreement.

It is stated that President Roosevelt's three -day
week-end "pow-wow" with members of Congress on

lonely Jefferson Island, Chesapeake Bay, has solidi-
fied support for him.

Chinese Finance Minister H. H. Kung arrives in
Washington for a series of conferences.

Captain H. L. Heath, former Philippine old-timer,
dies in McMinnville, Oregon, aged 70.

June 29. — Norman Thomas, former Socialist
candidate for the presidency, urges President Roose-
velt to invoke the neutrality law against Germany
and Italy for waging a "left-handed war" against
the Spanish government.

Dynamite blasts wreck two vital water pipe lines
feeding the giant Bethlehem Steel Corporation plant
at Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

Mrs. Amelia Earhart Putnam, American aviatrix
on a flight around the world, lands at Lae, New Gui-
nea, after a 1200-mile hop from Port Darwin, Aus-
tralia.

June 30. — Announced by the U. S. Maritime Com-
mission that 16 subsidiary agreements covering a
6-months experimental period have been effected
with steamship companies as the old ocean mail
contracts expired. The government will pay the
owners of 151 ships the difference in operating costs
between foreign-line working expenses and those
of American ships. The new subsidies total $4,645,-
580 for the period, as against payments under the
old system of $8,058,892. No agreement has been
reached with the Dollar Line, it is announced, which
owes the government $15,000,000.

President Quezon leaves New York for Paris.
July 1. — The Inland Steel Corporation signs
agreement to recognize the C.I.O. and some 12,000
men prepare to return to work. The dead-lock
remain unbroken in other sectors of the seven-state
strike front.

Vicente Villamin, Filipinp economist, states in
Washington that the present political status of the
Philippines as a "self-governing unit under the
American flag is most ideal, safest, and most advan-
tageous for the Philippines, as it is a status that
makes the country actually more independent than
many technically sovereign nations".

Franklin Roosevelt, Jr., son of the President Roo-
sevelt, marries Ethel duPont, member of a wealthy
family which is politically cpposed to him.

July 2. — A radio message is intercepted from Mrs.
Putnam and her copilot, Capt. Fred Noonans, stating
that they have only a half hour's supply of fuel left
and that they can not see land. They had flown
for 19 hours out of Lae, New Guinea, for a hop to
Howland Island. The plane is equipped with a
rubber life boat and it is said the empty gasoline
tanks would keep the plane afloat for some time.

July 4. — The Mayo Brothers Foundation an-
nounces that the germ of dreaded infantile paralysis
has been isolated by Dr. Edward Carl Rosenow and
that preliminary work on developing a serum or
vaccine has begun.

Representing The Following Products And Firms ....

ATLAS POWDER CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Dynamite and Supplies

AMERICAN POTASH and CHEMICAL

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"TRONA" Brand Soda Ash

THE DENVER FIRE CLAY CO., DENVER,

COLO.

DFC Assay Equipment and Supplies

DENVER EQUIPMENT CO., DENVER,

COLO.

Mine and Mill Equipment

THE EIMCO CORP., SALT LAKE
New and Second Hand Machinery

FRASER & CHALMERS ENGINEERING

WORKS, ERITH, KENT.

Ball Mills and Heavy Mining Machinery

C. C. FILSON CO., SEATTLE

Hats, Coats, Pants, Waterproof

FAGERSTA, SWEDEN

Drill Steel

GREAT WESTERN ELECTRIC CHEMICAL

CO., SAN FRANCISCO

Flotation Reagents, Xanthates,etc.

JOSHUA HENDY IRON WORKS, SAN
FRANCISCO
Mine Hoists

MANCHA STORAGE BATTERY LOCO-
MOTIVE CO., CHICAGO
Battery Locomotives

PORTABLE LAMP & EQUIPMENT CO.,

PITTSBURGH

"Cool Hats" and "Cool Caps"

D. MORGAN REES & SONS LTD.,
ENGLAND
High Grade Wire Rope

T. C. WILSON CO., SAN FRANCISCO
Pine Oil

JUSTRITE MFG. CO., CHICAGO
Carbide Lamps

Diesel Engines
W. H. ALLEN SONS & CO., LTD., BEDFORD, ENGLAND

MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INC,

374

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

The State Department begins a widespread reor-
ganization, placing it virtually on a war footing by
ordering transfers and gathering into the Depart-
ment a group of career diplomats noted for their
expert knowledge of conditions in the countries
most likely to be involved in war.

Gov. G. H. Earle of Pennsylvania in a surprise
appearance before a mass meeting of steel workers
and coal miners striking against the Bethlehem
Steel Corporation, appeals to them to "stamp those
damned communists out of the ranks of your organ-
ization". The New Deal, pro-labor governor, how-
ever, also criticizes the steel companies which have
refused to sign contracts with the unions.

July 5. — United States warships race over the
Pacific in the greatest sea-hunt ever mobilized in
answer to faint radio signals believed to have been
sent out by Mrs. Putram and her flying companion.

July 6. — Included in the ships searching for the
two lost fliers are the Coast Guard cutter Itasca,
the battleship Colorado, the U.S.S. Swan, the air-
craft carrier Lexington, four destroyers, and a num-
ber of seaplane's from Honolulu. The Japanese
Navy Department orders an airp^ne carrier and
scores of other ships to the scene to aid in the search.

The first survey flights between London and New
York are completed by the Pan-Am-rican Airways
Clipper III which lands at Foynes, Ire1 and, after a
12-hour 34-minute flight from Botwood, New found-
land, and the Imperia Airways flying boat Caledonia
which traveled the same route in the opposite direc-
tion and ran into a fog, taking 14 hours 23? minutes
to make the hop. The journey covers approxi-
mately 2,000 miles.

July 7. — The Republic Steel Corporation mills
in Cleveland reopen and observers speculate on a
possible break in the friendly relations between
President Roosevelt and John L. Lewis. Secretary
Perkins has recently for the first time condemned
sit-down strikes as illegal and unsuited to the Amer-
ican worker. Secretary of Commerce Daniel C.
Roper has stated that "the people will not long pa-
tiently forbear unnecessary strife and disturbance,
no matter by whom provoked". President Roose-
velt himself stated that the public regards the actions
of extremists in the light of "a plague on both your
houses".

July 8. — One striker is killed and 20 are hurt in a
riot at the Aluminum Company of America plant,
Alcoa, Tennessee.

July 9. — Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgen-
thau and Finance Minister H. H. Kung issue a joint
communique in Washington announcing that the
United States has arranged to sell gold to China
in return for silver in order to establish a dollar
exchange and for currency stabilization purposes.
The gold will remain in the United States.

July 11.— Secretary of the Interior Harold S.
Ickes states that reports that the administration
favors the sugar measure now on the House calendar
are not founded on fact and that it will oppose any
bill discriminating against the territories, mentioning
specifically Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands. He criticizes the can sugar refining interests
whose lobbying activities were partly responsible
for the measure in its present form.

It is announced that guns of 16-inch caliber will
be mounted in the two battleships now under con-
struction.

George Gershwin, Jewish-American composer and
author of the famous "Rhapsody in Blue", dies in
Hollywood, following an operation for brain tumor.
He was 38 years old.

July 12.— -Secretary Hull warns Japanese Ambas-
sador H. Saito and Z. Ting, Counsellor of the Chinese
Embassy, that a Sino- Japanese war would be a "blow
to the cause of world peace and progress".

Dr. J. R. Hayden, former Vice-Governor of the
Philippines, states before the Institute of Pacific
Affairs at Charlottesville, Virginia, that "there is
danger the Tydings-McDuflie Act and other related
legislation may produce economic ruin followed by
political and social chaos in the Philippines", and
that "the United States in formulating its final policy
toward the Islands should place its national honor
above the demands of any special American group."
He declares that the United States has an inescapa-
ble moral responsibility for Philippine welfare; that
it would be compelled to intervene, by military force
if necessary, to reestablish peace, order, and govern-
mental stability in the event these were destroyed
before the establishment of a Philippine Republic;
and suggests that the graduated scale of export
taxes beginning in the 5th year of the Commonwealth
might bring about such destruction. Althcugh the
establishment of a Philippine Republic appears im-
minent, changing international relationships may
alter the direction of this move and delay the pro-
gress of independence, he warns.

President Roosevelt approves the selection by
the American experts on the joint Philippine- Amer-
ican committee as permanent chairman, of John Van
A. MacMurray, Ambassador to Turkey. He is
considered highly qualified because of his knowledge
of the Far East, having served many years in China,
Japan, and Siam. He was Assistant Secretary of
State in 1924-25.

Other Countries

June 10. — Dr. C. T. Wang, new Chinese Ambas-
sador to the United States, states that China would
be very happy to participate with other nations in
guaranteeing the neutrality of the Philippines.

June 11. — Announces at Moscow that eight high
army officers have confessed to plotting to overthrow
the government, and that they will be brought to
trial immediately. The principal defendant is
Marshal Michael Tukhachevsky, regarded as Rus-
sia's most brilliant soldier, who was recently removed
from the command of the Volga military area.

June 12. — Britain, France, Italy, and Germany
agree to resume the four-power control of the Spanish
coast with the understanding that each nation will
protect itself from any Spanish attack but not resort
to such reprisals as the shelling of Almeria. The
rebels send a formal note to Bilbao threatening that
continued resistance would lead to the bombing of
the city by a force of 300 bombers "as in the case of
Guernica". The western Basque front is crumbling,
but elsewhere the lines are holding.

The London Imperial Conference approves a
proposal to subsidize British shipping lines in the
Pacific. The Australian and New Zealand delegates
were particularly anxious to overcome competition
from United States vessels.

Eight ranking Russian army generals are convicted
of treason and executed. It is said they planned
to give the Soviet Union's western provinces to Ger-
many.

June IS. — The outskirts of Bilbao are aflame as
the rebels come to within three miles of the city walls.

Mrs. Amelia Earhart Putnam reaches Massawa,
Italian Eritrea, having crossed the African continent
in six days. Her next hop is to Karachi, India.

June 14. — General Jose Fidel Davila with 50,000
troops, 150 tanks, and 200 warplanes breaks the
"El Galla" line around Bilbao after 73 days of mer-
ciless siege. Five suburbs are in flames as the fas-
cists reach the gates of the city. The government
is seeking to rally the 340,000 citizens with the 700
year old slogan "Invincible".

The Dail Eireann by a vote of 62 to 48 adopts the
new Irish Free State constitution which, however,
is still to be ratified in a plebiscite. It declares
Ireland a sovereign state named Aire (pronounced
"air") including all of the island except the six
northern protestant countries of Ulster which now
function as a separate part of the British Empire.
It guarantees freedom of religion while recognizing
Roman Catholicism as the "principal religion", and
abolishes all titles of nobility.

President Kemal Ataturk of Turkey donates his
private fortunes of several million pounds sterling
to the government.

The Rev. Anderson Jardine who conducted the
wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor re-
signs. He states his resignation has nothing to do
with recent events.

Dr. H. H. Kung, Chinese Vice-Premier and Finance
Minister, holds a conference with Adolf Hitler near
Munich.

June 15. — The Imperial Conference closes in
London after reaching agreement on the desirability
of strengthening the League of Nations and that this
would be facilitated by separating the Covenant
from the peace treaties. The conference also agreed
on the importance of negotiations for arms limitation
whenever there is reasonable prospect of success,
while recognizing at the same time that the plans
for British armament increases are no more than
necessary for defense and for the fulfilment of obliga-
tions. The Australian proposal for a Pacific pact
is to be the subject of further consultation.

President Jos6 Antonio de Aguirre of the semi-
autonomous Basque state appeals personally to
British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, "The
enemy threatens to destroy central Bilbao. We beg
you as leader of a movement to humanize the Spanish
civil war to use all diplomatic means to avoid accom-
plishment of such an atrocity before we have time
to evacuate civilians". Basque officers charge that
five German and one Belgian ship brought the war
material used to smash the last lines of Bilbao's de-
fenses. Fascist planes are reported machine gun-
ning long lines of refugees. Meanwhile British ships
are continuing evacuation by sea of women, children,
and old men. David Lloyd George, British war-

time premier, sends a telegram to President de Aguirre
condemning democratic countries for permitting the
dictatorships of Europe to crush the liberties of an
ancient and honored community without a gesture
or even a word of protest . . . when they look on in
craven silence at the spectacle of children being
massacred in their homes because of the loyalty of
their fathers to freedom."

Mrs. Earheart lands at Karachi, India.

June 16. — The Fascists are reported to have en-
circled Bilbao and to have cut off escape by the city's
340,000 population. Rebel planes shell the suburbs,
killing scores of women and children seeking to escape
to Santander. Madrid is also heavily shelled, shells
exploding at the rate of from 20 to 30 each minute.

Premier Leon Blum of France wins a vote of
confidence in the Chamber of Deputies and is
given authority to peg the franc in order to safe
guard the currency and prevent a crisis arising from
the bankruptcy of the Treasury. There is a treasury
deficit of 18,000,000,000 francs.

Reported that Russia has informally approved in
principle the suggestion of Premier J. A. Lyons of
Australia for a conference to consider a non-aggres-
sion pact among Pacific nations.

June 17. — General Francisco Franco demands the
unconditional surrender of Bilbao. President de
Aguirre and some members of his Cabinet have
removed their quarters to a nearby village. Seventy
thousand Bilbao refugees have reached Santander,
causing a serious food and housing problem. They
tell how, traveling afoot and in ox-carts, they were
bombed and machine-gunned from the air by fascist
rebel planes.

Russia is reported to be in the grip of widespread
unrest due to sabotage plots. The Soviet motor car
industry has been at a standstill for several days, and
a scientist connected with the agricultural depart-
ment has confessed he was instructed to infect cattle
with cholera germs.

Japanese embassy officials indicate that Nanking
protests against the new Sino- Japanese airline will
be ignored as the Hopei-Chahar Political Council
has approved the line.

Three Russian airmen in single motored, hermeti-
cally sealed plane, leave Moscow for a non-stop
flight to Oakland, California via the north pole,
carrying fuel to last 100 hours.

June i£.— The Netherlands government announces
that gold may be again exported without restriction.
The export prohibition was placed on gold coins and
bullion in September, 1936, when the European gold
block collapsed.

General Franco asks Britain for belligerent rights
so he may establish a blockade against the Spanish
government. Germany, Italy, and Portugal have
already granted him the recognition. Britain for-
wards the communication to France with an in-
quiry as to whether France is willing.

June 19. — The Fascist army of General Franco
enters Bilbao. The ancient capital had been be-
sieged four times in 700 years, but had never fallen.

The Graf Zeppelin, grounded when the Zeppelin
Hindenburg exploded and was destroyed with the
loss of 35 lives, will be scrapped, it is announced, as
it is unsuited for helium gas. Following the blast,
the German Zeppelin interests indicated that future
dirigibles will use helium.

Sir James M. Barrie, noted novelist and playwrightv
author of "The Little Minister" and "Peter Pan",
dies in London, aged 77.

June 20. — The Russian aviators are forced to land
at Vancouver, Washington, about 8:30 a. m. after
their flight from Moscow across the north pole.

Loyalist planes attack rebel planes on patrol duty-
over Bilbao and shoot down six of them. General
Davila, as a penalty for the stubborn resistance at
Bilbao, annuls the ancient laws of Basque sover-
eignty to which Spanish kings pledged themselves
and declares martial law, naming Miguel Ganuzo
de Cielo, military governor. The first person to
congratulate General Franco is Chancellor Adolf
Hitler. Later Premier Benito Mussolini congratu-
lates him, "on the noble undertaking which has given
back to the Spanish fatherland one of its noblest
provinces and marks a gigantic step in the national
cause."

The Senate rejects the bill granting Premier Blum
plenary powers to deal with the financial crisis and
approves its own more moderate measure.

June 21. — The Russian flyers arrive in Oakland,
California, on a chartered plane. They state that
on their cross-polar flight they were compelled to fly
high and that their chief hardship was lack of oxygen.
Weather conditions sometimes forced them off their
course. They expect to remain in the United States
for a month studying American planes and flying
facilities and state that their next goal will be a

Portrait
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August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

375

That home and garden which

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SAN JUAN HEIGHTS CO., INC.

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376

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

Moscow to New York non-stop flight via the pole.
Russian arctic authorities urge the United States
to establish a radio station and airbases on the Amer-
ican side of the North Pole as this is necessary be-
fore regular flights can be undertaken. The Rus-
sians flew 6,000 miles in a 64-hour hop. President
Roosevelt sends Russian Ambassador Alexander
Troyanovsky, who flew from San Francisco to Van-
couver yesterday a telegram stating, "I have learned
with great pleasure of the successful conclusion of
the first non-stop Soviet Union-United States flight.
The skill and daring of the three men who brilliantly
carried out this historic endurance feat should com-
mand the highest praise. Please convey to them
my heartiest congratulations". The aviators chose
Vancouver. to land because it was the first field they
sighted on the American side of the Canadian boun-
dary in circling about trying to pierce the storm
clouds. Fog and rain and poor visibility turned
them back and they decided to land there rather
than spoil an already epochal achievement. Va
lerie Chakalov was at the controls continuously for
63 hours. The others are George Baidukov, and
Alex Beliakov, all "renowned air heroes" of the
Soviet. A Russian official states they are not publi-
city seekers but scientists doing a "matter-of-fact
job in the world's greatest attempt to build planes
for long-range flying."

Spanish loyalists, by means of a huge mine ex-
plosion, blow up the Hospital sector in Madrid held
by fascists for the past six months, killing and wound-
ing, it is believed, all of the 750 men entrenched
there.

German Foreign Minister von Neurath's visit to
London is postponed in view of the alleged Spanish
torpedo attack on the German cruiser Leipzig last
week at Valencia. The Spanish government has
denied the German charges. Lord Plymouth,
acting head of the non-intervention committee,
hints that Britain might withdraw from the body
unless other governments operate to prevent
"further breaches" in neutrality.

Premier Blum resigns following refusal of the
Senate to join the Chamber of Deputies in granting
him dictatorial powers to meet the critical financial
situation. President Albert Lebrun asks Camille
Chautemps, of the Radical Socialist party and a
member of the Blum Cabinet, to form a new cabinet.

Mrs. Putnam arrives at Bandoeng, Java, from
Singapore.

June 22. — Germany is reported to have presented
an ultimatum to France and Britain demanding
joint punishment of Spain for alleged attempted
destruction of the Leipzig.

She has what it
takes

A joint communique by Britain, France, Germany,
and Italy states that the four powers have found it
"unfortunately impossible" to agree on Germany's
demand for a joint naval demonstration off Valencia
as a protest against the alleged torpedo attack on
the Leipzig by a Spanish submarine at Barcelona.

June 23. — Germany and Italy quit the non-inter-
vention committee and it is rumored they plan a bloc-
kade of western Spain. The Spanish representative
at Geneva states that all Spanish submarines were
far removed from the scene of the alleged torpedoing
of the Leipzig. Stated at Paris that any unauthor-
ized patrol of Spain by Italy and Germany will be
regarded as an act of war against Spain — France
and Britain could not remain indifferent to the pre-
sence of German and Italian vessels in Spanish waters
now they have withdrawn from the international
patrol. The Austrian government rejects the appeal
of General Franco for recognition in spite of the fact
that both Germany and Italy made strong represen-
tations in his favor

A special position of Vice-Chancellor without port-
folio is created for former premier Blum. Georges
Bonnet, Ambassador to Washington, is appointed
Minister of Finance.

The International Labor Conference at Geneva
adopts a drafc convention providing for a 40-hour
week in the world textile industry. Conventions
for a similar week in the chemical and printing trades
failed to secure the requisi.e two-thirds majority.

June 24. — Britain informs Germany it would
"view with extreme gravity" any German action
against the Spanish loyalists.

Yasato Shubo, Japanese commercial attache at
Berlin, tells the Raw Materials C >mmittee of the
League that the "assertion that colonies are of little
value is not convincing. . . . The question of colo-
nies can never be satisfactorily settled wihout an
equitable redistribution of territory . . . although
such a solution would be difficult to carry out in
actual practice". He emphasizes the importance
of reaching a realization of colonial ambitions through
"pacific means" and suggests (1) freedom of trade
in raw materials and manufactured articles, (2)
equality of treatment, natives and foreigners in the
exploitation of raw materials in undeveloped regions
by the sovereign nation, and (3) freedom of labor
movement necessary for such exploitation.

June 25. — The Basques appeal to the Valencia
government for planes as Franco moves his forces
against Santander. Announced at London that
Britain and France have agreed to continue to patrol
Spanish waters jointly, but Italy is reported to be
strongly opposed to the two nations taking over the

former Italian and German sectors, Mussolini hold-
ing that Italy and Germany must be consulted on
the new arrangement. German warships are re-
ported concentrating in the Mediterranean and
Italy has scores of ships only a few hours away from
the Spanish coast. The French fleet is massed off
North Africa. Germany announces it contemplates
no belligerent act on against the loyalists. Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain tells the House of
Commons that the government will not "say or do
anything that would precipitate a situation every-
body wishes to avoid. The situation is serious but
not hopeless and no government or country wants
to see a European war". Answering Lloyd George's
criticism of the policy of the government toward
Spain, Secretary Eden states that Lloyd George
has kept Russia in the background while undoubtedly
Russian contributions of war material have been
very large. "The alternative to the policy of non-
intervention is unlimited support and competition
in arms and men, with the attending risks". He
states he doubts that the abolition of the policy
would necessarily benefit the Spanish government.

Secretary Eden states in the House of Commons
that there are "definitely encouraging" signs of im-
provement in the international situation in the Far
East. "A more definite exchange of views encourages
the hope of further progress", but he reiterates that
"any Anglo- Japanese understanding would not be
effected at the expense of China". The Imperial
Conference "agreed unanimously that a Pacific pact
of non-aggression is a desirable objective and preli-
minary discussions will shortly be made among the
interested governments to decide whether definite
proposals could be usefully advanced.

The Tientsin-Peiping air-line is suspended, it is
understood because of heavy operating losses, but
it is announced the Tientsin-Tokyo line will be con-
tinued.

June 26. — German technicians are reported to
have arrived in Bilbao to manage Basque mines,
smelters, and foundries, and to reorganize the tele-
phone and street car service. The fascists say they
can supply two-thirds of the ore necessary for the
British rearmament program but will demand Brit-
ish recognition of Franco's government before ship-
ping such ore.

The Chinese are reported to be receiving reports
of formal conversations between Britain and Japan
regarding their political and economic interests in the
Far East with apprehension lest the conference result
in an agreement inimical to China. The recent sus-
pension of Sino- Japanese negotiations gives the
matter added significance. Lord Lytton, Chairman

She's pretty, lively, a snappy dresser.
Yet men "side-step" her. Other girls
ignore her. For the best reason in the
world — carelessness about the odour
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It's so easy to avoid this intolerable
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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

377

of the League's mission to Manchuria in 1931, tells
the press that any suggestion that Britain should
ourchase Japanese friendship by recognizing Man-
chukuo and the Japanese protection of Manchuria
should be clearly repudiated. "The only visible
solution", he states, "is the establishment of Man-
chukuo as a really independent state, guaranteed
not by the presence of the Japanese army but by the
wishes of the inhabitants and by international treaty
to which all Manchukuo's neighbors would be
pledged". m

June 27.— Chancellor Hitler declares in a public
address: "Germany needs Spanish ores— that is
why we want a nationalist government m Spain. . .
We shall take the Leipzig incident in our own hands.
We have seen how collective action works. We
have seen how our problems are treated. We are
cured. Thank God we are strong enough to protect
ourselves. ..."

June 28. — The Italian press charges that the
wheat-laden steamer Capapino was deliberately
sunk last Friday in the Dardanelles Straits by Spanish
loyalists. Earlier reports indicated that the ship
was rammed in a fog by the Spanish tanker Maga-
llanes. The Popolo d' Italia, Mussolini's newspaper,
predicts that Madrid will fall just like Bilbao, and
that this will end the war "and definitely solve the
crisis". Mysterious, unidentified warships bombard
Spain's northern Mediterranean coast line, and
Spanish officials claim the shells fired bear German
identification marks. An unidentified submarine
sank the loyalist freighter Cabo Palos near Alicante
Saturday with a loss of five lives, it is reported.
Fifty Russian and Italian tanks battle in the Jarama
river valley, 15 miles southeast of Madrid, and the
rebels, who attempted to cut the Madrid- Valencia
highway, are driven back.

Gen. Hermann Goering tells the International
Chamber of Commerce meeting in Berlin that Ger-
many's intentions are peaceful but that it will
continue to bring up its colonial problems until its
urgent and legitimate desires with regard to colonies
are fulfilled".

The execution of 37 more "wreckers at Khaba-
vorsk is announced in Moscow. Karl Radek, fore-
most Russian journalist, imprisoned some time ago
as a Trotskyist, is released.

June 29. — Finance Minister Bonnet, arriving in
Paris from the United States, declares a suspension
of all gold and foreign exchange payments until
further notice. Security and commodity exchanges
have also been closed,

June 30. — Portugal moves to support Italy and
Germany by temporarily suspending the facilities
it has been granting to British observers under the
non-intervention program on the grounds that the
Italian and German withdrawal from the naval
patrol upset the equilibrium and provided an ad-
vantage for the Spanish loyalists. Italy and Germany
threaten to send their merchant ships into Spanish

rebel ports without submitting them to inspection
by Franco-British control agents. Britain and
France threaten to abandon the neutrality patrol
and recognize both sides as belligerents unless Italy
and Germany change their stand.

The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate approve
a measure granting Premier Chautemps dictatorial
powers to deal with the financial crisis. A member
of the Senate declares that similar powers were
refused former premier Blum because 'he would
have used them for coercion and nationalization
rather than for national recovery".

Reported that a Soviet gunboat in the Amur riv-
er was fired upon by Japanese and Manchukuoan
soldiers. According to a Japanese communique,
heavy losses were inflicted and that two other
Russian boats driven off. The boats were allegedly
"invading" Kanchatzu island, below Blagoveschensk,
and "opened fire on Japanese and Manchukuoan
guards". The Japanese Ambassador M. ^hige-
mitsu at Moscow tells Foreign Commissar Maxim
Litvinov that Japan will "take measures unless
Russian forces are withdrawn from the disputed
island and some others. He later denies to the
press that he served an ultimatum and that retusai
might mean war.

Julv t .__An editorial in the Popolo d'ltaha, believ-
ed to have been written by Mussolini himself, charges
England and France with assisting the Reds in
Spain, and declares that Germany and Italy have
done everything possible to isolate the Spanish con-
flagration. "Italian volunteers", however, went
to Spain to give General Franco proof of solidarity

against anti fascism Not to have accepted the

Red's challenge would have been suicide. With-
drawal of volunteers is impossible because too com-
plicated A European conflagration is certain
unless France and Britain change their course. . .
The last word is decisive—and it now belongs to
cannon". . ,

The Bank of France authorizes further advances
of 15 000,000,000 francs to the bankrupt national
Treasury. The stock exchange reopens.

The Japanese army and navy general staffs are
in continuous sessions both in Tokyo and Hsmking.
The Cabinet in Tokyo decides the Russian- Japanese
Sis can be settled peacefully only if Russia with-
draws all its armed forces from the Amur region
territory claimed by Manchukuo. The Russian
version of the affair is that a Japanese and Man-
chukuoan cutter fired on a Soviet frontier guard
boat in the vicinity of Sennufu island and following
return fire Japanese artillery from the Manchukuoan
shore opened up on the boat, killing two of the crew
and wounding three.

The Chinese government promulgates the lyjo-cw
budget effective for the fiscal year beginning [today
and balanced at a record total of $l.009'64^y0.°°
Mex. (approximately $300,000,000). Foreign Min-
ister Wang Chung-hui states that China has achieved

real national unity and is capable of setting its own
house in order provided it is given a chance to evolve
without interruption and unembarrassed. M*n»
chance we want and are determined to nave .

Eamon de Valera is reelected President of the
Executive Council of Ireland and the acceptance of
the new constitution introduced by him is therefore

virtually assured. .

July 2.— Final efforts to patch up the international
non-intervention agreement collapse in London,
Italy and Germany rejecting the proposal by which
Britain and France would take over complete control
of the neutrality naval patrol around Spain, the ships
to carry neutral observers as a guarantee that their
work would be carried out impartially. They also
opposed recognition of both Spanish factions as
belligerent with equal rights. Britain and France
opposed to Italo-German proposal to retain the
non-intervention body in London and the interna-
tional control of the Franco-Spanish land frontiers.
Franco throws his army against Santander in an
effort to trap the nearly 100,000 loyalist troops there,
Italian volunteers leading the assault. Simulta-
neously he accuses Britain and France of intervention
on behalf of the loyalists and threatens economic
reprisals" unless given "belligerent rights . It is
believed he refers to the rich Basque mines which
he now controls, Britain operates, and Germany
wants. Although he previously stated that British
iron shipments from Bilbao might be resumed, he
dec ares foreigners are forbidden to return to insur-
gent-held territory. The Spanish loyalist fleet,
bottled up for months in the government naval bases
at Cartagena and Almeria, sail into the Mediter-
ranean following a Madrid announcement that
the sea-parade by Italian and German warships
off Mahon, Minorca port, was an act of war.

Commissar Litvinov and Ambassador Shigemitsu
announce at Moscow after a lengthy conference that
the Amur incident has been settled and that a tri-
pTrtte commission will be created to settle the dis-
putes over the Bolshoi and Sennufu island groups
in the tortuous channel of the Amur river.

China is reported to be inaugurating a nation-
wide conscription program with the aim of eventually
providing 40?000,000 young men with military training.
July 4.— A United Press dispatch from Rome
states "it is reported tonight" that Mussolini has
abandoned15 all^hopes of an. understanding with
Britain and is actively preparing for a possible war
in the Mediterranean within one year. . .. Tne
younger fascist group has been urging II Due e Jo
pick 1 quarrel now before Britain is ^ PrePf^n
The British begin reenforcing the Mediterranean
fleet and Secretary Eden in a public address warns
Italy as well as British critics. that Britain will not
oermit foreign use of the Spanish war as a means of
PnTu^ng Brirish interests. "We are still prepared
to cooperate in any fair and just measures to Prevent
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378

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

pur efforts mast not be interpreted as a policy of
peace at any price' ". "Britain is determined to
maintain the territorial integrity of Spain", he
declares. Reported that Portugal's representative
on the London non-intervention committee has
received instructions not to oppose any action which
Britain and France decide to take. Italians are
reported to be astonished at the sudden hardening
of the French and British policy. Diplomats
believe that Holland, Belgium, the Baltic and Scan-
dinavian nations, the Little Entente and Ireland
will support Britain and France. The Russian
representative on the committee states: "The
Spanish conflict is practically an international war
now . The Spanish government orders an im-
mediate offensive on all fronts.

. July 6. — The Diario de Burgos states that Franco
w not opposed to the British proposal for the with-
drawal of all foreign volunteers from Spain, which
statement is taken as an attempt to placate Britain.
Employees of the British-owned Orconera Iron Ore
Company who left Bilbao for France when the
rebels took the city, have been informed by Franco
that they may return with safety.

Premier Paul van Zeeland of Belgium, returning
from Washington, interviews officials in London and
expresses himself as pleased with the "open-minded
and receptive attitude" of American officials. It is
understood he brings specific proposals on economic
rehabilitation, exchange stablization, tariffs, and
rearmament.

President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine
Commonwealth arrives in Paris from New York.
July 0.-— Franco is reported to have appealed to

Italy and Germany to throw new huge forces into
the fight, according to a loyalist news agency — 125,-
000 men, 500 warplanes, 50 artillery batteries, and
a supply of tanks in order to "mop up the entire
northern front in three months" and permitting
simultaneous assaults on Madrid. It is said that
his 80-day offensive against Bilbao cost him 20,000
men and 20 per cent of his equipment. Twenty-five
thousand workers are reported to be preparing some
60 airfields throughout Italy, to be completed as
soon as possible. British publicists declare that
Germany will refuse to join Italy in a war against
British rearmament is progressing swiftly and that
its vast resources are more than sufficient to check
Mussolini. Hitler is permitting II Duce to "vent
his spleen" while secretly preparing for an adventure
of his own, possibly the nazification of Austria, they
say.

The German press attacks the 4th of July speech
of American Ambassador Robert W. Bingham in
London m which he declared that "despots have forc-
ed America and Britain to undertake rearmament. . .
We must win the rearmament race. . . ."

*Jf®2*dcnt Quezon arrives in Berlin and lunches
with General Goering and later inspects a number
of labor camps. Earlier he called on American
Ambassador W. R. Dodd and was luncheon guest
of F. L. Mayer, Embassy Counsellor. He tells the
press that he has not visited Germany since 1910 and
is greatly interested in all the developments. "That
is all I have to say for my visit is purely private".

Twenty-two more officials of the Soviet Eastern
Railway are reported to have been executed at Vla-
divostok, convicted of terrorism and espionage on

behalf of Japan. The total number of officials of
this railroad executed is said be to 153.

July 8. — The London Daily Mail states that a
program designed to end the danger of war through
political and economic appeasements has been
suggested by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a
result of his conversations with Premier Van Zeeland.
Hasty organization of an international conference
would be avoided, but informal diplomatic exchanges
would be held on tariffs, currency, credits, armaments,
war debts, etc., with later conferences, first at
Brussels, and later at Washington.

The Spanish government claims victories on three
fronts — at Madrid, Andalucia, and south of the
Tagus river.

President and Mrs. Quezon are luncheon guests
of Secretary of State Hans von Machensen. Earlier
President Quezon visited Economic Minister Hjalma
Schacht.

The Royal Commission on Palestine in its report
published .today recommends the partitioning of
Palestine into three separate states as the only
feasible solution of the continued outbreaks of
violence between Jews and Arabs there during the
past 20 years. It recommends the termination of
the British mandate and suggests the negotiation
of treaties with the Arabs and the Zionist organiza-
tion with the aim of establishing (1) an Arab section
which would be united with Trans- Jordan, (2) a
Jewish section, and (3) an enclave under British man-
date extending from a p int north of Jerusalem to a
point south of Bethlehem with a corridor to the sea
extending from Jerusalem to Jaffa. The Arab state
would also be given an outlet to the sea at Jaffa.

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August, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

379

Both Jews and Arabs, however, are known to be
strongly opposed to any partitioning of the Holy

After a skirmish between Chinese troops and
Tapanese night maneuvering near the famous Marco
Polo Bridge, 10 miles west of Peiping, the latter
begin shelling the town of Wangpinghsien continuing
from 5 until 9 o'clock this morning and killing scores
0f people. The Japanese have been maneuvering
continually in this district for more than a year,
trampling down crops, and riding horses and
dragging field guns across unfenced fields. The
japan se claim that one of their men was lost and
that they sought permission to enter the walled town
to search for him and that this started the brush with
the Chinese. Chinese say that armed Japanese
dressed as civilian started the firing. The Japanese
have demanded the immediate land complete eva-
cuation of the trouble zone by Chinese forces — "or
we will wipe them out .

Commissar Litvinov warns Japan that all Soviet
officials in the Far East have been given "firm orders
to resist with all the means at their command"
any new encroachments on the Soviet frontier.
The Japanese are alleged to have violatedj|the recent
agreement under which both sides were to withdraw
their troops from the disputed Amur river islands.

Reported that Britain will fortify Penang at the
northern extremity of the Malacca Straits.

July 9. — France threatens to leave its Spanish
border in the Pyrenees open to men and munitions
en route te Spain unless the neutrality planjis revived
to control the Portuguese-Spanish frontier and Spain's
water boundaries .

The Arab High Committee appeals to four Arab
kings "in the name of God and religion" to intervene
against the partition of Palestine now awaiting the
sanction of the League. The British appeal to the
1,000,000 Arabs and the 400,000 Jew3 in the region
to keep the peace. The Jew3 are protesting against

the loss of their Dead Sea potash works and their
electric plants along the Jordan under the plan. pr.
Stephen Wise of New York, President of the American
Zionist movement, states that Britain is guilty of the
"gravest betrayal of a sacred trust. . . . The de-
cision strikes at the heart of Jewish hopes and is an
affront to the League of Nations. This petition
is a timorous escape — not imperial statesmansmp; a
Palestine government house improvisation .

The Japanese Foreign office asserts that Japanese
military maneuvers in China are entirely legal under
the Boxer protocol and subsequent exchanges oi
notes between the Japanese and Chinese govern-
ments. The Chinese are ignoring Japanese d :mands
that they withdraw from the Fengtai area south ot
Peiping. Yesterday's fighting in which the Japanese
encountersd unexpected opposition, subsided at

mlJulyhW.-~- Franco is reported to have told Mussolini
and Hitler that if France throws open the boundary,
he will need at least 150,000 additional tro jps and

100 planes to carry out his plans.

The Emir Abdullah of Trans- Jord in, ruler of some
300,000 Arabs, second son of King Husein of the
Hejaz and a brother of ling Feisal of Iraq, declares
that the recommendations of the Royal Commission
provide jthe best solution ^considering the circumstan-

Ce3July ii.— Renewed fighting breaks out in the
vicinity of Peiping Saturday night and Sunday
morning, with both sides rushing up reenforcements.
Premier Mussolini issue a deer e limiting news-
papers to six pages, effective July 17, because of the

Catholic pulpits throughout Germany note with
"great satisfaction" that Protestant churches in
the country remain faithful and staunch in the tace
of "arrests and other tribulations. Catholic
priests declare that "if all remain faithful to the
Christian faith we will all win. As Christians we

must stand together in the struggle against Christ .

July 12.-The five-day battle fought>y th^oy^sts
to break the rebel ring around Madrid is reported
Shave lost 13,000 dead and 30.M0 wojjj^.
casualties being about equ Uly divided ^though t he
drive is making some progress. France is said I to
have refused a British request to dd^r.tje ewcution
Sf its threat to open the Franco-Spanish frontier on
Tuesday, although it declares this does not neces-
sarily mean the immediate dumping of arms and
munitions into Spain. . a ae>~nnei

Three Soviet flyers leave Moscow for -a ^cond
attempt to r.ach Los Angeles by WJf"«^
Pole. They are using a single-motored monoplane
a sister-ship to the plane used in the : first flight.
They are carrying 2,000 gallons of W^g^ .

July 12.— The Japanese charge d affaires in a
communication to the Chinese .Foreign Office ^states
that "if Nanking extends military or diplomatic
aide to local authorities in North China, Japan will
have to make a final decision". Chinese officials
believe Japan will force the issue of a major war and
reiterate that "will recognize no local ^Japanese
agreement settling the Wanpinghsien incident be-
?Iu!e the issue is national. China is anxious for a
Peaceful settlement but can not accept ^ ^utrahzation
of the area or further Japanese consohdationm North
China. China would welcome the good offices of
mediation by a third power: Japan is reported to
have rushed a number of warships based on Formosa
to various South China ports. —onrted

July 13.— A battle lasting several hours "reported
half a mile south of Peiping. Fighting at Wang-
pinghsien resulted in the withto^ rfa Jagm«e
force faced by a superior number of Chinese troops,
the Chinese corps of "Big Swords" gomgmto action
aeainst the bayonet-armed Japanese. The Chinese
Foreign Office requests consuls in Peymg to evacuate
their countrymen as the government can not assure
theirjprotection under present circumstances.

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380

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

August, 1937

Astronomical Data for
August, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
(Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Aug. 1. 5:39 a.m. 6:26 p.m.
Aug. 6. 5:40 a.m. 6:23 p.m.
Aug. 12. 5:41 a.m. 6:21 p.m.
Aug. 18. 5 42 a.m. 6:17 p.m.
Aug. 24. 5:43 a.m. 6:14 p.m.
Aug. 31. 5:44 a.m. 6:09 p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset

(Upper Limb)

. Rises Sets

August 1 12:07 a.m. 1:21 p.m.

August 2 1:03 a.m. 2:22 p.m.

August 3 2:03 a.m. 3:23 p.m.

August 4 3:05 a.m. 4:21 p.m.

August 5 4:07 a.m. 5:14lp.m.

August 6 5:07 a.m. 6:04 p.m.

August 7 6.06 a.m. 6.50 p.m.

August 8 7:01 a.m. 7:33 p.m.

August 9 7:54 a.m. 8:14 p.m.

August 10 8:45 a.m. 8:53 p.m.

August 11 9:36 a.m. 9:34 p.m.

August 12 10:25 a.m. 10:15 p.m.

August 13 11:15 a.m. 10:57 p.m.

August 14 12:05 p.m. 11:42 p.m.

August 15 12:55 p.m.

August 16 1:44 p.m. 12:29 a.m.

August 17 2:33 p.m. 1:18 a.m.

August 18 3:21 p.m. 2:08 a.m.

August 19 4:07 p.m. 3:00 a.m.

August 20 4:51 p.m. 3:52 a.m.

August 21 5:34 p.m. 4:44 a.m.

August 22 6:16 p.m. 5:37 a.m.

August 23 6:59 p.m. 6:31 a.m.

August 24 7:41 p.m. 7:24 a.m.

August 25 8:26 p.m. 8:19 a.m.

August 26 9:14 p.m. g:i6 a.m.

August 27 10:04 p.m. 10:14 a.m.

August 28 10:59 p.m. 11:14 a.m.

August 29 11:56 p.m. 12:16 p.m.

August 30 1:15 p.m.

August 31 12:56 a.m. 2:13 p.m.

Phases rf the Moon

New Moon on the 6th at 8:37 p.m.

First Quarter on the 14th at 10:28 a.m.

Full Moon on the 22nd at 8:47 a.m.

Last Quarter on the 29th at 7:55 a.m.

Perigee on the 3rd at 12:00 noon

Apogee on the 15th at 11:00 a.m

Perigee on the 29th at 11:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 7:37 a. m. and sets at 7:45
p. m. Just after sunset, the planet may be found
in the western sky in the constellation of Leo.

VENUS rises at 2:50 a. m. and sets at 3:38 p. m.
Just before sunrise, the planet may be found about

40° above the eastern horizon in the constellation of
Gemini.

MARS rises at 12:54 p. m. and sets at 11:58 p. m.
At 9:00 p. m. the planet may be found about 45°
above the western horizon in the constellation of
Scorpius.

JUPITER rises at 4:10 p. m. and sets at 3:18 a. m
on the 16th. During the night the planet may be
found in the constellation of Sagittarius The planet
transits the meridian at 9: 8 p. m.

SATURN rises at 8:46 p. m. on the 14th and sets
at 8:44 a. m. During the entire night the planet
may be found in the constellation of Pisces. The
planet transits the meridian at 2:49 a. m.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p. m.

North of the Zenith
Deneb in Cygnus
Vega in Lyra
Arcturus in Bootis

South of the Zenith
Formalhaut in Pisces Aus-

tralis
Altair in Aquila
Antares in Scorpius
Spica in Virgo

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As Long As I Live — Loring 4 40

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The Case of the Dangerous Dowager — Gardner 4 40

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The Miracle of England: An Account of Her Rise to Pre-Eminence and Present Position— Ma urois 8.25

The Renaissance of Physics — Darrow 5 60

The Revolution Betrayed — Trotsky , 5 50

Road My Body Goes — Gessler 7 70

Ships of the World's Battlefleets— Talbot- Boo th, 3 30

Some Great Political Idealists of the Christian Era— Hearnshaw 6 60

Spain in Revolt — Gannes &> Repard 4 40

Streamline Your Mind — Mursell 4 40

The Tropical Garden: Its Design, Horticulture and Plant Materials— Kuck & Tongg 6.60

Viewed Without Alarm: Europe Today — Millis 2 75

We Or They: Two Worlds in Conflict — Armstrong 3 30

The World of Science — Taylor 8 25

Zero Hour: Policies of the Powers — Freund 5 . 50

Philippine Education Company, Inc.

101-103 Escolta, Manila
Philippine Islands

PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

[RlOr tCAL ROOM
NER L LIBRARY

IfllV. f>P MICH.

September, 1937

«... ... ^ ,*

/'■ %'-

No. 9 (353)

t&.

• i%3

" AMBITION"

Gavino Reyes Congson

Twenty Centavos the Copy

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

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PHILIPPINE

MAG AZ I NE

A. V, H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1937 No. 9 (353)

The Cover:

"Ambition" Gavino Reyes Congson Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 382

383

News Summary

Editorials :

Addressed to Both Sides — Unanimity and a Differ-
ence—Mass Murder and Moral Disapproval The Editor 391-393

Taal and Its History. • Percy A. Hill 394

Jarana (Story) Vicente R. Generoso 396

Rizal Province, Randiom Notes of a Student of Soil Geography Dominador Z. Rosell 397

Marshal Daendels' Appeal to Manila ... G. G. van d'er Kop 398

Rainy Season (Poem) E>ee Vere . 399

The Old Spaniard (Story) Benjamin Flores 400

A Lighter Poet (Poem) Ambrosia del Roeario 401

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog". . 402

Four O'clock in the Editor's Office 421

Astronomical Data for September. . . Weather Bureau 432

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarifias, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

381

382

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

PXPORTS appear to
«*-/ have been fairly heavy
in July and ships had
no difficulty in disposing
of their freight space.
Sugar shipments, which
have been later than usual
due to Yew York market
conditions, were heavy for
this season of the year and
copra shipments were un-
usually heavy due to the
availability of a number of
ships at Cebu and the fact that freightrates on coconut
products to the Pacific Coast will increase September
1. Shipments of coconut oil and of copra cake and
meal were about normal. Desiccated coconut ship-
ments were heavy though somewhat below the record
June level. Abaca exports fell off slightly and leaf
tobacco shipments were small.

The export sugar market was quiet in the first
half of the month but firm in the last half, with fairly
active sales. Shipments were greater than in June
and much greater than in July last year, though for
the year they are still a little behind the usual sche-
dule. The market for domestic consumption sugar
was very dull throughout the month with prices
slightly lower. The Philippine Sug r Association is
taking an inventory of existing sugar in the Islands
at the request of the domestic Sugar Administration.
It|is hoped that this inventory will disclose whether
there has been any considerable amount of illegal
milling or bootlegging and will help toward a settle-
ment of the difference of opinion as to what the
domestic quota should be.

Copra arrivals showed the expected seasonal
increase and exports were unusually heavy. The
decline in copra prices was temporarily checked but
selling was renewed toward the end of the month and
prices declined to a level a little below that at the
beginning of the month. With competing purchasers
having satisfied their immediate needs and with a
heavy crop in prospect, the market was weak at the
end of the month and lower prices are expected.
The oil market advanced and receded approximately
in correspondence with copra prices, with the level
at the end slightly under that at the beginning and a
further decline believed likely. There was a fair
demand for copra cake from Europe but the American
demand for meal was indifferent due to expectation

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of a large cotton crop. Desiccated coconut factories
continue to operate at capacity and exports were
heavy, though somewhat below the June record.

The abaca market was moder .tely firm in the first
half of the month with fair demand from New York
and London, though in the latter case, it was at
prices unattractive to 1 cal dealers. The export
demand as dull in the latter part of the month and
the local markets closed at about the opening level.
With Japan out of the market, other foreign markets
were inclined to await developments and indications
pointed to lower prices.

The tobacco market continued quiet with no con-
siderable change in prices. Leaf tobacco exports
were small. Cigar exports were lower than in June
but fairly good.

The rice market was firm during the first three
weeks of July due to improved demand from con-
suming centers and probably due also to destruction
of stored rice as well as growing rice by floods in
Central Luzon. In the last week of the month
demand was quiet but prices steady.

Gold production was somewhat lower than in
June due to lower average grade of ore milled. It
continued well above F4, 000,000, however. Exports
of iron ore to Japan continued at the usual rate of
about 60,000 tons a month and there were also ship-
ments of manganese and copper to Japan, as well
as moderate shipments of chromite to the United
States.

The value of import collection bills was about the
same as in June but 50 percent greater than in July,
1936. The value of commercial letters of credit
opened in July was about 14 percent lower than in
June but 10 percent greater than in July, 1936.
Importers continue to meet drafts promptly.

The market for imported goods was seasonally
quiet in most lines. Indenting of cotton textiles
was good in the first half of the month but fell off in
the last half due to expectation of lower cotton prices.
Imports from the United States were slightly lower
than in June but imports of Japanese goods were
very heavy due to exceptionally great transhipments
at Hong Kong. Stocks of both American and Ja-
panese goods were heavy at the end of the month and
stock prices were somewhat lower.

Flour imports were reduced in July but were still
in excess of current demand. Stocks appear to be
heavy and there was a good deal of price cutting.
Floods in Central Luzon are believed to have des-
troyed a considerable amount of flour, which should
improve the stock position. About 60 percent of
total imports again came from the United States.
Canned fish arrivals were small from the United
States and only fair from Japan. Stocks of Japanese
fish appear adequate but prices were firm during the
month. Demand is seasonally moderate. Imports
of condensed milk were heavy and evaporated milk
substantial, but stocks do not appear excessive.
Imports continue to come mainly from the Nether-
lands, with Japan taking no considerable part.
There was no change in prices.

Imports of cars and trucks were heavy in July,
though somewhat below the June level. Sales were
exceptionally good for this reason of the year. There
was a seasonal recession in the demand for parts and
accessories but it continues very good. The same
is true of tires.

The leather market was seasonally quiet but
prices were firm with the prospect of improved
dem-md.

Export cargoes were apparently fairly heavy in
July, with copra and sugar going in excellent volume.
Railroad carlo ^.dings continued to increase and are
substantially higher than at this time last year, with
the most notable increase in sugar.

Government revenue was again exceptionally good
in July, due mainly to excellent collections of license
and business taxes, including sales tax, and income
taxes. Customs collections also showed a substan-
tial improvement. Total c llections by the Bureaus
of Customs and Internal Revenue in the first seven
months exceed those for the same period last year
by 26 percent.

Consolidated bank figures showed no considerable
change during the month. Debits to individual
accounts fell off to a more normal level, following the
heavy June debits. Circulation was practically un-
changed. The dollar was steady to firm during the
month on the exchange market, with no heavy
offerings of sugar bills.

Domestic credit conditions continue generally
good despite the severe slump in the stock market,
in which some dealers were undoubtedly involved.
There was a moderate increase in the number of auto-
mobile purchasers who fell behind in their install-

Atlas Assurance Company,

Limited.
Continental Insurance Co.

ments and there were a few repossessions, but not
many. Collections in Central Luzon were delayed
because of floods, which appeared to have caused
considerable damage.

Power production totaled 11,905,918 KWH, an
increase over the June figure, due mainly to the
longer month. It represents a substantial increase
over the 10,394,482 KWH for July, 1936. For the
first seven months of this year, electric power pro-
duction totaled 78,813,771 KWH, or nearly nine
percent over the 72,390,574 KHW for the same period

Real estate sales registered in July totaled F 1,45 3,-
433, or not much over half the figure for June and
about one-third that for May. It nevertheless ex-
ceeds the figure for July, 1936, by F236,407, or about
19 percent. The real estate market continues very
good and sales for the first seven months of this year
totaled F16,440,229, or more than double the F7,-
890,964 for the same period of 1936.

New building permits improved considerably, due
mainly to a p rmit issued for a nine-story structural
steel annex to the Bay View Hotel. July permits for
new construction were much greater than in July,
1936, but for the first seven months of this year,
permits for new buildings are still about 13 percent
lower than in ths same period last year. With plans
being prepared for two new office buildings, it is
likely that permits will increase in the next few months.
Permits for July and for the first seven months of
1937 are as follows:

July
1936 1937

New construction 241,220 658,760

Repairs 55,930 25,480

Total 297,150 684,240

Total 7 months
1936 1937

New construction 4,078,200 3,562,710

Repairs 324,200 173,650

Total 4,402,400 3,736,360

There were 600 new radio receiving sets registered
in June and 71 cancellations. In June last year,
there were 346 registrations and 83 cancellations.
For the first six months of this year and last year,
registrations and cancellations were as follows:

Total 6 months

1936 1937

Registrations 2,279 3,052

Cancellations. ., 627 522

There were 46 new corporations registered in June,
with authorized capital of F9,519,500, of which
1*1,875,978 was subscribed and F615,613 paid-up
in cash. Of the new companies, 21, with Fl, 217,000
subscribed and F373,000 paid-up, are engaged m
mining. Of these, 17, with F995,900 subscribed and
F263.085 paid-up, are under Filipino control and
four, with F22 1,200 subscribed and Fl09,783 paid-
up, are American. One Japanese financing company
was registered, with F200.000 subscribed and P50,000
paid-up, and one Filipino lumber company, with
F40,000 subscribed and F 10,000 paid-up. There
was also a Filipino publishing company, with F50.000
subscribed and paid-up. Other companies regis-
tered are engaged in investments, management,
merchandising, transportation and 9°°?eT^}vA%^Jo
keting. Of the total capital subscribed, /M37,778
was Filipino, F222.200 was American and F 200,000
Japanese. . . . .,

There were 10 partnerships registered, with a paid-
up capital of F580,242, of which five, with £500-,
000, are engaged in brokerage and four, with F54.000,
in merchandising. One partnership of mixed nation-
ality engaged in brokerage has a paid-up capital ot
F 160,000. The merchandising is mostly in the
hands of three Chinese companies, with F49.000
paid-up. The balance of the partnership investment
is Filipino , . T .

There were 36 new corporations registered in July*
with F5 ,6 15,000 authorized capital, of which Fl,-
340,000 was subscribed and F444.791 paid-up in
cash. Fifteen of the new companies are engaged in
mining, of which 12 have Filipino capital and three
American. Subscribed capital in mining companies
is P551.400, of which F162,936 is paid-in, practically
all Filipino. Three Filipino companies were formed
to engage in manufacturing, with F 189,000 subscribed
and F 76,000 paid-up. These include a manufacturer

The Employer's Liability

Assurance Corporation, Ltd.
Orient Insurance Company

Insurance Company of North America

E. E. ELSER, INC.

GENERAL AGENTS

Kneedler Bldg. No. 400

Telephone 2-24-28

September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

383

of asbestos cement tiles and a company formed to pre-
serve foodstuffs. Marchandising accounts for seven
companies, with P241.700 subscribed and F96,000
paid-up. Most of the paid-up capital is represented
by one Filipino-Chinese wholesale company and
one Chinese retail novelty store. Also included is one
American company, with P5,000 capital, to take over
the selling branch of an American office machinery
manufacturer. One Filipino company, with P51,-
000 capital paid-up, was organized to manufacture
and sell paper. . .

r There were four partnerships registered during
the month, with P107.000 paid-up, of which F97,-
500 was Filipino, the balance Chinese. One of
these, with P80,000 paid-up, was formed to import
and sell perfume. The others will operate as general
merchants.

News Summary

The Philippines

July 14. — Collector of In-
ternal Revenue Alfredo Yatco
is reported to have informed
Secretary of Finance Antonio
de las Alas that income tax
returns can not be furnished
by his office to anyone without
the approval of the President
of the Commonwealth. The
National Assembly's utilities
rate reduction committee, in-
vestigating prices of gasoline,
recently asked the Secretary to furnish it with the
tax returns of local gasoline companies.

The Cabinet grants permission to government
officials to continue teaching in the University of
the Philippines and this is a government institution.
The deans of the the School of Forestry and the
College of Veterinary Science are also heads of the
corresponding bureaus. ...»
" Dr. U. W. Lamkin, head of the American group
'of delegates to the Tokyo educational conference,
states in Manila that the Philippines can t afford
to scimp in education or keep children out of school
if the country intends to have a democracy. There

is only one thing more expensive than education;
that is ignorance". Asked to comment on the
"double session" plan, he states that this is like
giving some children half a breakfast and the other
children the other half.

The Marsman Assay Laboratory, established
through a donation to the University of the Philip-
pines by J. H. Marsman and to be used by mining
engineering students, is inaugurated.

The gold share average in the Manila stock market
moves to the lowest level since June of last year —
112.58, down 3.7 points.

July lb. — Jorge B. Vargas, Secretary to the Pres-
ident, announces that the more than 10,000 provincial
and municipal officials, whose terms expire today,
will continue t<* hold office at the pleasure of the
Chief Executive by virtue of a law which postponed
the regular elections until some time next year, the

definite date not having been fixed. They whl
continue to occupy their positions unless the Pre-
sident replaces them within the next 90 days—until
October 15. The Assembly thus exempted local
government officials from the 1935 balotting on the
ground that their election should not coincide with
the presidential election. . .

July 16.— -The Iloilo city government is inaugu-
rated although the proceedings are considered preli-
minary in nature, all officials having only temporary
appointments because of recent popular protests
against the persons at first selected. #

The Board of Directors of the Alumni Association
of the University of the Philippines declares the
election of Dr. Manuel Carreon to the University
Board of Regents null and void on the ground that
he violated the rule that prohibits personal solicita-
tion of votes.

384

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

July 18. — "Popular Front" leaders seize upon the
word "Dictatorship" in an effort to raise a new
national issue in a meeting attended by Gen. Emilio

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Aguinaldo, Gen. Jos6 Alejandrino, Emiliano Tirona,
Quirico Abeto, Delfin Jaranilla, and Miguel Cornejo.

A strike of some 300 employees of the Batangas
Transportation Company in progress for several
weeks is still unsettled because of the refusal of the
management to reinstate five men who have acted
as leaders in the strike. Following the refusal of
both sides to come to terms, government mediators
leave for Manila to confer with national officials.

July 19. — Secretary Vargas characterizes the
Popular Front charges of dictatorship as broad and
vague and challenges its leaders to give specific in-
stances. "The courts of the nation are wide open",
he declares, "to test charges of constitutional viola-
tion".

Ten Philippine Army officers, composing the
second group to leave this month, sail for the United
States to take courses in American military schools.

Fifty leading Filipino educators headed by Dean
Francisco Benitez leave Manila to attend the seventh
conference of the World Federation of Educational
Associations to be held in Tokyo.

Nick Kaminsky, caretaker of Malacanang Palace
and a prominent amateur astronomer, announces
he has observed the appearance of a new comet.

United States High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt
observes his 46th birthdav.

July 20. — The gold share average slumps to 97.63,
a loss of 1 1 . 29 points over yesterday, adverse factors,
it is claimed, being the rumors of a possible peso-
devaluation and the war scare in China. Miguel
Cuaderno, former Vice-President of the Philippine
National Bank, declares that the government should
state publicly whether or not it is true that it is

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contemplating a devaluation of the peso. It is
said in government circles, that there is no such plan
and that President Manuel L. Quezon is definitely
against such a move.

After hearing spokesmen for both sides, Judge
Francisco Zulueta of the Court of Industrial Rela-
tions directs the strikers of the Batangas Transpor-
tation Company to return to work within 24 hours,
warning them that if they do not comply, he will
authorize the Company to hire other men to replace
them. He states he will decide later as to the reem-
ployment of the strike leaders whom the company
is reluctant to take back. The strike has virtually
paralyzed transportation in parts of Batangas, Ca-
vite, and Laguna for several weeks.

July 21. — Speaker Gil Montilla and other mem-
bers of the Assembly characterize the Quezon state-
ment in the New York World- Telegram to the effect
that the way is open to compromise on the question
of independence in 1938-39, a3 "most diplomatic".
Popular Front leaders say they are "surprised to
hear of the new change of front". The market
rises to 108.46 for a gain of 10.83 ploints, the rise
being generally credited to the Quezon statement
and to reports that the new margin requirements
may be modified.

Gen. Tsai Ting-Kai states in Hongkong, en route
to Nanking from the Philippines where he has been
spending a vacation, that he was persistently sha-
dowed by Japanese spies while in this country. The
Japanese Consul-General issues a denial.

July 22. — Secretary of Agriculture Eulogio Rodri-
guez makes public a report of Dr. H. Foster Bain,
former adviser to the Bureau of Mines, recommend-
ing the development of the coal fields in various
parts of the Islands, particularly those at Malangas,
Mindanao.

Mayor Juan Posadas of Manila announces he will
not permit Mrs. Margaret Sanger, expected to arrive
in Manila in October, to lecture on birth-control
except to audiences limited to scientific men. "I
am strongly opposed to birth-control as both immoral
and impractical, especially in the Philippines", he
says. Mrs. Pilar Hidalgo Lim, President of the
National Federation of Women's Clubs, recently
wrote Mrs. Sanger that her organization would be
"unable to cooperate with you for the spread of
your movement in our country. . . . Our objective
now is better babies and more intelligent parenthood."

Dr. H. Windsor Wade, Medical Director of the
Wood Memorial for the Eradication of Leprosy,
makes a vigorous defense of the policy of segregation,
stating that the results have been gratifying and that
there is no evidence but that personal contact spreads
the disease.

Directors of the U. P. Alumni Association decide
to certify the election of Fernando E. V. Sison, who
received the fourth highest number of votes for
election to the Board of Regents. Sison who pro-
tested the election of Dr. Carreon, has however
stated that in case the latter was disqualified, he
would not accept the position in his stead.

July 23. — Percy A. Hill, prominent American
rice-planter and writer, is murdered in his home near
Munoz early in the evening by a band of eight or ten
robbers who took him by surprise as he sat reading.
He rose to his feet and was shot in the shoulder
and through the heart. He was born in Water-
town, New York, in 1876, and served with the Army
in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, and later
joined the Philippine Constabulary, retiring in 1907.
He was intimately associated with Kilmer O. Moe
in the organization of the Munoz Agricultural School
and had much to do with the development of the
region. Three suspects are being held by the au-
thorities.

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

385

The High Commissioner releases a ruling of the
State Department amplifying his circular to foreign
consuls in Manila. Consuls "may address and
appeal to local authorities throughout the extent
of their consular districts for the purpose of protect-
ing the rights and interests of their nationals. Should
the local authorities fail to give satisfaction, appeal
may be made directly to the U. S. High Commis-
sioner of the Philippine Islands who should bring
the matter to the attention of the President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. If that action
should fail to effect a satisfactory adjustment, the
High Commissioner will then refer the case to the
Department of State and will so inform the foreign
consular officer concerned". It is suggested that
copies of written communications be forwarded to
the High Commissioner and the President of the
Commonwealth. "Replies by officials of the Com-
monwealth government to communications from
foreign consular officers should be transmitted through
the President of the Commonwealth and a copy of
each reply should be sent to the High Commissioner
by the President of the Commonwealth . Official
communications from the Commonwealth authorities
to American diplomatic and consular officials should
be sent to the High Commissioner for transmission
over his signature". American diplomatic and
consular officials are being instructed to address
official communications for the attention of the
Commonwealth authorities to the High Commis-
sioner for transmission. . .

July ^.—Constabulary and police authorities
are reported to have made eight arrests in the Hill

i&SJuly 26.— According to a report of Insular Trea-
surer Antonio Ramos, ex-officio Insurance Com-
missioner, the domestic insurance companies, in-
cluding the Filipinas Life Insurance, the Insular
Life, and the National Life companies, maintained
in force 22,958 insurance policies against 20,981 in
1935, valued at P52,435,129 and 1*48,339,037 res-
pectively The 1936 income of the domestic cor-
porations was P2,825,509 as against P2,634,456 in
1935.A, The American companies, including the Asia
Life, Lincoln National, United States Life, and
West Coast companies, did a total life insurance
business of P40,108,697, as against P38,742,510 in
1935. The income was 1*2, 2 72,688 as against
F2, 196,872 respectively. Policies of the American

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companies in force numbered 12,726 in 1936, as
against 12,376 in 1935.

The market closes at 98.07.

July 27. — The market slumps to 95.84.

July 29. — The market sags to a new low of 93.86.

July 30. — In connection with the recent ruling
of the Attorney-General in Washington, High Com-
missioner McNutt states in a telegram to Harry
Hopkins, head of the Works Progress Administra-
tion, that Filipinos "have a moral claim to treat-
ment more favorable than that accorded to any
class of aliens resident in the United States" and
urges that their case be given "sympathetic con-
sideration". Two thousand Filipinos on the Ad-
ministration's payroll are threatened with the loss
of their jobs.

Captain Thomas Leonard, retired U. S. Army,
veteran and well known mining man, dies, aged 83.

July 31. — Vice-President Sergio Osmena states
that the present low per-pupil educational outlay
"comes close to making public education a farce."

The market rises to 95.62.

August 1. — Nicolas Carpio, notorious gangster,
is reported to have confessed as having been the
one who shot Hill. Nineteen persons are at present
under arrest as being implicated in the crime.
^August 2. — The market rises tol02.32.

August 3. — Rains during the past week cause
floods in central Luzon, destroying crops and taking
a toll of a score of lives.

Aug. 4. — Froilan Pimentel is proclaimed winner
in the special election for Assemblyman held in Ca-
marines Norte yesterday. He succeeds Cayetano
Lukban who was recently ousted from the Assembly
for lack of legal residence.

The market moves down again to an average
of 100.17. a .4 tt f . .

Guy M. Willey, well known American old-timer
formerly with the Manila Railroad Company, dies,
aged 62.

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386

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

Aug. 5. — In a radiogram to Secretary de las Alas
President Quezon states it is his "fixed purpose not
to recommend or approve during my administra-
tion measures establishing a new currency system."

At a reception and ball given in his honor by the
Manila Masons, High Commissioner McNutt states
that masonry throughout the world continues to
succeed and forge ahead not because of its illustrious
members but because of its principles, and he urges
that, as masonry teaches, there should be freed, m
of thought and free expression of belief. Gen.
Douglas MacArthur, a 32nd degree mason, empha-
sizes the importance of brotherly love in the world.
Judge Manuel Camus speaks of the history of ma-
sonry in the Philippines and of the early persecu-
tions of the masons.

The market closes at 99.08.

Aug. 6. — A four-day conference of two archbi-
shops, eight bishops, and two apostolic prefects
closes in Manila, after discussing various church
policies and deliberating on methods of propagating
the faith and strengthening parish units. It is
reported means will be sought to increase the circu-
lation of Catholic newspapers and other publications
since these are believed to be the most effective
mediums for spreading information and combatting
movements detrimental to the faith.

Aug. 7. — President Quszon states at Yokohama:
"Ihave nothing to say about the Philippines I haven't
said before." John Van A. MacMurray, head of
the joint committee of experts, states "we will study
the whole question of independence. Our committee
will submit its report on tariff emigration, and arma-
ment in the Philippines in November."

Reported that a large shipment of arms and am-
munition, consisting of 150,000 rifles, 40,000 ba-
yonets, and machine guns and pieces of artillery,
will arrive this month for the Philippine Army from
the United States.

The Manila gold stock average moves up to 107.98.

Aug. <?.— A complaint of robbery in band with
homicide is filed against eight men who allegedly
murdered Hill. Three of the eight are still at large.

Aug. 9.— Gov. Domingo Magbalon of Masbate,
sentenced to four years' imprisonment for falsifica-
tion of public documents, resigns as governor. He
was convicted of collecting a house allowance on the
claim that the house he lived in belonged to another
while in fact it was his mother's.

Secretary of the Interior Elpidio Quirino appoints
Pedro Melendes, a Bukidnon Moro and a member
of the Constitutional Convention, deputy- governor
at large for Mindanao.

B. Fielden Nutter, Division Superintendent of
Schools of Pampanga, sails for the United States
after 25 years of service in the Bureau of Education.
His wife, who was a teacher, accompanies him.

The gold stock average moves up to 108.35.

Aug. 10. — Secretary of Justice Jose Yulo, Rafael

Alunan, President of the Philippine Sugar Associa-
tion, and Frederick C. Hoewe, economic and agrarian
expert, are among the prominent arrivals in Manila.
Yulo states that the Quezon mission to the United
States was a timely one and successful because if the
Philippines had waited much longer in seeking clari-
fication of the dubious, if not confu ing, position of
the Philippines under the TydingvMcDuffie Act,
greater difficulties would have to be met with less
time to prepare to meet them. He expresses him-
self as optimistic as to the outcome of the work of
the joint American-Philippine committee of experts
with reference to ultimate favorable treatment of
Philippine interests without prejudice to the in-
terests of the United States. He says he has noted
an encouraging sympathy on the part of the adminis-
tration in Washington and that Congress is not so
much hostile as indifferent. He says surprising
misconceptions exist even in official circles as to the
present status of the Philippines. Alunan states
that free trade between the Philippines and the
United States is highly improbable and emphasizes
that anything short of the present trade relations
would be disastrous to the country. "For one
thing," he declares, "it would be impossible to con-
tinue shipping sugar to the United States after inde-
pendence, paying full duty. With the American
market closed, Philippine production would have
to be reduced from 1,000,000 tons to 200,000 tons
annually and the yearly output of coconut oil, hemp,
tobacco, embroidery, and other exports would also
have to be greatly curtailed". He warns against
being too optimistic as to the results of the work
of the committee of experts as they can only make
recommendations and the same people who approved
the present law are still in Congress. He declares,
however, that he has the utmost confidence in the
patriotism and ability of President Quezon who will
do everything possible to safeguard the interests
of the country as a whole.

A resolution committing the Manila Medical
Society against the popularization of the birth-
control movement in the Philippines is side-tracked
in a tumultous meeting in the auditorium of the
University of the Philippines School of Hygiene and
Public Health. The meeting broke up without
even a formal motion of adjournment because of
the high feeling aroused and the lack of order.
The gold stock average drops to 104.69.
Aug. 11. — President Quezon states in Shanghai
that he plans to establish a government commission
to redistribute landholdings and an agricultural
bank to help finance farmers' purchases of the land
areas which the government will buy from large
landholders. He reiterates that the currency will
not be altered during his administration. He refuses
to comment on the Sino- Japanese situation. Mac-
Murray tells the press that the Committee which
he heads "is seeking an economic adjustment to
prevent tumbling the Philippines off a cliff after

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independence. As things now stand, the change
which the Philippines is facing will be abrupt and
unfair".

Aug. 12. — The National Produce Exchange opens
in Manila.

Secretary Vargas tells the press that a foreign
relations division will be created at Malacanang to
handle Commonwealth relations with consular and
other foreign officials. As an adjunct of the exe-
cutive offices, it will be under the direct supervision
of Secretary. He states it may be necessary to
request the services of a State Department expert
to organize the office, which may develop into a
department of state with Philippine independence.

A joint pastoral letter of the Catholic hierarchy
in the Philippines is made public following the ter-
mination of a series of meetings held last week. It
condemns birth control as contrary to the sacred
institution of marriage.

The gold stock average rises to 108.36.

Aug. 13. — High Commissioner McNutt releases
a statement of MacMurray's virtually prohibiting
the discussion of political relations between the
United States and the Philippines before the Com-
mittee of experts and stating that the committee
will confine its consideration of political indepen-
dence to the limitations laid down in the joint
Quezon-Sayre statement of March 18. The Philip-
pine-American Trade Association of Manila and
representatives of various business organizations
had already agreed to limit their written and oral
presentations to the field of economics. September
10 is set as the dead-line for the submission of briefs
while supplementary oral statement will be heard
by the Committee at a public hearing on September

The United States

July 12. — Former Vice-Governor J. R. Hayden,
speaking before the Institute of Public Affairs at
the University of Virginia, states with reference to
the McNutt circular on precedence in proposing
toasts at diplomatic functions was prompted by an
error on the part of the Japanese Consul -General in
Manila. No issue was raised between the High
Commissioner and the Commonwealth government,
he states, and only the representatives of foreign
nations were directly involved. He declares that
the American press has "failed to understand fully
the significance of McNutt's vigorous assertion of
America's will to protect our position upon a distant
and exposed front". The Japanese Consul-General
on the occasion of the birthday of the Emperor of
Japan and the first public appearance of the High
Commissioner, formally toasted first the Emperor,
and then proposed a toast to "the Pre ident of the
United States and the President of the Philippines".

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

387

After the playing of the U. S. national anthem and
the Philippine anthem, he states, the Consul-
General looked around and said that they were
honored by the presence of the U. S% High Com-
missioner and proposed a toast to him .

July 18.— Sen. Joseph T. Robinson, majority
floor leader, dies of a heart attack in his bed, aged 65.

July lA.—The three Soviet Russian aviators,
headed by the famed Michael Gromov, land in a
cow pasture near San Jacinto, 70 miles south of Los
Angeles, breaking all long-distance flight records,
the total distance from Moscow via the North Pole
being around 6,700 miles. They still had some
gasoline left but the tank was leaking. The idea
of the airmen was to continue flying south as long as
possible. They were 62 hours and 17 mmuto m
the air. The highest altitude reached was 18,000
feet and they were forced to breathe from oxygen
tanks for 26 hours. v<>n\anA

Finance Minister Walter Nash of New Zealand
who has been conferring with Washington officials
on a joint British-American air service, urges Pres-
Ment Franklin D. Roosevelt to pay a visit to his
country The President is said to have answered
he hoped to come "when I finish my job here .

JW ^.-Announced by the International Tele-
ohone and Telegraph Company in New York that
fcontrac? has bee£ concluded between Russia and
the Standard Telephones and Cables. Ltd., a British
comoany of which the American company is the
nTenrLlHne for the telephone and telegraph equip-
^^SftSm Mo-c^ to Khabarovsk near the
Manchukuoan border, a distance of 5,300 mjjes.

Reoorted that the United States will sell Brazil
$60000000 in gold in order to give the country a
IX 0exchaAgegand promote **£™**™^
currency. The agreement is similar to that reached

"Resident mU^L. Quezon returns to New

Y0GkenfrSmed1ey0Beutler, retired, tells the Institute
of Public Affair? that if the United States ^ver ^fights
again outside the American ^f^/^6
the victim of a "mean, cruel, and hltny racjcet .
World War soldiers, he.says,. were the victim, of
-pure, unadulterated, sickening rot . We must
avoid a Pacific war through minding our own bus
fness There is nothing we must have from the Far

Eai^V-ien^

nor China, but obviously directed to them, „fn™ X
of State Cordell Hull declares that ^J^^^
which armed hostilities are going on or threatened
«£ a sftuation in which the ^ ^tercs^
all nations are likely to be **™n^ g^^t '"™oi
advocate abstinence by all Mbons fran ^-rfSSnce
force as a political instrument and from ltlte^ereiJ^
in the internal affairs of other nations. . . We also
advocate the observance of international geatie^.
President Quezon is quoted as saying in ^Washington
thS hfdoes not think the Far Eastern tension will
affect the Philippine problem .

President Roosevelt confers with John van a.
MacMurray, head of the joint ^^^I^gJS

President was previously reported as bemg^onc^e^rnea
ahnut the Sino-Japanese situation. Yesterday,
Wmfam A. Lloyd of the Department of Agncul-

gained from governmental studies in Hawaii, Alaska,

SaSfficialsanodf t^HawIifanlugar Planters A«oda-
tion announce the settlement ofthertpte o/ ™°
laborers and 3000 men are expected to return to
work tomorrow. The settlement provides for a
"^molified wage scale based on present pay and
anTn^estfgaTfon of alleged mistreatment by over-

W The funeral services for Sf*?* ^SdStatS
attended by both the President of the United btates

^J X^^T^s^rch for Mrs. Amelia Earhart
Putnam and Captain Fred J. Noonan which involved
3,500 men, 6 ships, arid 66 ^^^^^SS
more than 450,000 square miles of equatorial water!*
without finding a tra?e of the ^fliers, s given up They
disappeared 17 days ago and the last - iefi mtewwa
from Mrs. Putnam was heard on July l wn ,„ "r
radTcKi that she had only a ™*^™»%£
easoline left, but did not give her location, f50™
fn 1898 and wealthy, she had been flying »»£ *«
was 19; and was one of the first woman fliers making
her first flight in 1918, after which she made many
important flights, continental and oceanic, and set
rn?ny record? She was married to publisher Palmer

PUwJn--Reported that a bloc of representatives

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from 25 states will oppose preferential tariff arrange-
ment between the United States and the Philippines
after the independence of the latter.

July 27.— Following a ruling of Attorney-General
Homer S. Cummings that Filipinos are classified
as aliens within the meaning of the Act' , which
threatens 2000 Filipinos employed by the Works
Progress Administration with the loss of their jobs,
Commissioner Paredes declares that the ruling
"creates a night-mare situation and brings home
emphatically the precarious status of my country-
men in the United States The Filipinos m

America have always been considered as entitled
to all civii rights to which Americans are entitled.
They owe allegiance to the United States and the
United States has full sovereignty over the Philip-
pines". He states as to the ruling that "once this
thing gets started, it may affect all the 60,000 Fili-
pinos in the United States, at least a third of whom
are in state and federal government services. . . .
This anom lous and unjust situation requires a law
that will do justice to us during the transition period,
for as things stand the Filipinos owe allegiance to
the United States but are, firstly, not admitted to
the United States except under a limited quota;
secondly, they are not citizens of the United States;
thirdly, they are ineligible to American citizenship;
fourthly, they are not entitled to serve on subsidized
American vessels; fifthly, they are not entitled to
serve on unsubsidized vessels; and sixthly, they are
not entitled to preferences provided in emergency
relief appropriation funds. In many respects, real
aliens owing no allegiance to the United States, are
given better treatment under the laws of the United

States than Filipinos". . .

One striker is killed and other men are injured in a
brush between strikers and strike-breakers at the
Republican Steel Corporation plant in Cleveland,

July 28.— The Navy Department publishes the
following figures as to relative naval strength: &vi-
tain_285 ships, 1,216,398 tons, with 96 ships under
construction totaling 531,000 tons; United States—
325 ships, 1,083,330 tons, with 87 ships under cons-
truction totaling 335,565 tons; Japan— 200 # ships,
745,604 tons, with 23 ships under construction to-
taling 79,272 tons. Of the American ships 212 are
classed as overage. The navies of France,^ Italy,
and Germany follow next in order.

{Continued on Page 425)

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

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1

Editorials

Unfortunates condemned to death will frequent-
ly in desperation attempt to resort to suicide to
cut short their agony, and there are
Addressed to those who look upon President
Both Sides Quezon's proposals of independence
for the Philippines in 1938 or 1939,
instead of in 1946 as provided in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act, as prompted by somewhat the same psychology.

However, as pointed out in the April issue of this Maga-
zine, after the proposal had just been made, there are
points to commend the plan provided, as President Quezon
indicated, a treaty could be negotiated between the United
States and an independent Philippines which would con-
tinue the present free trade relationship, as such a treaty
would not be subject to Congressional tampering as is
the present law governing the relations between the United
States and the Philippines as a dependency.

But it does not appear at all certain that such a treaty
could be negotiated, for, as has been said, the powerful
interests largely responsible for the passage of the Tydings-
McDuffie Act and its arbitrary and destructive trade provi-
sions to take effect a few years hence, are still influential
in Congress and would strongly oppose the granting of
any authorization to the executive branch of the United
States government to conclude such a treaty.

There may be certain, though dubious, advantages to
be gained both by the United States and the Philippines
from the establishment of a "more or less independent' '
status for the Philippines — as in the cases of Iraq, Man-
chukuo, and Egypt for the people concerned — for such an
arrangement would give both the United States and the
Philippines greater freedom of action and would at least
appear to relieve the former of full responsibility. An
observer may entertain a certain distaste for the type of
statesmanship that prompts such oblique arrangements,
but relations between political entities, sovereign, semi-
sovereign, and dependent, are in a state of flux and have
generally never been governed by very high-minded prin-
ciples.

There are also, however, weighty objections to the estab-
lishment of even a nominal independence for the Philippines
within the next two years, were this possible. The Phil-
ippines could certainly not complete the present national
defense program, which is based on the accepted ten-year
transition period. The Philippine Commonwealth could
hardly establish the highly desirable, indeed necessary,

public confidence in its stability in so short a
time; in fact, the mere talk of independence
within two years has tended to drive away foreign
capital and discourage local investments. The
Philippines would find it very difficult if not
impossible to assume the heavy cost of consular
and diplomatic representation abroad and other expenses
that would come with independence, not to speak of depriva-
tions, for under independence there would be. no such tax
refunds as the 1*100,000,000 coconut oil excise-tax money.
Furthermore, cutting short the transition period would be
unfair to those who have undertaken and invested in enter-
prises in the Philippines on the rightful expectation that
there would be no change in status during the ten-year
transition period established by law.

But if all these objections were ignored, it would be found
that two years would not provide sufficient time even for
the mere mechanics of the successive steps that would have
to be taken— for the Joint Preparatory Committee on
United States-Philippine Trade, now in the Philippines,
to make its report, which will have to be studied by the
various Departments of the government and by the Inter-
departmental Committee; for the President of the United
States to make his recommendations in the matter to Con-
gress, provided he favors a change in the transition period;
for Congress to consider and draft the necessary legislation,
if it is so disposed, perhaps holding new hearings of its
own. All this alone would probably take two years at
least. And it will be recalled that nearly two years elapsed
between the approval of the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the
inauguration of the Commonwealth. No doubt, consider-
ably more time would be necessary to make the transition
to "complete independence", entailing, as this would,
negotiations with foreign governments regarding the status
of the Philippines and its recognition, the disposition of
federal property, the transfer of various offices, the or-
ganization of diplomatic and consular services, etc.

On his return to Manila last month, President Quezon
made the somewhat enigmatical statement that if the
country can't "stand" independence two years from now,
it wouldn't be able to stand it eight years from now. This
is interpretable in several ways, and one interpretation,
with which most thinking persons will agree, though it was
probably not President Quezon's meaning, is that "com-

plete and absolute" independence is, in fact, as impossible
eight years, as it would be two years, hence.

This is nowise to the discredit peculiarly of the Phil-
ippines. All small countries are more or less dependent
on their bigger and more powerful neighbors, and countries
still largely undeveloped economically and therefore debtor
countries, are entirely incapable, in the very nature of
things, of real independence, either economic or political.
Furthermore, the unique and strategical geographic situa-
tion of the Philippines would make and keep the country
a mere pawn in the game of international politics for many
long years, even if it could escape outright conquest and
economic and political slavery to some new and less bene-
ficent power than the United States.

The future of the Philippines is, however, almost as much
of serious American concern, as it is to the people of the
Philippines themselves. Said Professor Bruce Hopper,
Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard, a few
months ago: "The hand-washing gesture ... of our Phil-
ippine Independence Act . . . deceives no one". He
advocated that the Americans take —

"a long view of the changing East, so that our policy, when it is for-
mulated, will be one which we can live in the decades to come — The
historical accident [of acquiring the Philippines in 1898] we welcomed
at the time; it gave us a springboard for effective cooperation with
Britain in maintaining the Open Door in China, in preventing the
threatened partition of China. America's influence was then historic-
ally necessary to preserve the equilibrium of power upon which peace
depends; it is even more necessary now."

Professor Hopper went on to call attention to the new
forces in Asia —

"the new Asiatic industrialism, determined by the location of untapped
raw materials; the shift in population centers, involving the amazing
development of modern civilization on the farther shores of the Pacific
and in the hinterland; the new political relationships between patron
and 'client' states, introducing new gambits in power policies; and the
race for landing facilities in the air strategy of the Western Pacific as
links of the world systems — all these point to the creation of a new
equilibrium. . . . Never were the political conditions so fluid as now,
the period of transition from the old to the new equilibrium. That's
why America's 'scuttle and run' would be a disservice, one might say,
to humanity as well as to the specific cause of peace in the Pacific".

Under the head of population shifts, just mentioned,
Professor Hopper said:

"From a purely economic point of view, America's self-interest lies
in the development of relations with these new industrial areas. It is
quite likely that twenty years hence America will have to rely on a dif-
ferent set of customers than now for our machinery, steel, cotton, etc.
It is necessary before we sound a general retreat, to think of continental
Asia as demanding our machinery and the services of our technicians,
as Japan did, as Russia did".

Professor Hopper concluded that American interests
and responsibilities in the Pacific are "the inescapable pre-
dicate of our power. Resolve what we will about Europe,
we simply can not stay out of Pacific affairs. Our power
there is decisive. The forces there impinge too closely
upon our true self-interests". So has concluded every com-
petent student of world relationships.

Ill

An obvious anxiety as to the future rules all thinking
persons in the Philippines and this gives the earlier inde-
pendence proposals even more of the color of a "suicide

390

gesture". Yet, regardless of the stresses of the situation,
the Filipinos can not be expected lightly to repudiate the
independence ideal. While "immediate, complete, and
absolute independence" was admittedly never more than
a political slogan used for rallying purposes in Islands
politics and for wresting further political concessions from
the United States, there can be no question that ultimate
national independence has been and is an ideal which has
inspired many generations of Filipinos, as that same ideal
has inspired patriotic men in every country. All political
parties and all political leaders in the Philippines are com-
mitted to independence, and a full disavowal of the inde-
pendence ideal would, be it said to the credit of the Fili-
pinos, even in the face of disaster, probably never be made.
Yet some compromise between idealism and reality must
be reached. A degree of independence, if the expression
may be used, has already come to the people of the Phil-
ippines— came when for the first time they were enabled
to write their own constitution and elect their own chief
executive. The people of no State in the Union have larger
rights of self-government. Furthermore, the convention
has already been established that Congressional legislation
is not applicable to the Philippines unless the Philippines
is specifically mentioned. This trend might logically de-
velop to the point where Congressional legislation would
not be applicable to the Philippines until ratified by the
Philippine legislative body. British practice with refer-
ence 'to the Dominions establishes precedence for this.
In time, an American Ambassador, with perhaps certain
special prerogatives, might take the place of the present
U. S. High Commissioner in the Philippines.

The expression, "a degree of independence", is, strictly,
a contradiction in terms, but, with equal strictness, there
is no such condition as absolute independence — physical,
moral, or political; individual or national. The word
"sovereignty", too, is often loosely used, even by Americans.
Bancroft wrote:

"It is asked, Who is the sovereign in the United States? The words
'sovereign' and 'subject' are unknown in the Constitution".

Sovereignty, according to the American view, resides in
the people and not in the government. Bayard wrote :

"Supreme sovereignty resides in the people of the United States, not
in the Government. But it is to be borne in mind at the same time
that the people of the United States intended to vest the general Gov-
ernment with all the powers necessary for managing the affairs of a

great nation When the States and the Government come into

contact, the general good requires, arid the people have declared, that
the general Government must prevail."

George Washington in his letter of September 17, 1787,
submitting the Constitution to the Congress, put the case
of State sovereignty very plainly. He wrote:

"It is obviously impracticable, in the Federal Government of these
States, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet
provide for the interest and safety of all. Individuals entering into
society must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magni-
tude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circum-
stance, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to
draw with precision the line between those rights which must be sur-
rendered, and those which may be reserved; and, on the present occa-
sion, this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several
States as to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests.

In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in view that
which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the
consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity, felicity,
safety— perhaps our national existence. This important consideration,
seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in the Con-
vention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have
been otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution which we now pres-
ent is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and
concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered
indispensable. ..."

That was the authentic voice of statesmanship and every
word applies today, though spoken one hundred fifty years
ago.

If some more permanent relationship is to be established
between the United States and the Philippines than that
at present established by that most unfortunate act of
Congress known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law — and that
such a relationship must be established is beyond doubt and
question if we are not to suffer the complete wreckage
and loss of everything accomplished in almost half a century
of American-Philippine cooperation — than the United
States will have to forego the dictatorial powers over the
Philippines which some persons conceive of as constituting
"sovereignty" and which are only proper to an autocratic
imperialism and not to a republic; and the Philippines will
have to forego certain "rights of independent sovereignty"
(which it could not securely establish anyway for many
long decades), just as the State of Texas, once an inde-
pendent republic, did forego them.

And since the Tydings-McDuffie Act promises complete
independence on a definite date (whatever this may be
worth), if the people of the Philippines were before that
time, voluntarily and of their own free will and choice,
to decide to forego "certain rights of independent sover-
eignty" for a greater benefit, this in itself would be, not
an act of renewed submission, but an exercise and
act of full popular sovereignty!

In union there is strength, and, in the case of the Phil-
ippines, in union with the United States there would be
no loss of identity, engulfment, or absorption, but such true
liberty and independence as is possible among a free people,
united, in the words of George Washington, "to provide
for the interest and safety of all". The Philippines with
its own President, its own Legislature, its own flag, but
integrally associated with the United States, would be
secure and free and would constitute the vital Western
Pacific member of the United States, the one nation in
the world that from the beginning knew neither sovereign

nor subject.

Whether President Quezon's proposal is to be considered
as a part of a practical and constructive effort, as a brilliant
tactical move, or as merely a dramatic gesture, it has already
been productive of much good — as well as of much public
uneasiness — because it has centered national attention on
the course now set for the Philippines which will lead to
nowhere but ruin for this country and will go far, if it is not
altered, to cancel the United States as a Pacific and world
power. For with the Philippines surrendered, America's
position would be immeasurably weakened, not only in the

Western and Middle Pacific, but in the Nothern Pacific,
in Alaska, and along the entire Pacific Coast. It would not
be many months before the whole country, and especially
the Washington nerve-center, would feel the disastrous
effect of the national loss in prestige and power— let alone
the trade loss.

President Quezon succeeded in securing the appointment
of a joint preparatory committee of experts eight years
prior to the final date fixed in the Tydings-McDuffie Act
for a conference to be called "for the purpose of formulating
recommendations as to future trade relations", but also
"to consider what effect an advance of the date of independ-
ence would have in accelerating or retarding Philippine
economic readjustments", for important as the trade rela-
tions between the United States and the Philippines are,
the problems of the future political relations can not be
safely ignored, because the Tydings-McDuffie Act, in
fixing a "definite date" for "independence", has not solved
the political problem, but only further muddled it. How-
ever, advancing this date, with or without a favorable trade
treaty, neither solves nor simplifies the fundamental
problem.

Among the ablest and most inclusive re-
ports submitted to the Joint Preparatory

Committee on Unit-
Unanimity and a ed States-Philippine
Difference Trade is the brief

of the National For-
eign Trade Council, Inc., a twenty-four year-old Amer-
ican organization, and its affiliate, the National Foreign
Trade Association, Inc., which now represent some
five hundred of the leading American exporters,
importers, foreign trade banks, shipping companies, and
other institutions in thirty-one States, all interested in
foreign trade and affected by American relations with the
Philippines and many of them actively engaged in Philip-
pine trade; and also the brief of our own Philippine-Amer-
ican Trade Association, which summarizes some ten or
twelve briefs submitted by various local Philippine and
local American industrial and trade organizations.

The two United States organizations in their joint brief
closed with the following generalizations (here slightly
abbreviated) :

(1) The economic provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act do not
reflect a sound commercial policy and to allow them to become operative
will precipitate distress and disorder in the Philippines and will endanger
the object of the Independence Act and be destructive of American
business; hence the law must be revised and amended in important
respects.

(2) The policy of reciprocal trade advantages can not be abandoned
in 1946, nor should the arbitrary and capricious export tax be allowed to
become effective in 1940.

(3) Reciprocal trade advantages during the period of adjustment
after political independence must be such as to protect the existing
Philippine economy and at the same time encourage the development
of an independent Philippine economy, and also to protect, consistently
with the foregoing, the legitimate claims of American industry, labor,
and investments.

(4) The Department of State should proceed immediately to obtain
the necessary exceptions in our* commercial treaty structure in order
to permit the continuation of preferences during the above-mentioned
period after the Philippines becomes a "foreign nation".

391

It is interesting to compare with the preceding, the so-
called "Fundamentals" as announced by the Philippine-
American Trade Association and subscribed to by all the
Philippine entities which submitted separate briefs. These,
again somewhat abbreviated, are:

(1) Trade relations between the United States and the Philippines
were definitely determined in the Tydings-McDufHe Act, which
having been formally accepted by the Filipino people, can not
be altered to their prejudice. Thus, at least until July 4, 1946, Philip-
pine exports should be admitted free of duty into the United States*
American exports should be admitted free of duty into the Philippines,
and no excise or other taxes should be imposed which result directly
or indirectly in discrimination against the products of either country.

(2) The imposition of export taxes in the Philippines on exports to
the United States in 1940, and of import duties by the United States and
the Philippines each on the exports of the other from 1946 on, will be
disastrous to the producers and manufacturers of both countries, and,
time being too short to make the necessary readjustments, the export
tax provisions should be repealed and free trade between the two coun-
tries, with the present or other reasonable quantitative limitations, should
be continued after 1946.

(3) Irrespective of any change in the political status of the Philip-
pines, a continuation of the present free-trade relations between the two
countries would be advantageous to both because the United States
is an essential market for many Philippine tropical products which are
urgently required there and because the Philippines constitutes a large
market for American products and will be a much larger market in the
future if these products continue to be admitted free of duty. Such
free-trade relations should therefore be continued indefinitely after
1946.

Both the American and Philippine groups agree that the
economic provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act are
unsound and would be disastrous to the Philippines and
destructive of American business, and urge, therefore, that
the Law should be amended, abolishing the arbitrary and
capricious export taxes which begin to go into effect in
1940.

The American group advocates the continuation "dur-
ing the period of adjustment" after independence of reci-
procal trade preferences, while the Philippine group comes
out more boldly for continued free trade.

The American group speaks of encouraging the gradual
development of an "independent Philippine economy",
while the Philippine group urges the continuation of the
free-trade relationship indefinitely, regardless of any change
in the political status of the country.

On the whole and for present practical purposes, there
is complete unanimity. As for the rest, the position of
the Philippine group appears to be the more logical, for if
Philippine-American trade is mutually beneficial, why seek
to change it by any arbitrary means with the hope of
achieving an "independent Philippine economy" which, in
the very nature of things must long, if not forever, remain
a mere fancy?

Foreign trade is one of the essentials of modern civiliza-
tions and is the result, precisely, of the fact that nations
are not "economically independent" in the trade sense.
There is not a nation in the world that must not import
certain commodities and it must export other commodities
to pay for them. It is therefore a wholly monstrous notion
that a lucrative mutual trade between any two countries,
built up, it may be, through years of human effort, should
be wilfully destroyed for any reason whatever, and, most
inexcusable of all, for such a phantasm as an "independent

392

economy". The Philippines, especially, as a small, chiefly
agricultural country, and industrially still to be developed,
and therefore a debtor country, can not hope for many
decades to establish an economy that would be independent
of a large export trade.

There are, it is true, certain theorists even among our-
selves, who, fired by the words, "economic independence",
speak as if the destruction of our trade with America might
be some sort of blessing in disguise, talking glibly of finding
other markets for our products. But there is no such
market as the United States anywhere else in the world,
and while it is wise to diversify our production, so as to make
us less dependent on one or two products, and to be con-
stantly seeking new markets, it is supreme folly to speak
of a possible loss of the American market as if this would
not do anything but bring our whole economic, social, and
political system crashing down about us.

Our political leaders understand this well enough, despite
these theorists. The Philippine Legislature formally "de-
clined to accept" the Hawes-Cutting Act, precurser of the
Tydings-McDuffie Act, because, according to the Con-
current Resolution adopted, the provisions affecting trade
relations between the two countries

"would seriously imperil the economic, social, and political institutions
of this country and might defeat its avowed purpose to secure independ-
ence to the Philippine Islands. ..."

In the later Concurrent Resolution accepting the Tydings-
McDuffie Act, one of the reasons given for acceptance
was:

"Because the President of the United States in his message to Congress. .
recommending the enactment of said lav/, stated: 'I do not believe that
other provisions of the original law need be changed at this time. Where
imperfections or inequalities exist, I am confident that they can be
corrected after proper hearing and in fairness to both peoples'; — a
statement which gives to the Filipino people reasonable assurances of
further hearing and due consideration of their views. ..."

"Economic independence" for the Philippines in the
only true sense of the phrase must be based not on freedom
from the necessity of exporting and importing, nor upon
"economic as well as political separation" from the United
States, but upon the development of a much greater na-
tional wealth than now exists, with reserve means that
would carry the country through periods of depression or
stress without too great a damage to the national structure.
Such a growth in wealth should normally take place as
the country develops and its trade increases, but the pro-
cess would be fatally reversed should we lose our preferen-
tial trade connections with the United States at any time
during the next few decades at least.

The reference in the American brief to an "independent
economy" for the Philippines is unquestionably an echo,
beneficently transmogrified, of the vicious campaign of the
lobbyists, representing not the interests of the United
States but of small groups, who succeeded in writing the
economic clauses into the so-called Independence, or Ty-
dings-McDuffie, Act.

That the interests of the United States and of its people
as a whole should be shortsightedly sacrificed and that the
Philippine problem, which is purely a political problem
of nation-building, should be confused by the tactics of
such men, and, above all, that the people of the Philippines

should be placed on an altar to a Moloch of irresponsibility
and greed, is one of the outrages of history.

Talk to the effect that the Philippine -American trade is
anything but advantageous to both sides is arrant nonsense.
The argument that the American people forfeit the value
of the duties that might be collected on imports from the
Philippines if free trade did not exist between them, is a
piffling one, and, furthermore, if the Philippine trade was
destroyed, there wouldn't be any Philippine imports to
collect duty on. Duties might be collected on similar
imports from other countries, but this is a feebility, too.
Who would put duties first in the matter of necessary
foreign imports? It is true that because of American
tariff protection, the people of the Philippines get higher
prices from their products, but the people of the Phil-
ippines pay correspondingly higher prices for what they
buy from the United States. And it is not true that the
people of the United States pay any more for Philippine
products than they would have to pay if similar commodi-
ties were imported from foreign countries, or produced in
the United States, for that matter. The bugaboo of "com-
petition" can not be raised with any sense as regards a
tropical and agricultural country and a temperate -zone, in-
dustrial nation. There may be a few special interests
that suffer direct loss, although indirectly they, too, benefit,
but both countries as a whole can only profit. No one ex-
cept perhaps these lobbyists could see any advantage
in putting, for instance, the State of Florida "outside
the tariff wall". While the general policy of the United
States government is to remove barriers to trade, those
who would erect fresh barriers between America and the
Philippines have been listened to!

It can not be doubted that the United States govern-
ment will rectify the errors committed, and is even now
in the course of doing so, but it is important that all con-
fusion as to the real situation be wiped out. The clear
rationality of the Philippine -American Trade Asssociation's
recommendation that free trade between the United States
and the Philippines be continued indefinitely, with the
present or other reasonable quantitative limitations, stands
out with great clearness.

It is painful to state— and it is only said here because the
writer believes that it is true and that it should be declared
— that the horrors of war in North
Mass Murder and China and especially the brutal
Moral Disapproval shelling and bombing in and about
Shanghai, which has resulted in the
death of a number of Americans as well as thousands of
innocent victims of other blood, and the arrival in Manila
of several thousand American women and children as
"refugees", is positively to be ascribed in large part to the
American policy with reference to "withdrawing" from
the Philippines which the Japanese in their conceit attri-
bute to weakness and fear of their puissant arms.

A short time ago, Secretary of State Cordell Hull con-
sidered it necessary to make a long statement to the press
in explanation of why 1,100 U. S. Marines were to be sent
from San Diego to Shanghai— to arrive there about five
weeks later. The whole thing sounded as if he expected
his action would be criticized in sending these men to
Shanghai for the protection of American lives and property
in a truly international city, a great and beautiful city which
Americans had a large part in building, now being wantonly
destroyed by the Japanese. Deaths of noncombatants
run into the tens of thousands and property damage is
already close to a half billion dollars.

Statements of Japanese leaders and articles in the Jap-
anese press indicated clearly that the Japanese at first
feared the possibility of strong international intervention,
but as the weeks passed and nothing was done but memo-
randum-writing, the Japanese adopted more aggressive
measures of ever greater schrecklichkeit .

Yet Japan would be far more sensitive to "economic
sanctions" than was Italy, and could not stand a real boy-
cott for more than a few weeks. That America is opposed
to war is to its credit, but mere moral opposition to war will
not banish it from the earth. Something more than wish-
ing is called for. Moral conceptions must be backed up
by physical strength and by determination to apply it when
necessary. It may not be necessary to resort to war "to
end war"; the World War was not a success as such. But
pressure other than moral disapproval must be brought
to bear against armed aggressors and mass murderers,
for they mock at it. They must be stopped!

Denial

By Harriet Mills McKay

All the epochal events

In life's span
Are in covert ways denied

Every man. . .

None remembers first success

Of baby talk,
Or the first triumphant urge

To rise and walk. . .

No one knows the thrilling first
Draught of breath,

Nor can any mortal know
Very death!

393

Taal and Its History

By Percy A. Hill

THE Lake of Bom-
bon with Volcano
Island and the
town of Taal is about sixty
miles south of Manila as
the airplane flies, but
people can clearly re-
member when it was from
three days to a week's
journey from Manila, be-
fore the era of swift trans-
portation. The shores of
the lake, its towns and
river settlements, are in all
probability the ancestral
birthplace of the Taga-
logs, who, according to
tradition, were named
taga-ilogs from their
primitive nayon on the
Pansipit which drains
the lake itself, and the littoral of the province, then named
by its dwellers Kumintang.

The settling of the original town of Taal, named after
the ta-alan trees in the vicinity, and located on the south-
east shore of the lake, is traditionally ascribed to the Datus
Dumangsil and Kalinsuela. These datus, with their
leader Datu Puti, and Paiborong, Sumakuel, Bancaya, and
others had been driven from Brunei, then the capital of the
Malay peoples of Insulinde, by the exactions of the cruel
Sultan Makatunao. After the settling and division of
Madi-aas or Panay, Datu Puti with Dumangsil and Ka-
linsuela, with their barangays, women, sakops, and slaves
sailed northward looking for a likely place for a permanent
settlement. Crossing Balayan Bay, they ascended the
Pansipit river and found themselves in a spacious lake with
a smoking volcano on an islet in its center.

The lake itself teemed with fish, both marine and fresh-
water varieties, the former ascending the river to mature
in the lake and then return to spawn in the ocean. The
Pansipit was a larger and more turbulent stream than it is
at present. The forested mountains abounded in game,
palms and tubers, which, with the abundance of fish, made
it a Paradise after the Malay primitive food requirements.
This was about the end of the thirteenth century, long
before Magellan made his famous voyage. After deciding
on a permanent settlement, Datu Puti returned to Borneo
and nothing more is known of him.

The lake was christened Bombon — after the bamboo
tube universally used in that region for carrying water,
and known as such today — and Dumangsil and Kalinsuela
and their barangays lived, mated, and died on its shores
for some generations. The towns of Taal, Tanauan, Lipa,
and others grew up, then all located on the shores of the
lake. The Pansipit, emptying into Balayan Bay, drained
the lake which has several freshwater feeders. Except
for new emigrations, the people of Kumintang were undis-

394

Official Photograph U. S. Army Air Service

Taal Crater and Lake

turbed until the year 1570
when the daring Juan de
Salcedo and the veteran
Marshal Martin de Goiti,
sailed up the Pansipit,
viewed the lake, had se-
veral skirmishes with the
natives, and returned to
discover the still more
spacious Manila Bay on
their first expedition from
Cebu.

Taal first came "under
the bells,, in 1572 when
Christianity was carried
there by the early mission-
aries. After the severe
earthquake of 1754, which
practically destroyed all
the towns on the lake, and
partially submerged Taal,
these towns removed to higher and safer ground and Taal
was founded on the hills near the point where the Pan-
sipit debouched into the bay. It now has the largest church
ever erected in the Islands, a massive edifice seen afar
from all the roads approaching it as well as from the sea.
The original town lay on both sides of the Pansipit, but in
the last century, it was organized into two municipalities
by Governor- General Lemery, one of which was named
after him. But the people are of the same blood and ances-
try and today equally divide the profits of their main in-
dustry, that of the fisheries of river, lake, and sea.

In addition to the export of fish are local smiths, whose
bolos and balisongs are cunningly tempered and popular
in all the surrounding provinces. Weaving also is practised
and the town of Alitagtag close by is one long street, noisy
with the clack-clack of looms. A peculiar thing about
Taal and Lemery is that since the earliest times no Chinese
have been allowed to settle in these towns, a prohibition
not enforced in any other region in the Islands that I know of.

A short distance away from Taal and facing the sea is the
famous sanctuary of Casaysay. The origin of its founding
was the recovery of a small image of the Virgin from a
fisherman's net, this "miracle" leading to the erection of the
famous church, which is reached by a flight of stone tufa
steps, tufa being the volcanic ash of Taal turned into a
friable stone by pressure. This shrine was dedicated to
the Chinese of other towns who were given permission at
stated intervals to attend the ceremonies. The incoming
galleons from Acapulco for many years fired a salute in
gratitude for a safe voyage in honor of Our Lady of Casaysay.
Recently the municipal government of Taal, as the Church
had long been closed, requested its use for school purposes,
except at such stated times it might be required for religious
purposes, but the Archbishop decided to place a priest
there for the renewal of the services, and, of course, to
hold it more firmly.

The Lake of Bombon occupies the drowned crater of an
immense prehistoric volcano, the northern lip of which is
the Tagaytay Ridge some 2100 feet high. The edge
nearest the sea is the lowest. The lake measures some
27 kilometers from north to south and some 20 kilometers
east to west, with a shore line of approximately 120 kilo-
meters. Various islands dot the surface, that of Napayan
being the highest. The peculiar shape of this island is
said to be due to a fierce eruption which practically cut it
in two, blew out the floor of the lake, and carried away half
the island. Volcano island occupies part of the northern
section and at present is a low, barren islet the center of
which contains the slumbering forges of Vulcan, a bubbling
lake of vari-colored waters. All the surrounding slopes are
gashed with steep rugged ravines, worn down to bedrock
by torrents of water, those radiating from the Tagaytay
Ridge all running into Manila Bay. This broken terrain
makes for roads following the hogs-backs, but laterally
across, these roads are still in the horse-back stage.

Grim Mount Macolod rises from the eastern shore of
the lake, black, abrupt, and forbidding, not far from the
town of Cuenca. The waters close by are of great depth.
Periodic showers of fertilizing volcanic ash have made the
lands on the three sides of the lake vastly fertile, only that
on the west showing little fertility, owing, no doubt, to the
prevailing monsoon winds that sweep the lake from north
to south, rather than to the soil. From these slopes come
the crops of Batangas oranges, pumelos, and coffee. Since
the last eruption in 1911, all springs have been dried up so
that drinking water has to be carried on horseback in
twin iron containers from long distances every day.

The earthquakes of 1754 which destroyed so many towns
and took such a toll of life was the fiercest known historic-
ally. It enlarged the lake itself and changed the course
of the Pansipit. Part of the submerged town of Taal can
be seen at times below the lake surface. Medina, who
wrote about the region in 1629-1630, says the waters were
salt but this could hardly be so, although they may have
been brackish. The Pansipit's fall to the sea is about
two and a half meters, or it was in 1909; the 1911 eruption
may have changed the depth. Volcano Island sank, but
to what degree is not accurately known. The quakes of
1716 and 1731 killed fish in vast quantities which were
thrown up on the shores of the lake in a cooked condition.
The depth of the lake varies from the shallows on its western
shore to three hundred feet near Mount Macolod. Quies-
cent at present, who knows when the mighty God Vulcan
will stir again? If Volcano Islet lowers to where the waters
of the lake will rush in, a major catastrophe might ensue.
Perhaps this is a prime reason for not building the projected
capital of the Philippines on the scenic Tagaytay Ridge.

The Pansipit winds between its rolling hills for some
ten kilometers to the sea, its long reaches planted to the
graceful bamboo and the glossy leaved mango, the finest
shade tree in the tropics. In its course are erected the
great series of bamboo corrals and traps that form the
main fisheries of the twin towns of Taal and Lemery, to-
gether with that portion of the lake pertaining to them
Numerous historical references to Taal, its volcano and
its eruptions, are still available. Fr. Caspar de San Agus-
tin wrote in 1572: "There is a volcano of fire which is
wont to spit out many large rocks which are glowing and
destroy the crops of the natives". Fr. Nada says it was

in eruption the same year. Fr. Albuquerque said mass
on the island to calm the natives in 1573, and in 1591 Fr.
Alcantara did the same. In 1605 Fr. Abreu erected a great
cross of hardwood on the brink of the crater. Quakes
occurred in 1634-35, and in 1707 a major eruption. That
of September 24, 1716, is described at great length by Fr.
Manuel de Arce, and in 1729-1731 Fr. Torrubia says the
volcano built up the islet by rock ejecta. Fr. Buencuchillo
writes of the eruption of 1749 which destroyed the ancient
town of Sala and Tanauan (near what is now Talisay).
He first thought the thunderings were the salute of the
galleon passing Casaysay, and the same friar describes
the great eruption from May 15 to December, 1754, lasting
over six months with outpourings of red-hot ashes and
rocks, likening it to Sodom and Gomorrah. November
28-29 and December 30 of that year were the most destruc-
tive days, submerging and burying towns, killing all
vegetation, and consequently all livestock, as the ash lay
forty-three inches thick. Nothing but the church walls
remained of Old Taal. Of the 1200 taxpayers of that town
only 150 remained.

In 1888 Taal was visited by the late Dean C. Worcester
and Frank Bourns. The eruption of January 30, 1911,
was the most recent. Manila's seismographs had recorded
shocks two days previous. Immense clouds of smoke rose
into the air as high as fifteen kilometers, filled with volcanic
lightnings, and ash, mud, and rocks devastated the region,
while as many as eighty-eight quakes were recorded in
twenty-four hours. The pillar of smoke was visible for
two hundred fifty miles, and the explosions were heard
as far as the subprovince of Kalinga. We heard them all
night, quite plainly some hundred and fifty miles away,
at Murioz, Nueva Ecija.

But the greatest loss of life was in the barrios on Vol-
cano Island itself and to the west, where, lulled by the long
quiescence of the volcano, people had settled. Here some
1335 unfortunates were suffocated by the noxious gases
that were ejected and descended upon their flimsy homes at
midnight. The wounded were only 199, many of whom
died. These poisonous chemical gases were so acrid that
they stripped the bark off the living trees. Volcano
Island settled some ten or twelve feet. In the devastated
section the ash was a foot deep and six feet in the ravines.
The first intimation of the terrible loss of life was wired to
Manila by the then Superintendent of Schools, Mr. Ham-
mon H. Buck. Since the eruption, dwellings have been
prohibited on the Island, and an observatory has been
established at Ambulong with a launch service to the vol-
cano.

Lake Bombon has forty-seven kinds of fish as enumerated
by Dr. Albert W. Herre of the Fishery Division of the
Bureau of Science at one time. This plentiful supply
of fish was the prime reason for the settling of the first
Malays. There are several kinds that do not occur in
the sea, but for the most part they are marine in origin.
At least their varieties ascend the Pansipit .river when still
fry to remain in the lake till mature and descend to spawn
in old ocean. That is, they attempt the traverse, urged
by Nature, but never reach their destination. The baklads,
traps, and close corrals prevent that prime function-
replenishment. Some small fry pass through the mesh
(Continued on page 418)

395

Jarana

By Vicente R. Generoso

DURING my short stay with relatives at
Zamboanga, I found the evenings pretty
dull without any other pastime than chat-
ting with my friends or getting drunk at a tuba
store. . . . The people with whom I was staying
live in a barrio about three kilometers from the
city. In the evenings, just after supper, they talk for
a while and then they start closing the doors and the win-
dows before finally closing their eyes. There is nothing
to do anyway. Just like the chickens that start looking
for their roosts as soon as darkness begins to set in — -that is
life in the barrio!

So when one evening my cousins invited me for a "jarana",
I welcomed the invitation with relief. "Jarana" is the
term for serenade in Chabacano — -that funny dialect
spoken by the Zamboanguenos, a sort of Spanish gone
wild.

I do not know why my cousins and friends there should
have come to entertain the notion that I would be a good
guitarist and a good singer just because I am a Manila
student. Luckily, I know how to strum a guitar fairly
well, and my voice — -well, I think, is not altogether bad.
Otherwise it would have not fared so well with my prestige
as a "Manila boy".

We sallied forth — -two of my cousins, four friends, and
myself, with a guitar under my right arm.

The night was dark and all I could distinguish distinctly
were the coconut palms silhouetted against the sky, which
was like a lady's black dress spattered with handfuls of
shiny bits of broken glass. The narrow trail was hardly
visible, and I frequently bumped into coconut trunks and
stumbled over the fallen dry fronds of the palms. My
friends, however, strode along as if they were walking in
the middle of a brightly -lighted street.

I was beginning to get tired. We left the coconut groves,
and got into the ricefields; later entered another coconut
grove. . . . Our trip seemed interminable, but somehow
I enjoyed the experience.

I bumped into a wire, a clothesline, I supposed. Then
we halted. They told me to tune up the guitar. We
cautiously walked some steps forward. I could not see
anything. But as we advanced I began to make out the
vague shape of a nipa house. My cousin whispered to me
to begin the "pasa-calle". The melodious tones of the
guitar broke the stillness. Then a jarring noise, the loud
bark of a dog, burst upon the air. My mood for singing
entirely vanished, I don't know whether because of my
fear of that vicious dog or of the discord of the continuous
barking.

"Sing," my cousin whispered into my ear.
"I can't," I replied also in a whisper. "You better sing
first." One watching us would have thought us a bunch
of conspirators about to lay the first deadly bomb.

I finally finished the "pasa-calle", the loud voice of one
of my cousins rivaling that of the dog. He had good lungs,
but his voice was not properly trained, and the way he

396

uttered the vowels in the Spanish song he sang
was certainly not a thing to be proud of.

The song was an old one and beautiful indeed.
All the while I was thinking what this beautiful
girl whom we were serenading and whom I had
never met, would look like. My knowledge of
country beauties was rather discouraging, but who knows,
I thought. Perhaps this one was really beautiful. My
cousins and friends were so positive about it. And they
had gone to the trouble of a long hike. Otherwise we
might just as well have serenaded a beauty of our own
barrio.

I'm fanciful by nature, and I was beginning to weave a
romance about this flower in the midst of a coconut grove
fated to wither away without having been admired by
really appreciative eyes. . . .

The abrupt ending of the song stopped my musings.
The bamboo panels of a window creaked, I saw a slit of
light that began to widen, a petroleum lamp was thrust
out, and the dusky face of a man appeared behind the lamp.
The man shouted at the dog, and it stopped barking.

"Quien el marchante?" the man queried rather too
loudly. Marchante is a leader of a serenade.
"Yo, Nor! — -I sir!" my cousin answered.
"Por eso, quien vqs?— Yes, but who are you?"
"Si Pedro, Nor.— Pedro!".

"Quien Pedro?— -Pedro who?" The man was really
exasperated this time, judging from his voice.
"Pedro Enriquez, Nor!"

That was really a stupid way of answering, and I did not
know whether to get angry or laugh.
"Where are you from?"

"From Tumaga, Nor." That was the name of our
barrio, three kilometers away.

"Are you the son of Ciriaco Enriquez?"
"No, Nor. I'm his nephew."
"Ah! subi.— Come up!"

The face and the lamp vanished. A loud creaking was
heard. The old man is opening the door, I thought.
"Subi camo," he repeated.

We filed into a dimly lighted sala and groped into the
dark corners for seats as the old man finished saying,
"Sinta camd — You sit down."

We sat there without saying a word. The man hung
the lamp in the middle of the room, turned up the wick*
and things became more visible. He was in a camiseta
with small holes in it, and a calzoncillo that was largely
patched at the seat. He sat down on a stool in a corner,
gave a big yawn, and started rubbing his eyes. He must
have been sleeping already.

"What's the name of your father?" he asked of Pedro.
"Manuel, fJor." I did not know why Pedro had the
bad habit of answering incompletely.
"Manuel, cpsa?"

(Continued on page 414)

Rizal Province

Random Notes Of A Student Of Soil Geography
By Dominador Z. Rosell

ALMOST enveloping the city of Manila, the geogra-
phical situation of Rizal province with respect to the
city is unexcelled. Mixed topography is the general
feature of the country. The western portion is low and
almost flat. The regions bordering Laguna de Bay consist
of either narrow coastal plains or small promontories. The
rest of the region is broken by the spurs and ridges of the
Sierra Madre Mountains. There are only two rivers of
importance in the province. The Marikina River, flowing
along the west fault line of the Marikina Valley, joins the
Pasig River at Pasig. The Pasig River cuts through a
tuffaceous area to Manila Bay.

The soils of the province are the product of the weathering
and disintegration of various volcanic rock materials.
The topography, climate, and vegetation, have played

important roles in the

formation of the several
soil types.

The soils of the west-
ern part of the province,
the low and nearly flat
to slightly rolling areas,
are derived from the wea-
thering and disintegra-
tion of volcanic tuff ma-
terial. Despite the simi-
larity of the parent ma-
terial, two soil series and
several soil types have
developed due to various
factors such as vegeta-
tion, irrigation, and drain-
age. The soils technical-
ly known as the Guada-
lupe series are located
south of the Pasig River.
This area also lies between
Manila Bay and Laguna
de Bay. North of the
Pasig River is a large
area of soils known tech-
nically as the Novaliches
series, a continuation of
the Novaliches soils estab-
lished in Bulacan prov-
ince.1 Along the sea-
shore at Las Pifias, Pa-
ranaque, Caloocan, Mala-
bon, and Navotas are hy-
drosol soils. This type of
soil is utilized for fish-
ponds and salt-beds.

The Guadalupe soils,
particularly the Guada-
lupe clay and Guadalu-
pe clay adobe types, are

SOIL MAP

RIZAL PROVINCE

SCALE

ILOMETERS

very dark brown to dark gray or nearly black, sur-
face and subsoil, underlain by massive tuffaceous
rock material. The depth of the surface soil varies
from a thin layer covering the tuffaceous material to
about 80 centimeters. The soil is sticky and plastic
when wet. When dry it bakes and cracks into big clods,
breaking the small plant roots present in the soil. Be-
cause of these characteristics, the soil is generally droughty
and hard to plow and cultivate during the dry season.
Rice is the important crop on this soil and grows well with a
fair yield in the presence of sufficient amount of water.
A prolonged drought during the growing season, however,
reduces the yield to practically nothing. Bamboo and
aroma trees are the characteristic vegetation of the area.
During the dry season the whole area is practically idle, and

this is the reason so few
people lived there. The
Commonwealth Farm,
the Alabang Stock Farm,
and the Hacienda Madri-
gal are located on this
type of soil. The success
of these farms will de-
pend upon the efficiency
of the management in the
handling of such prob-
lems as insufficient mois-
ture, unavailable plant
food supply, and the
stickiness and heaviness
of the soil.

The towns of Las Pifias
and Parafiaque are locat-
ed along the seashore.
Fishing in the bay,
bafigos raising, and salt-
making offer ample oppor-
tunities to the people of
these towns. What the
people can not get from
the black, sticky, and
plastic soil in the form of
agricultural produce, they
obtain from these various
industries.

The Novaliches soils
north of the Pasig River
are very different from
the Guadalupe soils both
in color and consistency.
The soils are brown, light
reddish brown, to bright
reddish brown, with a
friable, granular, and gra-
velly surface and a sub-
(Continued on page 410)
397

4 G U N ^

LEGEND

GUADALUPE SOILS

NOVALICHES •• |'
MARIKINA

BAY »

BINANOONAN »

ANTiPOLO »

Marshal Daendels' Appeal to Manila

By G. G. van der Kop

IN the days of the Dutch East India Company
contact between Batavia and Manila was never
very intimate and whatever relations ever ex-
isted between the capitals of the Dutch and the
Spanish possessions in Asia were obviously never
of a very friendly character. In the seventeenth
century the struggle between Protestant Holland and
its one-time overlord, Roman Catholic Spain, was car-
ried also to the Indian seas, and we learn from old
documents bearing on the times that the commercial ri-
valry between the two colonies found expression in attempts
on the part of the Dutch to induce the Chinese junks which
plied between Southern China and Manila, to bring their
cargoes to Batavia without calling at Manila at all, attempts
which met with only very partial success.

I will not dwell on the various other forms of contact
between the Dutch and Spanish settlements in Southern
Asia, such as the Dutch East India Company's cinnamon
trade with Manila, because on the whole these relations
were never of very great importance.

Going through some old documents at the Batavia Gov-
ernment Record Office, however, I have come across a few
papers dating from the beginning of the nineteenth century
which may be of interest to readers in the Philippines, be-
cause among them I found an appeal by the then Dutch
Governor-General of Netherland India, Hendrik Willem
Daendels, to the Government at Manila for military sup-
port in anticipation of an attack on the Dutch colonies by
the English. To understand the position at the time, a few
explanatory remarks can not be dispensed with.

The independent Kingdom of Holland, a close ally of
the French Empire, ruled by Napoleon's brother, Louis
Napoleon, had succeeded the Batavian Republic in the
beginning of the nineteenth century, the latter having in
its turn succeeded the old Republic of the United Nether-
lands. The Dutch East India Company which, in the
latter part of the eighteenth century, found itself in a most
deplorable financial position, had been taken over by the
new Batavian Republic, its territories therefore achieving
the status of proper European colonies in the modern sense
of the word. Daeiidels, who had served as a superior officer
with the French forces and afterwards entered the military
service of the new Republic and subsequently of King Louis
by whom he had been created Marshal of Holland, was
appointed Governor-General of Netherland India especially
for the purpose of reorganising the administration and the
military forces with a view to the expected attack on Java
by the English. He arrived in Java in the beginning of
1808 after a most adventurous voyage via Morocco and
America, traveling under his wife's family name, Van
Vlierden, so as to escape the vigilance of the English.
Shortly after his arrival he set himself to reorganising the
available armed forces, and, as disclosed by the documents
a few of which I shall reproduce here, his scheme included
a?, attempt to obtain reenforcements and arms from Manila.
This *s not surprising, considering the fact that Spain at
the tin e was in a position somewhat similar to Holland.

Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, had been
placed on the throne at Madrid, and Spain was
overrun by French troops and officially an ally of
the French Emperor, again at war with his arch
enemy, England.

For the purpose of obtaining such military support
from the Philippines, the warship Virginia was fitted out;
a small brig of war, carrying only a limited number of guns.
It sailed from the roads of Semarang in June, 1808, under
command of Daniel Grim and with the government officer
Hulft van Hoorn, who carried a letter to the Governor at
Manila from the Marshal. The Virginia had a very
unfortunate voyage. It took the ship seven weeks to reach
Manila, and when nearing its goal it grounded on the Apo
bank off Mindoro. Only by throwing its guns and other
heavy objects overboard, was it possible to refloat the ship
and, once at Manila, the captain had to incur a heavy
expense for rearming the vessel. The Virginia arrived at
its destination on August 4, 1808. I was not able to find a
copy of the letter written by Marshal Daendels, but the
original reply to the same, written in Spanish, and dated
September 13, 1808, is still preserved in the Government
Record Office at Batavia. Attached to it I found a French
translation which I have used for the translation into Eng-
lish which is as follows:

"Don Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras, Governor and Captain-
General of the Philippine Islands, President of the Royal Council, to

"His Excellency Marshal of Holland the very excellent seignior
Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch Establish-
ments and Possessions in the Greater Indies, Grand Cordon of the Royal
Order of Holland, and Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honor.

"By the official letter of Your Excellency, dated July 18, 1 last, which
has been remitted to me by Mr. Hulft de Hoorn who has just arrived
on the warship Virginia,! have learned with the greatest pleasure of the
safe arrival of Your Excellency in this country to command the pos-
sessions of His Majesty the King of Holland. I would be very glad to
help Your Excellency with the troops of which you make mention, but
due to the circumstances of the present war and of the present state of
affairs according to the latest news which I have received from Europe,
I am under the necessity to take all possible precautions against attempts
which the enemy may premeditate, and this does not permit me to
dispense with any of the forces which are now divided in acordance with
the defensive system which the country requires.

"It is true that the troops of this colony are at present in the best of
condition due to the pains which this government has always taken in
that respect. Under the military system that has been organised it is
very easy to assemble several corps of troops which retire at certain
periods to their provinces, and that is the reason that erroneous reports
have reached Your Excellency which state that I have discharged five
thousand men, who are however actually under arms. I hope that
Your Excellency will have the goodness to understand the impossibility
of sending you their arms. Because this country is a collection of a
large number of small islands, of islands of moderate size, and of large
ones, all the inhabitants are generally dependent on the cultivation
of the soil and on fishing, and it is in this way that, without having a
navy available, we may very well, in case of need, assemble the number
of sailors which we require for our service, but not fcr the purpose of
undertaking engagements in another country. I have told Mr. Hulft
that I can supply him very well with the required quantity of native
tar and cordage from this country, but not with the kettles, because they
are not found in this country. I have instructed the Royal Officers to
decide the value of these articles and I have simultaneously indicated
to Mr. Hulft that he may very well load the corvet the Virginia with

the same, but he has told me that he did not consider this feasible be-
cause the ship is of insufficient capacity.

"Prior to its arrival here the corvet ran aground on the Rock of Apo
and having been damaged we have accorded everything which was
demanded of this Government, and the ship is now in good condition
at the Arsenal.

"I have the honor to be Your Excellency's

"most humble servant, etc."

Another letter referring to the mission and its experiences
at Manila is that by Hulft van Hoorn, himself, written in
Dutch to Marshal Daendels, of which I also give a transla-
tion:

"I have the honor to inform Your Excellency of my safe arrival here
on the 4th of August last, after a long voyage of seven weeks, which
misfortune has been augmented by the running of the Virginia onto the
veiy dangerous Bank of Apo, in the vicinity of the island Mindoro from
which it, fortunately, was refloated after the canons and the gun car-
riages and frames had been thrown overboard. Due to the damage
sustained by the Virginia I have not been able to carry out the third
article of my instructions, but I have requested the Government to
hasten the repairing as much as is possible locally, for because of the
bad monsoon and the continual lains, more than fourteen days
expired before repairing could be begun, and there are furthermore so
many saint days that here one must have less haste and more patience
than in any other part of India. The expenses incurred amount for the
brig Virginia to dollars four thousand and forty-four, the cargo of
rope and native tar and other expenses to six hundred and thirty, and
in addition two thousand Spanish dollars for my salary for six months,
which gives an amount of six thousand six hundred and seventy-four
Spanish dollars, for which I have passed two bills on Your Excellency
and the other honorable Members of the Council of India. I have found
an opportunity to obtain this amount without interest because the
gentleman [who advanced the sum] desired to have a fund in Java. I
have equipped the brig Virginia with the same number of metal pieces
that it had lost. I am in a position to send you more of them of various
calibers and expect in this respect to receive Your Excellency's orders.
I have been very unfortunate in not having been able to carry out any of
the interesting points of my instruction except in so far as the commercial
ones are concerned ; not even a small quantity of arms, [could be obtain-
ed], though I have tried this in all possible ways, as Your Excellency
will see from the dispatch of the French Consul, but His Lordship the
Governor continues to assure me that His Honor has not even sufficient
troops available for this colony; that it would furthermore be against
the Spanish laws according to which a Manilanese may only be used for
the defense of this district; that the 5,000 Manilanese have never been

discharged but have only been granted leave to proceed to their prov-
inces on condition that they will report every Sunday to their officers;
that only scarcity of money has led to this, — which reason has now not
only disappeared by the arrival of the French frigate La Canonihre
and lately the Accapulco ship (which brought the required funds),
but has considerably increased [the number of soldiers] so that no rifles,
sabres, etc. can be had; and that the Government has even written
about these matters to Isle de France. His present Lordship the
Governor has this charge only provisionally and there is a possibility
that by the arrival of another ruler, many of these arguments may be
removed, but if this should not happen, then I believe that I can be of
service only as regards commercial relations and then I will find an op-
portunity to extend my commission. According to dispatches received
on the Accapulco ship from the Court of Madrid, foreigners are not
allowed to remain here, but His Lordship the Governor has informed me
that this would not be an obstacle to the execution or application of my
commission.

"I have ceded the three coyangs of rice at his request to Mr. Grim
for his crew as well as a frame of arak; for the nine others we have
not been able to obtain more than twenty Spanish dollars according to
the receipt. This arak is not very good and is only of the second grade.
His Lordship the Governor declined it and said that he has a large quanti-
ty available and furthermore that the Government is of the opinion that
an arak distillery should be established locally, in which case the ex-
portation from other places would be prohibited, but the slowness of all
such measures will for the time being cause no obstacles.

"I hope to carry out the commission entrusted to me still further and
I have the honor to sign with due respect,

"Honorable Sir,
"Your humble servant,
"HULFT VAN HOOPN.
"Manila, 1st of December, 1808."

By what ship and route these letters were transmitted
to Batavia, I do not know, but in any event not by the
brig Virginia, which had sailed from Cavite for Batavia
on September 22, 1808, as mentioned in a report on the
return voyage written by Captain Grim, which is also
available at the Batavia Government Records Office.
The vessel never reached its destination, because thejeturn
voyage was even more unfortunate than the voyage from
Semarang to Manila and ended by her being captured by
a British man-of-war and taken to Macao. The report by
Captain Grim was written in Macao and dated November 25,

(Continued on page 410)

Rainy Season

By Dee Vere

IN the mountains
there's a gentle
softly sighing
singing silence,
where the raindrops
from the treetops
quiet dripping
make a singing
all continuous
in the silence,
and the rippling
waters rustling
make a charming
little sounding
in this happy
greenly gleaming
singing silence.

399

The Old Spaniard

By Benjamin Flores

I am sure that over the tale which I am about
to write many will shake their heads in incre-
dulity and probably accuse me of recording
a nightmare. I am so hopeless of eliciting the

least credence that I don't know whether I should

proceed at all. But the memory of that hideous
spectacle I witnessed twenty years ago keeps haunting
my mind, and I shall always feel as though this dreadful
secret rests upon my soul like a sense of guilt unless
I unburden myself in some way. I hope that the town
of L — • — ■, which was gripped in a most disconcerting mys-
tery as a result of my withholding what I knew, has for-
given me by this time.

Twenty years ago— I was then only a boy of fifteen—
our family moved to the town of L— , new station of
my father who was in the government service. The town
was remarkable for its large number of Spanish-built
houses and Spanish residents— remnants of the early
Spanish occupation. There were, however, few houses
for rent, and for several days we were forced to remain
under the hospitable roof of a certain Mr. Salvador, who,
I believe, was some sort of school supervisor. We recon-
noitered the town for a suitable dwelling, but the only
suitable pleace available, we soon discovered, was an old
Spanish house situated in a somewhat isolated place.

Without much enthusiasm, father and I went to look at it.
The architecture and construction was characteristic of
old Spanish houses : a combination of stone and wood with
a tiled roof. It looked, however, so ancient, ravaged, and
forsaken that the mere sight of it depressed my spirits.
The crumbling foundation, blackish and lichen-covered;
the wooden walls, cracking and rotting in places; and the
windows with their missing shell panes looking like sinister
eyes, gave the houjje a haunted and grotesque aspect. I
imagined that inside, a wilderness of cobwebs must prevail,
that the air must reek with the smell of dust and decay,
and that every nook and corner must be a haven of rats,
cockroaches, termites, and all varieties of vermin. How-
ever, the house looked sturdy enough yet to withstand
occupation, and my father considered that a thorough
cleansing and repairing would render it fit for human habita-
tion. Besides, he reflected, we could not impose forever
a family of eight upon the hospitality of Mr. Salvador.
So father decided that we would have to put up with the
place until more satisfactory quarters could be secured.
Mr. Salvador informed us that the house belonged to an
old Spaniard: Don Miguel de la Torre. He had formerly
resided there with a younger brother, but it seemed that
they had quarreled over some property, and that the
brother had left in disgust and never returned. Don
Miguel subsequently explained that he had gone home to
Spain. Soon he had ordered the construction of another
house and moved into that upon its completion, abandoning
the old house to decay. It seemed that Don Miguel was

400

the last remaining member of an aristocratic and
illustrious family of early Spanish conquistadores
and encomenderos, and was now living alone
with only an old man servant to keep house for

him. Of all the Spanish residents of the town,

Mr. Salvador further elaborated, Don Miguel de
la Torre was the most unpopular. He was regarded
with dislike by the townspeople not only because of
his extreme unsociability— he seldom emerged from his
hermit-like seclusion to exchange words with even his
most immediate neighbors — -but because he was an in-
veterate miser, never giving a coin to charity. In fact,
when his name was mentioned it was always modified by
some imprecating adjective. Even beggars had learned
to pass by the gates of his mansion without stopping to
ask for alms. Although he had no obvious need of money
and no known heirs to inherit his wealth, his main occupa-
tion seemed to be the accumulation of more money. It
was the general conception that the disease of greed which
had coursed through the veins of his encomendero ances-
tors had been transmitted to him and had risen to a species
of insanity.

With this prior knowledge of his characteristics, it was
with some trepidation that mother and I called on the old
Spaniard to acquaint him of our desire to rent his house.
I recall now how I inwardly recoiled in mild terror before
his very presence. He was tall of stature but stooped
with the burden of his years and rather emaciated-looking,
like a consumptive. There was something horrid in his
appearance. His face was thin and wrinkled and had a
hard and metallic look, like the gold which he hoarded
with such rapacity. The eyes were small and deep set and
gleamed with a shrewd and fierce flicker. The lips were
thin and pinched and he made them thinner by compres-
sion. There was an expression of perpetual irascibility
and hostility on his countenance. He welcomed us with
snorts and grunts, speaking in a harsh and jerky voice.
He seemed to tolerate our intrusion only because it was in
the interest of his purse.

True to form, the old Spaniard demanded an outrageously
exhorbitant rent. There was such despotic finality in
the manner he uttered his terms that my mother, who
was ordinarily an aggressive woman, could only accept
them without protest.

It took half a dozen men working for nearly a week to
bring the house to a state of decency. The place was flushed
from top to bottom with a hose only slightly smaller than
that of the local fire department. The old man servant
of Don Miguel was in charge of the proceedings. He was
a man of low stature but of huge frame, and with the mop
of shaggy hair hanging down over his coarse-skinned and
hairy face would have made a convenient illustration for
proponents of the theory of evolution. An ugly scowl
ever darkened his already dark countenance. The old
fellow's temper was evidently as fierce and irascible as

his looks— and of his master. (The two must have mutually
infected each other.) He growled harsh words of rebuke
and curses at his laborers at the slightest error or sign of
dilly-dallying. Once he ordered the worker who was
spraying the house with the hose to shift it to a certain
corner. The man, confused, perhaps, by the bullying, did
not direct the stream of water to the exact spot desired.
This so enraged the old man that he forthwith rushed upon
the worker, seized him rudely by the neck, and fairly threw
him into the corner he wanted cleaned. I watched the
old fellow rap and lash his men with some amusement,
reflecting that, perhaps, he considered his temporary eleva-
tion to mastership as a license for tyranny. I had pre-
viously learned from the ever obliging Mr. Salvador that
this old servant had been in the service of the De La Torre
family for almost two generations. It could not be said
that Bruno— that was his name— was attached to his
present master because he was known to have been treated
little better than a beast and allowed only the most paltry
compensation, but the old fellow could not secure employ-
ment elsewhere because people would not have a servant
who had associated so long with such an obnoxious character
as Don Miguel. Thus Bruno continued to serve his master
with a sullen and grumbling submission. I could not
help imagining that, perhaps, in some of his vicious moods,
Bruno must have had to exert tremendous effort to resist
the temptation of seizing and strangling his despotic but
emaciated master.

The instant the last rotting plank had been replaced
with new timber and with the odor of disinfectant still
fresh in the air, we moved to our new house. I can not
resist mentioning here the comedy enacted by my father
and Mr. Salvador when we were about to leave the latter's
house My father insisted that he should pay something
for the family's board and lodging. But Mr. Salvador
insisted that it was "nothing— nothing at all," raising his
two palms in front of him in a protective gesture against
the paper bill which my father was trying to hand him, as
though it were some form of bribery. Father succeeded
in eluding the barricading hands and tucked the paper
bill into Mr. Salvador's pocket. But promptly Mr. Sal-
vador pulled it out and tucked it back into father's pocket.

The battle continued for some time, the paper bill ex-
changing pockets several times and getting crumpled and
torn during the process. My father, however, finally
won the contest.

As I said, we moved promptly into our new residence.
The complete overhauling had converted the house into a
neat and comfortable enough dwelling. The sala de visi-
tas was vast, as is usual with those old Spanish houses,
and there were three bedrooms. But there was something
in the memory of its former forlorn aspect, in the thought
that it was situated in a rather isolated place, and that
it had been untenanted for years, which made me feel
(I don't know if the others shared my feelings for I didn't
voice mine) as though we were intruding into some un-
earthly, even unholy, habitation. And for several nights
after our first occupation, my fertile and perhaps some-
what morbid imagination called up all sorts of ideas. Thus
I thought I heard agonizing wails and groans as of some
tortured mortal or the lightsome tread of airy footsteps;
and I thought I saw shadows lurking in corners as though
some ghostly inhabitant had come to protest our intrusion.
With the utmost tact I invited my younger brother to
sleep with me in my bed. After a month or so, however,
my mind was cured of these delusions and the nights passed
undisturbed.

But three months later I made a discovery which caused
me to recall some of my earlier fears. Having dropped a
coin through a crack in the floor I hastened under the
house to retrieve it. The massive stone walls permitted
only a solitary sunbeam through a fortuitous crack, and that
depressing darkness which is not the darkness of night
but the darkness produced by the exclusion of sunlight
prevailed. The air, too, was burdened with the peculiar
smell of unaired places. I tripped over several broken
chairs which I fancied might have supported the obesity
of some ancient Spanish encomendero or alcalde- mayor,
and other fragments of furniture strewn all over the ground.
In one corner I perceived what appeared to be a heap of
wooden arms, legs, heads, and torsos half-surmerged in
dust: they were the disjointed remains of the effigies of
saints. I regarded these relics of an ancient generation

( Con tin ued on page 403)

A Lighter Poet

By Ambrosia del Rosario

WHY should I sing my song as yours is sung,
Bitterly, in grief, with twisted tongue
From which the words are wrung
In broken snatches?

My mood catches

At leaves that fall from acacia trees,
At dust that flurries, at the breeze
That blows the kiss of rain, then flees. •

All that is bitter, harsh, or wrong
Has no place within my song.

401

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

THIS is not an intelligence test because
it is an intelligent test. And it is
an intelligent test because we are not
psychologists. As a schoolboy once wrote,
"It is estimated that at least 300,000 suffer
from some form of psychology.' ' And al-
though we are not explicitly told that psycholo-ists them-
selves figure among these victims, the intelligence tests de-
vised by them point clearly to one thing: "Psychologists
nascitur non fit", which, Englished by Dr. Seuss, the
famous Boner scholar runs, "Psychologists are not fit to
be born.,,

Edison, as everybody knows, invented by his own efforts
aided by an army of inventors, the so-called scholarship
questionnaire. Following this Edisonian tradition, we
have ourselves devised the following questionnaire aided
only by the Edison questionnaire and a pair of charming
refugees from Shanghai. In fact our questionnaire is so
much like that of Edison that we suspect we have invented
it ourselves without Edison's help. We have probably
only followed the Edisonian tradition. For the benefit
of people who, unlike Mr. McNutt, are not scholars, we
follow the questions with their answers.

Question: What proper container would you select
for storing each of the following substances? (a) wind,
(b) money, (c) Pedro Domecq, (d) hydrogen peroxide,
(e) milk, (f) Maraschino, (g) Shanghai refugees.

Answer: (a) windbag, (b) working man's pocket, (c) kitchen sink,
Pedro Domecq being a drink fit only for Right-handed Spaniards,

(d) the hair of those who prefer gentlemen, (e) female bull, (f ) Putakte
and Bubuyog, (g) Malacanang, Uy Yet Building, or Tomas Oppus.

Question: Briefly identify the following: (a) Elpidio
Quirino, (b) Cipriano Unson, (c) Tomaso Fonaceri, (d)
Posadas, (e) Antonio Torres, (f) Paulino Santos, (g) Gil
Montilla, (h) Osmefia, (i) Varona.

Answer: (a) according to Ass. Alzate, the next President of the
Philippine Commonwealth, President Quezon's health permitting;
according to the National Information Board, the foremost agitator in
the Philippines; according to the University of the Philippines Informa-
tion Service, Secretary of the Interior, (b) multi milium honorem
habent in locis ubi nati sunt, (c) an Italian orchestra conductor,
who is a still better conductor of electric cars, (d) he knows his onions,

(e) not to be confused with police towers, (f) foremost authority on
birth control and the ronda, incidentally Chief of Staff of the Philippine
Army, (g) a rumba virtuoso, claimed by some research workers to be
the Speaker of the National Assembly, (h) the man nobody knows,
(i) a well-known Hawaiian sugar planter.]

Question: Explain action at a distance.

402

Answer: Since the days of Faraday and Maxwell
physicists have given up the notion of action at a dis-
tance. Recently however, chiefly through the untiring
researches of Professor Dr. George Vargas and his staff,
action at a distance has been reestablished.

Question: Distinguish clearly between
work and power.

Answer: When you are in power, you do not need to work.

Question: What is the difference between noise and
musical sound?
Answer: The cost.

Question: Which is more effective, a pound of alcohol,
or a pound of sugar? why?

Answer: Ordinarily alcohol particularly in the form of Tanduay
rum or gin marca demonio is more effective. However, sugar when
she weighs around 110 pounds, is apt to knock one flat.

Question: Suggest a method which might be used to
produce gold from a gold mine.

Answer : Promotion .

Question: Briefly state how an earthquake should be
dealt with.

Answer: 1. Earthquakes should be handled gently but firmly.

2. Do not provoke earthquakes by erecting earthquake-proof
buildings.

3. The Bureau of Weather should not be permitted to "hold"
earthquakes without at least an hour's previous notice so that at the
time of the tremor we could be situated at a hugging distance from
"clinging vines". Such information, however, should be withheld
from old maids lest they take undue advantage of it.

4. Earthquakes accompanied by tidal waves or floods (from the
lachrymose glands) are apt to be dangerous and call for special con-
ciliatory technique.

5. On the radiophone variety of earthquakes consult Secretary
Vargas.

Question: Ansa tze forrowing retta: —
Office of tze Dean
Corrge of Raw
Dear Mr

A visiting Japanese skarra has made a study of tze Hirip-
pine rife and mannas. He has vorrunteered to give a
rectcha at tze weekry convocation on tze pacification of
tze Hirippine Army.

We rike to know tze reaction of tze student body. Prease
write me frankry.

Reandro Raurel Dean.
Answer: I tzink tzo.

The Old Spaniard

{Continued {torn page 401)
with a kind of subdued reverence and almost forgot about
the coin; but not quite, and after a brief search I located
it. I was about to leave when I stubbed my foot against a
rounded object protruding out of the ground. I managed
to scoop it out, digging with my foot, and to my utter aston-
ishment the rounded stub rolled out and proved to be a
human skull! A cold shiver rippled down my spine as I
stared at the ghastly sockets, which stared back at me. I
managed to recover from my horrified amazement and began
to examine my discovery. I turned it over with my foot,
very gently and carefully, as though I would be desecrating
a hallowed object by any rough handling. It was a huge
skull— all parts were intact— encrusted with a layer of
dust. What a queer place, I thought, to discover such
remains-here underneath the dwelling of other living
mortals as though in obstinate protest against departing
from this earthly life. I was on the point of kicking the
skull into a corner in a burst of sudden disgust and terror;
but instead I was affected the next moment with a strange
affinity towards this object, arising, perhaps, out of the
contemplation that it represented what was once a breathing
human creature like myself who would not have tolerated
being kicked about. It seemed suddenly inhuman to me
to abandon his skull to rot in the dust— at least not here
under my room. I picked it up with a piece of paper and
took it to my room. With some old rags I wiped off its
crust of dust and deposited it upon my table.

I must have looked as though I were conferring with the
dead as I faced that skull, seated on a chair before it, gazing
solemnly upon its bony features, speculating as to whom
this poor mortal migh have been. I was fascinated by
the thought that once upon a time— how long ago nobody
could know— the hollow of this hard round thing that
lay mute and still and inanimate on my table, had bred hopes
and ambitions, had known all the various sentiments and
emotions of man: love and hate, fear and courage, joy and
sorrow, avarice and charity.... Perhaps, he too had
striven like all mortals to achieve fame and riches and
power-and perhaps he succeeded! Indeed he might
have been one of those imperious and aristocratic beings
entrenched in a magnificent and impregnable mansion,
surrounded by all comforts and luxuries, and with many
slaves bowing meekly before him. But alas! how tragic
it seemed that I should have discovered his skull in such
a ridiculous place and state, biting the ignominious dust
just as though it were one of the wooden heads of the
saints in the corner! Why, I could have kicked it about
like a ball.

As I started saying, however, this discovery-and, what
was more, its presence in my room-revived my earlier
imaginings, and again that night I again heard strange
noises and saw specters in the corners. On the third
night, before it was half over, I had resolved to discard
the skull the very first thing in the morning. I would not
have kept it very long, anyway, because my mother ob-
jected vehemently to the presence of such a ghastly object

in the house. Every time she caught a glimpse of it she
would shriek the name of some favorite saint. So I finally
threw the skull into a refuse pit in our back yard.

For some time afterwards the skull was the topic of occa-
sional conversation in the house. My younger brothers
had some humorous theories regarding its history. My
father was of the opinion that the house had, perhaps, once
been occupied by a doctor of medicine and that he had
procured the skull for purposes of anatomical study. I
did not dare give my opinion utterance for fear of ridicule.
I associated the skull with some mysterious and intriguing
occurrence in the remote past within the gray walls of this
same old house. My mother did not seem to have any
opinion but instead said one night in great disgust:

"Well, I only wish it were the skull of that usurious old
Spaniard." My mother had been nurturing a grudge
against the old miser since the moment she had cringingly
accepted without protest his outrageous terms.

"That reminds me," my father took up the new trend
of the conversation, "Tomorrow is the thirtieth. You
had better send the rent money quick or the old fellow will
be furious."

The next morning I was entrusted with the mission of
delivering the monthly toll, and so hied myself to Don
Miguel's house. In recognition of our promptness, he
muttered several raucous "Bueno's", nodding his head
repeatedly, which I interpreted to mean instant dismissal.
Just then, however, a funeral procession passed the house.
"Who's dead?" the old Spaniard inquired.
"I don't know, sir," I said, feeling grieved that I could
not satisfy the old man's curiosity, especially since the
inquiry was a rare condescension to sociable conversation.
So, after the hearse had turned the corner, I remarked—
wishing to take advantage of his sociable mood and seeing
how it had some bearing upon the spectacle we had just
witnessed— I remarked about my discovery of the skull
under the house.

At this disclosure the old Spaniard started in surprise

and alarm and fired his sunken, glittering eyes on me with

such fierce penetration that I almost screamed with terror.

"A skull? Did you say you found a skull?" he demanded

in his grating voice.

"Yes, sir," I answered tremulously.
"How did you find it? Where did you find it, you say?"
he asked, one question following the other in rapid sue-
cession.

I stammered my explanations in a quivering voice.
"What else did you find?" he demanded, glowering
menacingly over me.

"Nothing more, sir," I answered, and we have already
thrown the thing away.

"Bueno— Bueno— " the old man said, obviously relieved.
As he motioned me out of the house with his hands, I noticed
they were hairy and covered with blotches of brownish
pigment like giant freckles.

403

I made my way home puzzling over the excited and
alarmed interest the old Spaniard had evinced over so
trivial a thing as a skull. But on second thought I re-
membered that the old Don was supposed to be somewhat
twirly, so why should I wonder very much over any pe-
culiar behavior of his. I dismissed the incident from my
thoughts and didn't even make mention of it at home.

That night I was awakened from a peaceful slumber by
noise proceeding from under the house directly under-
neath my room. At first in my drowsy state it sounded like
some animal stamping on the ground with his hoofs. But
when I strained my ears to listen I perceived that it sounded
more like someone cultivating the ground. For the first
time I was positive that it was not my imagination playing
its usual tricks upon me. I was curious and perplexed
by these queer sounds, certainly not spiritual but material.
I resolved to discover whence they originated. The lu-
minous dial of my watch marked the hour to be half past
one.

Putting on my bathrobe, I groped my way to the stairs,
sliding my hand 'along the baluster as I descended. It
was drizzling slightly and the night was dark and cold.
Half-way down the stairs I paused as my eyes came to
the level of the point where the stone wall meets the upper,
wooden portion of the house. There was a slight gap
through which I could peep into the enclosed ground
below. After some craning of my neck I discerned the
dark figures of two men in the corner over which my room
was located. One of them had on a voluminous-looking
raincoat with a cone-shaped hood that covered his head
and partly obscured his face. With an electric flashlight
in his hand, he was standing over his companion who was
apparently engaged in digging the ground. Who were
these night prowlers and what mysterious business were
they about at this unholy hour? I could not at first identify
them, but as my eyes became properly accommodated to
the darkness the figures grew more distinct to my vision.
A cold shiver, not induced by the chilly night, passed
through my frame as I recognized beneath the hood the
features of the old Spaniard ! Then I saw that the other
man was his old servant. I also caught sight of a sack
lying crumpled beneath the old Spaniard's feet.

For some minutes Bruno continued with his work of
excavation without cessation, digging the earth with his
spade in rhythmic and rapid strokes. Soon, however, he
paused and passed a hand over his forehead. Suddenly
he flung his implement upon the ground in a manner in-
dicating that thejwork did not agree with him.

"It was thine own fault, thou blundering, worthless
wretch", the old Spaniard hissed. "Did I not tell thee to
bury him deep? — deep into the earth that keeps secrets
best? Go on with thy digging, thou lazy dog! Dig — Dig
— Dig — ". And with every word "dig" he kicked the
flanks of his old servant to emphasize the command.

"Hold your tongue and your boots, sir!" the abused man
said, with hatred in his voice. "I could not work faster
if I were digging your own grave."

"Insolent rogue!" the old Spaniard's voice screeched
with rage. "Clamp thy mischievous mouth and on with

404

thy work! Siga—Siga—Siga—". Again he accompanied
these words with proddings of his boot.

Remembering the irascible and vicious temper Bruno
had exhibited during the cleaning of the house, I wondered
how he could stand such treatment without being inflamed
to violent anger. But I reflected that when I saw him first
he was temporarily a master; now he was a slave, and im-
perious and domineering masters like Don Miguel make
cringing slaves. I was not very surprised, therefore, when
Bruno meekly picked up his spade again and resumed
digging. He was grumbling and muttering, however, all
the while he worked. And to express his disgust over the
task, he flung away the earth he scooped out with his spade
with such force that the lumps and pebbles struck the stone
wall with considerable noise.

"Fool!" the old Spaniard snarled. "Dost want to wake
the whole town?"

"Well, I know they'd be delighted to gaze upon your
brother's bones — your brother who went home to Spain!"
Bruno answered in sarcastic tones, deliberately raising his
voice, which the stillness of the night seemed to augment
in volume.

"Hold thy voice, thou treacherous scoundrel!" the old
Spaniard hissed, trying hard to muffle his own voice, "or
I'll plug thy throat with lead — like this fool of a brother
of mine who dared to dispute with and defy me." He
had produced a pistol from the pocket of his raincoat and
was now pointing it threateningly at his servant. It was
less the menacing sight of the weapon which made me start
with terror than the confession of murder in the words of
Don Miguel de la Torre!

The weapon evidently subdued Bruno's sarcastic and
indignant feelings; for he now concentrated on his digging.
The purpose of this work began to filter into my bewildered
mind. It was obvious enough that they were digging up
the bones of the murdered brother to gather them into the
sack and take them away to another grave. The old
Spaniard probably feared that news of my discovery of the
skull might spread and create suspicion among the people
in connection with the sudden disappearance of his brother
years ago. The authorities might investigate and unearth
the incriminating evidence! Such fear on the part of the
old Spaniard, however, was utterly unjustified. In the
first place, news of my discovery of the skull could not have
reached even our next-door neighbor, because after it had
been thrown into the garbage pit, the matter had been
promptly relegated to oblivion. In the second place, even
if the news had been promulgated, I do not think that
anybody would have associated my trivial discovery of an
old skull with some secretly perpetrated murder, since
everybody knows how skulls have a way of getting to the
most out-of-the-way places. Then, too, the disap-
pearance of the brother had faded almost completely from
the minds of the people and they had accepted Don Miguel's
explanations without doubting his veracity. It must
have been the old Spaniard's guilty conscience, forever
pointing an accusing finger at him, which had made him exag-
gerate the importance of the incident of the finding of the

September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

405

skull. However, watching the dark pair going about
their ghoulish work, I began to understand the apprehen-
sion of the old Spaniard and his fearful desire to find some
other place of concealment for the tell-tale remains of the
brother he had slain. But— and here I come to that part
of this narrative, the hideous memory of which still
haunts my mind — the old Spaniard never accomplished

his purpose!

Bruno who had been digging feverishly paused again,
this time out of sheer exhaustion. The old Spaniard who
was in an impatient and irascible mood, spurred him on
with harsh curses and oaths. But the old servant, having
scarcely regained his breath, did not respond instantly.
The old despot was goaded to vehement fury by this pro-
traction.

"Bestir thyself, thou sluggard wretch!" he rasped
through gritted teeth, the pistol quivering in his hand.
-Dig I tell you! Dig— Dig— SigaSiga". And the in-
evitable kicks accompanied the words of command!

A man is not capable of absorbing infinite punishment;
and Bruno must have reached his limit. The resentment
accumulated during two generations of service under the de
la Torre family finally flared into rebellion. Bruno, snarling
defiantly and viciously, his innate ferocity of temper sud-
denly ignited, raised his spades and with the power in-
spired by his virulent emotions, brought it down full upon
the hooded head of his master ! It may again have been my
wild imagination, but I would swear I distinctly heard
the skull of Don Miguel de la Torre crack. The sound of
the powerful blow and the heavy thud of the old Spaniard s
body upon the ground were almost simultaneous.

For a moment Bruno stood rigid, staring stupidly down
upon the sprawling body of his master. Then as though
acting upon an electric impulse, he suddenly resumed his
digging— this time in real earnest. With frantic and fur-
ious strokes he delved deeper and deeper into the earth
without a moment's pause until he had made a hole about
six feet long and two feet wide. Flinging aside his imple-
ment, he dragged the unconscious body of the old Spaniard
forward and dropped him into the pit! He also threw in
the sack and the pistol. Then he pushed back the earth
again with hectic haste. Soon he had filled the grave and
was stamping upon the ground with his feet, using the spade
occasionally to level out conspicuous portions. Finally
he paused, inhaled and exhaled a huge breath, and looked
around with a hunted air. Then with that stealthy agility
which is said to come as an inspired virtue to criminals
after the commission of a great crime, Bruno slunk out
of the place, passing directly under the stairway upon which I
stood, and scurried away from the premises into the darktreet.
I soon found myself back in my room, although I have no
recollection of how I returned. The scene had affected me
with a sense of dazed unreality. I was even inclined to
suspect that it was all a nightmare, but the following morn-
ing my doubts were removed when, peeping timidly through
the same gap I had used the previous night, I beheld the
convincing marks of disturbance on the ground beneath
which the body of the old Spaniard lay.

The whole day I waited for the town to discover the
disappearance of Don Miguel de la Torre with that keen
anticipation of one who knows beforehand that something
startling is going to happen. I was on tiptoe; I was on

Luzon Brokerage Co., Inc

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406

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

the edge of my chair; I was like one who, after having lighted
the fuse of a stick of dynamite, waits breathlessly for the
explosion. The whole day, however, passed and nothing
whatever occurred. This delay was to have been expected
since hardly any one ever called upon the old Spaniard.

An entirely unforeseen development occurred on the
second morning following that night I have just written
about. The old Spaniard's laundry woman went into the
house that day to deliver his clothes. No sooner had she
entered — so the story went which spread like wildfire — than
she was scampering down the stairs, shrieking in terror.
Her outcries brought people of the neighborhood to the
place, and when investigations were made in response to
the woman's frantic and hysterical gestures pointing towards
the house, the body of the old servant was found on the
floor of the sala, his eyes staring their hideous death stare
at the ceiling. Of course, the old Spaniard was immediate-
ly missed and after a futile search was made, the excitement
and commotion skyrocketed. The doctor who arrived a
few hours later to perform an autopsy upon the corpse
declared that the old man had died of apoplexy. I wonder
whether the terrific physical efforts he made that fatal
night or the subsequent terror inspired by his crime led to
his sudden death.

It was, of course, not the old servant's death but the
mysterious disappearance of the old Spaniard which created
a sensation throughout the entire town of L — . For weeks
the only topic of conversation was this singular mystery, and
speculation and conjecture ran wild among the people.
They could not understand how the old Spaniard could
have vanished into nowhere just as though he had been

a puff of smoke or vapor! They were all inclined to refer
the occurrence to the supernatural, this being the ultimate
res<prt of defaulting reason, and the most superstitious
were actually convinced that the ghosts of the ancestors
of this lone survivor of the de la Torre family had come to
spirit him away to the other world. Soon the excitement
and commotion subsided and was replaced by a kind of
sober mystification. People shuddered when passing the
old Spaniard's house on dark nights because the legend
promptly arose that it was tenanted by some demon or
evil spirit.

Anyone with the least imagination can conceive the
dreadful feelings the situation entailed for me! At first,
when the excitement and commotion were at their height,
when the authorities, confounded and bewildered, were
angrily ransacking the old Spaniard's house and its pre-
mises for possible clues, I was inwardly cowering with fear,
feeling as though I was the cause of all the trouble. I ima-
gined that everybody looked at me with suspicion as though
accusing me of some complicity in the old Spaniard's
disappearance. I weighed the wisdom of making a public
revelation of what I had seen that memorable night! Per-
haps, I thought, I would be acclaimed a hero for solving
the disconcerting mystery — but, on second thought, I
dreaded that I would be branded a coward instead because
I had witnessed the execution of so atrocious a crime without
doing a thing to prevent it.

But that was not the main reason which finally made me
decide not to release my secret. After a while, when the
first furor had eased down, I got over my imagined fears
of being suspected, and then — I began to enjoy the whole

A. SORIANO y Cia.

(Sucesores de Sorox y Cia.)

Administraciones y Seguros

Agentes Generates de:

COMMONWEALTH INSURANCE CO.
THE HOME INSURANCE CO.
THE YANGTSZE INSURANCE ASSN., LTD.
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CONNECTICUT FIRE INSURANCE CO.

Tel. 2-30-81
P. O. Box 3223

Edificio Soriano
Plaza Cervantes
Manila, Filipinas

September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

407

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408

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

affair! It gave me a sense of power and importance to
think that / held the entire town of L — in awe and mystery.
I felt like some superior being mischievously gloating over
the bewilderment of peoples' minds, completely im-
potent to cope with the occurrence, and desperately seeking
an explanation in the realm of the supernatural. Fate,
I thought, had given me the dreadful privilege of being the
sole mortal witness of that grim tragedy under my room,
thereby entrusting me with a secret — a secret which I
held in conjunction with the earth which, as the old Spaniard
himself had said, is the best keeper of secrets. Somehow
it got into my mind to fancy that it was my duty to keep
the secret and be as trustworthy as the good earth.

I was puffed up with this self-awarded importance and
now, whereas previously I hardly dared emerge from my
room, I began to walk the streets with an air of nonchalance
and superiority, trying to impress the people that I was
not in the least disturbed by the "mystery !" Thus when
I passed the old Spaniard's house I did not even lift an
eye to look at it or if I did it was with the most carefully
studied casualness. And when I passed a group of persons
discussing in appalled tones the uncanny disappearance
of the old Spaniard, I paused, listening with an amused
and meaning smile, knowing all the time that their prattle
was bound to be all wrong. Till then I had never realized
how far peoples' minds can stray from the truth! I im-
agined how such a group would have reacted had I walked
straight into their midst and announced outright where
they could have found the old Spaniard. Most probably
they would have ridiculed me and laughed at me; although,

of course, I would have had the last laugh. I preferred,
however, to enjoy my laughter in silence. . . .

Even the members of my family I did not spare from the
mental and emotional discomforts of the "mystery". It
served them right, I thought, for being such drowsy creatures
as not to have been roused by what was going on right under
their seats. It was with a mingling of amusement and com-
passion that I observed my mother recite her prayers with
redoubled fervor. Invoking the saints for protection, be-
cause she was obssessed by the terror that the old Spaniard,
against whom she had nurtured such resentful feelings,
would come and take his revenge upon her. On the other
hand my father's composure startled me — he evinced very
little perturbation — although I suspected that inwardly
he must have shared the general feeling of awe and mystery.
At dinner time the old Spaniard often came up as a topic
of discourse, and then my little brothers, who were invariably
rowdy, would quiet down as though they were vaguely
aware of the mystery which permeated the air.

"Well, I guess we might as well forget about the old fel-
low," my father finally said one night. "I guess nobody will
ever know what happened to him."

"If his ancestors have indeed come to spirit him away,
I should think the greedy old — I mean the poor old man,
bless his soul — must be in Spain now — That's quite a
long way off, isn't it?" So spoke my mother who was es-
pecially relieved at the thought of how far away Spain was.
I think my father laughed a little. I remained silent as
granite.

"Well, I don't know about that," my father said. "But,

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Sep tember, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE 409

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410

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

anyway, it was, perhaps, for his own good that he passed
out of our ken that way. Nobody would have cared to
attend his funeral nor place a wreath upon his grave — old
grouch that he was."

That night I spent almost two hours gathering what
flowers I could pluck around the neighborhood and weaving
them into a wreath. Then I went under the house and
placed it upon the old Spaniard's grave. Somehow, it
now affords me some gratification to think that I also
mumbled a few words of prayer for the repose of his soul.
I lingered for some time over his grave and as I gazed upon
the ground which covered his body, the thought again
occurred to me that I held a dreadful secret in conjunction
with the good earth.

But, of course, I have betrayed the good earth because,
after all, I have written this story.

Marshal Daendels . . .

{Continued from page 399)

1808. It states that a few days after their departure
from the Bay of Manila they were sighted by British frigate
of far superior armament. To escape, the Captain hoisted
the American flag, but when the Englishman continued
pursuit, it became evident that the only course open to the
small brig was to surrender, which the Captain subsequently
did. The English frigate was found to be the Dedaigne use,
under command of Captain Wm. Dawson, carrying forty-
four guns. Grim and the crew of the Virginia were taken
to Macao where they found many English ships assembled

under command of Rear- Admiral W. O. Drury. In the
report Grim mentions finally that they were waiting to be
sent to England as prisoners of war.

The file which contains the documents devoted to this
Dutch mission to Manila at the order of Marshal Daendels
contains furthermore a letter by the French consular agent
at Manila of September 21, 1808, which confirms the report
by van Hoorn and which is not reproduced here because
it does not contain anything of particular interest.

So far as I know, these letters exchanged between Batavia
and Manila at the beginning of the nineteenth century have
never been published anywhere and I venture to assume
that their existence is quite unknown at Manila. Perhaps
someone in Manila may find the subject of sufficient in-
terest to ascertain whether the Manila archieves contain
any letters or other documents on Mr. Hulft van Hoorn's
mission to Manila and of his activities there, whicn may be
of interest to students of history in Netherland India.

II assume that the correct date is June 18, because the Virginia sailed from
Semarang about the middle of June, so it is obvious that Daendels could not have
dispatched a letter by the Virginia, which was dated July 18.

Rizal Province

(Continued from page 397)

soil underlain by tuffaceous rocks. Concretions are pres-
ent in the surface and subsoil. In the lowland section
the surface soil is shallow and in most cases the hard
and massive tuffaceous rock is exposed. In the upland
section towards and beyond the Novaliches Reservoir, the
surface and subsoils are deep.

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MA GAZINE ___ 1^

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412

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

The area in the vicinities of San Juan, Addition Hills, San
Francisco del Monte, and farther inland to Pasongtamo,
consists of shallow surface soils. In badly eroded places
the massive tuffaceous rock is exposed. Rice had been
planted in these places where thick soil is found. The
rise of the real estate business has converted these places
into suburbs of the city of Manila. Many beautiful build-
ings have been erected and a considerable number of people
have made their homes in the Addition Hills, San Juan,
San Francisco del Monte* and New Manila. The effect of
the lack of good soil in these districts, however, is felt by
many home-owners, for garden plants, shade trees, and
fruit trees are grown with difficulty. Some home-owners
have succeeded with fruit and shade trees and flowering
and other plants by excavating the tuffaceous rock and
transporting good soil to the place. The judicious applica-
tion of fertilizer and water to the plants is amply rewarded.
Such undertakings are costly but compensating.

The growth of the towns and suburbs near the city of
Manila is not due to the edaphic or soil factor but to the
fact that these places serve as population outlets. The
edaphic influence is however very evident when one looks
at the surroundings of each house. Where good soil is
present there is always a noticeable green vegetation. In
the region around Balintawak, the soil is so poor and de-
pleted that it is almost certain to be abandoned as farmland
within a few more years.

Another group of soils in the province is the. Marikina
series. This series is located within the Marikina Valley

which constitute an important geographic feature of the
province. The several towns in the valley such as Taguig,
Pateros, Pasig, Cainta, Marikina, San Mateo, and Montal-
ban are based on the wealth of the rich Marikina soils.
Generally, the soil is a recent alluvial deposit and consists
of medium or light brown to brown, friable, mellow, and
fine to coarse, granular surface soil. Just below the surface
soil is a horizon of very dark brown to dark gray clay loam
soil. This zone is the distinguishing feature of the Marikina
soils. The substratum situated at a depth of more than
1.5 meters is tuffaceous rock material.

The Marikina silt loam, the most important soil type of
this series, is highly prized for agricultural purposes. Rice
is the major crop of the area, although corn, sugar cane,
and several vegetables are also grown. This rich soil is
responsible for the fair population of the area as compared
to other parts of the province, not including the city of
Manila and its environs. The population of this valley,
area 19,450 hectares, is approximately 61,800 people.
Aside from farming, there are other industries such as the
shoe industry at Marikina and the duck and fishing industry
at Taguig and Pateros.

The other soils of the province are the Bay soils, the Bi-
nangonan soils, and the Antipolo soils.

The Bay soils are dark brown surface soils underlain by
dark green to black sand in the substratum. This soil
occurs along the Bay shore occupying the narrow coast line
from Taguig to Binangonan and from Cardona to Pililla.

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE

413

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414

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

A small portion of this type of soil is used for duck raising
and fishing, while the rest is planted to rice. The yield of
rice is above the average.

The Binangonan soils are mostly clay soil, very dark brown
to nearly black, plastic and sticky, underlain by calcareous
material. Luxuriant vegetation of bamboos and other
trees and shrubs characterize the area. The limestone
of this region is used mainly as raw material for the manu-
facture of cement at Binangonan.

The Antipolo clay is the type of soil most widely distri-
buted in the province. Like the Novaliches soil in the
upland region of Bulacan province, the Antipolo clay is a
reddish brown to bright red, mellow and very friable and
granular soil, susceptible to excessive drainage and erosion.
As far as texture, structure, and consistency is concerned,
the Antipolo clay is excellent soil. It is due to these char-
acteristics that the Antipolo soil looses plant food easily
and becomes poor after two or three years of successive
cultivation. It is not good soil for general farming,
especially by farmers who have no knowledge of the basic
principles of soil fertility. In virgin soil, the crop yields are
fairly good. To maintain the fertility, commercial fertilizer
should be applied, and careful tillage operations should be
carried on with particular attention to soil erosion and
control, and moisture conservation. Moisture is lost easily
and irrigation water is not available. Cashew and duhat
trees grow well in this type of soil. Other fruit trees will
grow well also, provided the moisture in the soil is conserved.

In spite of the fact that Antipolo town is a well-known spot
in the Philippines and only about 27.5 kilometers from

Manila, the population is only 6,449 — no more than the
population of Tanay (6,800 people), a town 53 kilometers
from Manila and located along the narrow coastal plain
of Laguna de Bay. The edaphic factors are certainly re-
sponsible for the implications.

In other parts of Luzon in which the soil is similar to the
Antipolo clay, there is the same lack of agricultural and
industrial progress and of what would otherwise seem to be
a reasonable number of people. Where this type of soil is
covered with forests, the people should be conservative
in utilizing the soil for agricultural use. Any attempt to
cut down the trees and clear the area for agricultural
purposes would only increase our many tracts of submarginal
lands and abandoned farms in the Philippines. Delib-
erate and rigidly enforced precautions should be taken by
the government officials in whose hands rests the responsibi-
lity of disposing of the public domain for agricultural pur-
poses. The principle of the conservation of our neural re-
sources, particularly our soils, should be the guiding prin-
ciple of these officials.

Jarana

(Continued from, page 396)
"Manuel Enriquez, Nor," he answered as casually as ever.
"Why, he is my compadrel" said our host, then, turning
to a curtained door, he shouted,
"Ninay! Ninay!"
A voice answered somnolently, ' 'Ooy ! ' ' Then impatiently

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

415

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416

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

RELIABILITY

The Manila Railroad has again,
as in the past, proven it can be relied
upon to reopen service after a de-
vastating flood.

Men worked night and day to
repair bridges and the tracks, and
fill big gaps caused by ravaging
waters.

These men did not even wait for
the flood to completely subside.
Special means were devised to per-
mit repairing damaged sections of
the road, while the waters were
still high and running fast.

RELIABILITY AND RAILROAD
SERVICE ARE ONE

The Motorship "Naga" beginning
Thursday, August 26, 1937, has
resumed its service between Hon-
dagua and Dahican, Calambayu-
ngan and Mambulao (Paracale).

The Motorship "Alabat" will ob-
serve its regular schedule.

For
information,

inquire
or write to

Traffic

Department

Tei. 4-98-61

Information,

Local 42

R. E. BERN ABE
Chief Clerk

LEON M. LAZAGA
Traffic Manager

City Office,
Tel. 2-31-83

521-523
Dasmarinas

CANDIDO SORIANO
City Agent

Manila Railroad Company

943 Azcarraga

Manila

"Ta durmi el gente, tch— One is sleeping. . . . This
Quicong, taznenl"

Nor Quicong proceeded undisturbed, "The son of com-
padre Manuel is here!" Then, as there was no reply, he
went on rather testily, "Na, Ninay?"

The bamboo floor in the bedroom creaked, a loud yawn
was heard, the soiled curtain was pulled aside, and a plump
middle-aged woman appeared. Her right hand was holding
up her red tapis that threatened to fall at any moment, and
with her left hand she was rubbing her swollen eyes which
were blinking at the glare of the light. She squatted on the
floor near the wall, gave another long and sonorous yawn
and muttered indifferently,

"Quien?"

"Si Pedro, el anak di Compadre Manuel— Pedro, the
son of compadre Manuel," Nor Quicong answered rather
eagerly.

The woman, Nora Ninay, gave Pedro a long glance, then
said,

"Ah, este gale?— Ah, is this the one?

"Nora," Pedro answered a bit embarrassed.

"And who are your companions?" the woman asked of
him drowsily.

Pedro presented us one by one. He presented me first,
but my name seemed to be unknown to the old man and
when he heard that I was from Davao, he did not bother
himself about my family relations.

Then came my cousin, Jose Atilano. Nor Quicong
frowned.

"You don't mean to say that you are the son of Francisco
Atilano?"

"Amo, Nor."

"Why, your father and I were good friends. Is he not
the brother of Nora Bochay Atilano? Oh, you see! Si
Bochay and myself are comadre and compadre. I am
the Padrino of Pepito, her youngest son. Yes, yes. When
your father and I were still single we were always together.
We went serenading often. Tumaga, Corote, Pasonanca,
Guiwan, Sta. Maria, Tetuan. ... All those places we
visited. All the dalagas there knew us. Uy! That
fellow was very romantico! And he could sing well!
I still remember when he was courting your mother. . . .
Nor Basiong was so mad with him. He wanted his daughter
to marry a Chinese who had a store, but. . . . Could he
force his daughter to marry a man she did not love? Well,
one night your father climbed in by the batalan, and
took her off. . . ."

The presentation continued. I was surprised that the
old man knew everything about each one of my companions.
Family secrets, liaisons, scandals. . . . No wonder, an
idle place like that is a fit and fertile ground for gossip. . . .
I did not have to wonder why newspapers don't thrive so
well in that place. The folk themselves with idle hands
and busy tongues spread all the front page news of the day. . .
That the daughter of Miguel was in the family way, that
the daughter of Nor Nano was always in the convent, that
a week ago Nor Endo almost killed Nor Acong because the
latter was. . . , that the son of Bastian was always seen with
the daughter of Nora Atang by the bank of the river ....

Such a small and idle place, no wonder everybody knew
everything about everybody else to the fourth generation.

September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

417

I was fed up with the old man. I expected to serenade
and sing to his daughter and not to have to listen to his
yarns.

Then, as if he had forgotten something, he started and
called out,

"Isa! Isa! Luisa!"

"Tay," came a drowsy voice from the bedroom.

"Come out, you have visitors. What are you doing

there?"

The curtain was pushed aside once more and a plump
girl came out Rubbing her eyes. . . . Her dress was
rumpled, slept in, I supposed; her hair was in disorder, her
face was shiny. . . . Another country beauty, I said to
myself in disappointment.

As she was about to sit down, Nor Quicong said to her,
"Make some coffee !" The girl drowsily obeyed and
went out to the kitchen.

For the first time perhaps the old man realized that we
were there to serenade his daughter. He said curtly,
"Na, cant a y at— -Now, you sing!"
My companions looked at me.
"You sing, Tiago," I said.
"Ah, ebos una — -you first," he answered me.
"I'll sing last," I said with finality.
"How about Pedro?"

"Ah, I sang already!" Pedro answered stubbornly.
After much coaxing, we were able to persuade Mariano
to sing. He sang a jazzy piece. The old folks murmured
that they preferred to hear a Spanish song. They said it
was more sweet to hear.

My companions looked at me again. They started
coaxing each other. I was so exasperated that I offered
to sing myself. That was rather too forward of me. It
did not fit into the notion of modesty of those country
swains. But their awkward ways were such that. . . .

I sang a Spanish tango— pretty well, I suppose. Only
I could not put the necessary expression into it because I
was angry with my companions.

The girl stood in the doorway and kept on looking at me
while I sang. When the song was over, there was a com-
plete silence. As if no one dared to break the spell of the
song!

"What's your name?" the old man asked of me after some
apparent thinking which manifested itself in his puckered
eyebrows and his rubbing his chin with his right hand.

I gave him my name. Also my father's name. Also
my mother's name. When he heard mother's name, he was
startled.

"Your mother is a Zamboanguerla, no?"
"Nor," I answered.

"Why, she is my distant cousin! She is the daughter of
Martin Balan, no? Oh, you see! Well, Don Martin was
a justice of the peace during the tiempo Espanol. He is
the son of Tay Taquio who was married to Inay Paula
Enriquez. Si Nay Paula and my mother were cousins
because the father of my mother and the father of Ta
Paula are brothers and sisters. Qves eso, your mother
and myself are cousins. Na mirA pa se — -Now, you see
that, we are still relatives! And, therefore, I'm your
uncle! You should kiss my hand, hijol" and he extended
his right hand for me to kiss it.

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418

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

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"This is what I get for singing", I said to myself bitterly.
But what could I do? It was senseless for me to make
any fuss. Besides, if I was really his nephew. . . .

I took hold of his extended hand and kissed it. It
smelled fishy, and I conjectured that supper that
evening must have included paksiu or si ni gang. I
also kissed the hand of my newly discovered aunt and the
same smell was there.

The girl came in with some big cups filled to the brim
with steaming coffee. I wanted to talk to her because I
was quite bored with her father. A chat with her would
have been a relief. Besides, I was beginning to discover
some good points in her, too. She was not bad to look at
after all. A tight fitting dress, half an hour at a beauty
parlor, some lipstick, would do wonders with her, I thought.
But the old folks seemed to be so willing to do all the
talking.

When we were through with our coffee, they asked me to
sing once more. I sang a song of despedida, after which
there was an exchange of naive remarks; then we left the
house.

It was no longer dark outside as it had been when we
went into the house. I was very drowsy and felt a bit
chilly. Cocks were crowing for it was already dawn.

Taal and Its History

{Continued from, page 395)

and get into the lake to mature, but this number is di-
minishing yearly. The migration generally occurs during
the spring and summer months, as in the case of the salmon
of our Alaskan and Western rivers. The sudden storms
on the lake, open to both monsoons, and the natural run-
way to and from the sea, caused the primitive settlers to
construct baklads of woven bamboo, but a portion was
left open to navigation, and this left easy ingress to the
new fry, thus securing a plentiful and stable supply. In
spite of the great destruction of fish by the volcanic erup-
tions there was never any complete destruction at any
time. Both river and lake have become shallower. A
goodly area of the lake belongs to the twin towns of Taal
and Lemery, for following the ancient Castillian laws
granting to municipalities the sole rights to fisheries for
municipal revenues, a strict monopoly is maintained.
The exclusive right to the fisheries within the areas de-
scribed are subject to public bidding for the franchise,
which generally runs for five years, and this, while prevent-
ing most of the people from engaging in fishing, has re-
sulted in over-fishing by the franchise owners and in a
steadily diminishing supply of fish.

About ten years ago the company bidding paid P134,-
000 for the franchise, or about P27,000 a year. It is now
understood to be P16,000, but once went as high as P32,-
000. This revenue is equally divided between Taal and
Lemery. The company, to repay this high tax, has there-
fore not only to prohibit all other fishing but captures
all the fish it can. Only those of minnow size come up
to re-stock the lake. An artificial run for those about to
spawn, like those of the Western rivers in the United
States would be best, but the company can not afford to

September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

419

build this, as it has itself no continuity of existence.
Local people complain that fish are not so large and good as
some forty years ago, nor can the common people eat the
fish that swim by their doors because of the high price.
The catch is easily disposed in local towns by truck, and
at prices much higher than in Manila.

The succulent pompano, known locally as muslo, a
kind of near-trout, is caught in the greatest quantity.
The gray snapper, mullet, and others remain in the lake
till nearly grown when they start with a rush for the sea.
They only get as far as the traps in the Pansipit. The
muslo is especially toothsome. The maliputo is perhaps
the best tasting of all, brings high prices, and is much in
favor. The lumalukso or bangus or "leaper" grows to
a meter in length and is much superior to those of the fish-
ponds bred in Bulacan and Pampanga. The banaky a
snapper that can be caught with hook and line, a fish known
as the managat or biter, besides great numbers of eels,
some of large size all seeking that mysterious place in the
sea where eels breed, are stopped by the complete closing
of the river. A few small shark live in the deep waters.
The buan-buan, a large silvery fish, is rather bony; the
kitang, a very good food-fish, is abundant; also the dalag.
Thirteen kinds of gobies occur according to Doctor Herre,
and about Ambulong are the sardine fisheries. These
sardines cooked in vinegar and packed in banana leaves are
sold in local towns. Regarding these Morga, in his "Su-
cesos", published in 1609, says: "Indians living on the shores
of Lake Bombon prefer this sardine to larger fish. It is
cooked in many ways, and dried and cured in vast quanti-
ties,\ It is a permanent resident of the lake. Strange to

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420

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

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say, there are no catfish, which are abundant in Laguna de
Bay, some twenty miles away. And, en passant, in that
lake the dalag and kanduli are fast disappearing due to
over-fishing and the lack of protection to spawning fish.
The same condition is noted with the marine fish of the
Batangas littoral called dulong, taznbacol, and tulingan.
The only remedy for this state of affairs is to make all
fisheries national instead of local. Only in this way will re-
stocking be assured, otherwise these fish may in time
become entirely extinct.

Excellent motor roads now encircle the lake, except a
small portion still under construction. Viewed from the
cool contours of the Tagaytay Ridge, the lake, 2000 feet
below, presents one of the most attractive and picturesque
views in the Islands. On a clear day seven provinces can
be seen. Batangas province lies below, spread out like a
map, with the lake and volcano in the center. The Verde
Island Passage and the blue haze of Mindoro, Manila covered
with its smoke-pall, Cavite stretching away between its
canyons to Manila Bay and the mountains of Bataan,
Laguna de Bay, Corregidor, Mounts Makiling, Cristobal,
and the Banahaw in the near distance, and even Isarog in
Bicolandia can be glimpsed. Not to speak of fishing by
proxy at the Pansipit baklads, the sea and lake bathing,
there are the toothsome fish dinners at Russell's Hotel in
Batangas a short distance away, and the incomparable
scenery of lake, mountain and shore, which make Bombon
a most popular place for a week-end vacation.

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September, 1937

PWTMPPINE MAGAZINE

421

Four O'clock

in the Editor's Office

THE murder of Percy A. Hill in his home
early in the evening of July 23 by a gang
of eight or ten bandits out for loot, was a wholly
senseless deed that shocked the whole country,
for Mr. Hill was a valuable citizen and had
friends everywhere. According to Constabulary
accounts, he was alone, reading a newspaper,
when the men entered. Rising to his feet, with
the intention perhaps of seizing some weapon, he was shot through the
heart, dying instantly. About a month before this, I received from him
the article on Taal Lake, published in this issue of the Philippine Maga-
zine, and the following letter:

-Herewith an article on Taal and its history which may be interesting
to your readers. While we old-timers know by heart much of what I
have written, the new generation has little of this data at hand. I have
put the material on paper, for there are several 'lessons' in it— among
them the unreliability of the God Vulcan and the shortness of man's
memory. The scenery about the Lake is incomparable. I recently
took a trip over the newly completed road down to Nasugbu, with the
rest of the family, and certainly enjoyed looking over old haunts in the
luxury of automobile transportation. The first time I saw Lake Bom-
bon and its volcano was on January 7, 1900, with the first American
troops. We had a song which ran like this:

'Hey, get away your carabao, man. Ain't you heard the bugle blowed?
There's a full brigade a-hiking down the Taal and Lemery road,
While the big drum says with its rowdy-dowdy-dow,
We're after Agginaldo and not your carabao.'

"I remember I wrote a great description of the scenery along that
dusty pike now some forty years ago. Anyway, it's Philippine stuff
and far removed from the daily yap of politics. As to remuneration,
don't bother. I know what these days must be for you with the crop
of new 'organs' popping]up in Manila and every province. But really
and truly, on this Lake trip I was not very gratified to find the out-of-
the-way provincial life so little different from the days of long ago. But
what can one expect? Certainly no single leap from poverty to opu-
lence, even among the owners of mining stock, which the poor fisherman

around the Lake never heard of. I took some pictures to go with the
article, but unfortunately they did not turn out well. I noticed
though, that you had a good picture of Taal in one of your recent
issues, and you might run it again. Yours {very.sincerely, Percy A. Hill.

We.turn down a rule in honor to Mr. Hill. He was a valued contri-
butor to this Magazine, and a good friend.

Vicente R. Generoso, author of "Jarana", states that he was "on the
brink of the precipice of marriage" after two weeks in that "romantic
place"-Zamboanga, but that the father of his charmer created such
a fuss" that he drew back at the last moment. Who could blame the

old man? . . - _

D Z Resell, who wrote of the soils of Bulacan Province in the Decem-
ber, 1936, issue of the Magazine, writes on the soils of Rizal Province
in this issue. Other articles on the soils of various provinces will follow.
Mr Resell is a member of the staff of the Bureau of Science and a grad-
uate of the College of Agriculture and the College of Liberal Arts of
the University of the Philippines.

G G van der Kop, a Dutch newspaper man in Batavia, is well known
to the readers of the Magazine for his articles on the Netherland Indies.
According to his article in this issue, a Dutch Governor-General only
a little over a hundred years ago tried to get Spanish help in the Phil-
ippines against England. Times do change!

Benjamin O. Flores, author of the story, "The Old Spaniard , is new
to the columns of the Magazine, although he has had some stories in
the Graphic. He states in a letter that the tale is pure fiction and was
suggested to him in the following manner: "One night I came borne
late-everybody was already asleep— and accidentally upset and
broke a vase standing on a little table in the house. This vase was a

422

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

much treasured possession of the family, the gift of an aunt who had then
recently died. You can imagine my feelings at the prospect of my being
taken to task for my carelessness. So, with great care, I picked up
the broken pieces, including the very smallest, and cast them into a
stream near the house, leaving no tell-tale clue. In the morning, when
the vase was missed, everybody wondered what had happened to it.
Its disappearance could not be attributed to a thief as there were much
more valuable things in the house that could have been taken. When
my turn came to be questioned, I assumed ignorance and nobody sus-
pected my guilt. The seeming inexplicable disappearance soon filled
everybody in the house with something like awe. They were inclined
to believe even that the ghost of my dead aunt had spirited the vase
away. I secretly rather enjoyed their mystification and bewilderment,
and then the thought occurred to me, what a singular and dreadful
experience it would be should, by a certain circumstance, a single person
come to hold an entire town in mystery and awe, just as I held my own
household! I began inventing an incident that would bring about such

a situation, and the result is the story I have written As to my

style of writing, to which you refer, I may say I have somewhat of an
aversion for bare, curt sentences. I feel a great admiration for such
writers as Hawthorne and Poe whose works I have read rapaciously. . . .
As to how I have served my apprenticeship, I can hardly consider my-

,»««*2^

\jccotae

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fioMlfc"

by watching his development in his early
teens. Give him health, vim and vigour! What
could be more beneficial to Mm than nrilk
from Switzerland, the classic health centre
of the world. BEAR BRAND Natural Swiss
Milk only will ensure his future success.

self past that stage yet. I seriously took up writing only a year ago and
my first story, which was published in the Graphic, is not even a year
old. What I have accomplished is the result entirely of self-study. For
the past months I have done nothing but read every short story that
I could get hold of, both foreign and local. (I was a law student in
the University of the Philippines but quit when I discovered that law
does not agree with me, or rather that I do not agree with law.) I study
each story I read carefully, analyze it for style and technical con-
struction, for characterization, atmosphere, plot, theme, and all the other
element of the short story. I have read, too, books on the art of short
story writing, and compilations of representative short stories with
their corresponding analyses. I am afraid I am taking too much of
your time, and thank you for your kind interest and comments on my
work." Mr. Flores wrote from Boac, Marinduque, but has recently
come to Manila and his present address is 120 Cabildo Street, Walled
City.

C. V. Pedroche of Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac, took the trouble to write me
that he found the article on the Yami of Botel Tobago in the July issue
very interesting. "I fell in love with the lovely lady on page 305, the
one on the right. Is she not just like a Filipino balasang?" I am
afraid I can't do anything about that except to point out that the little
island of Botel Tobago is situated about forty miles off the southeast
tip of Formosa, that to get there one must go to Formosa first, and that
the boat service, to say the least, is infrequent. There would be a lot
of official red tape to cut through, and then, as Mr. Stewart, the author
wrote, the people of the island are "protected by a bit of the roughest
water in the China seas and by malignant subtersian malaria" which is
endemic. Talk about Siegfried, or whoever it was, and the sleeping
princess surrounded by a wall of fire !

I had a letter from a teacher in Davao, Geronimo B. Sicam, who said:
"I am happy to know that two of my former pupils have broken into
your excellent magazine. With the good start you have given them, I
hope V. Generoso and S. Tagarao will continue|turning out good stuff.

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September, 1937

P H I L I P P INE MAGAZINE

423

We here in the High School enjoyed the study of the Ph.hpp.ne Magazine
b* term. Some of the March graduates are now subscnbers, and when
w begin taking up the Philippine Magazine again I know we will make
Tore future subscribers to the publication. I boost the ^agazine
became I am convinced it is for the good of the students. The Ph. lip-
pme Magazine is one of the effective means of cultivating good English

and a better literary taste among Filipino students

J C. Dionisio, editor of the Filipino Pioneer of Stockton, California
sent me a wireless asking permission to reprint the poems T&***
under the heading "I Discover America" by R. T. Mio in the May is u
Permission was granted, as, for all my faults, I never was a monopol.st.
Fact Digest for July reprinted Amador T. Daguio's essay, "Tea'",
published in the February issue of the Magazine^ I was surged
because I almost rejected the original manuscnpt th.nk.ng that * was
too personal to be of general interest. And now it is reprinted in a
United States publication! I also received clipp.ngs of Philippine
Magazine editorials on the Philippine "problem" reprinted in a number
of important United States newspapers.

The editorial on Mrs. Sanger in the August issue drew alette* of com-
mendation from an American nurse in St. Luke's Hospita , .and one day
last month when I attended a luncheon given by the National Eugenic
Association at the Plaza Hotel, I found a ^^a^d.^.^
editorial together with statements taken from vanous medical journals

beside each plate.

Leo Fischer, of the Bureau of the Interior, wrote me: "I have been
receiving the Philippine Magazine regularly and have greatly enjoyed
reading it. I am not sure how my account stands, but am inclosing
my check for two pesos to cover a year's subscription, which must have
been due for some time. Please let me know when to send the next
check." Mr. Fischer's account was only a month or so overdue and 1
wish everybody were as conscientious a gentleman as he is.

W.G.Johnston, Secretary of the Elks Club of Guam, wrote durmg the
month: "Enclosed you will find a postal money order for $2.00 in
payment of the renewal of our subscription to the Philippine Magazine
beginning January 1, 1937. We find your magazine quite interestmg
and the press work is excellent."

Questions

About Hobbies, Play, Nature,
Games, the Home, the Garden

are just as fully and care-
fully treated as questions
about pronunciation, defini-
tion, etymology, places and
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I received a letter from G. G. van der Kop of Batavia, Java, stating:
"I have information for you that will undoubtedly interest you. Per-
haps you can use it in your 'Four O'clock' column. Next month- an
exposition will be held by the local Kunstkring (Art Association) of
the works of your friend Alexander Kulesh, who, unfortunately, is still
at the Buitenzorg asylum. The exhibition will include works dating
from the time that he was still sane as well as some of those he has
painted while in the asylum- So far as I know, he is maintained there
at the expense of the firm of Kolff & Company, large printers of this
city, whose employ he entered shortly after he arrived here. Recently,
a local painter of my acquaintance, Mr. H. van Felthuisen, drew the

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424

PHILIPPINE MAO A 7T MB-

September, 1937

attention of a prominent local alienist, Professor Van Wulfften Palte, to
the stricken artist, and it is through his intervention that the exhibition
will be held. I hope to send you a few notes on the exhibition which

you may care to publish " Mr. Kulesh will be remembered by

readers of the Philippine Magazine by the striking covers he made for
the publication some years ago and for the reproductions of other works
of his. The Asia Magazine subsequently devoted three pages to exam-
ples of his work in these pages. It is to be hoped that something can be
done to bring this gifted young Russian artist back to sound mind.
While here he showed no sign of mental derangement.

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Etanng the month I received an escrito from Mr. O. F. Wang of the
Advertising Bureau, Inc., evidently prompted by my editorial, "Dic-
tatorship and Democracy in the Philippines", in the July issue. The
composition read in part: "There is the squable about Democracy and
Dictatorship. The Pro's say we have it; the Con's say we haven't. It
seems the real question is, 'Where does Democracy end and Dictator-
ship begin?' The answer is about as clear as the answer would be to
the question, 'Where does the Pacific Ocean end and the China Sea
begin?' A still more complicated question is, 'When is, a Democracy
a Democracy?' Is the United States a Democracy or is it a Dictator-
ship? Does anybody know where he is at, and, if so, how much does
he care? We have labor dictating to capital; capital dictating to labor;
the government dictating to the farmers, and the farmers dictating to
the government. We have the Colonel dictating to the Major, who, in
turn, dictates to the Captains, and the Captains to the Lieutenants, the
Lieutenants to the Sergeants, the Sergeants to the Corporals, the Cor-
porals to the Privates, the Privates to the Civilians, and the Civilians
dictating to the Colonels. We have the cat dictating to the mouse;
the dog dictating to the cat; the Missus dictating to the Husband; the
Husband dictating to the Missus; the Japanese dictating to the Chinese;
the Italians dictating to the erstwhile followers of Haile Selassie. And
we have the President dictating to Congress and Congress dictating to
the President; the Police dictating to the newspapers and the news-
papers wanting to dictate to the Police. So where do we go from here?
Just in case you are not sure of the answer, I'll help you out. You don't
know, and, what is more, you don't care two hoots just so long as you can
earn a living honestly, get a bit to eat when you are hungry, and a place
to rest and sleep when you are tired. And that takes in 99 and 9/10
of us who are not politicians. We know enough about politics now to
understand that it is merely a battle between the Ins and the Outs,
and that the fighting is done with words— about the cheapest kind of

ammunition there is; it doesn't cost us a cei t The air is cluttered

up with political harangues and, I suppose, the haranguers are under
the impression that all radio sets are tuned wide open to get every word.
It might give such an individual a bad heart reaction if he asked us
'Did you hear all of a my speech?' and we told him, 'Hell no. I was
too busy playing tiddle-dy-winks with the baby to pay any attention to
that rot'. And there you are, folks. That is a full and unbiased answer
to the question of our interest in government or its forms. Just so
long as it does not seriously interfere with us, we are not interested in
whether it is Democratic, Dictatorial, Monarchistic, Anarchistic, or
just plain Electro-ballistic."

The foregoing is reprinted here because it is, so to speak, humoristic—
not because I agree. How could the Editor of what has been called a
political-literary monthly agree with such a devastatingly contemptuous
pronouncement on politicians and all their works? But ask the man in
the street in any unhappy country under a fascist dictatorship what he
thinks.

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

425

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The

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

for one year and
"The WOUND And The SCAR"

By A. B. Rotor

Volume 1 of the Philippine Book

Guild's Contemporary Philippine

Literature Series

F3.00

Postage Paid

Address

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

P. O. Box 2466, Manila

News Summary

(Continued from page 887)
The State Department announces that through
an exchange of notes with the Japanese Embassy,
the gentlemen's agreement limiting JaPanef cotton
piece goods exports to the Philippines to 45,000,000
square meters annually, is extended for one year
until August 1, 1938. American complaints against
transshipments of Japanese goods from Honkong
have been adjusted, it is understood. _,.,«.
July 29.— After a conference with President
Roosevelt, Secretary of State Hull announces that
the State Department does not propose to make
the Neutrality Act effective through a presidential
proclamation that a state of war exists between
China and Japan and that the government is not
contemplating specific action for the time being.
Sen Key Pittman criticizes those who are exerting
pressure toward invoking the Neutrality Act, de-
claring that this is not a treaty and was not enacted
to benefit or harm another nation but solely for
the purpose of > preserving our peace and the lives
of our citizens". . ,

July 30.— President Roosevelt is reported to
consider the Sino- Japanese situation as 'very dis-
turbing". Washington officials are said to believe
that the war between China and Japan may streng-
then opposition to granting the Philippines early
freedom, and unnamed senator stating: It has
always been my belief that we should give the Philip-
pines independence as soon as practicable, but 1
don't think the United States should pick up its
hat and run at the first sign of trouble . Rep. * red
L Crawford, Michigan Republican, states that the
formulation of a future Philippine policy is becoming
an increasingly grave responsibility and in fairness
to Americans and Filipinos, Congress should be very
much interested in the new developments Un-
doubtedly every move we make should be more or
less synchronized with the Philippine program.

July 20 — -In an interview with the New York
World- Telegram (Scripps-Howard), incidental to his
departure for San Francisco on his way back to Ma-
nila, President Quezon replies, when asked, Mr.
President, are you yourself convinced that inde-
pendence will best serve the Islands in the present
state of world unrest?", he states: I do not be-
lieve that question is 'before the House --or before
the American public. However, if it should ever
become the subject of discussion, you may be certain
that any substitute proposals suggested by Congress
to end the present unsatisfactory arrangement, will
receive serious consideration by the Philippine
Commonwealth". He again declared: As long as
we are bound by the present act, which we have
no power to alter, the Philippines will continue at
the mercy of any and every selfish group of lobbyists
capable of logrolling ... to our disadvantage. Al-
ready there have been half a dozen radical depar-
tures from the conditions in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act All these have been at the expense of Philip-

pine interests. All have been made over the protest
of President Roosevelt. Were we working under
a treaty with the United States, this would not be
possible, but the United States can not make a
treaty with the Philippines while we are under the
same flag". He also points out that "under actual
test, the terms of the Tydings-McDuffie Act are
proving surprisingly capable of creating irritations.
A High Commissioner, even a man of highest char-
acter, if lacking in sympathy or understanding,
could create a most unfortunate clash and end in a
jarring note one of the most unique although cordial
international relationships ever recorded. We are
as competent to govern ourselves now as we can
possibly be ten years hence. The Philippines have
been assisted economically and schooled politically
by the United States for nearly forty years. No
people in history, coming under a foreign flag, have
ever been treated so generously." "I realize ,
he admits, "that we Filipinos have done a poor job
of 'selling ourselves' to the people of the United
States. Until recently but slight study has been
given by American business leaders of the tremen-
dous trade advantages you enjoy in the Islands".

President Quezon declares in Chicago that his
statement published in New York should "not be
construed as an invitation to Congress for a counter-
proposal looking toward the continuation of the
American flag in the Philippines. . . The sooner
independence is granted the Philippines, the better
it will be for both the United States and the Philip -

Pmfuly 21.— Sen. Allen W. Barkley of Kentucky is
chosen majority floor leader to succeed the late
Senator Robinson of Arkansas, winning by a one-
vote margin over Sen. Pat Harrison of Mississippi.

Reported that several prominent but unnamed
senators have commented on the Quezon statements
in the World- Telegram. Sen. M. F.Tydings declares
that no counter-proposals can be made or considered
until the expert committee's recommendations are
available. Others state that independence should
be granted as soon as possible.

The joint committee of experts opens a three-day
public hearing in San Francisco. A representative
of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce states
that the United States has everything to gain and
nothing to lose by continuing free-trade relations
with the Philippines. A representative of the Cali-
fornia Dairy Association asserts that dairy producers
believe that the present duty on copra and coconut
oil from the Philippines should be maintained.

July 22. — Under the heading, "The Dream Fades"
the World- Telegram states editorially: "President
Quezon's indirect bid for congressional reappraisal
of the Philippine situation . . . indicates that poli-
tical independence for the Islands is losing some of
its appeal. Don Manuel is apparently inclining
toward courageous rationalization in a grave situa-
tion. . . We suspect that when the Filipino leader
ship is prepared to admit the independence bubble
has burst, Congress, despite the howls of a few anti-

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426

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Philippine lobbyists, will consider some reappraisal
of the case along lines less suggestive of an invitation
to national suicide". Philippine Resident Com-
missioner Quintin Paredes states in Washington
that he does not believe the statements recently
attributed to Quezon mean a change of plan.

The Rev. R. Anderson Jardine, who married
former King Edward to Mrs. Wallace Warfield
Simpson, states in Baltimore, Maryland, that an
"ecclesiastical cad" and a "grandmotherly person"
(understood to refer to the Archbishop of Canter-
bury and Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin) as having
driven the King to abdication in a "political and
religious conspiracy".

July 23. — President Quezon tells the press in San
Francisco: "I can not help how I am interpreted.
I stand by what I said, but not necessarily by what
one writer makes of it." He declares that the "go-
vernment and people of the Philippines are certain
to extend all cooperation possible to American capital
in the development of the natural resources of the
Islands".

July 24. — Secretary of State Hull hails as a "timely
suggestion" a proposal of King Leopold III of Bel-
gium for the creation of a permanent world organiza-
tion to study universal economic troubles. The
suggestion was made in a letter to Premier Paul van
Zeeland who has just returned to Brussels after con-
ferring with officials in Washington and London.

In the first mass campaign of the kind, city and
state health authorities are mailing out ballots to
the 3,500,000 residents of Chicago asking them
whether they are willing to submit voluntarily to
free and secret tests for syphilis infection.

July 25. — At a luncheon in President Quezon's
honor at the Bohemian Club, San Francisco, S. F. B.
Morse offers a toast to "an everlasting Common-
wealth." Quezon tactfully drinks to toast, explain-
ing that while he does not like the phrase, he never
refuses a drink, and then proposing a toast to the
"everlasting friendship of the United States and the
Philippines". As to the stock-market crash in
Manila he tells the press that only gamblers are
loosing their money and that it is a "damn good
thing".

Aug. 1. — The Senate passes a bill providing for
nation-wide payment of a minimum 40-cent hourly
wage for a maximum work- week of 40 hours. It also
provides for a five-man labor standards board to
regulate wages and hours, and prohibits the employ-
ment of children under 16. Excepted from the
provisions are agricultural and seasonal workers and
employees in retail and purely local enterprises.
Transport workers are also unaffected in so far as
working hours are concerned.

Aug. 2. — Wayne Coy, administrative assistant to
Paul V. McNutt, High Commissioner in the Philip-
pines, calls on President Roosevelt to report the
Commissioner's views on Commonwealth affairs,
including sugar control, federal income taxes, the
suspension of teachers' pensions, the case before the
insular Supreme Court involving the status of min-
ing claims, etc. Coy went to the United States

September, 1937

primarily to testify in a court case following an
assault on him before he left for the Philippines.

Aug. 3. — The Pan- American Airways amphibian
air-liner Santa Maria is found by naval vessels sub-
merged in the sea 20 miles west of Cristobal on the
Atlantic side of the Panama Canal Zone. There
was no sign of the plane's passengers and crew. The
plane apparently overshot Cristobal port in the dusk
yesterday.

Aug. 4. — Representatives of 14 railway brother-
hoods with an aggregate membership of 800,000
men accepted an offer of the railroad officials of a
5-cents an hour wage increase. They had demanded
20. The increase is expected to cost the companies
$98,000,000 annually.

Violence breaks out at the Chrysler plant in De-
troit between members of the United Automobile
Workers of America and the Independent Associa-
tion of Chrysler Employees, and the gates of the
plant are locked indefinitely. A state of emergency
is declared in Philadelphia following a truck drivers'
strike joined by warehouse employees.

Aug. 6. — Some 7000 Americans, mostly ex-service
men, are reported to have volunteered for service
in an American brigade to aid China under the leader-
ship of Lieut.-Gen. Russell L. Hearn, soldier of for-
tune. There are said to be 1000 fliers in the group.
Hearn was for five years a staff officer of the late
Marshal Chang Tso-lin. The Japanese news agency
Domex states that Japan is contemplating calling
the attention of the United States to the "unfavor-
able effects" the movement will have on American-
Japanese relations which is regarded as contrary
to the spirit of the Neutrality Act.

Another transport plane is wrecked in the Panama
Canal region, crashing and burning in the jungles of
southwestern Panama.

Aug. 6.— The Senate passes the Philippine dollar
devaluation credit repeal bill after Sen. A. B. Adams,
Colorado Democrat, its author, explains that Con-
gress voted authorization to pay the sum through a
"misunderstanding" and had rejected a proposal
to appropriate the amount called for, $23,862,750,
in 1935. Commissioner Paredes states the action
is a "surprise and most unfair". The bill now goes
to the House.

Secretary of State Hull declares that the law
against the enlistment of Americans in foreign armies
will be consistently applied. The penalty is three
years' imprisonment and a fine of $2000.

Aug. 7. — The Senate passes the substitute judi-
ciary reorganization bill, providing for direct appeal
from a lower court to the Supreme Court in cases
involving the constitutionality of acts of congress,
intervention of the federal attorney-general in lower
court cases involving such acts, three- judge lower
courts to sit in suits on injunctions to block the en-
forcement of acts of congress, the transfer of judges
within judicial circuits to meet congestion, and the
appointment of one additional justice for each mem-
ber of the Supreme Court over 75 years old, such
appointments being limited to one in any calendar
year.

A new one-year trade pact is concluded with
Soviet Russia giving it for the first time "most
favored nation" treatment.

Aug. 8. — Reported that 40 nations of the world

j Sot includin8 China, Japan, Germany, Italy
and Spain, have notified Washington of their un-
qualified approval of Secretary of State Hull's state-
ment on July 16 at the outbreak of the new Sino-
Japanese hostilities, upholding the sanctity of trea-
ties and declaring that in case of armed hostilities
the general interests are concerned.

Aug. It. — The House passes the substitute judi-
ciary bill.

Aug. 12. — President Roosevelt is reported to
have reiterated the threat to veto the compromise
sugar marketing bill unless it completely satisfies
the administration's demands for fair treatment of
Hawaiian and Puerto Rican refining interests. Se-
cretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace yesterday
described the bill as "completely and utterly inde-
fensible". "I would like to see", he said, "Congress
get down to a basic sugar bill and get away from all
these refining subtleties and antagonisms".

President Roosevelt nominates Sen. Hugo L.
Black of Alabama, age 51, to replace Justice Willis
Van Devanter on the Supreme Court. Black is 11
years younger than the youngest present member,
Owen D. Roberts, and is regarded as one of the most
progressive of Southern Democrats and a distin-
guished pro-labor legislator. He staunchly sup-
ported Roosevelt's struggle to reorganize the judi-
ciary.

Wayne Coy tells the press in Washington that to
shorten the transition period to Philippine indepen-
dence would be "disastrous". "We are giving the
Philippines independence, and you can bet that we
are going to do it right". By that he said he meant
the setting up of economic and other treaties to
assure "continued independence".

Aug. 13. — The government is utilizing the pro-
posed changes in the Palestine mandate as an occa-
sion for a declaration of the principle that the United
States generally has the right to approve disposition
?!t w?rld mandates, it is reported, through Robert
W. Bingham, Ambassador to Britain. He did not,
however, object to alterations in Palestine and diplo-
mats regard the move as aimed toward preserving
the United States right to participate in the disposi-
tion of the Japanese mandated islands in the Pacific.
When Japan left the League, questions involving
these mandates arose which are still pending settle-
ment.

Other Countries

July 13. — Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden pro-
poses a new non-intervention plan at separate con-
ferences with representatives of France, Italy, Ger-
many, and Russia, intimating that it is Britain's
last act to preserve peace and that it will discard
the non-intervention policy if the plan is rejected.
The plan would restore the neutral frontier control
on the French and Portuguese borders, but would
substitute for the naval patrol in Spanish waters

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

427

as system of observers who would inspect and report
on incoming cargo at every Spanish port. It pro-
vides also for the withdrawal of all foreign volun-
teers and for the limited extension of belligerent
rights to both sides.

July 14. — Reported from Tokyo that Japan is
feverishly mobilizing all its military forces. A
spokesman declares that Japan is unalterably op-
posed to any foreign intervention in the situation,
as was suggested by some Chinese sources. Prices
in Japan rise sharply and the government takes
step to prevent profiteering and the flight of capital.
Nanking is reported to have instructed Gen. Sung
Cheh-yuan, Chairman of the Hopei-Chahar Political
Council and commander of the 29th Route Army not
to yield an inch of territory and not to disgrace the
nation by signing any agreement with the Japanese.
Eden states in the House of Commons that Britain,
the United States, and France have been in consul-
tation in regard to the crisis and also with Nanking
and Tokyo, and that the government is "watching
the situation closely and is anxious lest hasty action
by either side lead to a clash which might otherwise
be avoided". He states the government will lose
no opportunity of making a contribution toward a
peaceful solution.

M. Jabotinsky, President of the Zionist organiza-
tion, tells members of the House of Commons that
the area left for the Jews in the partitioning of Pa-
lestine would be too small and would kill any idea
of providing a home in Palestine for the outcast Jews
of all nations.

July 1 5.— Japan starts mobilizing its reserves
and sends additional warships to China. The
Chinese government is reported to be moving troops
and supplies northward, but Japanese troops are
believed to outnumber Chinese troops in the Peiping
area. Foreign military observers predict that the
Japanese will take Peiping within two days, but
Generalissimo Chiang-Kai-shek is remaining^ at his
summer capital in Ruling and said to the unper-
turbed".

It is stated officially in Berlin that Germany
regards the British proposals as to the Spanish
situation suitable as a basis for discussion. C. K.
Atlee, Laborite, declares the British proposals are
ill-conceived, unjust, and dangerous and that Eden
is trying to reconcile the irreconcilable as the fascist
nations only want non-intervention as a screen
behind which to intervene. "Mussolini is out to
make the Mediterranean an Italian lake". Eden
replies that the attitude of the Labor party is without
precedent and that it has done disservice to its cause
throughout the nation and to the cause of peace.
"At this critical point in European history, His
Majesty's government is working and collaborating

with every nation It is possible we may not

be able to avoid reaching the point of a European
conflict, but every nation is reluctant to approach
the abyss. . . A war postponed might be a war
averted". , , , .

July 16.— Chiang Kai-shek, breaking a week of

silence, telegraphs the leaders of North Chinas
semi- autonomous government to stand firm ana to
make no agreements with Japanese military chieis
detrimental to Chinese sovereignty. Reported
that Gen. Sung Cheh-yuan is held a virtual prisoner
by the Japanese in Tientsin and that they are de-
manding "complete autonomy" for North China
which would give Japan domination over a rich
territory from the Great Wall south to the Yellow
River, the fatherland of 100,000,000 people. While
both sides are mobilizing, minor clashes take place
at various points. The Eurasia and Chinese Na-
tional Aviation Corporation air service between
Peiping and the south has been discontinued at the
instance of the Japanese. The Tokyo foreign office
spokesman states that "Tokyo strongly resents
Nanking's efforts to take a part in the Peiping nego-
tiations " Both Britain and the United States are
reported to have independently informed Japan
that in their view the original clash outside Peiping
was on too small a scale to warrant extension of the
conflict. . « . . , 1

France and Russia accept the British proposals
as to Spain as a basis for discussion, as do also the
majority of the smaller powers. General Francisco
Franco Spanish fascist chief, at the end of the first
year of the revolt which has cost the country 1,000,-
000 men, women, and children, orders all communica-
tions and public documents to be dated during the
next 1 2-months "The second year of the triumph .

Graaf von Limburg Stirum, former Governor-
General of the Netherlands Indies (1916-1921),
arrives in London as the Du :ch Minister, succeeding
Jonkheer de Marees van Swederen who has held
the post since the World War. Graaf van Limburg
Stirum was minister in Berlin for 10 years until the
end of 1936.

July 17. — The provisions of the London naval
treaty of 1936, signed by the United States, Britain,
and France, are extended to Germany and Russia
by agreements just signed. The treaty limits bat-
tleship tonnage to 35,000. The provision limiting
guns to a calibre of 14 inches does not appear in the
siened agreements because of Japan s refusal to
accept the limitation. Provisions lor the exchange
of information relative to building programs are
modified by a reservation relieving Russia of this
obligation with reference to ships constructed and
employed in the Far East.

Franco demands the unqualified concession of
belligerent rights "as he occupies extensive territory-
has organized a government and an army, and follow,
the usages and practices of war". A Spanish governs
ment broadcast declares that hundreds of rebel
officers and civilians have been arrested following
the discovery of a plot against Franco centered in
Burgos, Seville, and Salamanca. The counter-
revolutionists are said to be seeking reconciliation
with the loyalists on the grounds of a common hatred
for the foreign invaders which are helping to soak

VTulyXTll 8.— Japan sends an ultimatum to China

demanding that it stop immediately all "provocative
activities" in North China and that Nanking cease
its "interference". Japanese gendarmes seize the
head of the Tientsin postoffice and begin censoring
the mails. Mayor Chang Tze-chung of Peiping
telephones Nanking: "We will never surrender".

July 19. — The Chinese government, replying to
the Japansese ultimatum, urges that a date be
jointly set on which both sides will cease all military
activities and withdraw their troops. A Japanese
spokesman declares the reply is "insincere". Chiang
Kai-shek, still at his summer capital, states in a
speech that any settlement must not infringe on
China's territorial integrity or sovereign rights and
that there should be no illegal alterations in the
status of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council and
no removal, through outside pressure, of any local
officials appointed by the Central government;
neither will any restricted be allowed to be placed
on the position now held by the 29th Route Army.

A new battle for Madrid involving thousands of
troops is reported to be taking place with thousands
of dead and wounded littering the field. The fight-
ing centers at Brunete, west of the city. Rebel
planes dropped more than 50 tons of bombs and
reduced a four-mile area to shambles. Secretary
Eden states in the House of Commons that Britain
has every intention of defending its national interests
in the Mediterranean and elsewhere but has no
intention of challenging the interests of others.
"We have adhered to the Mediterranean agreement
with Mussolini. The Mediterranean is the main
arterial road and there is plenty of room for all.
Britain wished to live in peace and friendship with
its neighbors in the Mediterranean, and this also
applies to the Red Sea." Commenting on the Sino-
Japanese situation, he states there is as yet no pro-
posal under consideration to convene the signatories
of the Nine-Power Pacific treaty and adds that
Britain hopes for an amicable settlement of the
"confused situation".

July 20. — The Japanese shell Wanpingshsien,
western suburb of Peiping, both sides declaring that
the other started the fighting. Japanese newspapers
unanimously demand that Japan declare war in
"self-defense". Japanese Embassy officials at Nan-
king state that the Chinese reply to Japan's ultima-
tum is unacceptable and that Chiang Kai-shek's
speech at Kuling "has rendered a peaceful solution
hopeless".

Spanish government forces repulse the rebel army
outside Madrid, and loyalist militiamen, infuriated
by the savagery of attacking Moors, cut the throats
of wounded Moors.

Twenty-four more persons are convicted of sabot-
age on the trans-Siberian railroad and executed at
Khabarovsk.

Gugliemo Marconi, "father of modern wireless",
dies at Rome, age 63. He was born in Bologne and
his mother was an Irishwoman. He was the first
to devise a practical means of telegraphing by wire-
less, taking out a patent in England in 1896, although

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

much of the scientific preparatory work had already
been done by others. In 1901 his apparatus trans-
mitted signals across the Atlantic for the first time.
Two years earlier he had sent signals across the
English Channel. His fortune is estimatd at P50,-
000,000.

July 21. — A Chinese news agency dispatch from
Peiping states that Chinese and Japanese military
leaders have agreed to mutual withdrawal from the
war zone. Peiping officials state that Gsn. Sung
Cheh-yuan has agreed to withdraw 29th Route
Army units if the Japanese promise not to occupy
any of the evacuated areas, or advance on any
front.

Italy shatters the British plan to salvage the non-
intervention program by refusing to discuss ths
withdrawal of foreign volunteers from Spain and the
meeting ends in deadlock as the French and Russiane
refuse to consider granting belligerent rights until
all foreign soldiers are out of Spain, particularly the
organized Italo-German units fighting for the rebels.
Lord Snell, leader of the Laborites in the House
of Lords, attacks the government for endorsing the
Royal Commission's report on Palestine before
Parliament had an opportunity to comment on it.
He condemns the partition as inequitable and hazar.
dous. Viscount Samuel urges an alternative scheme
under which the Jews would consent to limitation
of immigration into the Holy Land and Britain
would assist the Arabs in forming a great Arab
confederation.

July 23. — A Tokyo War Office spokesman stat e
that Japan is waiting to see if the "July 19 agree-
ment" is being carried out. The agreement is
claimed to have been concluded with Gen. Sung
Cheh-yuan and included a voluntary offer of the
Hopei-Chahar Council to withdraw its forces from
the war area, suppress activities of anti- Japanese
organization, and do its utmost to prevent further
clashes. Reported from Shanghai that Chinese
troops are "angrily refusing to leave their trenches
fearing that Japanese detachments, which failed to
withdraw in accordance with the agreement, would
attack them from the rear. Foreign observers
state Japan is continuing to make extensive military
preparations, though the leaders deny aggressive
intentions.

The Populo d'ltalia, mouthpiece of Premier
Benito Mussolini, states that the "international
make-believe" of today will be replaced by "reality".
Among the "fictions" it lists the Valencia Spanish
government and European war debts to the United
States.

Th British Parliament approves a law liberalizing
divorce and providing that desertion for three years,
insanity for five years, and cruelty are grounds for
it. At present adultery is the only ground. The
law goes into effect on January 1.

July 24. — The rebels retake Brunete, one of the
key defenses of Madrid, 20 miles west of the city,
after a bitter attack.

July 26. — The Japanese occupy Langfang, an
important Chinese post b tween Tientsin and Peip-
ing after an aerial bomb attack in which 500 soldiers
and civilians are reported to have been killed. Ja-
panese troops also attack one of Pieping's outer
gates after the rejection by local North China officials
of a Japanese demand that Chinese troops be with-

September, 1937

drawn from the Peiping area by noon of the 28th.

Led by 20,000 Italian troops, Franco's forces
advance four miles toward Madrid from Brunete.
Moroccan horsemen fought a fierce cavalry battle,
decapitating men with one blow. Franco is said
to have amassed the biggest army of the entire war
in a supreme effort to regain his recent losses.

July 27. — The rejection of the Japanese demand
that the Peiping area be evacuated by Wednesday
noon meets with general public approval and it is
said there is little doubt that the Chinese people,
angry at repeated Japanese affronts, wants war.
Premier Konoye tells the Diet that the dispatch of
troops to China "has no other motive than to pre-
serve peace. If Japan had aggressive intentions,
as Nanking claims, the Imperial Army's crack troops
could easily have occupied North China already.
What Japan wants is not territory but cooperation. ."
More than 590,000 men are locked in a death
struggle in the Madrid area in an inferno of summer
heat and slaughter.

July 28. — The Japanese begin a large-scale offen-
sive before the noon deadline, leaders stating that the
Chinese were obviously making no preparations to
withdraw. A Chinese Foreign Office spokesman
states: "With reluctance we accept the issue of battle
from which, once fighting begins, we will never
surrendsr. Our previous policy of non-resistance
has gained is not only empty support from world
powers but has enabled Japan to slice off portions of
our territory and entrench themselves in military
positions from which it is difficult to dislodge them.
Our internal reconstruction efforts are handicapped
and overshadowed by military necessity. There
is no question of a formal declaration of war. Legal
warfare has been impossible since the signing of the
Kellogg Pact. But actual hostilities will be on b
major scale and will encompass the whole of China. ."
Chinese newspaper dispatches from Peiping state
that the authorities have given the Japanese army
48 hours to withdraw from North China upon penalty
of a general Chinese offensive. Fierce fighting is
reported from the Tientsin area with successes for
the Chinese, but this is denied by the Japanese.
Cheering wildly, the lower house of the Japanese
Diet passes a war finance measure without dissent.
U. S. Ambassador Joseph C. Grew appeals to Japan
to prevent the spread of the North China conflict
and requests that the greatest care be taken that the
U. S. Embassy in Peiping does not fall into the war
zone and American lives and property be endangered.
The American cruiser Augusta and four destroyers
arrives in Vladivostok on courtesy call and are
warmly greeted by representatives of the Soviet
Pacific Fleet.

King George and Queen Elizabeth visit Belfast in
northern Ireland, and are greeted by a tremendous
crowd of loyal Irish, including many citizens of the
Irish Free State. A series of bombings and burnings
of customs houses and railway bridges, however
takes place during the visit, believed to be the work
of the outlawed "Republican Army".

July 29. — China reels from the blow of a coup
d'etat by Chang Tze-chung who gives up Peiping
to Japanese control without a fight, withdrawing
the 39th and 132nd divisions from their posts on the
ancient capital's walls to Paoting, southwest of the
city, and it is reported that he has threatened an

open pro- Japanese revolution. Chinese troops
however, are said to have completely surrounded
Tientsin. The Japanese asked the Chinese army to
withdraw 20 Chinese miles from the city "in ac
cordance with the Boxer protocol", but this was
refused on the ground that the Japanese had already
broken the Protocol. Chinese claim that many
hundreds of noncombatants, including women and
children, have been killed in savage aerial bomb
attacks in the vicinity. The Asiatic Petroleum Com-
pany s huge tanks are aflames. Foreign Minister
Koki Hirota tells the Diet that the government will
summarily reject any "interference" by a third power
War Minister Hajime Sugiyama states that clear-
ing Japanese troops out of the Peiping and Tientsin
areas will be easy, but that what is more important
is the clash with the Central Chinese army which
may follow.

King Farouk, 17 years old, is crowned King of
EgyPt* ., He succeeded his father, Faud I, at his death
on April 28, last year.

July 30. — Chinese troops surrounding Tientsin
retreat under orders of Chang Tze-chung who has
seized provincial power in what appears to be an
open pro- Japanese revolt. The Chinese defenses
in Wopei province generally collapse and the Ja-
panese are said to be in full control of the entire
area east of Yungtinho from the Peiping- Hankow
railway line, below Peiping, to the Yellow Sea.
Uhe Japanese are reported to have wilfully destroyed
Iientsins beautiful Nankai University and other
institutions of higher learning. They dropped in-
cendiary bombs on the University buildings for
several hours, and, not satisfied with the result
cavalry troops brought drums of gasoline and set
the place afire.) The Central government is re-
ported to be sending troops north and Chiang
Kai-shek declares that "China is determined to
£gnt. .*? the last man" and calls on the nation to

mobilize the total resources It is obvious

that the warfare at Tientsin and Peiping is only the
beginning of a war of invasion and hostilities in those
areas should not be regarded as terminated. The
nation should not be discour ged by the lastest set-
hack for China." Laborite Atlee in a speech in the
House of Commons blames Japan for the crisis in
China and asserts that the Le gue of Nations should
consider the problem. Secretry Eden states that
Britain has made "declarations" to let Japan know
it would not approve detachment of additional
provinces from the sovereignty of China.

July 31. — Chinese gend rmes continue to put up
a bitter fight in North China in spite of Japanese
slaughtering tactics. The slightest "impoliteness"
toward the Japanese on the part of Chinese civilians
is punished by death. Leon Trotsky, exiled Russian
leader, states in Mexico City that the Sino- Japanese
conflict will hasten the "military catastrophe and
social revolution" in Japan and that Russia eventually
will aid the Chinese.

Open rebellion is reported among Franco's troops
and airplanes and machine guns are used to quell
the movement which is chiefly among the Moors
who have revolted against their Italian commanders.
Hundreds of Moors are said to have been executed.
Aug. 1. — "White Russians accompanied by Ja-
panese raid the Soviet Russian consulate-general
in Tientsin and seize all documents according to a

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

429

Renter report quoting a correspondent of T ass, the
nfficial Russian news agency. Japanese confirm
the report of the raid but claim that the Japanese
army had no connection with the affair.

Canada bans the exportation of munitions to
Spain and the enlistment of volunteers for the

SP4wa #•— Japan is on wartime footing for the first
time since the Russo-Japanese war. A fund of
400 000,000 yen is being raised by a war bond issue
and increases in taxes have been decreed, including
a surcharge on profits expected from the hostilities
fn certain industries. It is reported that the
Chinese will attack the Japanese army within the
next ten days and that their strategy will be based
on a long front line on the conviction that the Japa-
nese could not hold an extensive line Trouble
breaks out in Tientsin between the French and the
Japanese when the latter attempt ^disarm two
French infantrymen. The Voce, d Italia states
editorially that Japan's advance is the fatal his-
torical movement of a dense population of workers
and warriors which can not be contained owing to
inadequate territory. We must therefore expect
one of chese days, after battles and diplomatic dis-
putes, to learn that Japan has established control
over a new portion of China". .

Franco completes the organization of a provisional
government. The membership of his cabinet wil
be announced shortly and is said to be dominated by
monarchists, strengthening reports that A^jo
XIII or his son, Prince Juan, will enthroned to
strengthen Franco's "corporative dictatorship .

Aua 5. — Japanese police search homes in Peiping,
destroying pictures of Sun Yat Sen and Kuomintang
literature. Many prominent Chinese are being an ested,
including a number of journalists.

The Permanent Mandates Commission of the
League decides not to report for or against the British
scheme for the partition of Palestine but to set forth
the advantages and disadvantages of this and ot
other possible solutions, including the division of the
country into cantons after the Swiss federal system.
Am„ /.—Reported that an exchange of personal
letters between British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain and Primier Mussolini may result m
mutual friendly visits. Count Ciano, I^han Foreign
Minister and son-in-law of Mussolini, states that the
"way is open to a complete understanding between
England ad Italy" and it is believed * partial
understanding must already have been reached. It
is also stated that the "Rome-Berlin axis" will not

be weakened by the new friendship.

The Vatican officially recognizes the franco
r6gime in Spain. Germany and Italy sent diplomatic
representatives to Salamanca, Franco's headquarters,

some time ago. m ~u-«« «-~

Aug m 5. — American missionaries in China are
reported to be facing the future with pessimism and
see the Christian effort of generations crashing be-
cause of Japanese suppressive measures and perse-
cutions. Christian educational institutions are
also believed to be doomed in Japanese dominated
areas. Reported that a £20,000,000 loan for China
will be offered in London for general subscription
secured by Chinese customs revenues. The money
would remain in London subject to Chinese with-

TAug ' 6.— For the first time Chiang Kai-shek takes
over personal control of all the financial and econo-
mic resources of the country, including banks, ex-
changes, and transportation facilities. A prohi-
bition of trading in government bonds is contem-
plated to avoid price fluctuations. Nanking pre-
pares for air raids and has begun to acquire gas
masks for the population.

Aug . 7.__ Japanese civilians and defense forces
are evacuating Hankow and other places in many
parts of China not within the war area.

The .Non-intervention Committee adjourns for
an indefinite period unable to agree on the British

proposals. Members state the meeting adjourned to
prepare "technical points of control and supervision
for presentation at the next meeting.

Three German journalists and their two women
secTe^aCreiesGarmexpJelled from London for JjW
activities" and espionage is hinted at in the press.
One of "the men headed the Nazi organization in
Rome before being transferred to London.

The World Zionist Congress adjourns at Zung
whhout reaching a decision on ^^S^J^SSSi
It is said that 70 per cent of the delegates tavor
negotiations with the British government with a
vfew to clarifying details of the partition scheme,
accepting it in principle.

Au(tm 8.— Ambassador S. Kawagoe arrives x m
Shanghai from North China and states he deter-
mined to exhaust all diplomatic means to find a

solution". A Nanking spokesman declares that
-if Kawagoe desires to open negotiations there will
be negotiations. . . The issue of war will have to
be determined quickly, but still it is not : too late
to avert an armed conflict.". Japan's army has
completed its occupation of Peiping.

A China National Aviation Corporation plane,
forced down in a fog in Bias Bay, is pecked but
all but three members of the crew are picked up by
Chinese sampan men. .

Germany formally protests against the expulsion
of Nazi j ournalists from England. Foreign observers
point out that 15 foreign journalists nave been ex-
pelled from Germany during the four years of the

NTu06?-A Japanese naval officer and his chauffeur
are shot andkiUed by sentries at the Chinese govern-

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

September, 1937

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September, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

431

ment's Hungjao airdrome near Shanghai while
allegedly attempting to force an entrance. The
Tananese claim they were "brutally shot down
while motoring in the western environs of Shanghai .
According to the Russian news agency, Japan has
officially expressed regret over the raid by White
Russians on the Soviet consulate at Tientsin, stating
that it succeeded because Japanese troops were not
Lt in full control of the city at the time. The
Chinese are reported elated by the withdrawal of
the Japanese from their concession at Hankow
Lhich marks the wind-up of all commercial and
military activities of the Japanese throughout the
1500 miles of the Yangtze river v Hey. Obervers
believe the "amicable agreement" which resulted
in the evacuation shows an anxiety on the part of
both sides to prevent the extension of the North
China imbroglio into the vital Wuhan areas of the
valley. However, it is wondered whether Japan
"gave up" its concessions there in exchange for
Peiping and Tientsin.

Reported th:,t the Spanish loyalists are torn by
dissen ion, former Premier Francisco Largo Caba-
llero criticizing both the military policy and the "dis-
criminating social attitude" of the Valencia r6gime.
Fifty left-wing extremists have been arrested. The lo-
yalists are said to have opened a "loud-speaker"
offensive against Franco's forces and scores of such
instruments on all fronts urge the rebels to prevent
the invasion of the country by Germans and Italians
and recount numerous alleged mutinies in the rebel
ranks. #

Aug. 10. — War Minister Sugiyama tells the press
that "unless China can be convinced of her error
and insincerity", it will be impossible for Japan to
"continue diplomatic relations". Casualties in the
undeclared war are estimated to have passed the

20 000 mark in sporadic fighting over a wide area.
The Chinese are massing troops at the strategic
Nankou Pass where the Japanese army appears to be
preparing a drive aimed at the invasion of Chahar
province. Chinese Finance Minister H. H. Kung
is reported to have successfully negotiated a 400,000,-
000 franc credit in Paris. ^

Reported that serious trouble is to be expected be-
tween the Valencia r6gime and the Catalonian gov-
ernment in Barcelona where extreme left-wing
sympathizers are powerful.

Auq ^.—Twenty-seven Japanese warships choke
the Whangpoo river at Shanghai and Japanese
marines are sent ashore. A curt, unsigned note
from Japanese consular officials notifies the interna-
tional c nsular body of the Japanese intention to
take over immediately the Chinese post office radio
installation in the British concession and the Chi-
nese telegraph offices in the French Concession. T he
jSanesegsubject Nankou, to a heavy artillery at^ck
and the town is afire, but the Chinese are holding
their entrenchments stubbornly.

Reported that 72 more persons have been executed
for railroad wrecking activities in eastern Siberia
in connivance with the Japanese secret service.
The tot 1 of known executions in the "purge cam-
paign" is now 320.

Aug. 12. — Hysteria is reported to be gripping every
section of Shanghai as it seethes with troops of
various countries and is under virtual blockade by
33 Japanese war vessels. The Chinese municipal
government has moved into the French Concession.
Passenger train service with Nanking is disrupted
as Chinese troops trains bring soldiers into the de-
militarized zone established by the Shanghai Truce

five years ago. The Japanese and Chinese are en-
trenching in the Kiangwan and Hongkew areas
respectively. Industry and business is at a stand-
stm The heads of the American, British, French,
and Japanese forces reach a decision toput.no
effect an international scheme for the defuse of the
International Settlement and the French Concess on.
As senior defense officer present, Vice Admiral Kiyo-
fhi Hasegawa, commander of the th rd fleet ^trolhng
Chinese waters, has automatically became rfnef
of the international defense forces in th« S^lement.
Aug. 18.— Chinese and Japanese troops e ngage : is
brisk rifle and machine gun fighting near the Japa-
nese barracks in Shanghai and later fifield guns ^are
ordered into action. Chap« « on fire. Big guns
cut loose after nightfall and it is reported Japanese
ships are bombarding the new Chinese municipal
whSfonthe left bank of the Wh^gpoo The
Chinese notify the powers that the. Yang t*e_ river
below Chin-kiang is closed to navigation for the
protection of Nanking, the river having been mined.
They have aiSo blocked the Whangpoo directiy
ooDOsstte the French Concession with a ba-rier ot
hundreds of junks and small steamers .teed into^n
inextricable mass, completely closing the gream.
Chang Chin-chuang, who w^^^-H^T^S
government troops in Shanghai in 1932 has Deen
llaced in command of all CWnese forces m the Shang-
hai and Nanking areas. The Chinese continue to
Sold Nankou Pass and Japan "pushing %£*™£
ments to the scene. It is said Chlfes^°'ce*aS
attempting to isolate the Japanese m three arew,
cutting of intercommunications,— at Peipmg^iienr
sin, and Hankou. The flower of Ching Kaishe* ^s
Central government . troops are taking the ^ front
lines while the provincial North China troops are
acting as reserves and guarding the rear.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Astronomical Data for
September, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
(Upper Limb)
Rises Sets

Sep. 1 5:44 a.m. 6:08 p.m.
Sep. 6 5:44 a.m. 6:05 p.m.
Sep. 12 5:45 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
Sep. 18 5:45 a.m. 5:56 p.m.
Sep. 24 5:45 a.m. 5:51 p.m.
Sep. 30 5:46 a.m. 5:47 p.m.

Autumnal's equinox on the 23rd at 7:13 p. m.
Moonrise and Moonset
( Upper Limb)

G ^ . , Rises Sets

September 1 1:57 a.m. 3:07 p.m.

September 2 2;56 a.m. 3:57 p.m.

September 3 3:54 a.m. 4:43 p.m.

September 4 4:50 a.m. 5:26 p.m.

September 5 5:43 a.m. 6:08 pm.

September 6 6:35 a.m. 6:48 p.m.

September 7 7:26 a.m. 7:29 p.m.

September 8 8:16 a.m. 8:10 p.m.

September 9 9:06 a.m. 8:52 p.m.

September 10 9:56 a.m. 9:36 p.m.

September 11 10:47 a.m. 10:22 p.m.

September 12 11:36 a.m. 11:10 p.m.

September, 1937

September 13 12:25 p.m. 11:59 p.m.

September 14 1:13 p.m.

September 15 1:59 p.m. 12:50 a.m.

September 16 2:44 p.m. 1:41 a.m.

September 17 3:27 p.m. 2:33 a.m.

September 18 4:10 p.m. 3:26 a.m.

September 19 4:52 p.m. 4:19 a.m.

September 20 5:36 p.m. 5:13 a.m.

September 21 6:21 p.m. 6:09 a.m.

September 22 7:09 p.m. 7:06 a.m.

September 23 8:00 p.m. 8:06 a.m.

September 24 8:54 p.m. 9:08 a.m.

September 25 9:51 p.m. 10:10 a.m.

September 26 10:51 p.m. 11:10 a.m.

September 27 11:50 p.m. 12:08 pm.

September 28 l:03 p.m.

September 29 12:50 a.m 1:53 p.m.

September 30 1:48 a.m. 2:40 p.m.

Phases of the Moon

New Moon on the 5th at 6:54 a.m.

First Quarter on the 13th at 4:57 a.m.

Full Moon on the 20th at 7:32 p.m.

Last Quarter on the 27th at 1:43 p.m.

Apogee on the 12th at 6:00 a.m.

Perigee on the 24th at 5:00 a.m.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 5:40 a.m. and sets at 5:42 p.m.
The planet is too close to the sun for observation.

VENUS rises at 3:26 a.m. and sets at 4:00 p.m.

Just before sunrise, the planet may be found about
40° above the eastern horizon, a little to the east of
the constellation of cancer.

MARS rises at 12:05 p.m. and sets at 11:09 p.m
At 7:00 p.m. the planet may be found in the weesteni
sky about 30° from the meridian between the constel-
lations of Serpens and Scorpius.

JUPITER rises at 2:01 p.m. and sets at 1:11 a.m
on the 16th. At 9:00 p.m., the planet may be
found about 30° west of the meridian in the constel-
ltion of Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 6:38 p.m. on the 14th and sets
at 6:34 a.m. During the entire night, the planet may
be found in the constellation of Pisces. It transits
the meridian at 12:40 a.m.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p.m.
North of the Zenith South of the Zenith

Deneb in Cygnus Formalhaut in Pisces Aus-

Vega in Lyra tralis

Altair in Aquila
Antares in Scorpius

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P H I L I P P I N E
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

October, 1937

No. 10 (354)

Twenty Centavos the Copy

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October, 1937

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PHILIPPINE
MAG A Z I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1937 No. 10 (354)

The Cover:

Siesta Time Gavino Reves Congson. • • Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J- Bartlett Richards 434

News Summary

Editorials:

Both for Peace and for War — Doctor Dorfman's Parable—

The "Fusion" and the "Opposition" The Editor 441-444

Magic (Verse) Harriet Mills McKay 444

The Bukidnon Ascension to Heaven Tranquilino Sitoy 445

The Betrayal (Story) Dclfin Fresnosa 447

Night-Blooming Cereus (Verse) Dee Vere 448

Return to Old Haunts Wilfrid Turnbull 449

A National Marine School Griffin Olmsted 450

Moods(Verse) Harriet Mills McKay 450

Cagayan Peasant Health Measures Mariano D. Manawis 451

-The Woman Characters in Rizal's Novels— Doctora Dona

Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadafia Pura Santillan-Castrence 452

With Charity to All (Humor) Putakte and Bubuyog 454

467
Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office •

Astronomical Data for October * • • Weather Bureau. 476

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

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P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: F2.00 in the Philippines, F4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
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433

434

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

"PXPORTS appear to
■*— ' have been somewhat
reduced in August due
mainly to a shortage of
ships. Sugar shipments
were lower than in July,
but still fairly heavy for
this season of the year.
Copra shipments were re-
duced due to lack of space,
but oil shipments were
heavy and copra cake and
meal normal. Desiccated
coconut shipments continued heavy though slightly
reduced from the previous month. Abaca exports
were smaller and leaf tobacco cargoes negligible.
Prices were steady on sugar, wheat, all coconut pro-
ducts and abaca.

The local market for export sugar was quiet but
steady throughout the month. There is not a great
deal left for sale and holders were inclined to hold
off in the hope of better prices after the approval of

the American sugar bill. The market for domestic
consumption sugar contined dull but steady. The
Sugar Act, passed by the American Congress toward
the end of the month and approved by the President
at the beginning of September, gave the adminis-
tration of all quotas, export as well as domestic, to
the Philippine Government.

Copra arrivals were heavy, exceeding the expected
seasonal increase. American demand was only
moderate, the principal consumers being adequately
supplied with stocks and contracts for the balance
of the year and expecting ample offerings of oilseeds
during the next few months. Prices declined steadily
throughout the month. The European demand was
also weak, but buyers showed some interest at the
reduced price levels toward the end of the month
and a fair amount of business was done. The
market was fairly steady at the end of the month,
with selling pressure reduced by reason of the fact
that producers and dealers had sold heavily during
August, both for prompt and future delivery. The
oil market declined throughout the month but was
fairly steady at the end, sellers being reluctant to
offer oil at less than 18 centavos. The American
market for copra meal was weak throughout the month
as was the European market for cake. Europe
showed a fair amount of interest at the reduced
prices and more business could have been done if
shipping space had been available. Desiccated
coconut factories continued to operate at capacity
with an ample supply of nuts at reduced prices.

The abaca market was weak throughout the month,
due mainly to the absence of Japanese buyers and the
tendency in London and New York to wait for lower

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prices. Prices for the lower grades, whose principal
market is in Japan, were notably weak during the
first half of the month, while the better grades were
relatively steady. In the last half, however, it was
the beter Manila grades that showed the heaviest
decline, as well as all of the Davao grades, responding
to the weakness in the New York market.

The tobacco market continued quiet with the
farmers in the Cagayan Valley generally holding out
for better prices in view of the short crop. Leaf
tobacco exports were negligible but cigar exports to
the United States were good.

The rice and palay markets were steady throughout
the month with prices increasing slightly. The Na-
tional Rice and Corn Corporation estimates that some
importation of rice will be necessary this year, but
so far there has been no sign of any shortage. Weather
conditions are favorable for the new crop and the
floods at the end of July do not appear to have
caused any considerable damage.

Gold production increased in August, with two
new producers, including one mill which is engaged
in remilling tailings. The first of two dredges ordered
from the United States for the Coco Grove placer
operation was launched at the end of the month and
is expected to be in operation by the end of November.
Shipments of base metals appear to have been re-
duced in August.

The National Economic Council is considering the
possibilities of a Government-owned rubber planta-
tion on the Islands of Basilan or Mindanao for de-
monstration and experimental purposes. Colonists
will be encouraged to grow rubber on small holdings
in the neighborhood and there will probably be a
Government central.

The market for imported goods was seasonally
quiet in most lines, with some uneasiness toward
the end of the month as it became apparent that
considerable shipments of goods intended for Shang-
hai would be diverted to Manila for storage or sale.
Docks were congested and warehouses filling rapidly
at the end of the month and some tentative efforts
were being made to sell locally some of these diverted
goods, including a considerable shipment of steel
bars for concrete reinforcement.

Indenting of cotton textiles was fairly good though
somewhat slower than might be expected in August.
Importers were inclined toward a waiting attitude
due to the weakness in raw cotton quotations and
expectation of lower textile prices. Local stock
prices continued to decline, but Japanese prices were
steady, presumably due to reports that the Japanese
Treasury is not making exchange available for the
importation of raw cotton. Imports of Japanese
cotton cloth were nevertheless heavy during August
while imports from the United States were reduced.
Stocks of both American and Japanese goods appear-
ed heavy at the end of the month. A Japanese
importer has ordered 400 non-automatic looms from
Japan and is planning to manufacture cotton piece-
goods in the Philippines.

Flour imports were heavy in August with arrivals
from Australia considerably larger than in recent
months. American flour apparently made up only
about 46 percent of the total arrivals in August
against 60 percent in June and July. It appears to
be favored by the trade at current quotations, how-
ever, and there was a fairly large volume of indent
orders placed during the month. Stocks appear to
be heavy. Local prices were fairly steady. Canned
fish arrivals were very small from the United States

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

435

and moderate from Japan. Stocks are low and
local prices firm. . ,

Imports of cars and trucks were again heavy and
ctocks are large. The demand was seasonally quiet
though better than usual for this time of the year.
The same is true of the demand for pats, accessories

anTheirieather market was seasonally quiet, though it
cained some impetus from army orders. Improve-
ment in indent orders was noted toward the end of the
month, with the end of the rainy season approaching.
Business in iron and steel products continued
seasonally slow and stocks are fairly heavy. Busi-
ness should improve before the end of the year, how-
ever, with a number of building projects in prospect.
There was not Japanese competition in evidence
during August and Europe, while competitive in price
on several articles, could not offer as good deliveries
as American mills. .

Export cargoes appear to have been somewhat
reduced in August due to a shortage of ships. Kail-
road carloadings showed a substantial seasonal
decline from the level of the previous month but were
only slightly lower than in August last year

The Bureau of Posts has asked the Budget Com-
mission for funds sufficient for 21 new post offices and
29 radio stations. . . A

Government revenue continued excellent in Au-
gust, mainly due to exceptionally good income tax
collections. Customs collections were lower than
in July, but considerably ahead of last year. Total
collections by the Bureau of Internal Revenue for
the first eight months of this year exceed those for
the same period of last year by about 27 percent.

Consolidated bank figures showed no great change
during the month, aside from a decline of F2.000,-
000 in loans, discounts and overdrafts and a similar
decline in demand deposits. Debits to individual
accounts fell off a little and are considerably lower
than at this time last year due to less active trading
on the stock market. Circulation was practically
unchanged during August. The exchange market
was quiet and steady. . .

Domestic credit conditions continued good despite
the fact that the mining share market again tell
off alarmingly. Some dealers report an increase in
the number of automobile purchasers who are behind
in their instalment payments. Distributors are
watching their credits a little more carefully, fearing
that the stock market slump and remittances to
China might have impaired credit conditions, but
there has so far been no evidence of such impairment.
Power production totaled 12,178,397 KWH a
slight increase over the July figure and co1nls^era£tJ
over the 10,835,872 KWH for August, 1936. For
the first eight months of this year electric power pro-
duction totaled 90,992,168 KWH, a nine percent
increase over the 83,226,442 KWH in the same period

^Rearestate sales registered in August totaled
Fl. 716,458, a slight increase over the July figure, out
considerably under the figure of 1>2,571,792 for August
1936, when there was one exceptionally large trans-
action. This year's figure is substantially greater
than that for any previous August since 1928, witn
the exception of last year. There were »ot Parti-
cularly notable transfers. For the first eight months
of this year, real estate transfers have totaled F 18,-
156,687, a 74 percent increase over the F10,40/,/:>o
for the same period last year.

New building permits were considerably greater
than in July and more than twice as great as in August,
1936 . For the first eight months of this year, however,
they are still about one percent lower than in the
same period last year, while permits for repairs are
about 44 percent lower than last year. It is probable
that this year's permits for new construction will
pass last year's with a good margin, before the ena
of the year. Permits for August and for the nrst
eight months of 1936 and 1937 are as follows:

August
1936 1937

New construction 332 090 795,910

Repairs 33,150 ^25,4iu

Total 365,240 821,320

Total 8 months

1936 1937

^pwarstruct!on::::::::::: 4J» 4J3$>

Total 4,767,640 4,557,680

An earthquake during the month caused such
serious damage to the Heacock Building that it has
been decided to tear it down and erect a new building.
Since there was already a shortage of office space ana

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since the Heacock Building was one of the largest of
Manila's office buildings, there was an extreme short-
age of space by the end of the month and rentals
in many cases increased. With projects for four new
office buildings under consideration, however, the
pressure should be relieved within another year. In
addition to the four downtown projects, building
activity will be increased during the next few months
by the erection of a new City Hall, work on which is
to start shortly, and possibly a new Custom House.
Plans have also been made for a new bridge to cross
the Pasig River near Malacanan Palace. The
National Loan and Investment Board has fPProY*J
loans of F490.000 for the substructure, P580,000
for the super-structure and F330,000 for the ap-
proaches. Work is to start soon after the rainy
season. It will have a 396-foot steel arch span the
longest single span in the Philippines. It will have
a rise of 54 feet, a length of 404 meters and will have
two 30-foot roadways. It will be operated as a toll
bridge only for motor vehicles.

There were 559 new radio sets registered in July
and 87 cancellations. In July last year, there were
375 registrations and 95 cancellations. For the
first seven months of this year and last year, regis-
trations and cancellations were as follows:

Total 7 months
1936 1937

Registrations 3,014 3,661

Cancellations 722 609

The Radio Broadcasting Committee has been
asked to consider the reduction of the present radio
license fee from F10 to F1.00 a year to popularize
the use of radios. It is understood that other ar-
rangements would be made for the payment of the
broadcasting subsidy. # .

There were 30 new corporations registered in August,

with authorized capital of F8,160,500, of which
F2,541,500 was subscribed, F438.831 paid-up in
cash and F733,959 paid-up in property. The pay-
ment in property was largely represented by the in-
corporation of sugar properties in Oriental Negros,
previously held by a family. There were also two
lumber companies incorporated whose cap*®1 stock
was paid-up mainly in property. One with F 120,000
paid-up, of which only F6,000 is in cash, will engage
in the production of lumber. The other, with F54,-
800 paid-up in property, represents the incorpora-
tion of lumber. The other, with F54,800 paid-up
in property, represents the incorporation of an es-
tablished exporting business. Mining accounts for
only seven companies with F126,000 subscribed.
Merchandising accounts for three companies with
P663.800 subscribed, most of it representing the
incorporation of a merchandising business formerly
operated as a division of a mine operating company.
Three of the new corporations are engaged in manu-
facturing with P208.000 subscribed capital, most of
which is in one company organized to manufacture
cement asbestos and clay asbestos tiles, , roofing, etc.
One construction company was organized with F4U,-
400 subscribed; one land survey company with F35,-
000 subscribed; one publishing company with F39 -
000 subscribed; and one company with P80,000 to
operate motion picture theaters. One company was
formed with F 1,000 subscribed to manufacture
and operate radio transmiters and receivers. Of the
total capital subscribed, F2,530,000 in 28 companies
is Filipino. One American investment company was
registered with P6,500 subscribed and one Chinese
restaurant company with F4.500. .

There were seven general partnerships formed witn
F 104,400 paid-up, represented mainly by Chinese
grocery companies.

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

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News Summary

The Philippines

Aug. 16. — President Manuel
L. Quezon, Ambassador John
Van A. MacMurray and other
members of the Joint Prepara-
tory Committee on United
States-Philippine Trade, Capt.
Thomas F. Dugan of the New
York police department, and
others arrive in Manila on the
S.S. President Hoover. Pres-
ident Quezon tells the press
that he wishes the people to
come out openly and fearlessly
with their views on Philippine-American relations
and his proposal for early independence. "The Fili-
pino people have a right to decide their own future
3 w in?P°rtant question of independence should
not be decided by one man or any group of men, but
by the country as a whole. I ask all to come out and
express their views." He declares he stands pat on
his proposal of early independence, "for if we could
not stand independence two years from now, neither
could we in 1946, when the ten-year transition period
expires. What is six years in the life of a nation?"
Asked as to what Congress will do, he says, "I am
no prophet". He explains that he had not con-
sulted the people further on his proposal for early
independence as he opposed the Ha wes- Cutting Act
and the Tydings-McDuffie Act is the same except
for a few provisions, and had alwavs expressed his
preference for immediate independence to the inde-
pendence program envisaged in the Tydings-Mc-
Duffie Act. In a speech on the grounds of Mala-
canan Palace, he touches on his agrarian plans and
other measures to ameliorate the condition of the
poorer classes, speaks of having returned with PlOO,-
000,000 (the coconut-oil tax refund) "in the bag",
denies charges of dictatorship, and promises to
increase the wages oi government labor in Manila
to PI. 25 and in the provinces to Pi. 00. In con-
versation with legislators, later, he states he wants
to bring into the government American experts in
various fields, for while the country has men trained
in American universities, most of them are lacking
in experience. Ambassador MacMurray states
that his committee begins its work with "mind wide
open and even a little bewildered as to what conclu-
sions are possible". He says the committee's job
is one of fact-finding and accurate reporting. The
committee will give no consideration to political
relations between the United States and the Philip-
pines, but will take cognizance of the bearing which
the advance of the date of independence would have
on the Philippine economic structure. The com-
mittee will visit the provinces to gain "background"
but will hold no public meetings there. He states
the committee will be glad to received briefs and

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hear opinions, but that for the most part, the com-
mittee will conduct its own investigations. He
calls attention to the fact that most of the basic
work has already been done by Frank A. Waring
and Ben D. Dorfman, now members of the com-
mittee, and by American Trade Commissioner J.
Bar lett Richards, last year.

The Popular Front scores Quezon for claiming
credit for the P100,000,000 refund as it would have
come to the Philippines without his aid. Vicente
Sotto criticizes the plan to purchase big friar estates,
claiming that these lands should be expropriated.

Aug. 17. — The S. S. President Hoover leaves
Manila for Shanghai, empty of cargo and passengers
except for 102 Marines from Cavite, to evacuate
Americans and Filipinos from the war-torn city.
Three Dollar ships have been commandeered by
the United States government for the purpose. The
President Jefferson will leave Shanghai tonight
carrying the first group composed of expectant
mothers, mothers with small children, and old
women. U. S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt
appoints a committee of Manila Americans to look
after the housing and substenance of the thousands
of refugees soon expected.

President Quezon appoints Dr. Ramon F. Campos
Mayor of Iloilo.

The Electoral Commission of the National As-
sembly declares Assemblyman Felipe Jose, of the
Mountain Province, elected by a plurality of 26
votes over his nearest rival, Antonio Rimando.

Rafael Palma, former President of the University
of the Philippines, declares himself in favor of birth-
control in the Philippines.

The gold-share average on the Manila Stock
Market moves down to 101.77.

Aug. 18 — The Manila gold-share average eases
off to 100.2 7.

Aug. 1.9. — President Quezon's birthday is observed
with a river parade and fire-works. In a radio ad-
dress he compares conditions in the Philippines with
the unrest and trouble elsewhere speaks of the recent
progress, and promises to extend the opportunity
of education to every child, build rarre hospitals,
water-works, and roads, the sale of lands to tenants,
the development of Mindanao, the fostering of new
industries, — the carrying out, in short, of a long-
range program of social service and economic devel-
opment. "It is my ambition that the Philippines
shall become a country where poverty is unknown
and where justice is the watch-word, and democracy
and freedom the motto". Governor Frank Murphy
and Philippine Resident Commissioner Quintin
Paredes speak over a radio hook-up from New York,
congratulating the President, Miss Enya Gonzales
singing a solo, and with Miss Helen Benitez at the
microphone. A reception and ball in his honor
given by the Philippine Anti-Tuberculos is Society,
the President is too tired to attend.

Ambassador MacMurray tells the Manila Rotary
Club that the members of his committee are "im-
pressed with the magnitude and the seriousness and
the difficulty of the problems" with which it will
have to deal, and promises "loyal cooperation
among ourselves in doing the best that our intelli-
gence and our conscience may indicate to us to
attain the result that we hope will contribute to the
good of both peoples".

The gold market, which has been declining for the
past five days, recovers slightly and closes at 101.58,
up 1.31.

The Dutch destroyer Van Galen, bound for
Shanghai, refuels at Manila.

Aug. 20. ~ Several scores of people are hurt and
a number of buildings in Manila are damaged in an
earthquake of intensity VII, beginning at 8 o'clock
in the evening and lasting three or four minutes.
Electric circuits and a number of water-mains are
broken. At 8:24 another earthquake of intensity
IV shakes the city. Later reports indicated that
all of central and southern Luzon was severely shak-
en, a number of old churches being destroyed.
In Manila the Heacock building, the Great Eastern
Hotel, the Army and Navy Club, and a number of
other large structures were seriously damaged.
At the time of the quake, over 400 American women
and children on the S. S. President Jefferson, in-
cluding Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, former "first
lady of the land", refugees from Shanghai, disem-
barked at the pier, a number of them fainting, be-
lieving the "Japanese had followed them".

Slightly delayed by the quake, President Quezon
attends a banquet in his honor at the Ri al Memo-
rial Stadium, and declares in a speech that "giving
only one reason tonight" as to why he proposed
earlier independence, it was to place Philippine-
American trade relations "on a basis beyond the
power of Congress to alter at will, namely on a
treaty ba^is". He tells that when he first proposed
this to President Roosevelt, the latter listened
"with close attention and great interest" and sug-

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October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

437

gested, "without himself expressing an opinion",
that "I discuss the matter with the Secretary of
State and the Secretary of War . . . which I did the
following day. . . They took my proposition under
advisement". He praises Ambassador MacMurray
and other members of the joint committee, and
various Washington officials, and also Governor
Murphy. Devoting the latter part of his speech
entirely to the question of his relations with U. S.
High Commissioner McNutt, he declares that
"there is not going to be any fight between High
Commissioner McNutt and myself. . . As repre-
sentative of the President of the United States,
the High Commissioner naturally takes precidence
over the President of the Philippines, even though
they are of equal rank. The High Commissioner
is entitled to the recognition of all the officials of
the Commonwealth in his capacity as the repre-
sentative of the Presidentof the United States,
and I . together with all my subordinates, give him
that recognition. . . On the other hand, the Pres-
ident of the Philippines is the head of the State.
He is the Chief Executive of the government of the
commonwealth and all executive powers are vested
in him. . . This is no time for quarrels among us
or for racial antagonisms or discriminations. This
is the time for wholehearted cooperation and com-
mon purpose among all the residents of the Philip-
pines. . . It would be nothing short of treason to
their respective countries if either side were to do
anything now that would mar the glorious history
of the American-Philippine relationship. . ."

The market closes at 102.78, up 1.20.

Aug. 21. — -President Quezon issues a proclamation
declaring that a state of emergency exists to prevent
profiteering in foodstuffs. He has offered all the
government cottages in Baguio for the use of Amer-
ican refugees from Shanghai.

Aug. 23. — President Quezon calls a special sesssion
of the Assembly to open next Saturday for the pur-
pose of fixing the date of the elections for provincial,
city, and municipal officials and other "urgent
matters". , . -r • ^

The majority of the membership of the Joint
Committee leaves for the Visayas and Mindanao.

The S.S. President Hoover brings nearly 900
refugees to Manila from Shanghai, including over
250 Filipinos, and the S.S. Victoria 60 more. Many
of them will be housed by members of the American
community in the city, others in various hotels and
at Fort McKinley. A number of Filipino delegates
to the World Federation of Educational Associa-

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tions' convention at Tokyo, August 2-7, return to
Manila with mixed impressions gained at Shanghai.

Aug. 24. — Placido L. Mapa, at a meeting of the
National Economic Protective Association,^ asks
the proponents of early independence to show "what
substitute there will be, if any, for the income now
derived by the country from the free trade with
the United States. . . . Why this rush in terminat-
ing the transition period, when, as has been pointed
out, a few years matter little in the life of the nation?

President Quezon leaves for Iloilo to attend the
inauguration of the government of the newly char-
tered City of Iloilo tomorrow.

The S.S. President McKinley arrives with a
hundred more refugees, the ship scarred with ma-
chine-gun bellets.

The gold stock average slumps to 97.71.

Aug. 25. — Dr. Campos is inducted into office as
Mayor of Iloilo. President Quezon declares in a
speech that there are many millionaires in Iloilo
and Negros and some other provinces because of
the sugar industry, and that the government dem-
ands that their prosperity be shared with the work-
ers. "Very little, if any, has gone into the hands of
labor out of the immense sugar profits. . . Unless
central owners and the planters raise wages and
treat their labor better, the government will lose
interest in the defense of the industry. . . If it
does not raise wages voluntarily, I shall ask the
Assembly to compel it to do so. . ." The present
wage is said to range from 30 to 80 centavos a day,
with an average of 50 centavos.

President Quezon orders the suspension of Gov-
ernor Ramon Samonte of Cavite who is under
administrative investigation on charges of bribery

and corruption.

Announced at Malacanan that Dr. Roberto Re-
gala, Assistant Attorney of the Department of
Justice, has been named acting head of the Foreign
Relations office recently organized by Secretary
Vargas. The office will take charge of government
correspondence with foreign consuls. Dr. Regala
is a graduate of the College of Law of the University
of the Philippines and took a doctorate in jurispru-
dence at Yale. He also pursued studies at Oxford.

Aug. 26. — Wayne Coy, administrative Assistant
to the High Commissioner returns on a Pan-Amer-
ican Clipper plane. He tells the press that Pres-
ident Roosevelt is keenly interested in the work of
the Joint Committee, expecting the report to be a
guide in a future program for the Philippines. Coy
therefore urges that all those who have an interest
in Philippine-American affairs take advantage of
the chance offered to express themselves. He states:
"President Roosevelt asked many questions which
indicated a profound knowledge of Philippine affairs.

Aug. 27. — President Quezon tells the press he will
name former senator Ramon J. Fernandez to head
a special committee to prepare for the Assembly a
comprehensive plan for the purchase of large estates
for resale to the tenants. In connection with the
Balatoc mining claim case, he states that the pur-
pose of the government is to test the rights of the
Commonwealth government under the Constitution
over claims for which patents had not been granted
although the persons who staked and filed on the
claims complied with the requirements of the law
previously in force. He states that there will be
no adverse affect on the claimants even if the courts
decide against them as the government would lease

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438

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

these areas to them and the lease rate would be the
same as the present tax. "In fact, the operator
who runs a mine under a leasehold is better off be-
cause the government can not raise the lease rate
as fixed in the lease agreement, while it can increase
the tax rate. The government itself will not engage
in mining, but will work the mineral areas through
leases, royalties, and other such methods". Vested
interests will be recognized, he declares. He an-
nounces plans for the development of rubber pro-
duction through the National Development Com-
pany and in connection with the government's colo-
nization plans in Mindanao. He states negotiations
have been under way with the Goodyear Rubber
Company for expert assistance and that the company
is showing great interest in the venture. He also
tells newspaper men that some persons have asked
him to stop talking about the stock market, be-
cause "every time he speaks, the prices go down".
He declares he will not stop talking and that he
intends to drive all wild -cat speculators out of the
market. "No amount of talk can affect the stock
of companies that have something real to sell. If
people buy stock in the companies that are actually
mining gold, they will make money".

Rafael Alunan, President of the Philippine Sugar
Association, admits that laborers on the plantations
are underpaid, but states that the sugar centrals
are not responsible for this, and that wages paid in
the centrals are comparatively high. He also points
out that 70 or 80 % of the sugar cane is produced by
persons who work their own fields. Land rentals,
he states, have been raised from 10 % of the total
production (the percentage during the years 1920 to
1932) to 15 and 20 % of the total production today.

The gold share average drops to 89.92.

Aug. 28. — The special session of the Assembly
opens.

Under-Secretary of Justice Jose Melencio renders
an opinion to the effect that mining prospectors may
not invade government forest reserves.

The market moves up to 91.77 after a six-day
decline.

Governor Sebastian Generoso of Davao dies in
Manila of a gastric hemorrhage, aged 43.

Aug. 30.~President Quezon issues an executive
order prohibiting the appointment of relatives to
the government service by the appointing author-
ities "in the interest oi an efficient administration
and with a view to improving the morale of the
public service". He appoints Secretary of Labor
Ramon Torres to the National Information Board
which is now made up of Secretary of the Interior
Elpidio Quirino, Chairman, Secretary of Agriculture
and Commerce Eulogio Rodriguez, and Secretary
Torres. Mauro Mendez is manager of the Informa-
tion office.

The Manila Municipal Board adopts an ordinance
prohibiting the holding of public forums on birth
control. Mayor Juan Posadas states he favors the

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ordinance and declares that popularization of birth
control methods would make it "impossible for
parents to know what their daughters are up to".

The gold market breaks again and closes at 87.72.

Aug. 31. — Assemblyman Benigno Aquino resigns
as Chairman of the Committee on Appointments
and Assemblyman Eusebio Orense delivers a vitriolic
attack on the political alliance between the Quezon
and the Osmena groups. Both moves are interpreted
to be due to a prevailing restiveness in both wings
of the coalition, Aquino being a prominent minority
man and Orense belonging to the majority,Aquino's
resignation being considered a challenge against
the move to dissolve the coalition. Orense de-
nounces the coalition as a "political anomaly" and
Aquino's chairmanship of the important Appoint-
ments committee as "a perfidy to the party in
power." The resignation is left unacted upon.
It is stated in Cabinet circles that in considering
the disssolution of the coalition, the interests of the
country should be placed above party interests.

The Electoral Commission of the Assembly
unseats Assemblyman Cecilio Maneja of Marindu-
que and awards the seat to Jose A. Uy who protested
Maneja's election.

Reported that in a conference between President
Quezon and members of the Manila Municipal
Board the extension of the boundaries of the City
was agreed upon, the city to include Caloocan,
Rosario Heights, San Juan, Pasay, and possibly
San Pedro Makati, which would add 200,000 to
Manila's population. Plans for a new City Hall
are also discussed and it is said the President will
recommend an annual subsidy of Pi, 000, 000 to the
City.

A hundred or so more American and Filipino
refugees from Shanghai arrive in Manila on the
S.S. President Pierce.

The gold stock market dips further to 83.01 and
Judge Ricardo Nepomucena, Securities and Ex-
change Commissioner, orders an investigation into
the causes of the fall, complaints having been re-
ceived that the market is being manipulated.

Sept, 1. — H. M. Bixby, Vice-President and General
Manager of the China National Aviation Corpora-
tion, tells Manila newspaper men that Pan-American
Airways withdrew from participation in the opera-
tion of the Corporation in order to avoid involve-
ment in activities interpretable as military, declar-
ing that it is no longer possible to distinguish bet-
ween commercial and military operation in China.
He states that the Corporation was organized in
1930 as a joint enterprise of the Chinese Ministry
of Communications and American aviation interests,
and that it has operated at a profit during the past
three years. The Corporation now operates 3,000
miles of airways in China.

Six of the nine men accused of the murder of
Percy A. Hill of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, having pleaded
guilty, are sentence to life imprisonment.

The market gains .06.

Sept. 2. — President Quezon is reported to favor
a fusion of the two wings of the coalition.

The special committee of the Assembly created to
consider the results of the woman suffrage plebiscite
decides to recommend ratification. The votes, as
reported, stand at 447,725 affirmative against 44,307
negative. Only 300,000 affirmative votes are
required by the Constitution as a condition for the
enfranchisement of the women.

The market rises to 88.40.

Sept. 3. — President Quezon extends the spccial
session to Tuesday.

Announced at Malacanan that Beig.-Gen. Creed
F. Cox, former Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs
who will retire from the Army on the 20th of this
month, will come to Manila as adviser to the Com-
monwealth government on Philippine-American
relations.

The market drops to 85.09.

Sept. 7. — President Quezon states at a party
caucus that he wants a permanent fusion of the pres-
ent coalesced parties of the majority to stop existing
rivalries and recriminations between the two groups,
stating he is tired of "pros" and "antis"complaining
to htm against this or that selection of a man for
appointment. He declares that those not in favor
of this may step out and form their own party.
He favors the use of the old name Nacionalista.

Sept. 8. — The Assembly passes all the legislation
requested by President Quezon, including the elec-
tion bill setting the date for the election of provincial
and municipal official at December 14. The Philip-
pine Army is prohibited from voting and the penalty
for tampering with ballots by inspectors and poll
clerks is fixed at from 4 months to 6 years imprison-
ment and fines from F600 to P4.000 or both. Women
voters are to pay for the regular 20 centavo docu-
mentary stamp if they are unable to present a birth
or baptismal certificate at registration and must
swear as to their identity. Male voters '&, will pay
the same amount if they have no cedula.* Appro-
priations for schools total P6, 200,000. The proba-

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tion law, enacted during the administration of
Governor-General Murphy, is repealed, President
Quezon having asked for this on the grounds that it
could not be equally enforced in all parts of the
country and could be taken advantage of only in
Manila. The Assembly also increased the penalties
of those convicted of violating the anti-gambling
and jueting laws. A bill providing for the transfer
of the Domestic Sugar Administration from the
office of the High Commissioner to the Common-
wealth government is also passed with an appropria-
tion of P200,000. It is announced at Malacanan
that the Assembly will convene again for one day
to act on the restoration of government pensions,
abolished last year.

Members of the Quezon wing of the Coalition
agree in caucus to a fusion of the two wings after
the December elections.

Antonio Morente Jaen, new Consul-General for
Spain, arrives in Manila. He is a member of the
Cortes from Cordoba.

Renewed war scares in Europe and a sharp break
in the New York market are reflected in the local
gold-share market, which dips to 76.92. Prices
in copra and in hemp have also been declining due
to decreasing foreign demand.

Sept. 9. — The Assembly passes the bill restoring
the pensions to some 1,300 former government
officials and employees, which include some 1,300
former teachers, among them 150 Americans, some
500 Constabulary officers, including 10 Americans,
and some 50 Health Service men. The bill provides
that "such as may be necessary to carry into effect
the provisions of this act are hereby appropriated
out of any funds in the Philippine treasury not
otherwise appropriated". The Pension Act was
repealed last year because the various pension funds
were reported to be bankrupt, but President Quezon
recently stated that in view of the healthy state of
the government's finances and the tax refunds ex-
pected from the United States, the pensions should
be restored as a matter of justice.

The City Engineer orders the destruction of the
Heacock Building on the Escolta, which was so
seriously damaged in the earthquake of August 20
as to constitute a menace to life.

The Manila gold share average drops to 71.88.

Sept. 10. — High Commissioner McNutt calls the
action of the Assembly in restoring pensions a "cour-
ageous and statesmanlike action". It is reported

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

439

that the U. S. Attorney-General upheld the opinion
of the High Commissioner's office that the repeal
of the Pension Law was unconstitutional.

The MacMurray party returns to Manila after
3 000-mile tour of the southern islands.

Reported that a part of the $350,000,000 in Chinese
silver stored in Hongkong is to be shipped to Manila.
Cargo congestion in Hongkong is growing worse
hourly due to the war, and even vacant lots are being
used for storage purposes.

President Quezon appoints Captain Jose Mortera
of the Philippine Army Governor of Cotabato to
take the place of the late Governor Generoso.

Gold share prices break sharply and fall to an

average of 62.50.

The United States

Aug. 13. — The Senate passes the sugar bill, disre-
garding President Roosevelt's objections to some of
its features. . ,, -, „

Aug. 14. — Secretary of State Cordell Hull states
that the United States has made "most earnest"
representations to Japan and China not to use
Shanghai as a theater of operations. He states
the U. S. Asiatic Fleet is prepared to evacuate the
3 000 American nationals in the zone if necessary.

Aug. 15. — Announced that 24 more nations, in-
cluding Japan, Germany, and Italy, have now for-
mally approved Secretary Hull's enunciation of the
United States peace policy, Japan expressing con-
currence but adding that the Secretary's objectives
would only be attained in the Far East by a full
recognition of the "actual and particular" circum-
stances in the region.

Aug. 16. — Treasury officials state that the 3 cents

a pound exicse tax collections on Philippine coconut
oil imports may be withdrawn from the Treasury
on 60 days written notice by the Philippine govern-
ment. The account up to June 30 totals $47,753,-

Stanley K. Hornbeck, head of the Division of Far
Eastern Affairs in the State Department since its
establishment, becomes "Adviser on Political Rela-
tions", and Maxwell M. Hamilton takes his place
as head of the Division.

Aug. 17.— Secretary Hull announces that 1200
Marines will be sent to Shanghai from San Diego—
to arrive in about five weeks' time, Rear-Admiral
Harry E. Yarnell, Commander of the Asiatic Fleet,
having asked for reenforcements. He also states
he will ask for an appropriation of $500,000 for relief
activities and the evacuation of American nationals
from Shanghai. He states that the United States
will follow a "middle course which will safeguard tne
interests of its national abroad without in any way
giving the impression of a belligerent attitude to
any nation. . . Whenever American nationals m
any part of the world are being denied equal protec-
tion of laws in countries where they are being un-
fairly treated, this government comes to their as-
sistance by making earnest representations under
international law. This applies to every square
foot of the world's surface. . . But we always under-
ake to carry forward this policy of cooperative inter-
national relations peacefully and m a manner
mutually acceptable. The question of force is
entirely out of mind. It constitutes no part 01

The Senate confirms the appointment of Senator

Hugo L. Black to the Supreme Court.

Aug. 18.— President Roosevelt accused the United

States Chamber of Commerce the Liberty League.

and the National Association of Manufacturers of

being among those opposed to his social and economic

(Continued on page 470)

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

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Editorials

There have long been those in America who be-
lieve that the Philippines will sooner or later draw
the United States into a Far
Both for Peace Eastern war. More recently
and For War there have sprung up in the
Philippines certain individuals
who profess to think, on the contrary, that the United
States will sooner or later draw the Philippines into a war.
Both views are used to bolster up arguments for separation
at the earliest possible date.

The American spokesmen for this school of thought
state that the Philippines lies at such a distance from the
United States that the country would be difficult to defend.
The Filipinos state that in the case of hostilities between
the United States and a Far Eastern power, meaning, of
course, Japan, the Philippines would become the first
theater of war. Some others add that the Philippines
would be "sacrificed", at least temporarily, by the United
States. These views are most openly expressed by spokes-
men of the "Sakdal" Party whose leader has for some years
lived in Japan.

The writer submits that both views are superficial and

misleading.

In the first place, the United States is for some con-
siderable period of time much more likely to be drawn into
a war with Japan by events transpiring outside the Phil-
ippines, in China, for example, than by a direct attack
upon the Philippines itself.

On the other hand, the Philippines would be obviously
much more liable to attack during these times of inter-
national piracy with the protection of the United States
withdrawn, than it is now; and the Philippines would,
furthermore, whether the country were independent or not,
or neutralized or not, almost certainly become a theater of
war because of its key strategical position. Even if a
neutralization treaty could be negotiated, which is doubtful,
it would exist only on paper.

It is interesting to recall in this connection that the
Japanese Foreign Office spokesman stated in January of
last year:

"The Japanese government renounces the idea that the great powers
should conclude agreements guaranteeing the freedom, integrity, or

neutrality of another nation Such agreements are humiliating to

the nation they are supposed to benefit. ... The Nine Power Treaty

relegated China to a humiliating status We do not expect the

Philippines to seek such guarantees. When the Philippines is inde-
pendent, it will be able to defend itself and stand on its own feet "

Subsequent events have shown how much Japan is really
concerned about Chinese "humiliation".

In the second place, despite the Japanese spokesman's
ironic reference to the Philippines' being able to defend
itself when independent, under American tutelage, the
Philippines may be expected within a comparatively short
time to build up defense forces of its own able to develop
very strong resistance against any aggressor; the Archi-
pelago, at the same time, furnishing a fighting base for
American forces in an important strategic area— an in-
calculable advantage in an American-Japanese war.

In case of such a war, however, the main theater of com-

bat would not be the Philippine area, for neither
Japan nor the United States would send any
large part of its fleet to Philippine waters. The
main fleets would be patrolling the northern Paci-
fic and the main engagement would have to be
fought there, since neither of the two nations
would risk leaving its own coasts undefended.

Furthermore, it is more than likely that in any war
between the United States and Japan, America would have
as its allies Britain, France, and Holland. One of the
main objectives of the Far Eastern fleets of these allies
would be to aid in the defense of the Philippines, for the
Archipelago forms the spearhead of Western power as well
as Christian and democratic civilization in the western
Pacific, a civilization which the people of the Philippines
share and upon which their course of development and
progress is predicted. If the Philippines became inde-
pendent of the United States, European colonial powers in
the East would probably still assist in the defense of the
Philippines against Japan, but they might do this in a
manner and with final consequences wholly undesirable
from the Philippine point of view.

As things are, with the Philippines as yet unable to do
more than partially defend itself, the fact that the United
States is still the country's sovereign protector is a blessing
that others today, in China, for instance, no doubt realize
more keenly than those who live here. And the United
States may for the present take satisfaction in the fact
that, come what may, it occupies a strong flank position
in respect to the nation which events have long pointed to as
probably one day proving an enemy to the United States
as well as the Philippines. It will be to the advantage of
both the United States and the Philippines to develop local
Philippine defense forces as rapidly as may be, however,
for unquestionably the final defense of Philippine soil is
the responsibility and privilege of the people of the Phil-
ippines themselves.

But were the Philippines today an independent nation, an
economically advanced and powerful state, as it some day
hopes to be, with a redoubtable army and navy of its own,
it would still be both to the interests of the Philippines
and the United States to maintain some sort of agreement
providing for mutual aid, because the two nations would be
mutually stronger when standing together and their re-
spective and mutual interests more secure from aggression.
It is America's presence in the Philippines which more
than anything else has up to now blocked the obvious
desire of Japan to extend its hegemony southward. It has
been the one great factor for peace and security in the
western Pacific, Southeastern Asia, Malayasia, Australia,
and New Zealand. American withdrawal from the scene
would inevitably precipitate a war which, in the end, the
United States would have to enter in preservation of its
own, most direct interests, and it would then have to pay
a heavy price for the folly of having weakened itself by
abandoning its present commanding position in the waters
which wash the coast of all America.

Whether for peace or for war, the United States and the
Philippines stand better together than separate.

441

Almost invariably those who appeared before
the Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine
Affairs at the hearings in Ma-
Doctor Dorfman's nila last month, were asked
Parable whether they had any pro-

gram to suggest that might
be adopted in preparation for the cessation of free
trade with the United States as provided in the Tydings-
McDuffie Law, and equally invariably the answer was that
they had not been able to work out any such program,
one witness, Mr. Arsenio N. Luz, stating that to draw up
such a program would require the best economic brains
in the world!

The fact of the matter is that the United States govern-
ment has in effect announced that it will begin giving the
Philippines a series of socks in the jaw after a few years,
ending with a knock-out punch in the solar plexus in 1946.
Now comes this Committee and asks us what our " program"
is. The prospective victim naturally thinks of escape
rather than of a system of toughening his abdominal wall,
which would be futile anyway.

Those witnesses who did not ask outright for an inde-
finite continuation of free trade, regardless of any change
in the political status of the Philippines, asked for a lengthen-
ing of the economic transition period. Some asked for
ten years more, others said fifteen would be better than
ten, still others that twenty would be better than fifteen.
Fifty was the spoken or unspoken wish of all except the
spokesmen of one or two unimportant political oppositional
groups. Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden of Great
Britain was quoted recently as saying that "a war postponed
may be a war averted". Something similar in respect to
the abolition of the present trade relations with the United
States, was in the minds of most of those who appeared
before the Committee.

Mr. Horace B. Pond pointed out that under the present
system of quotas on some of our principal exports to the
United States, development will necessarily proceed along
other lines, and these industries will become automatically
and progressively less important in the total economy, so
that the longer time is allowed to the Philippines, the less
serious would be the shock of the cessation of free trade with
the United States. As to what these possible other lines of
development would be, no one ventured a guess, Mr.
Pond stating that many years of experimentation would no
doubt be necessary and showing that it took the sugar
industry here nearly twenty years to develop even under
most favorable circumstances. These considerations lend
strength to the argument that the present quota system is
preferable to a system of graduated tariffs as a means of
choking off the presently only tolerated and apparently
undesired imports from the Philippines into the United
States.

To an observer who knew nothing of the background of
the situation or anything, for instance, about Assistant
Secretary of State Francis B. Sayre's letter to Senator
Millard E. Tydings, explaining the purpose of the Commit-
tee, there would have been something almost outrageous in
these hearings, well and seemly conducted as they were,
because it would have seemed to him that he was present
at a solemn conclave bent only on finding means how best,
and "with as little suffering as possible", to destroy a lucra-
tive trade that has developed between the Philippines and

442

the United States; a trade that is principally re-
sponsible for the remarkable progress of the Phil-
ippines during the past several scores of years,
without which for some decades to come at least,
all agree that the country will receive a very se-
rious set-back. There seemed to be something
dark, medieval about the whole business. Even the touch
of the fanatic was not wanting — as when a thin, unfavored,
poorly dressed woman of the people came forward to say,
as she had been taught to say by the "Sakdals", that the
" women of the Philippines" want immediate independence!

It was brought out in the hearing, sometimes from un-
willing witnesses, that wages are not as high as some of
our propagandists have tried to make out. But American
and Philippine wage-statistics are hardly comparable.
There are millions of people in the country, in fact, the
great majority, who are not wage earners at all, who live
independent lives on little farms and eat fish out of the sea
instead of buying meat in a market. Millions of others
add to their wage-income in the same manner. The trade
with America that has developed here has, however, made a
modern government possible, and the general benefits of a
school system, a health service, and roads, irrigation systems,
and other public works, have been widely distributed, so that
the situation of the common people in the Philippines is
far better than that of the people in other countries in this
part of the world.

It seemed that certain members of the Committee showed
a desire to have witnesses admit that America's trade with
the Philippines is practically a matter of sweet charity;
that this trade costs the people of the United States more
than it is worth. It was, for instance, pointed out that
tariffs waved on Philippine imports into the United States
amounted during a certain year to $63,000,000, while
tariffs waved on American goods imported into the Philip-
pines amounted to only $16,000,000, although it was ad-
mitted this was not a conclusive criterion of the respective
advantages of the trade because it does not take into con-
sideration the so-called "invisible" trade factors such as
financial, shipping, and insurance items, and various other
elements too technical for treatment by the writer of this
comment.

The brief submitted by the Japanese Chamber of Com-
merce in Manila pointed out the advantages of the "trian-
gular" trade existing between the United States, Japan, and
the Philippines, claiming that the "unfavorable" American
trade balance with the Philippines is offset by the "favor-
able" balance with Japan, which, in its turn, enjoys a
"favorable" balance in its trade with the Philippines. The
spokesman for an international chamber of commerce in
Manila, an Englishman, pointed out that there are other
such triangular systems, including the one with Great
Britain. In fact, the trade of any country is multi-angular
and the argument logically leads to the advantages of free
trade in general — but here we get into such deep water
that the writer, who thought he knew something about
economics before he attended the hearings, feels he ought
to swim back to shore.

It goes against the grain of the commentator, however,
to accept the view that trade developed between any two
countries can be a matter of charity on the part of one of
them. Of course, no one claims that individual business

men engaged in such a trade lose money, but the argument
in this case appears to be that the American people as a
whole lose money in doing business on the present basis
with the Philippines. This is just what that great friend
of the Philippines, Mr. Grey of the "Farm Bureau Federa-
tion" lobby in Washington, has been vociferating. The
writer simply can't assimilate the idea. It may be that
with these sugar -benefit payments and oil-excise-tax returns
of recent times, the American people are making gifts to the
Philippines, but such arrangements are outside ordinary
conceptions of trade and originated not in Manila but in
Washington Brain Trust of expert economicians.

Doctor Dorfman, one of the American members of the
Committee, was fond of alluding to a parable he constructed
during the hearings. It was about a storekeeper who paid
his son a salary that was three times what he could have
gotten another man for to do the same work, but who was
his father's seventh best customer. The argument was
that it would be better for the storekeeper to fire the son
even if he lost him as a customer, because the excess he
paid him in salary was more than the profit he made on the
merchandise he sold him. Many a witness was invited
to rack his brain over that parable, and the best that even
former Senator Harry Hawes could do with it was to say
that if he were the storekeeper, he would "give the boy a
break". The ex-Senator, by the way, is the author of the
blessed Hawes-Cutting Bill which in due course of time and
with little change became the Tydings-McDuffie Act under
which we today live, breath, and have our being. Mr.
Hawes is now drawing a good salary for getting us out of
the scrape he was instrumental in putting us into. He is
one American business man who has not lost any
money.

But does the statement in the parable concerning the
son receiving three times what the father would have to
pay someone else, apply to the Philippines? If the writer
hadn't attended the hearings, he would have defied anyone
to prove it; now he hasn't the nerve. But suppose the
boy was not being over-paid and was being paid only what
somebody else could be gotten for. Suppose there wasn't
any well-established wage-scale. A sufficiently willing
economist with plenty of statistics could probably put
the Philippines in that position without half trying. Or
suppose that the boy was being paid what it was worth to
his father to have him in the business— as a member of the
family and possibly his heir.

The latter supposition was ruled out of consideration by
the Committee because "politics" was not to be discussed.
Though the parable spoke of even a son— not just a nephew
—-everybody had to conceive of him almost as a total
stranger or perhaps an "outside" child. That the son
might be making his home in a district of the city where the
father might want to have a trusted representative, that
his membership in the family might be of special advantage,
all such possibilities were ruled out of the discussion.
That the boy might be coming of age and naturally wanting
to have something to say about his department in the
store and that he might remain a dutiful young man even
if given a little authority— all these considerations lay out-
side the province of the Committee— and yet these are the
real points involved in Doctor Dorfman's parable rather
than the precise amount of the wages the son receives.

It is impossible to say where the "economic" begins or
ends and other factors enter in. Even the Joint Committee
of experts can't do this. The storekeeper might not be
able to get any one else to take the place of his son, or if
he got some one, his services might prove unsatisfactory.
Suppose the son makes a good enough salary to buy an
electric stove and a refrigerator, an automobile, a radio;
a good enough salary to send his children to school and
occasionally to a dentist, and suppose the merchant, his
father, deals in all these things, including dentists' supplies,
and the young man's neighbors, who do not have these
things, begin to see there is another life possible for them,
too— just how far does what is "strictly business" extend in
such a situation? What is economic and what is un-
economic? What is profitable and what unprofitable?
Suppose the son is getting to be a pretty solid figure of a
man, with good fists on him, and helps to keep the peace in
the neighborhood. Can any expert figure out how much
the son is worth in dollars and cents in that capacity?

Economists could labor over statistics until they were
blue in the face and still wouldn't be able to answer such
a question.

If the Joint Committee is wise, it will report to Washing-
ton that the direct "economics" of the situation are among
the least important factors in the problem, involving per-
haps a few millions of pesos, while incalculable values are
at stake in the issue of complete separation, politically and
economically, of the United States and the Philippines.
It will report that there is no possible solution of either the
political or the economic problems facing the two countries
under the terms of the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

United States High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt
was quite right in stating at a press conference in answer

to a question that the fusion of
The " Fusion" and the two wings of the so-called
the "Opposition" Coalition last month was a "heal-
thy sign and the honest thing to
do" and that it will give opportunity for the growth of an
opposition party, "an opposition party being very essen-
tial in a democracy".

Those who opposed the move to fuse the two groups,
popularly designated as "Pros" and "Antis" after the split
on the issue of the acceptance of the Hawes-Cutting-Hare
Act, the former led by Mr. Sergio Osmefia and the latter
by Mr. Manuel L. Quezon, now Vice-President and Presi-
dent respectively of the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
failed to understand that even in their inception these two
groups were factions rather than parties and so remained.
After the acceptance by both groups of the substitute
Tydings-McDuffie Act, the "Pro" and "Anti" issue became
a dead one, but factional loyalties survived, the roster
of the National Assembly listing 67 members as belonging
to the Nacionalista Democratica or "Anti" Party, 18 mem-
bers as belonging to Nacionalista Democrata Pro-Indepen-
dencia or "Pro" Party, 9 members as belonging specific-
ally to the Coalicionista Party, and four or five more mem-
bers constituting one-man "parties".

It is a general rule that factions are formed when a party
too long in power without effective opposition, disinte-
grates through personal ambitions.

443

According to a very able article in a recent issue of the
Yale Review by James Truslow Adams, entitled, "What
Happens to a Party when it Makes a Clean Sweep", the
understanding of the role which responsible parties should
and could play, came very slowly.

"The realization of the value of an opposition party which is not
unpatriotic but which 'is recognized as perfectly loyal to the institu-
tions of the state, and ready at any moment to come into office without
a shock to the political traditions of the nation', is, as President Lowell
of Harvard said, 'the greatest contribution of the nineteenth century
to the art of government'. England, with its unusually sane political
instinct, was the first nation to grasp this value of an opposition party
and to use it to the full for the sake of stability and good government.
His Majesty's Opposition', as it is called, is almost as important as
'His Majesty's Government', and the recognition of this is shown by
the fact that the opposition leader receives a government salary. The
party system is the only means which has yet been devised for self-
government in the great modern democracies, and an opposition party
is necessary to keep the party in office within bounds by trenchant and
sound criticism and by the constant threat of overturning it. The
opposition is valuable not only to the people at large, in the same sense
that freedom of speech and discussion is valuable, but it even assist
the party in power by forcing it to formulate more or less clear-cut
programmes and to defend those programmes before the people against
every possible criticism, and may thus save the party in power from
disintegrating into . . . personal factions. ... It keeps the ruling
party, so to say, fit and in training."

"But", continues Mr. Adams, "if an opposition party is not to be
considered unpatriotic and is to be effective, certain rules of the game
have to be understood and observed. For one thing, it must itself
be united on a clear programme and a political philosophy. If, as in
France, it is merely made up of a bewildering number of temporarily
allied groups and cliques, its criticisms grow confused, its proper func-
tion degenerates into strivings after office by petty leaders, and govern-
ment becomes bogged because a shift in the combinations among the
many groups, no one of which is strong enough to rule alone, can at
any moment overthrow the combination which has been ruling. Again,
if this rather novel idea of a party opposed to the governing group but
still loyal to the state is to continue, the issues chosen and the philo-
sophy of government must both lie within certain limits. Issues and
philosophy must not descend, on the one hand, to the level of mere
personal interest on the part of any one leader and the building up of
a personal following; nor, on the other, can they safely in a democracy
be of such a revolutionary nature as to make the opposition no longer
an essential factor in government but a genuine revolutionary party.
The issues must avoid both these extremes, and yet be sufficiently
important and vital to make sound citizens honestly divide upon them.
It is essential also in a democracy that these issues should not be de-
veloped so as to divide the nation strongly and bitterly along the lines
of social, racial, and religious cleavage. A party in office and an oppo-
sition, for example, which divided on class lines, wholly or largely,
would not be playing the game of democratic self-government but would
be playing with the possible fire of class war. We thus see the delicacy
of adjustment in the modern party system of government. It is our
only system, and somehow it must be worked. The ideal is of two

strong parties, each loyal, in general, to the vital traditions, aims, and
aspirations of the nation, each capable of running the government
when given a mandate to do so, and each, in turn, within reasonable
periods, being called upon to take the part of critic in opposition or to
feel the responsibilities of office. ..."

A more notable development than the fusion of the "Pro"
and "Anti" groups, was the refusal of President Quezon
to head the new Nacionalista Party on the ground that
though as an individual he believes in every commitment
contained in the platform of the Party and is pledged to
carry out the Party's promises in good faith, he must declare
his independence of its dictates, going on to state in a
written message:

"I declare my independence from dictations by this political organ-
ization or any other political organization, and I publicly avow my
loyalty to my office and to my country to be above my loyalty to this
Party, and I further publicly avow my interest in the public service
to be above the political fortune of the Party in general or the members
composing it. I am by virtue of my office incapacitated to be Pres-
ident of the Party and I ask you to elect one whom you may consider
best fitted to be your titular head for his patriotism, honesty, ability,
and his allegiance to the new Party. ..."

Later Vice-President Sergio Osmefia stated that in line
with the policy of President Quezon, he also was not avail-
able for the Presidency of the new organization. It was
thereupon decided to postpone the election of a party
chief until after the election of municipal and provincial
officials next December, an executive committee ruling
for the present, with Speaker Gil Montilla as the temporary
chairman. The other members are Assemblymen Felipe
Buencamino, Jr., Benigno S. Aquino, Pedro C. Hernaez,
Gregorio Perfecto, Jose C. Zulueta, and Pedro Sabido.

Just what this means and will mean, only the future can
disclose. We have yet to develop a real opposition in the
Philippines. Until such a time, we may continue to expect
factional intrigues in spite of the recent fusion, and if the
old leaders refuse further to head them, new men with
unsatisfied ambitions will spring up.

President Quezon, however, appears to be unworried,
and in reply to a question addressed to him during a press
conference stated that he thought the formation of a strong
opposition party would take at least ten years. He would
only admit that his surrender of the titular leadership
of his party might mean trouble for a successor to the Pres-
idency of the Commonwealth who does the same thing —
not for himself. In the words of the Philippines Free
Press,

* 'increasingly it became evident that Manuel Quezon was still powerful
in his absence, and that though he had made himself independent of
the Nacionalistas, the Nacionalistas are not independent of him".

Magic

By Harriet Mills McKay

Hemp leaves turn to silver quills
Dipped in ink of night

When a lustrous full moon spills
A flood of magic light!

The Bukidnon Ascension To Heaven

By Tranquilino Sitoy

like
the

THE people of Bukidnon, in central Mindanao,
have a story of how the Almighty creator,
Magbabaya, chose those among mankind who
were pure and without sin to dwell with him in
heaven, a place where the streams flow with honey
and there is never any want, where there is no sick-
ness and no unhappiness, where the people are
gods, move from place to place as they desire in
twinkling of an eye, and all their wishes are fulfilled as
they express them. They also tell of how a woman bore
a child of wonder who, when he was full grown, led men to
this heaven, and how the last that were taken there as-
cended. They explain, too, why there are no people
going to heaven now.

It had long been prophesied that the child who when
full grown would lead men to heaven, would be born of a
woman who had no husband, and, as had been foretold,
in due course, there lived such a woman, pure and virtuous.
All her life she tried to do those things which would please
others, and there was not anything about her that one
could not admire. One sunny day, this woman was
walking along the seashore,1 and, feeling warm, she sat
down under a tree to rest. The shade was cool and refresh-
ing and she had not sat there long when she suddenly
realized that everything around her had changed. The
vegetation that had been wilting in the heat was now green
and diademed with silvery dew-drops. "Surely", she
said to herself, "I must have slept over night".

She started for home, but all of nature seemed to bid
her stay. The wind whispered a song through the leaves
of the trees and the branches seemed to bow to her as she
passed. The grass parted to make way for her feet. Over-
whelmed by the reverence done her, her limbs became
numb and heavy and she felt she would have to rest again.
She stopped at a deserted house by the shore. Strange it
was that she, who only in a dream had met her pure-hearted
lover, now dead and sleeping beneath the grass, should
bear the burden of a mother.2 In that desolate place her
boy child was born. She called him Baybayan because he
was born on the shore.

Baybayan was unlike other children. He grew very
fast, and soon was not a baby anymore, but a half-grown boy.
One day he went to the seashore and hid himself in the
bushes. After a while there came six fishermen to the
place who began to divide their catch among themselves,
putting the fish in six piles. But when every one had
taken his share, there was one pile left over. They re-
divided the fish several times, but there was always that
one pile left over. The oldest man among the fishermen
was a seer and now said that there was someone near by.
They began to search and found Baybayan, and as it was a
custom for fishermen to share their catch with anyone who
happened to be by, they gave Baybayan a share of the fish.
As Baybayan grew older, he showed that he could do
many things others could not do. One day when walking
up a stream, he saw that the fish were dying because there
had been a drought and the stream was drying up. He said

that it was a pity that the fish should die, and thrust
his staff into the ground. Immediately water began
to issue from the hole he had made and filled the
stream, and the water also rose in the river into
which it flowed. The people wondered what caused
the water to rise and went up the stream to see. They
found Baybayan sitting on a rock and he told them he had
wanted the fish to live. He also advised them not to fish
in that stream and preached to them of purity of mind and
soul.

Another strange miracle he sometimes performed before
the people was to have his uncle cut into pieces, which he
would cover with a cloth. When the cloth was removed,
the man was always found to be whole again. Every
time he performed this miracle, however, the man would
become smaller, and Baybayan did it so many times that
his uncle became as small as a little boy.

The fame of Baybayan spread far and wide and soon he
had many followers. Among these were thirteen whom he
called his favorites. These were the mediators between
him and the many who sought after him. Whatever he
wanted to tell the people, he told first to the thirteen.

At last came the time of great blessedness. Baybayan
had announced that shortly Magbabaya would send from
heaven a great ship, the Salimbal,* to take his people.
There would be signs, he said. Two suns would rise in
the east, and a gigantic pig, the Makadingding,* would
appear and hide them from sight. This pig would have to
be killed and all would partake of its meat.

While waiting for the time, there was much rejoicing
among the people. The young men and women danced and
sang. Stories of the olden times were told and there were
also many tales about heaven. There were stories about the
diwatas or men of heaven and how they liked to marry the
maidens of earth. These tales flattered the pride of the
young women, but the young men were troubled, and soon
marriages among them were frequent. To marry before
going to heaven became the aim of every young man.

Among the young girls of the time was one who was
betrothed to Alisngaran, the thirteenth of Baybayan's
favorites. He was the strongest, bravest, and kindest of all
the followers of Baybayan, and possessed all the good
qualities that can be desired in a young man. The day
for his marriage to the beautiful young girl6 had been set,
but on the morning of that day two suns were seen rising
in the east and then, suddenly, the light grew dim, as if
the suns had been covered by a thick cloud. It was the
giant bulk of the Makadingding that obscured the light.
This was the sign. The day of the Ascension had come.
The marriage was put aside. Baybayan assured Alisnga-
ran that he would be married in heaven, but the two
lovers grieved, although all the other people were jubilant.
They feared they might lose each other and decided that they
would rather remain among the unblessed on earth than
to go to heaven and be separated there. Baybayan was
sorrowful at the sullennes of the two lovers and exempted
Alisngaran from any activity in connection with the

445

ascension. His twelve remaining favorites he sent to
kill the monstrous pig. But at the very outset, three of
the favorites were fatally bitten by the beast, which had
tusks like swords. Then three more were cut down by its
kampilan-like tail. The hairs of the brute, too, were
sharp as needles, and each hair could kill. Baybayan,
fearing that his remaining six followers might suffer the
same fate, halted them and sent for Alisngaran, promising
him all honors, even though he did not accompany the chosen
people to heaven, if he would aid in bringing the giant pig
to death. Alisngaran came and killed the monster with
his spear.

Those preparing for the heavenward journey now feasted
on the flesh of Makadingding, for those who did not eat
of the flesh could not embark on the journey. Baybayan
insisted that Alisngaran and his sweetheart also partake of
the flesh even though they were not going with the rest,
and so the young man and his betrothed ate. Baybayan
had so many followers that there was but a small portion
of the magic meat for each.

Now there was a little girl by the name of Bahinan. She
was a spoiled and undisciplined child and, in truth, her
name tells what kind of a girl she was, for bahin means
"to set aside for". When there was anything to be divided
among the children, Bahinan always demanded her share
first, and the biggest and best. If she did not get what she
wanted, she would make trouble. On this occasion, Bahi-
nan behaved badly as usual. She said her portion of the
flesh of the Makadingding was too small and threw it
away in her anger. She cried and cried, and all her mother's
caresses could not make her quiet.

The time came for the pilgrims to set out for the mountain
top where the ship that was to carry them to heaven was
expected to alight. Bahinan was still crying and her
mother put her in a kabuka or small square basket,6 not
much larger than one's hand. It was really too small for
the little girl to be put into, but Bahinan forced her into
it with his magical powers so that it would be easier for her
mother to carry the child.

While the pilgrims were ascending the mountain, every-
thing turned to gold. The stones, the grass, the trees, all
flashed in golden colors. The flowers had golden petals.
All things gleamed and shone and glittered. And all
things spoke sweetly, to tempt the heavenly wayfarers.

The grass said, "Oh, beautiful beings, why do you wish
to leave us?"

The trees said, "We, too, are beautiful."

The stones said, "We are golden."

The flowers said, "Alas, will you forsake us? There are
no flowers in heaven."

The birds sang, "Won't you stay and listen to our songs?"

The frogs said, "Heaven is no better than the earth."

There were bananas, papayas, jackfruits, and other kinds

of fruits — all ripe and sweet smelling. They spoke in chorus,

"You will find no sweeter fruits in heaven than we are."

All things they met on the way spoke to the people in
a like manner, but the pilgrims gave no heed. They had
been warned they must not answer to anything and neve r
look behind, nay, even turn their eyes. If they listened
to the talking stones, they would turn to stone. If they
answered the talking trees they would turn into trees.

446

If they talked with the birds, they would turn into birds.

As they neared the summit of the mountain, the people
heard the mellow tinkling of bells from above, the sweet
sounding saliyao,7 like the little brass bells which dancers
wear at their necks and around their wrists. The pilgrims
looked up and saw the Salimbal, heavenly ship, descending.
The bells were in this ship. Heaven had opened and the
ship had come through a halo in the sky. Sweet music
filled the air and throngs of heavenly sprites hovered near.
The Salimbal now rested on the top of the mountain and
shone with a radiant light that replaced that of the noon
sun, lighting the surrounding mountains and valleys in all
directions.

Over the door of the Salimbal and guarding it hung two
kampilans, heavy two-handed swords, which, controlled
by some heavenly agency, swung back and forth, crossing
in quick precision at the center of the door. Over the
windows hung short, broad, two-edged balaraos, also
moving to and fro, so that anyone attempting to seek ad-
mission through a window would be cut into pieces. To
the two great swords at the door was given the power to
execute judgment. Any man unworthy of heaven was
destroyed by them.

As the pure-hearted approached close to the glory and
splendor of the heavenly ship, they fell to their knees,
bowed their heads, and prayed in chorus :

"Alar a kay, Kampilan;

Linka a kay, Bayadao:*

Guimba a kay, Amay day:

Boy aw ana kay, Hinolod na Lumay."

Translated this prayer runs:

"Protect us, O Kampilan;
Deliver us, O Bayadao;
Bless us, O our Father ;
Glorify us, O Father of All."

The swinging kampilans at the door ceased to move and
the pilgrims entered the holy ship. All nature lamented.
The rivers groaned. The wind moaned. The leaves on
trees and plants drooped and the flowers dropped their
golden petals, — they wished so much to bloom in Paradise.
All creatures, plant and animal, wanted to go to heaven.
Even the rivers wished to flow heavenward. All things were
sobbing and sighing their lamentations. There were all
sorts of disturbances on the face of the earth, while the
clouds above echoed with heavenly melodies. Then, amid
thunder and lightning, the ship slowly rose heavenward.

Up, up in the sky moved the sacred ship. But a great
peril came upon the pilgrims. Man-eating giants appeared,
with three eyes and up-turned lips, and dragons with fear-
ful wings. They gathered around the ship craving human
flesh, and some of them thrust their talons and even their
ugly heads through the door and the windows. But the
kampilans and balaraos protected the frightened pilgrims
within.

The Salimbal rose higher and higher, leaving the monsters
of the air below, but it had not reached the atmosphere of
heaven yet when the mother of Bahinan let her out of the
kabuka. Before anyone could prevent it, the little girl
made a mistep and fell down to earth. Baybayan saw her
fall and knew that she could not go to heaven because she
(Continued on page 465)

The Betrayal

By Delfin Fresnosa

OLD man Victor sat on the topmost rung of the
door ladder and puffed pleasurably at his first
cigarette of the day. It was still very early in
the morning and the stagnant banks of fog over the
valley had not yet thinned away. The old man
had on a ragged brown sweater, but he could still feel the
sharpness of the early norning air and now and then he
caught himself involuntarily shivering. He stood up and
went inside the house, stepping carefully across the bamboo
flooring because his wife was still asleep, and into the kit-
chen. There was a crackling fire in the hearth and the
water he had put on a while before was now boiling. The
old man took several knuckles of ginger, pounded them a
while, and then dropped the mass into the boiling water.

Several minutes later he came down from the house.
He did not feel the cold any more after drinking two
saucerfuls of his brew. For some time he stood in the
yard and the hens with their brood milled and cackled around
his legs. Methodically he scattered some grain on the
ground. Afterward he took his bolo in its wooden scabbard
and buckled it to his waist. Then he started for the rice-
fields.

The whole valley was planted to rice. The tall stalks stood
fat and green and undulating like the surface of a sea. The
fulsome smell of the budding grain lingered with the fog,
and old man Victor as he stood on a low mud-dike, waist-
deep among the dew-weighted leaves, dilated his nostrils
and threw out his chest and felt like a young man in his
first season of farming. He could not help feeling young
aeain and brave and hopeful, though even as he raised a
hand to touch the rice-heads he could see the wrinkles on
his hand and he felt the strain in his back as he straightened
up to get a more sweeping view of the valley.

He stood for a long time in the middle of the field, his
eyes taking in the green richness of the grain and his hands
unconsciously caressing the stalks nearest him. Dew
had soaked in patches his trousers and the lower part of
his sweater, but he did not greatly mind getting wet. He
would have liked to move among the plants, crouching
down to let the dew fall upon his body as if to bathe in this
moist and sweet-scented warmth of earth and growing vege-
tation. But he did not move away from where he was
standing. He was hidden up to his waist, and in his motion-
lessness he looked like a scarecrow.

The sun peeped out from behind the mountains and its
golden, virginal rays touched the heavy banks of fog.
A slight breeze arose and drove the mist in tattered shreds
to the sheltered mountain sides.

The old man walked farther into the field and stopped
again. Several days ago he had isolated a paddy because
he had noticed that some of the plants showed signs of
disease. He was glad that he had discovered this in time.
The yellowing of the leaves had not spread.

Then he heard his wife calling him for breakfast. He
could see the smoke still curling up from the roof of the
house as she stood in the yard calling for him. The shrill
crowings of the roosters sometimes drowned her voice.

When he came into the house, he saw that she
had already begun to get a few things ready that she
wished to take with her to town, a small bundle of
clothes and a basket stuffed with vegetables and fruit.
He noted that she was in a hurry and that her face
was working with eagerness.

"Don't you think it's still too early to be starting for
town?"

"What do you mean, early?" she retorted. "I would
have started last night if it weren't for you." He smiled at
her and continued eating. She was also having her break-
fast, but it seemed she could hardly swallow a mouthful.
"I wish I were already there", she said after a while.
"That fellow they sent to tell us was an idiot, eh?"
"Yes, yes," he said.

The old woman was going to town to assist at their
daughter's expected confinement. She was their only
child and they were very fond of her, but the old man
visited her and her husband rarely and seldom stayed long
on a visit. He felt that he could not greatly like his
son-in-law, who was a school teacher. But he wanted his
daughter to be happy, and she appeared contented with her
life. They had a nice house in town and had a great many
friends. But the old man always felt ill at ease when he was
visiting them. When he was in town he would begin to
long for his farm and to be doing the things he had always
done and liked to do, instead of just sitting there, smoking
and waiting for the next meal.

He remembered the time he got drunk during the town
fiesta. He had taken a stroll around the town with several
of his old cronies and when he had returned to his son-in-
law's house, he was drunk. He was smouldering with anger
and resentment against the emptiness of the days he had
spent in town; against his silent, considerate son-in-law;
against himself for his idling. But he could not force him-
self to say the words that seemed to be strangling him. He
would have liked to see his son-in-law or his daughter get
angry, but they had only made him lie down, given him a
steaming cup of coffee to drink, and told him to go to
sleep. He had felt baffled.

Now his wife was going to town. For the past several
weeks they had been awaiting the event, but it was only
yesterday that a man, sent by their daughter, had come to
tell them that the time was very near. Old man Victor
had told his wife that he might follow her to town later.
She had said that was all right, but she was starting right
away.

After breakfast she tarried a while longer to see to the
things he would be needing during her absence. By the
time she was ready to go, the sun had cleared the tops of the
mountains and was flooding the whole countryside with its
warmth and brightness.

"I hope it will be a boy," she said casually.
"Yes", he said absent-mindedly. He was still seated
at the table, watching her make her preparations. But
when he suddenly remembered what he had said, he tried

447

to take back his answer. "No, not a boy," he said. He
looked at her, but she did not seem to have noticed the
bewilderment he imagined would be plain on his face.

"It will be a boy," she said.

How could he tell her, now that he was face to face with
the possibility, that he did not want the child to be a boy?
How would he ever be able to explain to her the sudden
uprush of feeling that had come over him so sharp and strong
that morning when he stood waist-deep among the ripening
grain; a feeling which had seemed so old and familiar, yet
also so strange and new? Now he felt this emotion was
ebbing fast and with it his desire for a grandson — for
someone to take care of this piece of earth when he was
not here any more, someone to watch over it lovingly and
draw from it with rough, soil-stained fingers, the beautiful
green life of the plants. He wanted to check the ebbing of
this flow which had seemed to carry him like a wide, smooth-
coursing, life-laden river. How could he explain to her
that he did not any more want a grandson, yet at the same
time, with a vague desperateness, did want the child to be
a boy? He knew he could never explain what he felt,
except perhaps by describing an indistinct picture he had of
himself, or better, of the image of a man standing alone in
the middle of a plowed field, but it would not be the image
of a man, but the feelings of the man.

That time when he was in town and drunk, he had tried
to imagine his son-in-law plowing a field. He had laughed
out loud and when they had asked him what he was laughing
at, he would not tell them. . . .

Then his wife said, "I guess everything's all right. I'll be
going." She took up her small bundle and the basket and
started for the stairs. She looked back at him, but he
had not heard what she had said. "I'm going," she said,
louder this time.

"Yes," he said and followed her to the stairs.

He did not go out into the fields as he had at first intended.
He stood just outside the gate and looked at the dis-
appearing form of his wife, and after she had rounded a
bend and he could not see her any more, he walked on
until he came under the fruit trees. The ground was
strewn with fallen leaves among the tufts of green grass.

He was alone now and it seemed to him that everything
around him was dead. A little distance away from where
he stood was the house with its door gaping darkly, and he
wondered how he could ever have lived there, among those
tall, aloof trees. He felt lonely and unprotected, and
longed for the reassuring presence of his wife. He wanted
his daughter to be with him too; he wanted to have many
people with him. He was angry, but could not understand
his anger. It was vague and diffused. He thought he
was angry at the town which seemed very far away, and
which, he thought, he would never be able to reach in a
lifetime, even if he wanted to go there. The town was ugly,
potent, menacing, and he hated it. . . and its bloodless
people.

There lay the wide fields to comfort him, green and
shivering in the sunlight. Only a few months before he
had plowed his own acres, and the rich brown soil had
ripped open at the point of the plow. But even the sharp
recollection of the sweet-scented, overturned earth could
not bring him to himself. Nor could he recognize the man
who had turned that soil and taken the harvest, season
after season, for so many years. That man was a strong,
living man. It seemed to him now that he was dead;
that he was now a stranger and the soil would not yield
to him or even cling to his feet anymore.

He knew that nothing could assuage his loneliness, not
even the presence of his wife or his daughter, or hundreds of
his friends. He was alone, out of place among surroundings
he had always known and loved. He was defeated. He
smiled wrily as he remembered that only that morning he
had wanted to do foolish things in his momentary spirit of
youthfulness. He could never have made a greater fool
of himself. He was very old and not even the remembrance
of his labor year after year, and his pleasure in and love for
the soil, could again make him fancy himself as spreading
outside the boundaries of his body into the vastness of earth,
yet conscious and sensitive to its great rhythm. He was
old, defeated, and forsaken. There was a deep emptiness
inside him which even he himself could not fathom. He
only knew that he had somehow been betrayed.

Night-Blooming Cereus

By Dee Vere

OH! frail and lovely Consort of the Night,
Sheherezade who will not live till dawn,
Your perfume's story always will enchant
Us: our bemused senses functioning
In parallel; nose seeing, eyes that feel.
The Moon, when looking down upon your face
Must see there mirrored her own quality
Of whiteness, all unsullied by the Day.
Like her, you die with sunbirth, only she
Has resurrection which unkindly is
Denied to you, my Cereus. Beauty's self
You are, and perhaps fitly 'tis ordained
That virginal you bloom, and virgin die.

44t

Return To Old Haunts

By Wilfrid Turnbull

I LEFT Dipintin one Sunday morning in a
banca manned by two English-speaking Ilon-
got school boys. The river becomes increas-
ingly deeper, the rapids farther apart and easier
until the sharp turn just below the place at
which Dr. William Jones was killed. Above this
the water was shallow, after a few hundred meters
so much so that in the dry season bancas can not get
past the rather steep rapid. Here our craft was un-
loaded, the rice hidden in a tree, and the rest of my outfit
carried to Pongo, distant a couple of kilometers, by the
boys. The small crescent-shaped playa on which the
killing took place had been washed away by the recent
flood and a fifty-foot sandstone pinacle standing on the
river bank just above this sandy beach was also gone except
for its wide base. Some fifty meters below where the beach
used to be, the river makes a right-angle turn against
a limestone cliff, the damming of the flood at this point
probably accounting for many of the changes noted upstream.
Arriving at Pongo about 2:00 P.M., the boys went in
search of the headmen while I explored the settlement
and visited one of the houses.

Pongo, formerly called Panippagan, is the place at which
I made my headquarters in 1909 and 1910 and has been
moved upstream some five hundred meters from where
it was at that time. There is now, as formerly, a settle-
ment on the opposite side— the right bank — of the river
and each of these rancherias has a headman. Living
in the right-bank community there is also a police-
man with a government nombramiento and salary.
This rancheria was formerly called Cadadiangan,
the old Capanuan or headman of which was the
innocent cause leading up to the Jones killing. The ran-
cheria was deserted following that event and remained so
during my stay in these parts except for a very old couple
who lived in a tree-house until their death from exposure
during a baguio. I am informed that Panippagan had
its name changed to Pongo by the Constabulary and the
name Pinappagan was then given to Diduyon, and later
to the Christian settlement now bearing the name. The
latest Coast and Geodetic Survey map shows Cadadiangan
several miles up the river from where it used to be, or is
this a new place with an old name? No one here at Pinap-
pagan knows and I forgot to ask when up the river. From
the viewpoint of history, if for no other reason, it is a pity
to change the names of places except for very good cause.
I noted several significant divergences from former local
Ilongot custom at old Panippagan. The present-day
house has its floor only about four instead of ten or more
feet from the ground and the ordinary native hagdan or
ladder has replaced the notched pole. I did not see one
taduk whereas formerly no house was complete without
it. The taduk was a piece of wood shaped like the horns
of a wild carabao and attached to the peak of the roof.
Stinking clothing was also in evidence, and I had not been
in the settlement five minutes before a dolled-up belle

asked me for posporo (matches). When ad-
vised to hunt up her bans hing— flint and steel

she went away with her nose in the air. She

and her ilk will soon be chanting "Give me
monee".

The position of the floor shows that the people
no longer fear spear-thrusts through it at night, and the
absence of the taduk that they have lost pride in what was
distinctive of their tribe. When I took two Ilongot children
toBayombongin 1909, many of the people objected to their
leaving the country and on our way out small groups from
the different rancherias waylaid us on the trail and ad-
monished the children not to forget they were Ilongots and
not to become Christians— binayagan (baptized), the name
given by them to all outsiders.

After a few hours the boys had rounded up the three
officials and brought them to me. They had evidently
had a stormy session, and this was repeated for my benefit,
the school boys laying down the law in no uncertain terms.
The headman of Pongo flatly refused to go with me or to
allow any of his men or women to do so. He said the wo-
men were busy planting and the men were about to start
house-building. I recognized this gentleman as one who,
a week previously, had offered to carry me over the Didu-
yon river and later did me out of a peseta. That same
night he came to my camp asking for a shirt and even after
refusing to go with me, he intimated that my khaki "shorts"
would make a welcome addition to his warbrobe. The
other two officials (policeman and headman) finally agreed to
take me up-river but said they could only spare one woman.
I made no objection but feared that when we left the rafts
my only cargador would be the woman.

Thinking, as the boys apparently did, that everything
was arranged for an early start next day, I made camp a
few hundred yards above the settlement in the dry and
sandy river bed. The boys, native of old Cadadiangan,
went to their homes and to arrange for the bringing up
of the rice. Women made a fire and brought wood and
water. The only visitors I had after this were dogs, hun-
gry, and if not given something, snarly like most of their
adult masters! After supper I piled stones on everything
eatable or removable by my canine visitors and went to
sleep. At 1:00 A.M. I had callers: one of the school
boys had brought a male and three swanky female friends.
They cooly woke me up, expressed good wishes for the
success of my prospecting venture, assured me that my
head was safe while in Ilongot country, but warned against
the treacherous mountain Negrito. When they appeared
to have said all they could think of, the unattached female
asked me if I never smoked or chewed, and upon my reply-
ing in the negative said in a loud aside to the others "H. • •
what did we come here for if not for tobacco?" or words to
that effect. And as she was such a "sweet young thing"
when her mouth was closed, hiding black decaying stumps
of teeth, I gave her three leaves of tobacco and then giving
one each to the others they promptly decamped— all

(Continued on page 460)

449

A National Marine School

By Griffin Olmsted

IT is quite evident that the Philippines will have
a well developed merchant marine before many
years have passed. The Islands already have
a respectable fleet of vessels, and we shall soon
have a much larger one. No one would deny that
a country composed of many islands needs a large
merchant fleet. But, what plans are there to supply
this prospective fleet with officers?

The large majority of our marine officers will have to be
Philippine citizens. It is obvious that many young men
will have to be trained for the contemplated government-
subsidized ships as well as for the replacement of officers
at present in the service as they retire.

To meet the problem, I suggest a National Marine School.
As a possible nucleus, there already exists the Philippine
Nautical School conducted by the Bureau of Education
at Pasay.

This school, however, lacks an engineering department.
Why expect a well trained officer on the bridge to be de-
pendent on untrained men in the "Black gang" in the
engine room? The United States Naval Academy at
Annapolis does not separate its midshipmen into two
groups, deck and engine room officers, but educates them
along both lines. Although this is probably good naval
procedure, it is not done in American merchant marine
school ships.

The Pasay school also lacks a school ship, but it is my
understanding that there are plans for the acquisition of
such a ship. For the present, there is an arrangement
under which the Pasay cadets are given cruises on board
Philippine vessels. It is self-evident that marine cadets
should have the practical experience that can be acquired
only on shipboard.

The present school, too, lacks a department of naval
tactics and gunnery. Just as our colleges give students
military training [with a view to making reserve army
officers, so should the nautical school train its cadets to be
naval reservists.

Cadets should be enrolled in the school on a civil service,
competitive basis, apportioned to the provinces according
to their population. It might, however, also be a good

thing to allow a certain number of appointments
to the Chief Executive, as in the case of the
President of the United States with reference to
the Naval Academy and West Point. These ex-
ecutive appointments could be used to reward
old, retiring officers by sending their sons to the
Marine School.

Most countries have various government services
"afloat", among them the navy, and the coast guard, the
customs, the coast survey, and the lighthouse services.
Some of these services may be combined for the sake of
economy.

But they must be officered !

One reads in the newspapers that the Philippines plans
a navy to consist of small, fast, torpedo-carrying motor
boats for coastal protection. Incidentally, this is the type
of boat that the Allies used during the World War. For
a while, interest in this type lapsed, but it was again brought
into prominence in the Mediterranean when the Italians
threatened the British Fleet. The British, in their turn,
are now constructing a number of these small craft.

Instead, therefore, of establishing merely a department
of gunnery and naval tactics just for reservists in the pro-
posed Marine School, it might be well to institute full
courses for our future naval officers. After the cadets
in this school had completed one or two years of basic
studies, they could be separated into classes for the navy,
merchant marine, etc., depending upon aptitude plus
the requirements of each service.

It may be of interest at this point to mention how the
United States obtains officers for its various floating services.
The merchant marine gets its officers in several ways.
There are the state school ships and nautical schools that
receive some Federal assistance. Secondly, the shipping
lines subsidized by mail contracts, and the old Shipping
Board Corporation's vessels, carried "cadets." Some
authorities believe that this method was not entirely a
success. Different lines had different policies, and the
results were not all that were expected. Thirdly, it is
almost universally true that sailors, firemen, and oilers
(Continued on page 460)

Moods

By Harriet Mills McKay

The jungle sleeps

And vine-hung trees
Whisper ancient witcheries,
(the jungle sleeps)

The jungle creeps

With crawling things
And myriad whirring insect wings,
(the jungle creeps)

The jungle weeps

When drums of rain
Beat the typhoon's wild refrain,
(the jungle weeps)

The jungle steeps
In humid heat

Of the tropic sun's directed beat,
(the jungle steeps)

450

Cagayan Peasant Health Measures

By Mariano D. Manawis

IN his backyard, Adoy, the Cagayan Valley
peasant, has a well which has become the
common property of his entire immediate
neighborhood. He dug the well himself, with
the help of only his children, to be sure; but just
the same. ... At the beginning, it is true, his neigh-
bors, each time they came for water, asked Adoy's per-
mission or that of his wife or children. But perhaps be-
cause Adoy has always assured them the well is at their
disposal, they have gradually ceased to pay him the courtesy.

Today, the friends of Aneng— Aneng is Adoy's wife— not
only get their drinking water from the well. They also
wash their clothes near by, as Aneng herself does, and
bathe their children only two or three meters from it.
This has made the surroundings muddy. The well is
not provided with a cover, and leaves blow into it, and
insects, and dust. But because the well is deep, its water
remains cool and clear; and with that, Adoy seems to be
well satisfied.

Of course, if he could afford it he would cement the well
and make it look like Dona Maria's. But this improve-
ment is far beyond his means. Consequently, ♦ . . when
the well caves in— it does sometimes— all Adoy can do is
to let himself down into the well and dig it out again, his
children hauling up the cans of earth as he fills them.
Afterwards the muddy water must be bailed out. His
neighbors may come to assist him in this if they are
not too busy in their fields, but handicapped by lack of
pumping apparatus, they are generally unable to cope with
the flow of the water. In which case, after removing as
much of the roily water as they can, they go home, allowing
the mud to sink to the bottom.

The drinking water Aneng carries from the well early in
the morning, just like the water carried by her friends, is
poured into a jar called a baddan or amutu standing in a
cool corner in the kitchen where the family eats. Near
the jar hangs a porcelain cup or a coconut shell which
serves as a dipper. Besides the dipper, on the banguera,
are other coconut shells, and perhaps some glasses. Un-
fortunately, the members of the family, particularly the
children, generally do not take the trouble of transferring
the water. They drink directly from the dipper, and be-
cause the dipper has no handle, the drinker's hand is
usually dipped into the drinking water together with the

cup.

A little girl in the neighborhood who happens to be a
school girl, proud of what she had learned, one day told
Adoy that this practice is dangerous, insanitary. But Adoy
could not understand what the girl was saying about germs;
and when she suggested the segregation of the member of
the family who is sick with tuberculosis, he wondered if
the little girl was not thinking that she was Dofia Maria,
the wife of his landlord.

And so up to date, the healthy members of Adoy's family
live with the sick, sometimes using his glass, his plates.
Besides ignorance of the elements of hygiene and sanitation,

there are other reasons for this seeming care-
lessness. Adoy, you see, feels that segregation
is an act of abhorring the sick, and for no-
thing would he make it appear that he abhors
one of his own blood, especially if that one may
shortly die. What is more, there is only one room
in the house, except perhaps the duba which, being very
small and dark, is fit only for storing the family's belong-
ings.

At night, too, before the family goes to sleep, Adoy bars
the door and all the windows as a precaution against robbers
and to protect the sick and the rest of the family from "bad
winds" and the ari masingan, the invisible, which means
ghosts! They use no mosquito-nets, these people, and
when it is cold, Adoy simply covers his whole self with a
manta blanket, while the children squeeze themselves into
clean rice sacks which they call gongoti.

If Adoy has no camarin, either because he has not yet
built one or because the one he did build was blown down in
the last storm, he stores his tobacco crop in the house.
In that case, for lack of space, Adoy and Aneng sleep in the
aisles, while the children spend the night on top of the
mandala (piles of tobacco), where it is warm.

As to be expected, to cure whatever ailment he may have,
Adoy seldom uses drugs. He does not believe very much
in medicines, if he knows of them; and there being prac-
tically no drugstores anywhere except in the port of Aparri
and in the capital of each province in the valley,
drugs are hard to get and much too expensive for him.
In some places, for one tablet of cafiaspirina which he may
get from some local physician or from one illegally selling it,
he may pay from thirty to fifty centavos; and should he
need a bottle of purgative, he may have to part with his
pig or his goat to obtain it. He does not complain, because
he does not know that such prices are exhorbitant.

Like the other provinces, each province of the Cagayan
Valley is divided into sanitary divisions, each division
comprising two or three municipalities, under a physician
as chairman, and with a nurse, and a sanitary inspector
for each town. But the health office is usually very in-
adequately equipped and supplied and it is of very little
help to Adoy, especially as the physician in charge does not
render free service even to the poor. If it were only a
wound or some skin disease that is troubling Adoy, and he
went to the office of the doctor in the municipio he might
be treated gratis. But even in this case, being a mere
farmer— provincial and municipal officials very often forget
that even a farmer is a tax-payer— he may have to wait for
hours before he is attended to, and may even have to come
back the following day and the next because the nurse is
not in town, the sanitary inspector has not yet arrived or
can not attend to the case, or the physician is on inspection
or out somewhere attending to a rich patient who is paying
him for his services.

Perhaps not even resentful— because he does not know

(Continued on page 456)

451

The Woman Characters in Rizal's Novels

By Pura Santillan-Castrence

RIZAL must have had in mind a real Dona
Victorina de De Espadana when writing his
novel "The Social Cancer." The mouth-
ful of names that represented the person of this
worthy lady, — -her full name and title was Doctora
Dona Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadana— already
suggests something of her appearance and character.
No longer young and attractive at the time of the story,
she still had pretensions to beauty which she strutted in the
most ridiculous fashion. Almost illiterate and never at
any time too intelligent, she, nevertheless, believed herself
to be superior to those around her by reason of her Spanish
blood which made her in her estimation "more Spanish
than Agustina de Saragossa." * She must have been beauti-
ful in her youth, for she was said to have "looked in
disdain on her many Filipino admirers,"1 but her beauty
must have been lost on the dashing Spaniards for whom she
preened herself so hopefully, otherwise why should
she have consoled herself with the poor hulk of a man that
was Don Tiburcio, a castaway from Extremadura, 2 with
the adage, "Mas vale tarde que nunca" ("Better
late than never")?

Rizal colorfully described this ill-mated couple by
referring to Don Tiburcio as a modern Ulysses wandering
about the world wearily for years and finding at last on
the island of Luzon the hospitality of a withered Calypso
to tempt him out of his celibacy. On the part of Dona
Victorina, Don Tiburcio might not exactly be the answer
to her maidenly prayers and dreams, but

"having passed her first, second, third, and fourth youth in casting her
nets in the sea of the world for the object of her vigils, she had been
compelled at last to content herself with what fate was willing to ap-
portion her,"3

Fate handed her Don Tiburcio Espadana, who successfully
passed himself off as a doctor of medicine because the medical
officials in Manila were Spaniards and agreed to wink at his
lack of medical training; and Dona Victorina, who knew
that those who come late only get bones, was satisfied.
As the saying goes, "Dios los cria y ellos se jjuntan"
(God creates them and they join one another); these two
creatures, saw in each other's eyes a patch of blue sky and
salvation, and so came together. What if she would have
preferred perhaps a Spaniard

"who was less lame, less stuttering, less bald, less toothless, who slobber-
ed less when he talked, and who had more 'spirit' and 'quality' as she
used to say?"4

Don Tiburcio, on the other hand, might have found it
hard to suppress the wish that his bride were not quite
so passee.

"Her abundant hair had been reduced to a knot about the size of an
onion, according to her maid, while her face was furrowed with wrinkles
and her teeth were falling loose. Her eyes, too, had suffered consider-
ably, so that she squinted frequently in looking any distance."5

452

It was love at first sight, it seemed, — or if
not love, surely that simpatia that passes un-
derstanding. "At the end of a half-hour's con-
versation they understood and accepted each
other."6

Dona Victorina might have been all broken up
physically, but her disposition had remained intact.
Her pretentions and her domineering attitude were
qualities which, if not attractive and estimable, told
nonetheless of a strong will and a forceful character.
She bullied Don Tiburcio into putting a de be-
fore his name "since the de cost nothing and gave
'quality' to the name."7 She nagged him into

having his name engraved on a slab of black marble "Dr.
De Espadana, specialist in all kinds of diseases";
she succeeded completely, and without much resistance on
his part, to convert him into a faithful, docile lap-
dog."

"If she was displeased with him she would not let him go out, and when
she was really angry she tore out his false teeth, thus leaving him a
horrible sight for several days."8

In a brighter mood, however, she would call in the best
tailors to attend to his clothing, ordered the best carriages,
bought for him the best ponies and made life soft and easy
for him. Having known hunger, Don Tiburcio wisely
answered the friends who would chide him for his doubtful
choice: "Give me bread and call me a fool.,,9

Our youthful author must have had the time of his life
portraying his Dona Victorina. He must even have liked
her in a way. Else why did he paint her so colorfully, so
lifelike, that it is hard to refrain from quoting line after
line of his vivid characterization of her? Dona Victorina
and her eternal puff and rice-powder, her laces and her
ribbons, Dona Victorina with her false frizzes and unspeak-
able gowns "which disturbed the peace of all the quiet
neighborhood;"10 Dona Victorina and her whimsical
idea that she was about to become a mother, — and Capitan
Tiago buying a peso's worth of thanksgiving-prayer every
time he recalled that in his youth he had made love to her
in vain; Dona Victorina and her atrocious Spanish; Dona
Victorina and her superciliousness, her faultfinding ig-
norance— -"her verbosity in criticizing the customs of the
provincials, their nipa houses, their bamboo bridges, without
forgetting to mention to the curate her intimacy with this
and that high official and other persons of 'quality' who were
very fond of her."11 — -Rizal dwelt on those pictures of
Dona Victorina almost longingly, as a person might who is
talking of the village "queer man" whom he does not partic-
ularly respect but for whom he has a certain fond-
ness.

He laughed at her for her desire that amounted to an
obsession to be classed as "quality", in a manner that was
almost indulgent, and he chuckled, as if with a good-
natured shake of the head, over the crazy mannerisms of the
ridiculous, fussy old woman who pirouetted around as she
boasted quite untruthfully: "My husband only attends

persons of quality, and yet, and yet-! He's not like
those here. In Madrid he only visited persons of quality." 12
The incident of her quarrel with Dona Consolacion, "
her insistent appeal to her cousin's honor to avenge the
insult received by the De Espadarias from Dofia Consola-
cion's husband, her hardly legible letter enjoining him to
act immediately, since their standing as quality folk was at
stake,— all these sketches are characterized by a true-to-
life-ness which suggest a real flesh -and-blood person for
their model. What if Dofia Victoria's ideas and actions
were all foolish, absurd, sometimes melodramatic? Would
not a person of her physical and moral make-up reveal in
speech and deeds just such qualities of foolishness, absurd-
ity, and a taste for melodrama?

Let us follow her unfortunate marriage career— through
Rizal's second book.14 Here we find her again, not,
perhaps in all her old glory, but with enough of her old
self-esteem and aplomb left for us to recognize the incom-
parable Dofia Victorina of ealier days, though she is without
her meek shadow, Don Tiburcio. We watch her in the
steamer Tabo as she hurls invectives and maledictions
-against the cascos, bankas, rafts of coconuts, the Indians
paddling about, and even the washerwomen and mothers,
who fretted with their mirth and chatter."15 She is in
apparent bad humor. The boat is not going fast enough for
her and she feels that the captain should do something.
What if she loses track again of Don Tiburcio, who has run
away from her and has been eluding her search for him for
so long? She is ready to forgive him the whack, with which,
one luckless day, he surprised her-the patient worm had
turned after years of being ground under heel— she is even
ready to add newly dyed frizzes to her hair to seduce him
back to her. When Aphrodite was weeping for Adonis,18
her heart could not have been heavier than Dofia Victo-
ria's as she weeps and longs for her Don Tiburcio. Yet
hers is not the role of the patient Griselda who waited and
bore her troubles meekly— when one is five and forty and
has the fire of Dofia Victorina one does not sit and bide
one's time, waiting for things to happen-one makes
them happen. Hence Dona Victorina's trip and her nervous
impatience.

Rizal shows once more his master's skill in the picture
of the ludicrous woman, all frizzes and wrinkles, trying so

hard to "Europeanize" herself and succeeding only in so
transforming her appearance "that at the present time
Quatrefages17 and Virchow18 together could not have
told where to classify her among the known races;" lf
in the portrayal of this same ridiculous figure, frowsy and
bespectacled, chasing her wayward husband. Nowhere in
all these pictures is there a note of pathos or commiseration,
for Dofia Victorina, even in agony, could never present a
pathetic figure. But when, later in the story we see her
"having designs" on the young Juanito, whom she conceived
of as a worthy successor of Don Tiburcio, we begin to
wonder if, again, Rizal might not have overdrawn the picture.
The first pictures of Dona Victorina were only funny, this
last is decidedly disgusting. "Thus that night he acquired
in Dofia Victorina's eyes the reputation of being brave and
punctilious, so she decided in her heart that she would marry
him just as soon as Don Tiburcio was out of the way."
She had weighed the qualities of the two men and Juanito's
youth and dash tipped the scales in his favor. Then, too,
"Juanito knew French and De Espadafia didn't."20 So
she made up her mind to set her cap for him; she began
to flatter him, and make much of him, she put on her old
flirtatious airs that made her not even pitiful, for one can
not pity while one loathes. As was to be expected, Juanito
was blissfully unconscious of her attentions— and inten-
tions—so wrapped up was he with his ardent wooing of
Paulita, Dofia Victorina's niece. Dona Victorina finally
gave up the siege to his heart, no doubt in bewildered grief,
for, conceited creature that she was, she could not understand
how any man could fail to see her charms. There was no
recourse but to continue the search for Don Tiburcio, her
faithless, ungrateful, unappreciative husband. Rizal brings
down the curtain on this Filipino Gabriel and Evangeline21
with Gabriel still fleeing instead of seeking his beloved
better half. Evangeline, true to her prototype, however,
continues to search far and wide, indefatigably, unceasingly.
The last picture of Don Tiburcio is far from being a gallant
one. We see him quaking in his hiding-place, mortally
afraid of the shrew he had married, murmuring fearfully:
"T-that Victorina, s-she is c-capable of having me s-shot!"22
Rizal must have enjoyed doing his Dofia Victorina;
she was, to say the least, a most interesting and stimulating
character.

(I) Charles B. Derbyshire's Social Cancer, translation of Noli Me Tangere,
Philippine Education Co., Manila, 1931, p. 326. Translator's note: "The M«d
of Saragossa," noted for her heroic exploits during the siege of that city by the French
in 1808-'09.

( 2) Op. cit. Cf. footnote (1), P- 327.

( 3) Op. cit. p. 327.

( 4) Op- cit., p. 329.

( 5) Ibid.

( 6) Ibid.

( 7) Op. cit., p. 332.

( 8) Op. cit., p. 333.

( 9) Op. cit., p. 331.

(10) Ibid.

(II) Op. cit., pp. 334-335.

(12) Op. cit., p. 336.

(13) Cf. Philippine Magazine, June 1937, p. 310.

(14) Charles B. Derbyshire's The Reign of Greed, translation of El Filibua-
terismo, Philippine Education Co., Manila, P. I., 1931.

(15) Op. cit., p. 3.

(16) Aphrodite, the Greek counterpart of the Roman Venus, loved Adonis
and shared him unwillingly with Persephone.

(17) Jean Louis Quatrefages de Breau (1810-1892), a great French anthropo-

logist.

(18) Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902), German physician and anthropologist-
These names (Cf. footnote 17 also) show, if nothing else, Rizal's erudition.

(19) Charles B. Derbyshire's The Reign of Greed, p. 5.

(20) Op. cit. p. 218.

(21) Henry Wordsworth Longfellow (1507-1882), a well-beloved American
poet, wrote lyric and epic poetry. He dwelt frequently on the tender and pathetic
sides and incidents of life, as in his Evangeline In this pseudo-historical poem, two
lovers were separated by the political vicissitudes of the times and made a life-loiig
search for each other.

(22) Charles B. Derbyshire's The Reign of Greed, p. 352.

453

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

THINGS seem to be in a rather bad shape
for the poor rich. What with Presi-
dent Quezon's admonition to Sugar
Barons: "The government demands that this
prosperity be shared with the working men",
and his criticism of judges Mapa and Padilla,
everybody seems to be against the poor em-
ployers. Even Mr. Ramon Torres, the Secretary for Ca-
pital, has joined this cry for "social justice" by protest-
ing against the Court of Appeals ruling in the case of
Cuevo vs. Barredo and exhorting the Public Defenders
to do what the Japanese Generals would call "unthink-
able", viz. to defend the public. The situation is not
however entirely hopeless. We understand that the em-
ployers have sent an S.O.S. to Francisco Varona, the
well known sugar planter from Tondo and Hawaii.

"common civilization" of Franco, Musso-
lini, and the Moors. Our own valiant
General Cailles, the lord of Laguna, orders
the municipal police to suppress jueteng
within ten days. And he had been shouting
that there was never any jueteng in Laguna
and that it was eradicated by him. And
Fuehrer Quirino after handing down what a newspaper
called a "crushing decision", ruling Hizzner Posadas'
appointment of special police illegal, now agrees with
President Quezon in sustaining the sun helmet.

Who said that the age of miracles is past? According
to latest reports Sr. Mussolini is considering to agree to
recall Italian "volunteers" from Spain but not until Gen-
eral Franco has won the war. According to his own pre-
vious statements these volunteers were never in Spain
and yet did splendid work at Santander in defense of the

"Mr. Tapales will conduct Madame Butterfly with a
symphony orchestra composed of eighty members. This
is the first time that the Verdi opera is to be given here
with a symphony orchestra participating."

Society page of a morning daily.

Obviously this Verdi's Madame Butterfly must be one
of his unwritten works.

"Unson Boosted for the N.P.E. Post."
At last classical studies are coming into their own in
the Philippines.

In no time at all this

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for hours and hours, to make a soup that rivals good home
cooking.

Incidentally, being condensed, Campbell's Vegetable
Soup is most reasonable in price. Add it to your grocery
list now!

454

October, 1937 PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

455

PHILIPPINE

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456

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

"I am not a baby who threatens to cry in case it is not
given a piece of cake.,,

Mayor Posadas as quoted in a daily paper.
We all know the proverb "In onion there is strength."

We quote the following from the "vigorous protest' '
both "as to form and substance" made by the Lawyer's
League of the Philippines against President Quezon's
press statement in connection with the Cuevo vs. Barredo
case.

"Whereas the ideas expressed by President Quezon in
relation to the case in question give the impression that in
a litigation between the poor and the rich, the poor should
be favored by the mere fact of being such and the rich be
condemned by the mere fact of being rich, which should
not be the case . . . . "

This is, we suppose, what the lawyers would call the legal
as against the factual interpretation of President Quezon's
statement. In other words, this is where law and facts
do not agree.

"The nations as a whole are like a big family with a
strong nation as its head. When a member of his family
misbehaves the head of the family naturally punishes him."
says Mr. Hidejiro Nagata, ex-president of the Japanese
Educational Association as reported in a daily paper.
These Japanese scholars are certainly full of humor.

Cagayan Peasant Health Measures

(Continued from page 451)

he has as much right as anyone to demand the attention
of the health officers — Adoy returns to his barrio far away
to resort to his own household remedies, or to wait until
he dreams that this herb or that ceremony has cured his
ailment, believing as he does that provided it is not re-
vealed to anybody before it is applied, the most effective
remedy is that which is suggested to one in a dream, whether
the disease is tuberculosis or typhoid fever.

Like other tillers of the soil, Adoy's most common skin
disease is alifunga, which develops mostly in between his
toes. To cure this he uses nothing but petroleum. For
boils and similar swellings he uses ground oregano (thick
very green leaves which have a very cooling effect), and
ties a thread of black cloth or a string between the ailment
and the rest of the body to prevent the infection from spread-
ing! In case of dhobie itch, he washes the affected portion
with boiled malvas or macabuhay, or simply makes his
dog lick the sore place, thinking that the animal's saliva
is medicinal. However, if it is one of his little children
that suffers from the itch or any other skin disease, he needs
not do all this. All his neighbors who see the child say
"maqui-salauini-t" or " maqui-apafu" , and the next
day Adoy or Aneng bring the child to its godmother for a
pair of trousers and maybe a few coins. That is the cure!

In the Tagalog provinces the bark of the duhat or
lomboy tree is the most common remedy for dysentery.
In the Cagayan Valley it is very young guava fruit. If

The Aristocrat of the Orient

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We MANILA HOTEL

Cable Address:
"MANHOCO"

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

457

The PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE has been required
for use in the senior classes in the high schools
as a supplementary class reader for several years
and is also recommended by the Director of Education
for use in the first and second year classes. The
Atlantic Monthly is similarly utilized in many
schools in the United States.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION

Manila, June 20, 1936.

ACADEMIC BULLETIN

USE OF PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE BY FIRST YEAR AND SECOND
YEAR STUDENTS

To Division Superintendents:

1 More extensive use of the Philippine Magazine than is required for Fourth
Year classes in English is herewith recommended. When available copies are = not
being used by Fourth Year classes, for example, they can well be utilized by First
Year and Second Year students. It is therefore suggested that First Year and
Second Year students be urged to read, as supplementary material in connection
with Philippine Prose and Poetry, Volumes One and Two, both current issues and
available copies of previous issues of the Philippine Magazine. Care should be
taken however, to prevent the reading of current issues by First Year and Second
Year students from interfering with their use by Fourth Year classes.

2 One of the objectives in studying Philippine Prose and Poetry, it may be
noted, is to foster the desire to read worth-while selections published in local perio-

dicalS* LUTHER B. BEWLEY,

Director of Education.

-046
Reference:

Circular: No. 21, s. 1935.
Allotment: 1-3— (C. 7-36).
To be indicated in the Perpetual Index under the following subjects:

Course of Study, ENGLISH.

Course of Study, LITERATURE.

MAGAZINE.

Special classroom Rates are quoted to high
school principals or instructors in English
on six or more copies a month mailed to one
address, paid in advance and ordered direct
from the publisher.

One year. . PI. 80 for each subscription
Six months .90 for each subscription

Four months .65 for each subscription
Three months .50 for each subscription

The above quotations are available also to
all private schools having corresponding
classes in English

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

217 DASMARINAS, MANILA
P. O. BOX 2466

458

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

eating a considerable quantity of this fruit, or the appli-
cation of vinegar all over the body and talimungay leaves
to the forehead in case of typhoid, malaria, or any kind of
fever, fails to bring relief, Adoy summons the zninangilu-t.
The minangilu-t or zninannannad is an old man always
well known in the barrio for his success in curing and
perhaps his ability to contact, or appeal to, the spirits.

The minangilu-t has two ways of diagnosing his patient:
nannad, and assub. In the first case, moistening his
palms with heated coconut oil mixed with lemon juice,
he simply massages the sick and imagines that tu naponna
ira (dead relatives of the patient) "need something",
and that means a general prayer must be held with all the
neighbors partaking of whatever the family of the sick can
offer. Otherwise, a mass is prescribed in honor of the dead —
for one such mass the Padre charges from Pi. 50 to P3.00 —
and when the day of the mass arrives the sick, who may by
now be so ill he can not speak coherently anymore, is carried
to town in a hammock to hear the mass and receive Holy
Communion.

To perform the assub, the minangilu-t needs several odd
things, including a quantity of charcoal, a few chicken
feathers, a little bendita (coconut frond or leaf blessed
during the mass on Domingo de Ramos), some salt, and a
piece of piedra lumbre (alum). Spreading the glowing
charcoal in a container, the minangilu-t puts the other
things on the embers one after the other. As they burn,
the container is placed under the body of Adoy, who, if he
is too weak to stand, is held in the arms of two of his neigh-

bors, so that the smoke may spread all over him. After
a few moments, during which the minangilu-t says a sort
of a prayer, the piedra lumbre, which changes its form as
it burns, is removed and from the shape it has assumed the
minangilu-t determines the cause of the ailment. If the
piedra lumbre bears a hole in it, that means that a "bad
wind" had hit the patient. If it assumes a shape resembling
a tree, an animal, or any weird object, the sick is natapal,
in which case, an offering is made to the evil spirits, in the
form of buyo, cigars, maybe a piece of kundiman (red
cloth), a hen, rice, etc., placed at a chosen hour on a
given day under a big tree designated by the minangilu-t
as the abode of the spirits that brought down the ailment
upon the farmer.

In times of epidemic, — whereas the people in the pobla-
cion take such precautions as boiling their drinking water,
cooking their food well, and receive injections or vaccina-
tions from the health officers, usually unassisted (What
indeed can one doctor, one nurse, and one inspector do for
twelve thousand people?) unless the ravages of the epidemic
becomes alarming enough to compel the attention of the
national authorities, — Adoy is generally left at the mercy
of Death. But he will not sit down and just look at his
children die. In the evening he takes his lantern and joins
his Ilocano neighbors when they go to town to take the
image of San Roque on a nightly procession to their barrio,
singing an ominous song on their long way and deep into
the night, asking the saint to spare their children from the
curse.

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October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

459

This fine bridge in Mindanao was built
in 1934 with Apo Cement. For more than
ten years in all administration-built public
works of this nature, Apo Cement has been
used as "Best by Test".

Cebu Portland Cement Company

Plant
Naga, Cebu

Central Office
MANILA

Branch Office
Cebu, Cebu

460

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

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National Marine School

(Continued from page 450)

study during their of! hours to prepare for examinations
for licenses before the steamship inspectors. This avenue
of opportunity should always be left open to the hard-
working, studious sailor who can not afford to go to a
nautical school or who has failed to be appointed to one.

The United States Navy has its Academy at Annapolis,
and the Coast Guard one at New London, Connecticut.
The Lighthouse service gets its officers through the Civil
Service, as does also the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

However, the system followed by the United States, and
by some other countries with large navies, would be an
expensive one, with much duplication, for the Philippines.

One reads that considerable sums are to be spent for the
acquisition of more ships for our merchant marine, and for
vessels in the various government services. If millions
are to be spent on ships, why not spend a few thousands
on officers!

BINNEY & SMITH CO.

Dept. 2, 41 East 42nd St., New York City

Return to Old Haunts

(Continued from page 449)

five of them — and I had hard work getting to sleep in the
moonlight.

At daybreak one of my boys returned alone, reporting
that the other schoolboy had suddenly fallen ill during the
night, preventing their return to the school as ordered by
their teacher. If the cause of this boy's illness was anything
like her I had seen with his companion at 1:00 A.M., I
can not blame either of them. I've had the same complaint
myself more than once. It's most compelling.

It doubtless seems strange that being in a settlement,
I should make a solitary camp nearby instead of using one
of the houses. I prefer to sleep out of doors anywhere,
but in this particular instance there were additional reas-
ons for my choice. The recent flood had damaged many
houses, so those left intact were overfull. The only one
I went into had four fireplaces, indicating that it was
sheltering at least four families and doubtless some single
people. I counted eight snarling curs half of which had
to be tied up during my visit. The house was in a filthy
condition and I heard one old woman remark that it was
not fit for me to sleep in. Furthermore I had got the scent
of one gentleman, who looked as if he might be my host,
which was so powerful even I could have given him a fair
start in the jungle and followed him with ease. I have
slept in many Ilongot houses which were clean, as also
were the Ilongot occupants. The river people are clean as
a rule, but like other primitive peoples deteriorate in many
ways when near Christian settlements. They don clothes
and, having no soap, become objects of distaste to one's
olfactory nerves. When I was here before, being alone,
the wives of the headmen always looked after the house

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

461

That home and garden which
you always dreamed of —

San Juan Heights

is the best place for it.

SAN JUAN HEIGHTS CO., INC.

680 Ave. Rizal

P. O. Box 961
MANILA

Tel. 21501

462

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

RELIABILITY

The Manila Railroad has again,
as in the past, proven it can be relied
upon to reopen service after a de-
vastating flood.

Men worked night and day to
repair bridges and the tracks, and
fill big gaps caused by ravaging
waters.

These men did not even wait for
the flood to completely subside.
Special means were devised to per-
mit repairing damaged sections of
the road, while the waters were
still high and running fast.

RELIABILITY AND RAILROAD
SERVICE ARE ONE

BUY ROUND TRIP TICKETS

PATRONIZE BUSES OF
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Luzon Bus Line

For
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inquire
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Traffic

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Tel 4-98-61

Information,

Local 42

R. £. BERNABE
Chief Clerk

LEON M. LAZAGA
Traffic Manager

521-523
Dasmarinas

CANDIDO SORIANO
City Agent

Manila Railroad Company

943 Azcarraga

Manila

turned over to me for the time being and it was kept
clean — like their own. I have always had an affectionate
remembrance for two of these ca pi tanas, especially for
the way they, "savages", cared for me: Kintagad of
Dumabatu — killed by Dumagats twenty years ago, and,
I can not recall her name, a woman of Panippagan, also
dead.

The present condition of the people and houses at Pongo
was a shock! If such condition is a necessary stage to the
less than semi-civilization of the nearby Christian settle-
ments, it were better to segregate the Ilongots and allow
them to follow their own mode of life. If there is a real
desire to improve these people — and they are well worth it,
especially the women — suitable teachers should be sent
into the interior who by precept and example will show them
the advantages of real civilization. For the right kind of
teacher, the protection of soldiers is neither necessary nor
desirable. The schools should not unfit the pupils for the
life they are accustomed to, but give them something be-
sides this. One great advantage the so-called savage has
over the so-called Christian is in food. The "wild man"
eats a fairly well balanced diet, often a little long on the
nitrogenous component; the average Christian is in luck
to get even a bellyful of rice and bagoong. Take away
from the wild man his ability to hunt and fish, and he is on
a par with the Christian as regards food. The neighbor-
hood of Pugo and Dakgan would be my choice of location
for a school on the Cagayan river. Three heads were
taken in this neighborhood during my trip up the
river.

The two officials reported about 8:00 o'clock that morn-
ing, packed my belongings, and, helping themselves liberal-
ly to tobacco, took up a comfortable position in the shade.
Thinking we were just waiting for the rice, I said nothing,
but as it had not arrived by 9:30, I asked about it and was
told it had been sent for. The men then moved my things
to the river bank where the rafts were tied. I sensed that
something was on their minds, but it is unprofitable to ask
wild people direct questions and so I only remarked it was
getting near dinner time. This evidently struck the right
chord for after a conference, one left and upon his return
told me the rice was on the way. The women delivered it
about 11:00 o'clock. They were accompanied by a fair
sample of the most useless and conceited male in the world —
the young buentao or unmarried Ilongot man. I paid
each woman fifteen centavos and then the buentao got
excited, demanding his pay. Asked for what, he replied
for carrying the rice. As his skin was bone-dry and the
women's bodies running sweat, it was not hard to tell who
had done the carrying even without the amused smiles
of the women. Fearing the buentao might take a fit
in his anger, I gave him a large old five-centavo piece.
Then he wanted two pieces of money as the women had
received, but a bystander telling him his piece was a peseta,
he became all smiles and sticking out his chest, swaggered
away. While I was explaining to the women the value of
their money, the two officials backed by the presence of a
crowd got their nerve up to break the news. Each made
quite a speech, the gist of both being that instead of tak-
ing me up-river they were returning me to Dipintin;
that some other time when everything was propitious
they would come for and take me wherever I wished
to go.

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

463

I was up against it, but as they had been so polite, I
tried to go them one better. I told them my under-
standing was that they were Government officials under
salary (one of the boys had told me his uncle got a
salary from Bayombong); that they had received an order
to take or send me up river and had promised to do so;
that I had no intention of going to Dipintin but should
remain as their guest until we started on my proposed trip,
and that during this visit I should not only require service
but plenty of fish, game and vegetables for which there
would be no pay; that it would be advisable to start soon
so as to avoid unpleasantness with the Government, for,
if I complained, not only would their positions and salaries
be in jeopardy, but soldiers might come up to investigate.
We had all been sitting down but when the possible
loss of salary was mentioned the policeman became un-
easy and stood up and when the coming of soldiers was
suggested he became electrified shouting, "He says 'sondalo'
will come if we don't take him up river. We leave at once.
My son will go with us". The place hummed with excite-
ment. Some of the old people sitting around looked at
each other and smiled, then looked my way as much as to
say the bluff worked, but I managed to keep a straight
face. When the rafts were loaded I told the men to eat
and with full stomachs they recovered their spirits some-
what. They proposed taking the rafts with my things
to a sandy beach just above the nearby and difficult rapids—
into which the flood had converted a fifteen- or twenty-
foot waterfall over which I was taken in a raft in 1909,—
camp there overnight and continue the trip next day. It
was after 2:00 o'clock, I was hungry and it would take an
hour to get the rafts over the rapids, so I agreed and told
them they could sleep at home.

After they had arranged the camp the headman went
home and then the policeman brought out and showed me
his appointment as policeman at a salary of P12.00 per
annum. He was quite proud of it and of having made a
trip to Bayombong to collect his pay. Of course, I con-
gratulated him and as a slight return compliment, just as
he was leaving, he pointed to what looked like a log some
fifty years out in the river, saying there were many larger
crocodiles in the deep stretch of water and it might be
well to keep several large fires going so as to avoid visits
from them. I did as suggested and spent as much time
tending fires as I did sleeping that night.

The three men were on hand early in the morning and
we got along splendidly until they became "ill" from the
unaccustomed labor of packing my outfit.

The flood seems to have scoured the river to bed rock.
Where formerly at this season there was a succession of
shallow rapids not hard to get up with a raft, there is
now one continuous rapid miles long, so rough that
sitting on a seat twelve inches above the raft, one
gets wet to the neck when going down stream. Going
up-stream, I walked. Some three and a half kilometers
above Pongo there used to be a densely wooded
island one kilometer long by about one-half wide in the
middle and tapering toward the ends. There is nothing
left of this, and opposite where it was the left bank
of the river is shorn off into a wall ten to twenty feet high.
This island used to be the retreat of wild carabao during
the heat of the day, and an old Ilongot named Uliong
would take his dogs in and drive the carabao out for me.

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464

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

Getting near what in past years was my favorite camp-
ing place in the shade of three enormous molave trees on
a wide sandy beach fronting deep, quiet water, called
Aninuan (looking-glass), I took a short-cut across a grassy
plain where the steep bank was negotiable. Getting into
difficulty with talahib grass and missing the negotiable
point on the bank when I tried to get back, it took an hour's
exhausting work instead of a few minutes to get to Aninuan.
There the trees, the sandy beach and a lagoon-like stretch
of water, had disappeared and been replaced by boulders
and rapids. Wild carabao used to come there to drink and
bathe every night and if venison was wanted all one had to do
was to take a five-minute walk to a little knoll, overlooking
a draw in the parang (open grass country), and wait
for a deer to come out to graze about sunset. Crocodiles,

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however, were too friendly. Whenever we had meat hung
up near where we — my little Ilongot boy and I— slept,
next morning there would be the footprints of several
visitors. They were not after us but the meat, and any-
way the fire we kept going made it quite safe.

I did not tell the Ilongot that I had been in their coun-
try before, for I wanted to see if any of the older ones would
recognize me or I them. My knowledge of the country
they attributed to my having flown over it and to the
map I carried, but how I came to know the names of so
many of their old people and of their dead was a puzzle.

From Aninuan we went into the Sinabagan river which
I found as much changed as the Cagayan. I remembered
it as a good-sized stream we used to walk up when visiting
Dikni in the dry season. It is now a deep river having
had everything movable washed out by the flood so that
it was navigable by the rafts up to the settlement.

From there to within a short distance of Mount Anacuao,
I prospected. I had intended going farther but all three
cargadors became "ill", and although they were quite nice
about it I did not urge them to continue. The wild man
can be forced to a certain point, after which he either fights
or leaves one, the latter being the more inconvenient as I
know from experience. I had the pleasure of congratulating
the cargadors upon their sudden recovery just as soon as we
started to retrace our steps.

The people of Dikni visited us frequently, attracted to a
certain extent by our winning ways, I should like to say,
but fear it was only by the rice the cargadors fed them and
the crackers I dealt out to the children. I did not grudge
them anything they got, for in 1910 I destroyed the settle-
ment to the very last camote plant and in self-defense had
to kill one man, all of which I now know was more my fault
that theirs, due to my ignorance of local customs. I be-
lieve that ninety-nine percent of the killings by others have
been as unnecessary and as mistaken as mine was.

There being nothing doing in the prospecting line and the
rice getting low, we returned to old Cadidiangan, spent the
night there, and next day returned to Dipintin. Arrived
at the school, I paid off at the rate of fifty centavos a day
per man. They had hoped for a peso rate, but finding it
only a salapj said nothing — just wilted. Had I paid off
up-river, the reaction would doubtless have been different.
As a matter of fact, each man was overpaid. Had I been
able to secure women they would have earned the money.
I found the two officials and the son of one of them excellent
raftsmen and fishermen, but for my purpose, carrying a
load, they were a total loss. The owner of the nombra-
miento, awarding him an annual salary of Pi 2. 00, is in
so far as I could judge from our brief acquaintance, quite
handsomely paid.

I can not blame the Ilongots for their deficiencies.
Constabulary patrols and punitive expeditions do not
civilize. The Ilongots need friendly contact with someone
interested in them.

Had I not mentioned the possible loss of the income and
the investigation by "sondalo", it is highly probable that I
should still be doing the Micawber act where the school-
boys left me.

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

465

Bukidnon Ascension

(Continued from page 446)

had misbehaved. He jumped out of the ship after her and
caught her, saving her from the voracious giants, but as he
could not find immediate shelter for her, he got the basin
that had been used in serving the flesh of Makadingding,
the giant pig, and put it over her. The basin has become
a big mountain and is called Palaopao, and there she lies
to this day awaiting the next opening of heaven.

Baybayan jumped up again into the sky and was able
to catch up with the Salimbal. Looking down to earth he
saw his granary and was reminded that it was full of rice.
It made him sorry that the fruit of so much labor should go
to waste, and so he took a pair of saliyao, the tiny bells on
the ship, and dropped them, and down they fell to earth,
ringing. They became may as , one male, the other female,
the little birds that feed in the ricefields. That is why the
mayas have a song that sounds like the ringing of little
bells and why they claim every ricefield as their own.

As Baybayan turned his eyes to another corner of the
earth, he saw Alisngaran and his sweetheart attacked by
the man-eating giants. He called to them,^ shouting,
"Alisngaran! Alisngaran! Flee for your lives!"

Their voices came faintly up to him : "You go to heaven,
but we will die together.' '

Baybayan's heart ached. How could he bear to see one
of his favorite followers left behind? He called again in
a louder voice: "Alisngaran! Alisngaran! You two must
also live in Paradise forever!"

Alisngaran was battling valiantly with the giants.
With a quick and mighty blow he cut off the head of one
of the monsters that beset him, but instantly the head
returned to the huge body. He knew he could never
defeat them. He glanced at his betrothed beside him. She
was pale, but of weariness and not of fright. She grasped
his hand and for a moment both looked up. The Salimbal
was sailing high above the clouds. They looked at each
other and new vigor came to Alisngaran. He lifted the
girl to his shoulder and, before any of the giants could lay
hold of him, he leaped upward after the heavenly ship.
But the weight of the big sword that had brought him fame
and power, held him back. He broke off the tip of the
weapon and let his sweetheart swallow it. Then he dropped
the sword to earth. To his surprise, he now soared so
swiftly upward that he passed the Salimbal and found him-
self standing at the portal of heaven.

The Salimbal was nearing heaven also and the people
on board felt the heavenly breeze. What will heaven be
like? they thought. There will be a nourishing air, they
believed, with the sun shining as at eventide, but never
setting.

On his seat in the Seventh Heaven, the Great God

Magbabaya declared :

"Human flesh is of the earth and no human heart is
sanctified. Every earthly being must be glorified if he is to
dwell among us. And things of the earth are earthly.
They must be left behind. Nothing of earth can be brought
into heaven."

And so the people on the Salimbal who had left all their
earthly belongings behind, were on the instant glorified.

There had been many of the diwatas or heavenly beings
who had wanted to be the porter at the gate of heaven.

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466

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

But Magbabaya had appointed Malagonot, keeper of the
Salimbal, who was unmarried. Malagonot searched every-
one from the ship. He opened their hands, turned them
around, looked into their ears, into their mouths, under their
tongues, and into their eyes. One young woman, whom he
thought far more beautiful than all the others, he let pass
with only a cursory inspection.

The new-comers were given place in heaven and Baybayan
was made king over his people there to rule for all eternity.
The unmarried men of heaven flocked to his domain, for
they found the women who had come from earth more
beautiful than their own. The ladies of heaven had silky,
almost invisible eyebrows, while the women in Baybayan's
kingdom had dark and hairy eyebrows which fascinated
them. Soon all the young earth-born women were taken
to wife by the bachelors of heaven, except only one, the most
beautiful of all. Malagonot, the porter, had fallen in love
with her, but every time he sought to touch her and to
embrace her, blood dripped from his hands. A mysterious
thorn pricked him.

Since the beginning of time, no such thing had ever been
known in heaven. The lady's uncommon trait was traced
to earth. It became evident that the laws of heaven had
been violated. The young woman had been betrothed on
earth and to none other than Alisngaran, now among the
citizens of heaven, who had known that no earthly thing

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was admitted to heaven and that as he could bring no weapon
with which to fight his heavenly rivals, he had broken off
the tip of his sword for the women he desired as wife to
swallow. That was the reason why every time any one
touched her, something would prick him. It was the point
of the sword.

Malagonot, the porter, appealed to the court of heaven
and to its perfect and perpetual laws, which Alisngaran
and his sweetheart had broken. But it was opined that
by virtue of the same laws, once they had passed the portal
of heaven, they were glorified and no longer subject to
prosecution. It was also considered that Malagonot had
been negligent in his search of the woman when she had
appeared at the door of heaven, and was therefore himself
to blame for his affliction. The decision was that by virtue
of precession, Alisngaran might lawfully take the young
woman for wife.

Malagonot was greatly dejected by the decision of the
court of heaven. He took the key to the portal and put it
under his pillow. Then he said: "I will never wake up
until a lady as beautiful as the one I love shall be born on
earth, and only then will any more beings of earth be ad-
mitted to heaven."

He went to sleep and until now he has not awakened.

(1) Editor's Note: — The author states in a letter: "I, too, have been sur-
prised that such people living in the Mindanao interior should embody references to
thejsea and seashore in their songs and folktales, and this gave me the idea that the
Bukidnons have not always lived in this region. According to some of the datus
and old people, in fact, the Bukidnons originally lived in the northern part of Min-
danao, long before the coming of the Spaniards, settling in a place called Bagyang,
present site of Cagayan, Oriental Misamis, and the northern coast of Mindanao is
then, possible, the setting of the Baybayan legend. As Visayan immigrants settled
*n northern Mindanao, the Bukidnons drew back into the interior. The story told
in this issue of the Philippine Magazine is only a fragment of the legend of Bayba-
yan, and there are many more stories concerning the hero Baybayan. The story of

is life in epic form is usually sung at religious ceremonies." The following are notes
by the author, who is himself a Bukidnon.

(2) The name of the mother of Baybayan is not yet known to me although I
tried my best to obtain it from the old story tellers among the people. Some say
that Baybayan was not conceived in his mother's womb, but miraculously sprang
full -formed from her arms.

(3) The Salimbal is sometimes described as a sort of house, walled with kam-
pilans, which was lowered from heaven by the heavenly people.

(4) The Makadingding is sometimes described as a big deer.

(5) It has always been my interest to discover the name of the beautiful
woman who was the betrothed of Alisngaran and who caused all the trouble in heaven,
but I have so far been unsuccessful. This is because the names of some of the charac-
ters are considered too "sacred" to be freely mentioned and are known to only a few
initiates who zealously guard their knowledge. Some names in the Bukidnon
mythology are not mentioned without previous sacrifice of chicken or pig.

(6) The kabuka or small basket about the size of a fist and made of palm leaves,
is often mentioned in Bukidnon folklore, as something in which mothers and elder
sisters hide a beautiful young girl.

(7) Saliyao are small, brass bells, about half a centimeter in diameter.

(8) Bayadao is a poetic form of balarao. The addressing of inanimate ob-
jects— two different types of sword in this case — is an example of the Bukidnon
worship of inanimate objects on occasion.

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

467

Four O'clock

in the Editor's Office

TRANQUILINO Si toy's Bukidnon "ascen-
sion" story shows Christian, Mohammedan,
and perhaps Indian, as well as native elements.
The Jesuits began missionary work in Mindanao
in 1596, the same year they built their first per-
manent church in Manila. They first came to
the Philippines in 1581; the La Compania de
Jesus was confirmed as a religious order in 1540.
(See "The Society of Jesus in the Philippines", the Rev. Henry C.
Avery, S.J., Philippine Magazine, February, 1930.)

According to Dr. H. Otley Beyer's "Population of the Philippine
Islands in 1916", the Bukidnon's numbered (then) 48,500. He de-
scribed their characteristics as follows: "Pagan. Physical type Ma-
layan blend, with a strong admixture of the short Mongol and pure
Indonesian types. The wilder members of the group live in tree houses,
or in houses built on platforms high above the ground. Their clothing
is distinctive and of unique design. They practice dry agriculture
and grow chiefly maize and mountain rice. They also use the fire
piston, and make unique pipes, tools, and implements. . . . They are
energetic workers and are now quite civilized; they are known to have
well developed religious beliefs, and their culture is probably similar

to that of some of the pre-Spanish Bisayan groups " Mr. Sitoy

is himself a Bukidnon. In a letter to me, he states: "I do not know
the exact date of my birth. My father has told me that I am as old as
Dalwangan, the Bukidnon barrio in which I was born. I was born
when that barrio was established. I asked my friends who seemed
to be as old as I was when they were born, and some of them said they
were born in 1915, others in 1916. I found my name [Tranquilino]
listed in the calendar under July 16, so I fixed on July 16, 1915, as the
date of my birth. I acquired my education by the sweat of my brow,
and am also managing to keep three brothers of mine in school. Most
of my help to them, however, consists in telling them to work for their
education as I did. During the school-year of 1933-34 I was offered
a scholarship of Pi 5. 00 a month. It was that year that I seem to have
awakened. I began to be conscious especially of the rhythm and har-
mony of the sounds that forest creatures make at night. I compared
it to the sound of a band playing. I discovered a regular <two four
rhythm. This led me to frequent meditations, and I thought of re-
cording my feelings. Sometimes I put them into rhymes. I graduated
from the Bukidnon Normal School in 1934, and taught school in one
of the barrios of the province that same year. I felt extremely lonely
in this place and found some consolation in talking with the old people
and listening to their tales. One of the most popular tales I heard was
that of a mouse who went around buying songs from the birds. I
learned many interesting stories and legends. Some of them were only
narrated in song. In 1935 I was appointed a teacher-pensionado to the
Philippine Normal School in Manila. In 1936 I went back to Bukid-
non to teach, but this year I was again appointed teacher-pensionado.
I have not forgotten the stories I have heard and I am determined to
retell them in English translation, although I have found this difficult.
I can not express what I want to say. Often I am disappointed at the re-
sult." I might say that Mr. Sitoy 's version of the chain of connected tales
published in this issue of the Philippine Magazine is the result of at
least a year's patient work. He sent me his first manuscript from Min-
danao over a year ago and the manuscript passed back and forth at
least three times for clarification. After I sent it back the last time
with still a few questions, I did not hear from him for many months and
I had about concluded with regret that he was tired of rewriting the
manuscript and had given the whole thing up, when, one day, he walked
into my office in person, the manuscript with him in substantially the
form in which it now appears. Personally, I think it is well worth all
the pains taken.

Mariano D. Manawis contributes another article on the life of the
Cagayan peasant, this time telling principally about his home remedies.
A number of these inimitable articles have already appeared in the
Magazine and will ultimately be published in book form if Mr. Manawis
can find a publisher, which shouldn't be difficult.

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468

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

"Return to Old Haunts" is by Major Wilfred Turnbull, who wrote
frequently for the Magazine some years ago, but has not appeared
in its pages in recent times. He was formerly an officer in the U. S.
Army and later in the Philippine Constabulary, and on a prospecting
expedition some time ago revisited a part of Nueva Vizcaya where he
had been stationed thirty years ago. He did not tell the "wild people"
who he was and they wondered how he knew the names of some of
their old men and were also surprised at his knowledge of the country
and concluded he got all his information from the map he carried.

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Mrs. Pura Santillan-Castrence, in this issue, writes of the Doctora
Dona Victorina de los |Reyes de De Espadafia, the most ludicrous
character in Jose Rizal's novel, "The Social Cancer". Rizal painted a
telling portrait of her type of woman, which portraiture has its point
to this day in Manila society.

Emilio Bello Aller of the Colegio de San Carlos, Cebu, wrote to say
that the article by J. T. Quijano on Cebuano-Visayan Kinship terms in
the August issue contains an error. Under the heading, 'Parent-Child
Group", Mr. Quijano stated that ''an adulterous or incestuous child is
called anak sa gawas (gawas — outside)". This is correct, says Mr.
Aller, but the following statement that the word pinaangkan is used
too, is wrong. "Pinaangkan is the term for a mother who is not a wife.
The right term is pinaanak." All thanks to Mr. Aller.

Readers of the Magazine may be interested to know that the Joint
Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs formally accepted an
editorial in the September issue as my "brief" on the question the Com-
mittee came here to study. Dr. Ben Dorfman wrote me as follows:
"The Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs acknowledges
with thanks the receipt of 16 copies of the September issue of the Phil-
ippine Magazine, pages 391 through 393 of which are to be regarded
as your brief. Copies of the magazine will be distributed to the members
of the Committee for their information and consideration". This
was in reply to my letter which ran as follows: "I have the honor to
submit as a brief on Philippine-American trade relations, the editorial
entitled 'Unanimity and a Difference' on pages 391, 392, and 393 of
the accompanying September issue of the Philippine Magazine. I beg
to state that although I am not authorized to speak for anyone but my-
self, the Philippine Magazine, of which I am the editor and publisher,
is the oldest existing monthly magazine in the Philippines, now in its
34th year, and of general circulation. The entire issue, rather than the
one editorial, is sent you as it will evidence the general nature of the
publication in which the editorial appears." I could not submit the
editorial entitled "Addressed to Both Sides", as "politics" was ruled out
by the Committee, but I submitted the entire issue of the Magazine
in the hope that the Committee members would at least read that also-
Some time later I received a telephone request from the Committee
asking for fifty more copies of the Magazine which I duly sent, free of
charge, of course.

The editor of the Fact Digest, an American monthly publication,
sent me the following letter during the month: "We are reprinting a
condensed version of your article entitled 'The Yami of Botel Tobago'.
At this time we want to thank you for your wonderful cooperation in
permitting us to reprint from your magazine. Several persons from
the Philippine Islands who have subscribed for Fact Digest have
mentioned that fact that they like the idea of reprints being taken from
your magazine. . . ."

The Manila Daily Bulletin subscribes to an American clipping
service, and one of that paper's most interesting features is the daily
reprint of an editorial from some United States newspaper on a Phil-
ippine topic. Mr. Roy C. Bennett, the editor, is so kind as to send me
an occasional clipping he receives of some editorial or article reprinted
from the Philippine Magazine. Among these this month was a clipping
from the Indianapolis Star reprinting the editorial in the May issue,
"History Can Not be Undone", but under a new and better title,
"Philippines are of More Strategic Value than Belgium or Manchuria".
There was also a clipping from the Worcester, Mass. Gazette which was
a condensed version of Mr. Frank Lewis-Minton's article in the March
issue on pipe smoking in the Philippines.

Name..

Address..

Two Philippine Magazine authors achieved special notice recently.
Consorcio Borje received a letter in my care from the well known firm,
Simon and Schuster, Inc., of New York. It read: "Dear Mr. Borje,
We read 'The Beetle' in the current Living Age, with much interest.
Is there any possibility that you are planning a novel, and that we might
see it? I'd be glad to hear from you. ..." The letter was signed by
one of the editors of the firm. "The Beetle" was a short story published
in the April issue of the Philippine Magzine.

7-1-E

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZI NE

469

The other Philippine Magazine author, who received a personal
letter from no less a person that H. S. Latham, Vice-President of the
Macmillan Company, probably the greatest publishing house in the
world, is nineteen-year old Miss Estrella D. Alfon of Cebu, in connection
with her story, "O Perfect Day", in the June issue of the Philippine
Magazine. The whole story is worth telling and this is best done by
quoting the letters that passed. I first received a letter from Mrs.
Margaret Tayler Yates, the wife of a U. S. Navy officer stationed at
Cavite somejten years ago, whose first book, "Via Government Trans-
port", I was instrumental in putting out when I was manager of the Pub-
lishing Department of the Philippine Education Company. One day a
month or so ago I received a copy of a novel from Macmillan's which I
saw was a detective story, "The Hush Hush Murders". I wondered
why they had sent it to me until I noticed that the author was my
friend, Mrs. Yates. A few days later I received a letter from her date-
lined Norfolk, Virginia, which ran in part:

-I don't know how many times I have had it in my mind to write you a long
letter, nor how many times these past few months I have thought of you and
how happy you will be at the good news I am about to impart. I guess it s
just that I get such a kick out of thinking of the letter I am going to write you . .
mafiana. . . and not remembering that tomorrow never comes. But first I want to
thank you for the Philippine Magazine. Do you know, my lad, you have made
something pretty fine out of that publication? Bob and I read it every word and
I am simply delighted at the high standard you have raised and maintained. My
best congratulations. (And when I have told you my own news, I want
again to refer to your Magazine.) What do you think? Between times. . .
I mean when I wasn't nursing my daughter's broken back or moving
about the country or [other busy concerns], I have managed to write a book.
And lo and behold, the very first people I took it to. . . Macmillan's. . . took it
inside a week and sent for me and contracted me for two more books ! Now are you
proud of your handiwork? Of course, it isn't literature. . . you'll be receiving your
complimentary copy just about this time and can decide for yourself. But Mac-
millan's is perhaps the finest concern of its type in the world and they have built me
up with wonderful reviews, and I am just on the verge of selling my story to one or
another of the big movie companies. And I am so happy! But how I wish I could
run up to your office as I did in the old days. . . just to tell you all about it. . . you
know how women are. . . . Yours is the first name I gave the publishers for a com-
plimentary copy. It's only a murder mystery, old thing, but they seemed to think
it was something different along that line. . . . And. . . I think it ought to have a
fair sale in the Islands. It's murder on a transport. . . and even the Governor of
Guam can't object, God bless his Excellency's soul. [The Governor of Guam,
at the time, objected to Mrs. Yates chapter on Guam in her book, "Via Govern-
ment Transport".] So if you yourself think it is worth anything, will you speak to
the Philippine Education people about it? Maybe you'll be a sport and give me
review in your Magazine. ... I am sending a copy, also, to Roy Bennett, and hope
the Bulletin will do the same. . . Now the serious thing I want to write to you
about is a story that appeared in your last issue, I mean the last I have It is
called 'O Perfect Day' and is written by Estrella D. Alfon. Of course I don t have
to tell you what a perfect splendid piece of writing it is. But you will perhaps be
pleased to learn that it simply struck me all of a heap. Her style. . the simple
beauty of it. . . her making vivid the little commonplace things of her life in the
provinces. . . gives much promise of big things to come. Please congratulate her for
me but don't tell her what I am about to suggest until we see how it works out. It
is this. The Macmillan people, as I found out, are always on the lookout for new
and interesting material. . . I mean stuff above the average, as Miss Alfon s un-
doubtedly is. I am sending my own copy of her story to Mr. George B. Brett, Jr.,
the President, with the suggestion that a book. . . just a simple story of the life she
sketches so well. . . would be very much worth while, and, if she could be persuaded

to do one. . . I mean, if you could get hold of her and prevent either self-consciousness
or stilted phrasing from creeping in. . . you being a psychologist, know what I
mean. . . that it might, from its very newness and freshness, take the country by
storm. . . Do write me at once and tell me what you think. We might, between us,
be instrumental in putting the first famous Filipina authoress before the world.
I'm serious about this. At first I was afraid I was a bit too enthusiastic, so I waited
a week and then read it over again, very carefully. I still feel the same delight. . .
so I know I am not far wrong. But I think you had better wait until you hear from
Mr. Brett before you put that side up to her. . . I am hoping he will feel the same as
I about this. If he doesn't, then there will be no false hopes to be lived down and
this. . . as I know so well. . . is life's worst form of torture. We couldn't put that on
any person who writes so sensitively as she. If Mr. Brett approves, you will be the
one to hear from him. If he doesn't. . . I will, and will write you at once. In
any event, she should be encouraged to keep on in just that same style, because some
day people outside her own country are going to take notice. Bob is well and
sends his very best wishes. . . ."

Some weeks later I received a letter from Macmillan's. It read:

"Dear Mr. Hartendorp, At the suggestion of Mrs. Margaret Tayler Yates, we have
written a letter to Miss Estrella A. Alfon asking her whether she has anything for
publication in book form. Mrs. Yates was very favorably impressed by her story,
'O Perfect Day', and brought it to our attention and we were favorably impressed
by it, too, and would like to see anything the author might do now or later on for
book' publication. We shall greatly appreciate your courtesy in seeing that the
letter we have sent to Miss Alfon in your care is delivered to her."

The inclosed letter to Miss Alfon read:
"Dear Miss Alfon, Our attention was recently called to a short story of yours in
the Philippine Magazine, 'O Perfect Day'. Mrs. Margaret Tayler Yates, for whom
we have recently published a book, wrote us of this story and suggested that we

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470

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

ought to get in communication with you on the possibility that you might be con-
sidering doing a full length novel perhaps in the same vein as this story. I realize
that it is a slim chance that you have had any such thought, but taking slim chances
sometimes produces totally unexpected and gratifying results. I should be glad to
hear from you and to know what writing you are contemplating doing, especially
if you have it in mind to do something of book length. I should be glad to see,
either now or later on, anything that you may do which would be suitable for publi-
cation by a book firm. We would give anything you might submit our very best
attention. Won't you be good enough to let us hear from you at your convenience?
Very truly yours, (sgd.) H. S. Latham, The Macmillan Company."

As for Mrs. Yates mystery novel, Philippine Education Com-
pany has ordered a goodly number of copies for sale here. I
recommend it enthusiastically to all lovers of that type of fiction.
Mrs. Yates herself is far too modest about the book, and I can
readily understand why Macmillan's snapped it up and made a
bid for more stories like it.

The plot involving men and women of our navy is brilliantly
constructed, the scene of the transport and the background of
sea and port fresh and interesting, the characterization of the
numerous figures in the book most vivid, the motivation of all
action psychologically sound, the final solution logical and wholly
satisfying. The book is full of examples of fine observation,
humor, and understanding, and the climatic scene is one of a
horror not produced by words but inherent in a situation wholly
new, to my knowledge, in all fiction, involving, as it does, that

most primitive of all senses, the sense of touch, and the differ-
ence, physically, between man and woman.

Mr. Edward J. O'Brien, the world's leading short story anthologist,
wrote me in reply to my communication to him, acknowledging receipt
of the copies of the Magazine he had asked me for and also of the Phil-
ippine Book Guild's first volume, "The Wound and the Scar", by Dr.
A. B. Rotor: He said: "Thank you for your letter of July 6. I shall
read your magazine with interest and shall also examine carefully 'The
Wound and the Scar'. Any information or suggestions that you may
care to send me from time to time about Filipino literature will be much
appreciated. ..."

Now, after all this, what say some of those misguided and prejudiced
personal friends of mine who have told me more than once, "Your
editorials [of course] and the more serious articles in your Magazine are
fine, but why do you waste space on Filipino short stories. . . just so
much tripe!" Now these same stories are being reprinted in leading
journals, attracting a noted anthologist, and leading to inquiries from
great publishing houses! I told them, but they wouldn't believe me
that it was along this line that we could register notable achievement
and gain more world interest and favor for the Philippines than by
printing any number of articles loaded to the muzzle with the most
convincing statistics. Was I right or was I right !

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News Summary

(Continued from, page 439)

aims. "They do not believe in Democracy — I do.
They seek to substitute their own will for that of the
majority. They reject the principle of the greater
good for the greater number. . . We can not go
along with Tory insistence that salvation lies in the
power and hands of a select class. My hope is for
Democracy and more Democracy, and I am of the
belief that the nation by an overwhelming majority
supports my views."

Aug. 19. — The Pacific Coast edition of the Wall
Street Journal states it is absurd to maintain the
fiction that war is not in progress on Chinese soil
and that either the President should proclaim a
state of war or the Neutrality Act should be repealed.
"The present situation is patently incongruous and
susceptible to a complete misunderstanding by the
world".

Aug. 21. — Congress adjourns without ratifying
the London sugar agreement which the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee approved but with the understand-
ing that it would not be ratified by Congress "unless
and until" President Roosevelt signs the pending
sugar control bill. The agreement remains on the
calendar for consideration during the next session.

Ambassador Robert W. Bingham suddenly departs
from London for Washington, leading to the belief
that he carries important information for President
Roosevelt.

Aug. 28. — Secretary Hull issues an urgent appeal
for peace directed principally to Japan and China,
calling attention to the fact that more than 50 na-
tions, including these two, have formally approved
his statement of July 16 and that many treaties,
including the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Washing-
ton Treaties, embrace the same principles. He
indirectly refutes the tentative objections contained
in Japan's official observation on his July 16 state-
ment, declaring that "we consider the principles
outlined at that time as applicable throughout the
world, in the Pacific area as well as elsewhere".

A Navy bi-motored flying boat crashes in San
Diego Bay, killing six of the eight men aboard.
The accident is believed due to the stalling of both
engines.

A Pan-American-Grace airliner crashes into a
hillside in a fog near San Luis, Argentina, killing
the twojmembers of the crew. It carried no pas-
sengers.

Aug. 25. — President Roosevelt signs the judiciary
reorganization bill, stating he does so reluctantly as
it "does not satisfy the judiciary needs of the nation
although it does move in the general direction of
reform." He vetoes the bill amending the Tydings-
McDuffie Act which would have stopped the im-
migration into Hawaii of laborers from the Philip-
pines, stating that "since the Tydings-McDuffie Act
establishes the basis of Philippine- American relations
during the Commonwealth period as fixed by our
statutes and accepted by the Philippine people, a
unilateral modification of the Act, particularly one
cancelling a privilege accorded Philippine citizens
by the Act, made without obtaining formal concur-
rence of Philippine authorities, might offend the
Philippine people".

Twenty-two airplanes are shipped to China orig-
inally intended for Spain, the shipment to the latter
country being halted by the Neutrality Act.

Aug. 26. — The Foreign Policy Association warns
that the application of the Neutrality Law would
"seriously endanger" Japanese -American relations
and would also handicap China because of its de-
pendence on outside war supplies, "cutting off China's
American market at the very time it is a victim of
aggression."

Secretary Hull cables the British government
expressing his regret at the serious wounding of the
British Ambassador to China by machine-gun fire
from a Japanese airplane voile on his way to Shang-
hai from Nanking.

Andrew W. Mellon, former Secretary of the Treas-
ury for 11 years and later Ambassador to Britain,
and considered the power behind the administrations
of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, dies, aged 83.
He was one of America's wealthiest men, the total

October, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

471

resources of his banks exceeding $500,000,000 and
his industrial interests extending mto many fields,
including aluminum, coal, iron, oil, shipping. The
total worth of the enterprises controlled by him and
Ws brothers are 'estimated at nearly $8,000,000 000.

Aug. 27. ~ Secretary Hull announces that he has
notified China and Japan they will be held respon-
sible for any damage or injury to American interests
and nationals in the Far East and indicated that
the United States will surrender no right or vest-
ed interest in the Orient or anywhere else #

The American League against War and Fascism
demands of Secretary Hull the "immediate invoca-
tion of the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact" and urges
the State Department to cease its vacillating at-
titude when the whole world is threatened by war-
mongers—Japan, Germany, and Italy -The or-
ganization expresses its surprise at Hulls recent
calling off of a picket line around the Japanese
Embassy at Washington "at a time when American
citizens are being slaughtered in China .

Aug. ^.—Thirteen hundred Marines leave San
Diego for Shanghai while the bands play ^ It s a
Long Way to Tipperary" and "Over There .

Aug 30 —The S. S. President Hoover on the way
from Manila to the United States via Japan, is
bombed while near Shanghai late in the afternoon
bv four Chinese airplanes, scoring several hits which
do extensive damage to the liner's upper works and
wounding a number of the crew. The attacking
planes disappeared as two Japanese destroyers and
the British flagship, the H.M.S. Cumberland, appear
A surgeon from the Cumberland boards to Hoover
to perform two emergency operations. Secretary
Hull instructs Ambassador Nelson Johnson at
Nanking to protest strongly to the Chinese gov-
ernment. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek states
the responsible airmen will be court-marshalled.

Aug Si.— China officially accepts responsibility
for the bombing of the Hoover and expresses its
regrets, promising to make immediate redress.
Preliminary reports indicate that the liner was
between two Japanese warships at the time of the
bombing and was mistaken for a Japanese transport.
Secretary Hull states the United States government
appreciates the promptness of the Chinese govern-
ment in dealing with the matter. One of the mem-
bers of the crew of the Hoover dies of his injuries
Admiral Yarnell orders all American ships except
Navy vessels to keep out the Whangpoo river
Washington officials state this order will be revoked
soon in conformity with the standing policy of the
United States to maintain all rights m the Orient
regardless of Sino- Japanese hostilities.

Senator W. E. Borah states that the Chinese
situation proves the Neutrality Act impracticable.
He expresses strong sympathy for China as the vic-
tim of an "aggressive war of conquest .

Leaders ol maritime unions representing 68,000
workers send President Roosevelt a resolution of
"sympathy with the Chinese people and their
defense against illegal and unjustified invasion
and declare American vessels should not be restrict-
ed from calling at Chinese portj, but that the United

States should announce an economic boycott against
Japan "until all Japanese troops are withdrawn from

ChSep<.''l.— Following a conference between Pres-
ident Roosevelt and Navy officials it is announced
that "there is no need for additional warships m
Chinese waters at present" .Secretary -of Com-
merce Daniel C. Roper states that neither the State
nor the Navy Departments have ordered I the with-
drawal of American merchant ships from Chinese
waters N. V. Hubbard, President oi the Navy
League, states that if the Sino-Japanese conflict
is prolonged, Congress may be impressed with the
strategic necessity for maintaining a strong hana
in the Far East. "From the naval viewpoint, there
£ no question in my mind that the United States
should never relinquish sovereignty over the Philip-
Pines. It constitutes the most strategic piece : of
land in the Far East. I believe a compromise agree-
ment can be reached by which the Philippine Com-
monwealth could be given more autonomy whde
the United States would retain its position in i the
Islands, able to meet any emergency . "^ states
the maintenance of United States armed forces in
the Philippines would be extremely valuable in the
event of war with Japan. "If we had a large and
adeauately equiped naval base in southern Mindanao,
we ?ould hall much of Japan's imports of strategic
materials, like oil, from Borneo and other countries
£st south of China and Japan. We should also have
a similar base at Guam. Under these conditions
will all modern equipment, our PR8^^ J™™^^
entirely tenable. . . Some naval officials agree with

me, but the Army is against it. . ." .

President Roosevelt signs the Jones ^control
bill to provide a stop-gap until he can make a new
attempt to eliminate what he calls a Provision
intended to legalize a virtual monopoly of a small
group of refiners". The law extends the Present
restrictions of the refining industries of Hawan,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands until March 1,
1940 President Roosevelt wants them removed
sooner, holding that the monopoly costs the American
consumers millions of dollars annua ly. He recently
denounced the "pernicious lobby" res £or£lb£d*£
maintaining restrictions on insular *e*™n?*n™*:
tries in favor of continental interests, and the un-
holly alliance" existing between continental cane
and beet growers and the refining monopoly The
Philippine quota of 970,000 short tons , (850 ^00C I long
tons) remains, and the excise tax of 50 cents a 100
oounds raw value will be refunded to the Common-
weafth government and will reach approximately
$10000,000 annually. The law guarantees the full
ouota provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie Act
pTus 75P000 tons more which the Philippmes may ship
to the United States upon payment of the full ^duty
of 1.87 cents a pound, although Philippine sugar men
have stated they will not ^take advantage of this as
they would lose on sugar shipped to the United btates

"*%££'£%& Battler, U.S.M.C. (retired) asks

I the Tnnual convention of American Veterans of

Foreign Wars to seek the enactment of a law prohi-

biting the use of United States troops abroad.

Sept. 3.— "Unusually reliable sources'; m"?"**
the United Press that the American and British
governments have agreed to put forth their Best
efforts to halt or at least minimize the Smo- Japanese
conflict. Other reports are to the effect that Amer-
ica is reluctant to participate in any joint action,
and it is understood that Secretary Hull is not
permitting Britain to forget its failure to support
former Secretary ot State Henry L.Stimson's policy
regarding Manchuria, he being of the belief that
British support at that time would have obviated
Germany's destruction of the Versailles Treaty,
Italy's conquest of Ethiopia, the widespread foreign
intervention in Spain, and the present Sino- Japanese
conflict. Secretary Hull himself is quoted as saying
that the United States "has conducted its foreign
policy separately and independently of others, and
that though there might be flexibility where condi-
tions and purposes are common, resulting in con-
sultations with other governments and the pursuit
of aims along parallel lines, the government would
reserve freedom of action". Six peace organizations
telegraph President Roosevelt demanding the invo-
cation of the Neutrality Law, declaring the United
States can not afford to permit such a conflict to
proceed without stamping it as war' .

Sept. 4— John L. Lewis claims the Committee
for Industrial Organization now has the backing
of 3,718,000 workers and that while labor is not
taking sides in politics, it "must determine who are
its friends". Referring to President Roosevelt a
recent statement, "a plague on both your houses ,
he says that "it will behooves one who has supped
at Labor's table and who has been sheltered in
Labor's house, to curse with equal fervor and fine
impartiality both Labor and its adversaries when
they are locked in a deadly embrace". He accuses
industrial leaders of fostering fascist organizations
on the "shabby pretext that the C10 is communistic".
SepL £# — President Roosevelt tells the press that
his policy toward the Sino-Japanese conflict is 'still
on a 24-hour basis", and that the government is still
undecided regarding the application of the Neutra-
lity Act to the situation. He is apparently unper-
turbed by the Lewis statement and asks the people
to maintain an attitude of sanity and reason toward
disputes between capital and labor. He reiterates
that the country is faced with an urgent need to
insure all able-bodied workers a living wage for a fair

agept 6 — President Roosevelt tells the press that
all Americans without exception have been warned
to leave China, but that sufficient time would be
given them to get away. The American consuls in
Amoy and Foochow have been ordered to close their
offices and proceed to places of safety as soon as they
have done everything possible to evacuate Americans
from their districts. State Department officials
emphasize that warnings to American nationals to
flee from danger spots in China are not to be con-
strued as an abandonment of American rights in Chi-
na Senator Tom Connally, Democrat (Texas) states
that Americans in China are duty bound to leave

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472

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

the danger zones. "They owe it to their fellow citi-
zens in the United States who wculd have to do the
fighting, the sacrificing, and the suffering if war should
come. The people of the United States do not want
another war and are determined not to have one".

Dr. C. T. Wang, Chinese Ambassador in Wash-
ington, states that China will not only attempt to
defeat the Japanese "marauders" but will endeavor
to regain its lost territories. "We know the at-
tempted conquest of China is only a small part of
what the Japanese militarists envisage. They mean
to create a great Pacific empire which will include
not only China but all the islands in or adjoining on
the Pacific Ocean, including the Philippines, Austra-
lia, and Hawaii — if they can get them".

Sept. 8. — Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., disem-
barking at Victoria, British Columbia, scores the
manner of evacuating Americans from Shanghai,
stating that the American warships in the Whangpoo
stood idly by while the sole protection of the Dollar
Line's boat was an American flag during its journey
to meet the S.S. President Jefferson at Woosung.
"Why did not one of them convoy us as a visible
guard?"

Sept. 9. — Stated at Washington that Americans
residing abroad fail to understand the strong iso-
lationist feeling in the United States which the gov-
ernment must consider. Popular demand for
avoidance of war caused the United States to under-
take large scale evacuations during the Ethiopian
and Spanish conflicts and the same policy will be
followed in China. It is believed that the govern-
ment wishes to avoid incidents that might lead to a
demand for the invocation of the Neutrality Act which
it is said would be a greater blow to American pres-
tige than the evacuation of its nationals. Some 2,300
Americans are still in China and are reluctant to leave
because of their homes and their businesses there.

Senator Borah proposes a congressional investiga-
tion of reports of an army of 20,000 American "Nazis"
preparing to seize control of the United States.
"There is no doubt about the activity", he states,
"but I do not know how far it has gone".

Other Countries

Aug. 14. — At least a thousand people are killed ►
mostly Chinese, but including three prominent Amer-
icans, by aerial bombs said to have been dropped
by Chinese airmen at the intersection of Tibet
Road and Avenue Edward VII, in the Shanghai In-
ternational Settlement. Bodies were piled seven -
deep in places. The Americans are Dr. Frank J.
Rawlinson, leading American missionary, Dr. Robert
Reischauer, Professor of International Relations of
Princeton University, and H. S. Honingsberg, Amer-
ican motor car dealer. The Shanghai American
Chamber of Commerce appeals to the United States
Chamber of Commerce in Washington to bring
pressure to bear on the State Department to under-
take to persuade Japan to withdraw its warships
from Shanghai as the "presence of these ships con-
stitutes a deadly menace to neutral interests".

Reported that 50 or 60 guests and employees of
the Palace Hotel were killed and the Cathay Hotel

and Sassoon House also suffered badly in yesterday's
bombings. Police reports estimate a total of 910
Chinese non-combattants killed and 1200 wounded.
At Avenue Edward VII, 750 people were victims of
one bomb. Chinese airmen repeatedly flew over
the International Settlement and the French Con-
cession, the Japanese firing madly at them and
showering the areas with shell splinters, causing an
unknown number of casualties. Admiral K. Ha-
segawa, in command of Japan's Third Fleet, states
that the Japanese are unable to change the disposi-
tion of their ships in the Whangpoo unless guarantees
for the safety of Japanese lives and property are
forthcoming "equal to those now provided by the
fleet". The French are reported to have decided
not to protest against the bombing of the French
Concession as it was accidental, Chinese officials
having explained that Japanese anti-aircraft guns
had damaged the two Chinese planes, including the
bomb -racks. The Chinese will not agree not to
attack the Japanese in the vicinity of the Interna-
tional Settlement, however, as "China is fighting
for its very existence against a ruthless enemy which
must be expelled even if they continue their efforts
to hide behind the skirts of other powers". A Jap-
anese spokesman expresses "feeling of intense horror
and distress" at the Chinese bombings, but "Japan
will fight for order and the protection of its citizens
wherever necessary". The Tokyo government an-
nounces China can still have peace if attacks against
Japan cease. Japan "adheres to the policy of non-
aggravation". The Tokyo Navy office spokesman
claims that the Chinese have suffered heavy losses
in planes during the past few days. Japanese air-
planes raid Nanking three times during the day but
did little damage and were driven off by Chinese
airmen, the Chinese claiming three of the Japanese
planes were shot down.

A search begins for the six Soviet airmen who were
attempting another flight from Moscow to the United
States via the North Pole. When last heard from
the men radioed that one of the motors was failing
and that they intended to fly on with three motor.
A storm was known to be raging in their path.

Aug. 16. — Japanese naval artillery and seaplanes
subject the Chinese positions along the Whangpoo
to heavy attack while more Chinese attacks are
directed against the Japanese flagship, the Idzumo,
anchored near the Japanese Consulate. Neither
side has as yet gained any decided advantage. Jap-
anese and Chinese fliers avoid the French Conces-
sion, French authorities having announced they
would tolerate no aircraft over the Concession and
would not hesitate to use their anti-aircraft guns.
The Japanese have formally notified the Consular
body that bomb-carrying planes would not fly over
the International Settlement or the French Conces-
sion. British and American authorities decide on
evacuating their women and children to Hongkong
and Manila respectively. The French are rushing
a battalion of French soldiers from Indo- China to
Shanghai to help in the evacuation of French sub-
jects. The Welch Fusiliers, 950 strong, left Hongkong
for Shanghai yesterday. Mrs. Chiang Kai-shek,

replying to a telegram of Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt,.
Jr., now in Shanghai, states that none more than she
and General Chiang deplore the terrible and tragic
accidental dropping of bombs from two damaged
Chinese airplanes. "The Generalissimo was shocked
and grieved when news of it came and immediately
ordered an investigation since he had specifically
ordered that no bombs be dropped south of Soochow
Creek. . . Officers reported that antiaircraft gun-
nery wounded both pilots and damaged their bomb-
racks which caused the bombs eventually to break
loose. It is incredible the belief exists that China
deliberately bombed the International Settlement.
What for?" Mrs. Roosevelt in her telegram entreated
the Chinese government to withhold further bomb-
ing within the foreign concessions. Philippine As-
semblyman Tomas Oppus, now in Shanghai, sends
a radiogram to the Secretary of the Assembly: "Safe
thank God. Extremely excited. Regards. Oppus".
A great exodus of Japanese residents in all parts of
China is in progress, the Japanese military leaving
to the diplomats the task of arranging for the whole-
sale departure. Following a request from the strand-
ed Japanese Embassy staff at Nanking for facilities
to return to Japan, the Chinese Foreign Office pro-
vides them with safe conduct to Tsingtao from where
they will proceed to Tokyo by boat.

Chinese Finance Minister H. H. Kung is reported
to have arranged for a $50,000,000 credit with the
Skoda armaments firm in Czechoslovakia. He is also
said to have negotiated a Swiss-Dutch loan of 100,-
000,000 Swiss francs.

The Spanish rebels capture Reinoso and seize a
naval arms factory in that town which was an im-
portant government source of heavy armaments.
The rebels continue to batter their way toward
Santander, the last powerful government stronghold
in the North.

Aug. 17. — Japanese warships continue to shell the
Pootung side of the Whangpoo river and bomb the
Chapie district of Shanghai from the air, while
thousands of fresh Japanese troops are poured into
the area. The Idzumo withdraws from its anchorage
and moves a half mile down the river after a suicidal
Chinese attack by a Chinese coast patrol boat carry-
ing two torpedoes. Young Chinese naval students,
part of the crew, are picked up along the Bund, badly
injured, and state they hit the cruiser with a tor-
pedo, but the amount of damage done is not known.
Another Japanese cruiser is now tied up at the Con-
sulate pier. The Japanese make five attempts to
raid Nanking by air, but are driven off. Japanese
nationals and consular agents evacuate the Shameen
forein concession at Canton and depart for Hongkong.
The war is reported to be unpopular in Japan and
foreign economic experts state that the country can
not stand more than three months of war because
the only real tangible funds amount to about $400,-
000,000. Reported also that Tokyo is concerned
about possible revolt of the Manchukuoan forces.

Spanish rebels announce that they trapped and
captured 15,000 loyalists in the mountains 30 miles
from Santander and huge quantities of war mate-
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October, 1937

PHILIPPIN E MAGAZINE

473

Aug 18.—- France accepts the British proposal to
reauest an immediate Sino-Japanese truce at Shang-
hai while the Japanese continue a merciless shelling
and bombing of the Yangtze delta destroying Shang-
hai's beautiful civic center, one half mile frorn the
river with its classic-style Chinese buildings^ They
also destroy the China National Aviation Corpora-
tion hangars, claiming the Chinese were using them
for military purposes, which is denied by the repre-
sentative of Pan-American Airways, a heavy stock-
holder in the corporation. The Idtuma is said to
have been badly damaged in the torpedo attack and
two other Japanese vessels were set afire by Chinese
bombers. . . , . , .« ^

Aug 19 — -The Chinese drive a wedge into the
Japanese lines in Hongkew and threaten to isolate
the greater part of the Japanese forces, and the
Tapanese land heavy reenforcements. American
and other foreign officials warn the Japanese that
the river must be kept open and the way to the sea
must remain absolutely unimpeded. To a notifica-
tion of the Chinese Foreign Office for American and
other foreign vessels to move their ships five miles
from the Japanese warships or compel the latter to
move this distance away, United States officials
indicate this is impossible while the evacuation of
Americans is in full swing, and the British and French
attitude is said to be the same. Foreign forces in
Shanghai, including American, now number ap-
proximately 7,000, with 4,000 on shipboard. General
Motors of China, Inc., announces the re™ovf) °f
its head office from Shanghai to Manila for the dura-
tion of the hostilities.

Portugal severs diplomatic relations with Che-
choslovakia allegedly because of the latter s failure
to fulfil arms contracts.

Auo 20.— Premier Prince Fumimaro Konoye
states that Chinese troops will have to leave Shanghai
before the Japanese will withdraw and that Japan
-feels that the issues must be settled without the
intervention of other parties". "Japan can not
leave the protection of its nationals to other powers ,
he declares in answer to the British suggestion that
a truce be declared in the Shanghai area. The city
lives through another day of terror as both Chinese
and Japanese airmen break the promise not to fly
over the International Settlement. Fires are raging
in the Hongkew and Pootung sections. A sailor
aboard the American flagship, Augusta, is killed and
18 others are wounded by a high-angle, one-inch
anti aircraft projectile. Arrival of the 102 Marines
from Cavite cheers the American community. * or
the third time the Japanese launched a bombard-
ment over the Pootung sector at the time Americans
were boarding boats to take them down the river.
The first ship-load of British refugees reaches Hong-
kong and are given anti-cholera vaccine as the cno-
lera is raging there. nu^<*\

Auo 22.— With fires out of control in Chapei,
Hongkew, and the Yangtzepoo districts, some 11
sauare miles of Shanghai have already been destroy-
edlndTosses are estimated at 500,000,000 Shanghai-

dollars. Ten thousand noncombattants are esti-
mated to have been killed. Only the International
Settlement and the French Concession remain
fompa?ltively intact. The Ward Road Prison
releases all of its 7,000 prisoners and tells them to
shift for themselves as the fighting around the insti-
tution made it impossible to maintain it. ^"f^
Air Force officials claim they have brought down
nearly 50 Japanese planes since the fighting began
and say that the swift and powerful American-built
pursuit planes are proving superior to the Japanese
planes. It is claimed a Japanese destroyer and a
gunboat have been sunk.

Eight more alleged counter-revolutionaries are
execured in Russia charged with sabotage m the
central munition plants, and it is said that the drive
against "Trotzkyist wreckers" has extended into the
Soviet children's organizations where men are ac-
cused of "contaminating budding Bolshevist minds.

Aug. 23.— Reported that as many as 60,000 Jap-
anese troops have been landed in the lower Yangzte
delta during the past 24 hours, preparing for a new
advance upon Shanghai. Prior to the landing the
Japanese ships moved down the river and submittea
the Chinese forces on the banks to a terrific bombara-
ment, and Chinese leaders say they may have to
make a strategic withdrawal. An artillery projectile
lands in Nanking Road in the heart of the foreign
business section of Shanghai near the Sincere and
Wing On Department Store, one of the busiest cor-
ners in the city, and kills 400 people, injuring many
hundreds more. Three Americans are among tne
dead, including a New York Times news man. It
is believed to have been a misdirected shot trom a
Japanese cruiser bombarding Woosung. The Jap-
anese Foreign Office confirms receipt of the British
memorandum requesting full indemnification tor
British losses in the Shanghai area and a spokesman
says it has not been decided whether to reply to it.
The newspapers show an increasing irritation at tne
British attitude and one states editorially that tne
request for indemnification should have been ad-
dressed to China and that Japan should be thanked
for "driving the Chinese troops from the Interna-
tional Settlement". The Japanese Kwantung army
of Manchukuo starts a drive across Chahar province
with the object of securing domination of the area
west of Peiping as far as Kalgan and of pinchering
the Chinese forces on the other side of the Nankou
Pass, which the Chinese still hold.

A #/ _japan continues to land reenforcements
and continues to bomb areas near the International
Settlement. The Japanese disclaim responsibility
for the horrible Nanking Road shell disaster, lne
first Germans to be evacuated, totaling 600, embark
on the Gneisenau for Hongkong. Japaneseforces
are reported to have broken through the Nankou
Pass by flanking movements.

A 25 —Vice-Admiral Hasegawa proclaims a

blockade of the China coast against all Chinese
shipping from Shanghai to Swatow. General Iwane

Matsui has been appointed new commander in chief
of the Japanese forces in the Shanghai area. New
fires threaten the Chinese and French waterworks
upon which a million people depend for their water
supply. Hongkew' s vast industrial area has been
reduced to ashes. Military and civilian casualties
are said to have reached 100,000. Thousands of
foreigners are fleeing the city and American author-
ities are driving forward their plans for the evacua-
tion of all Americans and Filipinos. Japan claims
sweeping victories on all North China fronts. Kwan-
tung army units are reported to have captured
Kalgan, strategic Chahar province city, yhinese
forces advancing from Paotingfu toward Peiping
have been defeated. The Chinese a^e sported to
be boycotting the Japanese throughout the Far East
and the South Seas.

Santander, last stronghold of the Spanish govern-
ment on the northwest coast surrenders to the
rebels, who number 100,000. The city is reported
virtually destroyed, and thousands of its inhabitants
have fled across the border to France.

Aug. ££.— Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-
Hugessen, British Ambassador to China, while
motoring from Nanking to Shanghai, is attacked by
two Japanese bombing planes while 50 miles from
the city, despite the fact that the automobile flew
the British flag, and is seriously wounded byama-
chine-gun bullet. Accompanying him are the JUrit-
ish military attache Col. Lovat Fraser, and E. L.
Hall-Patch, British government fiync«J "PJJS"
tative in China. After the machine-gun attack
Fraser jumped out of the car whereupon one of the
aviators dropped a bomb which misse* *£* ^a*"
sador's party. The Ambassador is rushed to Shang-
hai where he is given a blood-transfusion, the donor
being an American pharmacist's mate. Lonaon
omcials admit that the injuring of the Ambassador
"confronts the government with a situation of
urgent gravity", but that it will take no action
pending the receipt of official reports. Premier
Konoyl instructs Ambassador S. Kawagoe to extend
Japan's "warmest sympathy" to the British Ambas-
sador. Various Japanese military and naval officers
call at the hospital to express their regrets.

Maj.-Gen. S. Fujii, commander-in-chief of the
combined Japanese-Manchukuoan armies north ot
threat Wall is reported killed by Chinese snipers-
Premier Konoye states that Japan will not consider
AngTo Arnerican proposals to end the Smo-Japanese
hostilities. Britain issues a ™™™n^JfC}?™*
that it "shares the anxiety of the United states
regarding the Far Eastern crisis", and expressing
satisfaction at the close collaboration between Bri-
tain the United States, and France. A Japanese
spokesman states that the naval blockade might
be extended to include foreign craft «?!*** «™
mMn time though they are not subject to seizure
S3 can not 'be compelled to change their course
they are liable to boarding by Japanese officers to
determine their nationality. Chinese ships will be

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Name Pa8e

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Anacin ■ • 435

Apo Cement • • • • 459

Asiatic Petroleum 440

Binney & Smith Co 460

Books ...■ 476

Botice Boie 438

Burpee's Seeds 439

Campbell's Soup 454

Cebu Portland Cement Co. . . 459
Chesterfield Cigarettes. .Back Cover
Chevrolet Cars . . Inside Front Cover

Crayola 460

D. M. C. Threads 437

Dictionaries 472

Dodge 8b Seymour 468-475

Dr. West Tooth Paste and

Brush 437

Durkee Food 472

Elser, E. E 434

Frank G. Haughwout 476

Globus Stamp Co 436

Heaco Trading Co 466

Hershey's Cocoa 474

Kolynos Dental Cream 466

Libby's Corned Beef 465

Manila Electric Co 435

Manila Gas Corporation 463

Manila Hotel 456

Name Pa8e

Manila Railroad Co 462

Marsman & Co 471

McCullough Printing Co 464

Mentholatum 469

Mennen's 438

Mercolized Wax 439

Mum 466

Nestle 469

Office Appliance, The 436

Ovaltine Inside Back Cover

Parker Pens 475

Pepsodent .

468

Philips Radios 438

Philippine Education Company

Inc 434-439-472-476

Philippine Magazine Special

Classroom Rates 457

Philippine National Bank 455

Royal Typewriter 436

San Juan Heights Co 461

San Miguel Brewery 436

Stamps 436

Stillman's Cream 434

Sun-Maid Raisins 458

Tide Water Associated Oil Co. 467

Toms Dixie Kitchen 473

Vegetable Seeds 439

Water Pens 434

Wclf, T. J 438

Xmis Gif:s 474

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

Ths premier magazine of the Islands.

474

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

October, 1937

detained regardless of whether they carry arms or
munitions. Inasmuch as this is not a war-time
blockade, we are unable to stop foreign craft from
carrying armaments to China, but we will exercise
the privilege of preemption toward foreign bottoms
carrying cargo which in war-time would constitute
contraband". Paris sources indicate that France
will not recognize the right claimed by Japan to
search foreign vessels along the China coast. Amer-
ica is said to be taking a "serious view".

Aug. 27. — Fighting in Shanghai moves northeast-
ward along the railroad line. Sir Hughe's condition
is reported to be improved. His back wax broken
but the spinal cord was not touched. London reports
state that Britain has presented the Japanese Am-
bassador with a demand for "full satisfaction" for
the wounding of the British Ambassador. The
American Consul-General in Shanghai protests
against various enumerated attacks on American
property, pointing out that in each case there was
no question of any Chinese forces being present.

Baron Edward de Rothschild, greatest of the
fourth generation of the famed banking family, dies
in London, aged 69.

Aug. 28. — Japanese air raiders bomb the thickly
populated Nantao section of Shanghai, setting the
region on fire and killing an unknown number of
persons, all innocent civilians of the poorer classes,
a wanton brutality as the district is not of the slight-
est military value.

Aug. 29. — China announces the signing of a 5-
year non-aggression pact with Soviet Russia. Both
parties condemn recourse to war and in the event
of aggression by a third power, each party promises
not to assist the aggressor. It was singed on August
21. The Soviet government is reported to have
requested Japan to close its consulates in Odessa and
Novosibirsk not later than September 15. The
British Ambassador is reported to be out of danger.
The British charge d' affaires in Tokyo conveys a
note to the Japanese government emphasizing the
"inexcusable nature of what occurred" and demand-
ing a formal apology, suitable punishment of those
responsible, and assurance that the necessary
measures will be taken to prevent a recurrence of
incidents of such a character.

Premier Benito Mussolini is reported to have
urged General Francisco France to make haste in
the conquest of Asturias provinces and thereafter
to undertake a concerted drive on Madrid as soon
as possible. After heavy bombardment for several
days, the rebels occupy important positions around
Zaragosa. The rebels claim 35,000 loyalists have
surrendered in the Santander section during the
past few days.

Aug. SO. — China files a protest with the League
of Nations against Japanese aggression in violation
of the Covenant, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the
Nine-Power Pacific Treaty. Japanese quarters in
Shanghai are reported visibly perturbed by the Sino-
Soviet non -aggression pact. A Tokyo spokesman
states that he believes it undesirable that China
should become a "soviet underling" and that the
Soviet Comintern plans to gain advantage in this

manner and "disturb world peace". The Soviet
Foreign Office publishes the text of the pact, but
officials decline to comment. The Soviet press
hails the pact as a step in the cause of peace. Woo-
sung city and fort are still in the possession of the
Chinese despite terrific Japanese attacks. Japanese
authorities in the Peiping and Tientsin areas forbid
foreign press correspondents from proceeding toward
battlefronts for first-hand observation and direct
that such visits must be made collectively under the
supervision of Japanese army officers who must be
obeyed and who will censor all dispatches and photo-
graphs; it is stated, too, that the lives of the corres-
pondents will not be guaranteed.

The British government ratifies the international
sugar control agreement. It has also been ratified
by Australia, Canada, and Peru.

Aug. SI. — The Japanese news agency Domei
states that Russia is supplying munitions to China
under the new pact and that a clause in it renounces
claims to Outer Mongolia, a district highly prized
by the Russians. The Paris Le Jour states that the
pact contains secret clauses under which Russia
will supply China with enormous quantities of war
material before November. Reported that the
British and French concessions in Tientsin have
been closed to Japanese troops because of their
objectionable conduct. Japanese planes raid Can-
ton twice within a few hours, but do little damage.
The Chinese claim two of the planes were shot down.

President Albert Lebrun of France signs a decree
nationalizing six railway routes, completing the
nationalization of a network of eight lines which
will enable mobilization of the French army, in-
cluding 6,000,000 reservists, within 48 hours.

Sept. 1. — Positions around Shanghai have not
materially altered during the past week despite
large-scale Japanese pounding with heavy losses to
both sides. All Japanese, including consular offi-
cials, are ordered to evacuate Tsingtao before Sep-
tember 4. They will leave 300,000,000 yen worth
of Japanese property in Chinese custody.

Ten British warships draw a navle net over a wide
area in the Mediterranean in an effort to trap a
"pirate submarine" after it attempted to torpedo
the British destroyer Havoc 50 miles south of Va-
lencia. The attack on the destroyer was the cul-
mination of a series of attacks on British, French,
and Russian merchant ships during the past few weeks
in which a number of lives were lost. The general
suspicion that the submarine is Italian is branded
as a "gratuitous presumption" in Rome.

The Little Entente nations issue a communique
at the close of a conference in Bucharest stating
that their policies are based on the same principles
and that the development ot stronger economic and
political relations with other countries in the Danube
basis appears hopeful. It also declares a "hands-off"
attitude with reference to Spain which is considered
a blow to Italo-German wishes. Paris newspapers
hail the conference as the "greatest victory for the
French policy since the rise of Hitler".

Sept. 2. — -The Chinese charge the Japanese navy

with wantonly severing Chinese cable communica-
tions with the rest of the world. Foreign Minister
Koki Hirota states that Japan's chief objective in
China is the elimination of Chiang Kai-shek, "spear-
head of the anti- Japanese movement".

A severe typhoon causes heavy loss of life and
extensive damage to shipping and other property in
Hongkong. The 125-mile wind drove many vessels
ashore and the death roll is believed to exceed 500.
The cholera epidemic shows no signs of abating, 374
cases having been reported during the past week,
of which 219 were fatal.

Sept. 8. — The heaviest artillery and aerial fighting
in the lower Yangtze valley since the beginning of
the conflict, shakes Shanghai. The Japanese Con-
sulate is hit a number of times. Three Japanese
destroyers bombard Amoy, but are driven off, one
of them being disabled and towed off by the others.

Britain sends the 11th destroyer division to the
Mediterranean. Officials attribute the attacks on
ships to Franco's determination to cut off the Spanish
government's oil supplies, tankers and freighters
having been the chief victims of the unknown sub-
marines.

Sept. 4- — A committee of naval experts recommend
that Sweden spend $45,000,000 on naval armaments
during the next four years for the construction of
3 cruisers, 4 torpedo boats, 3 submarines, and 12
sloops to replace craft now over-age.

The Berlin Rotary Club decides to disband vo-
luntarily on October 15 if the government's attitude
remains unchanged, the organization in effect having
been ordered out of existence on the grounds of its
noncontormance with "national socialism".

Sept. 5. — Wholesale Japanese bombing extending
far inland takes toll of hundreds of helpless farmer
folk in the small villages, and hundreds of dead litter
the countryside. The Japanese are said to be
working methodically, carrying out the threat to
terrorize the populace unless Chinese opposition is
ended. Sir Robert Cragie, new British Ambassador
to Japan begins negotiations at Tokyo on the ques-
tion of Japan's reply to the British protest against
the attack of the British Ambassador to China, in
view of Japan's "strange delay" in replying. Cragie
has not presented his credentials and it is believed
may withhold their presentation until a satisfactorily
reply has been made by Japan. Emperor Hirohito,
addressing the Diet, chides China for its "failure
to understand Japan's true intentions in East Asia"
and declares China has aggravated the situation
by "indulgence in wanton provocations". Foreign
Minister Hirota states that Japan is forced to reject
efforts of foreign countries to reestablish peace in
Shanghai because "China is solely to blame". The
Finance Minister asks the Diet to approve a sup-
plementary budget totalling 592,000,000 yen.

According to unconfirmed Paris reports. Russia
may send its Black Sea fleet to the Mediterranean
to protect its shipping there. The Russian press is
bitter against Italy and accuses it of "piracy".
It is announced that Mussolini will fly to Germany
for a visit with Chancellor Adolf Hitler shortly.

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FOR ANY OF YOUR FRIENDS

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One prominent local resident has for
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Philippine Magazine

{The Philippines9 Premier Magazine)
P. O. Box 2466 — Manila — 217 Dasmariiias

October, 1937

MAGAZINE

475

Sept. 6. — Reported from Hongkong that Japanese
destroyers have seized and established an operations
base on Pratas Shoal, between South China and the
Philippines, 180 miles south of Hongkong and slightly
north of the regular steamer route. It is a Chinese
weather station and is the only land sighted by the
Pan-American Clipper planes between here and

A United Press correspondent declares that his
observations convinced him that China is preparing
for a war that may last five years, their entire stra-
teey being based on a prolongation of the war in
order to exhaust Japan. The Japanese bombard
Amov Swatow, Shekian, and other ports. A Jap-
anese destroyer seizes two Chinese custom cruisers
nff Chekwan, it is believed within Hongkong limits.
The American Embass at Nanking urges Americans
in Foochow, Amoy, and other South China coast
cities to evacuate and the closing of American
consulates in these cities has been authorized.
Foreign Minister Hirorta states that so far no tan-
gible proof has been brought to light to show that
the automobile of the British Ambassador to China
was attacked by a Japanese plane. "No Japanese
would intentionally attack any noncombatant .

Britain and France announce they have invited
twelve nations including Italy, Germany and Russia,
to a conference to seek to check the Mediterranean
niracv A strongly worded Russian note to Italy,
demanding indemnity for the Joss of two Russian
vessels and punishment of the Italian submarine
crews allegedly responsible, is rejected by Italy,
Italv denying responsibility and indicating it will
not discuss the matter further. Russia replies with
another more specific note, and the Soviet press
warns that "fascist aggressors have begun a game
that may have terrible consequences''. British
and French diplomats are reported to be working
feverishly to prevent a break between the two coun-

tnIep< 7 — American residents in Shanghai send
a plea to' Washington for continued protection! of

United States forces there as the news from Washing-
ton that all Americans are being instructed to eva-
cuate came as a thunderbolt. Among the state-
ments of Americans quoted in the press are. Tell
Roosevelt to get off his yacht and put his feet .on the
ground and some guts above them . Adopt J
strone front and keep the flag waving if America
wan?s foreign trade''. "Shanghai Americans are
not quitters''. "The American Chamber of Com-
merce in Shanghai strongly deprecates any official
Rtatement which could be interpreted here as indi-
cative withdrawal or abandonment of American
busmess interests in China. American prestige
woufd be seriously injured thereby''. The Japanese
government announces that it has expressed its
"profound regrets" for the wounding of the British
Ambassador to China, but that investigations of the
incident "failed to produce any evidence to estaD-
?sh that the shooting was done by a Japanese
airolane''. A Speaker in the Diet last night de-
clared that the British protest "constituted a grave
affront to Japanese prestige as it would be inter-
preted as meaning that the Japanese army is a bar-
barous army which attacks non-combatants ,ne
asks whether the attack was not a "j Chinese trie*
and whether the Ambassador himself was not more
responsible for the attack than any one else

In a proclamation read at Nuremberg on the Nazi
program, Chancellor Hitler states that the four-year
insufficiency plan must be carried through and
friendly relations with Italy strengthened. He
declares, too, that the anti -communist pact witn
Japan stands unshaken. In conclusion, he appeals

SOTsfpLC8'.— Reported that the communist army of
Chu Teh has pledged loyalty to Chiang Kai-bheK
and it will take part in the struggle against Japan
as the Eighth Route Army. It is now in Shensi.
The last of the 25,000 Japanese residents evacuate
Tsingtao, considered Japan's most importa nt eco-
nomic stake in China outside of Shanghai, Seven
hundred Americans, said to represent about nan

of the total number of Americans in N°f* 9.^?®
are advised to avail themselves of present facilities
?o leave, as the United States government can: not
guarantee the safety of those electing to remain in
China under present conditions.

Rritain is reported to have assured Italy tnat
R^ia will notPbe permitted to turn the coming
anti-piracy conference into a trial with Italy as the

A French transport plane is shot down by a rebel
Sptnishnplane flying rcr loyalist territory .on the
route from Biarritz to Gijon, killing the pilot. The
plane carried mail but no Passengers.

Sept. 9.— The Japanese again b«b Amoy?a*
two of the Japanese bombers are shot down and a
third is damaged by Chinese P^U1* planes.

Taoan protests to Moscow and urges the release
of 27 Japanese and Korean vessels seized by Russian
authorities, including two Japanese > armed vessels
allegedly sent to prevent Korean fishing boats from
entering Soviet waters.

Italy and Germany decline to be represented at
the anti piracy conference and suggest the problem
be taken up by the International Non-intervention
Commfttee France leans away from Russia and

«„ Awl Taoanese troops around Shanghai. The
S^^ficSrf 2e/tfhting forces remains un-
changed despite heavy fighting.

The anti-Piracy conference opens at Nyon, near
The anti P»™«-y , France pr0pose a nine-power

GT7n natrol ' th^Mediterranean and to annihilate
fl^et t0^tffied submarines which have been sinking
the «md«.^SeSdTlan would be submitted to
?^?«nd Germany for ratification even though.they
^Ly^inedmoat^kepart in the conference. _

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476

PHILIPPINES MAGAZINE

October, 1937

Astronomical Data for
October, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
{Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Oct. 1.. 5:46 a.m. 5:46 p.m.
Oct. 6.. 5:46 a.m. 5:42 p.m.
Oct. 12.. 5:47 a.m. 5:39 p.m.
Oct. 18.. 5:48 a.m. 5:35 p.m.
Oct. 24.. 5:49 a.m. 5:31 p.m.
Oct. 31.. 5:51 a.m. 5:28 p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
{Upper Limb)

r\ 4. u , Rises Sets

SC!°uer i 2:42 a.m. 3:23 p.m.

2C!°£er 1 3:35 am- 4:°5 P-m.

October 3 4:27 a.m. 4:45 p.m.

October 4 5:17 a.m. 5:25 p.m.

Jw°uer i 6:08 a.m. 6:06 p.m.

October 6 6:58 a.m. 6:48 p.m.

October 7 7:48 a.m. 7:31p.m.

October 8 8:39 a.m. 8:16 p.m.

October 9 9:29 a.m. 9:03 p.m.

October 10 10:18 a.m. 9:51 p.m.

October 11 n:o5 a.m. 10:41 p.m.

October 12 ll:52 a.m. 11:31 p.m.

October 13 12:36 p.m.

October 14 1:19 p.m. 12:23 a.m.

October 15 2:02 p.m. 1:13 a.m.

October 16 2:43 p.m. 2:05 a.m.

October 17 3:26 p.m. 2:58 a.m.

October 18 4:10 p.m. 3:53 a.m.

October 19 4:57 p.m. 4:50 a.m.

October 20 5:48 p.m. 5:50 a.m.

October 21 6:43 p.m. 6:52 a.m.

October 22 7:41 p.m 7:56 a.m.

October 23 8:42 p.m. 8:59 a.m.

October 24 9:44 p.m. 10:00 a.m.

October 25 10:45 p.m. 10:58 a.m.

October 26 H:43 p.m. 11:51 a.m.

October 27 12:39 p.m.

October 28 12:38 a.m. 1:23 p.m.

October 29 1:32 a.m. 2:04 p.m.

October 30 2:23 a.m. 2:44 p.m.

October 31 3:13 a.m. 3:24 p.m.

Phases of the Moon

New Moon on the 4th at 7:85 p.m.

First Quarter on the 12th at . 11:47 p.m.

Full Moon on the 20th at 5:48 a.m.

Last Quarter on the 26th at 9:26 p.m.

Apogee on the 10th at 2:00 a.m.

Perigee on the 21st at 12:00 mdt.

The Planets for the 15th

MERCURY rises at 5:11 a.m. and sets at 5:05

p.m. Immediately before sunrise, the planet may-
be found very low in the eastern sky in the constella-
tion of Virgo.

VENUS rises at 4:01 a.m. and sets at 4:09 p.m.

Just before sunrise the planet may be found fairly

low in the eastern horizon in the constellation of
Virgo.

MARS rises at 11:35 a. m. and sets at 10:39 p.m.
At 7:00 p.m. the planet may be found half way to
the western horizon in the constellation of Sagit-
tarius.

JUPITER rises at 12:10 p.m. and sets at 11:20
p.m. At 7:00 p.m. the planet may be found about
35° west of the meridian.

SATURN rises at 4:29 p.m. and sets at 4:23
a.m. on the 16th. During the entire night, the
planet may be found in the constellation of Pisces.
It transits the meridian at 11:30 p.m.

Principal Bright Star for 9:00 p.m.

North of the Zenith South of the Zenith

Aldebaran in Taurus
Deneb in Cygnus
Vega in Lyra

Achernar in Eridanus
Formalhaut in Pisces Aus-

tralis
Altait in Aquila

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

Laboratory of
Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambra

(Home Studio Building) Ermita

Tel. No. 2-34-98

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Complete Works of Shakespeare, Shakespeare 8.80

Decameron, Boccaccio 4 . 80

Dictionary Companion, Mawson 3 . 70

Don Quixote, Cervantes 7 00

Droll Stories, Balzac 455

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Practical Handbook of Business and Finance 4.30

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Travels of Marco Polo, Komroff 435

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DEC 10 1937

PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

November, 1937

FERIA

No. 11 (355)

Twenty Centavos the Copy

Two Pesos the Year

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

CHEVROLET'S New Diesel-
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It combines economy and per-
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shown a Chevrolet TG155Land
a TD155H, gasoline and also
diesel powered, respectively.

THE TD155H, pictured above, made a 631 kilometer trip under full load from Manila to Bagnio and
return, at a total fuel cost of F7.80. This model is a Diesel powered 155-1/2" wheelbase truck. It
is on display in the Manila showrooms of the Pacific Commercial Company.

Chevrolet Bus Chassis

NOT the least of Chevro-
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chassis illustrated to the left,
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This chassis is especially de-
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Above: The BG-185 Bus Chassis— Double Drop Frame— 185"
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Baguio — Bacolod — Cebu — Davao — Legaspi — Iloilo — Manila

PHILIPPINE
MAG A Z I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1937 No. 11 (355)

The Cover:

The Feria Gavino Reyes Congson . Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J- Bartlett Richards 478

479

News Summary .

Editorials:

The Reductio ad Absurdum — American-Philippine

Loyalty— General MacArthur's Retirement The Editor 485-486

Lines (Verse) Josue Rem- Siat 486.

China Letter Lin Yu 487

Cenotaph (Verse) Mary Medina Clark 488

Crocodile Man (Story) N. V. M. Gonzales 489

Autumn Never Comes to this Green Land (Verse) Harriet Mills McKay 490

Manila Changes Henry PhiliP Broad f^

The Boy and the Flute W. M. B. Laycock 492

Curious Facts about some Common Insects Leopoldo B. Uichanco 493

Life Insurance in the Philippines Frank Lewis-Minton 494

Moon Pool (Verse) Ambrosia del Rosario 495

Women Characters in Rizal's Novels Pura Santillan-Castrence 496

Dominion Status for Indonesia G. G. van der Kop 497

Moloch is Dead (Verse) Ambrosia del Rosano 497

Secrets in the Barrio Funeral Maximo Ramos . . . 498

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog .. . 500

Bukidnon Superstitions Ramos Magallones and Ricar-

do C. Galang 502

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 515

Astronomical Data for November Weather Bureau 524

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter

EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarifias, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates- P2.00 in the Philippines, P4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
the expiration of a subscription unless otherwise ordered. When informing the Publisher of a change m address, p ease
give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertisiag rates will be
furnished on application.

477

478

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Barttlet Richards
American Trade Commissioner

"DUSINESS conditions con-
■° tinued generally satis-
factory throughout the Phil-
ippines in September, de-
spite the continued weakness
in mining share quotations.
The stock market reached
its nadir on September 10,
whereupon the exchanges
agreed not to permit any
sales below the closing prices
on that date. This maneuver
apparently instilled some
confidence into the market, despite pessimistic pre-
dictions of bootlegging, and prices were fairly steady
to firm throughout the balance of the month.

In the commodity markets, copra was unexpectedly
firm, abaca steady and sugar weak. Exports were
reduced, particularly to Europe, due to shortage
of freight space, which appears to be increasingly
acute after easing up somewhat during the summer
months. Exports of hemp, logs and iron ore to
Japan were apparently somewhat above expecta-

tions, considering the exchange limitations under-
stood to have been imposed in that country.

Both domestic and export sugar prices were weak
during the month. Exports were about twice as
great as in September last year, but most of the 1937
quota sugar had been shipped by the end of Sep-
tember.

Copra arrivals continued heavy, though somewhat
lower than in August. The market was unexpectedly
firm, particularly in the last half of the month, due
to demand from Europe and short covering by local
dealers. Provincial prices were higher than the
Manila and Cebu equivalents, making it difficult
for mills and exporters to buy copra at prices war-
ranted by the oil market. The American demand
for oil improved somewhat, prices advancing 1/4
to 3/8 cents during the month. The demand was
mainly for small parcels and prompt delivery. There
was a good European demand for copra cake and the
market was steady. Exports of copra and copra
cake to Europe were limited by the shortage of freight
space, and are expected to increase to the extent that
space becomes available. Coconut oil shipments
were also reduced in September, while stocks of all
coconut products increased. The demand for desic-
cated coconut fell off and mills have reduced produc-
tion.

The abaca market was fairly steady throughout
September. Manila prices declined moderately
in the medium and lower grades and more substan-
tially in the higher grades. The higher Davao grades
declined moderately while the medium and lower
grades were firm. Balings continued to decline while
exports were somewhat greater than in August.

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Reports from the provinces indicate a tendency
toward lower production with an improved per-
centage of the higher grades.

Leaf tobacco exports were very good, due to heavy
shipments to Italy, presumably intended for the
Spanish monopoly. Cigar exports were also fairly
heavy but exporters claim that there is not much
profit in the business.

The rice and palay markets were fairly steady
throughout the month although they closed a little
below the opening level. The National Rice and
Corn Corporation sold a few thousand sacks of rice.
The supply of rice still appears ample and with the
harvest approaching, it is not believed that importa-
tion will be necessary this year. With the new crop
apparently in good condition, it appears probable
that the Philippines will also be self-sufficient in rice
in 1938.

Lumber exports to the American Pacific Coast
were good but to the Atlantic Coast and Europe
they were small, due apparently to shortage of freight
space.

Gold production reached a new record in Sep-
tember. One new mine appeared in the list of pro-
ducers and another is expected to appear in October.
The second of two dredges ordered from the United
States for the Coco Grove placer operation was
launched about the end of the month and that com-
pany is expected to rejoin the list of producers by
the end of this year.

The market for imported goods improved season-
ally in September but continues rather quiet. In-
denting of American cotton textiles was very good
despite the decline in American prices. Local stock
prices of American goods were easy, while Japanese
prices were firm despite continued heavy imports.
Stocks of Japanese goods appear large but dealers
are not offering them freely, apparently anticipating
the possibility of a reduced supply and an increase
in replacement costs. Arrivals of American cotton
textiles were very good in September and stocks
appear ample.

The Bureau of Customs is interpreting more
strictly Section 1272 of the Administrative Code
providing for marking of imported goods with the
country of origin. It has in the past been sufficient
to mark imported goods with stickers or by other
impermanent methods but less easily effaceable
forms of marking will be required in the future.
Certain articles, such as towels, handkerchiefs, sheets,
blankets and steel bars, are exempted from the re-
quirement since they are not customarily marked with
the country of origin, but when they are in containers,
the containers must be marked in a permanent
manner.

Export cargoes were reduced in September due
to a shortage of shipping space to Europe, the ap-
proaching end of the sugar shipping season to the
United States and a decline in shipments of logs to
Japan. Railroad carloadings improved seasonally
but are running somewhat behind last year at this
time.

Government revenue was exceptionally good in
August due mainly to heavy income tax rceipts.
License and business tax collections were also very
good. Customs collections continue ahead of last
year. Total collections by the Bureaus of Customs
and Internal Revenue in the first nine months of
1937 amounted to P73,000,000, exceeding last year's
by nearly 29 percent.

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

479

Consolidated bank figures showed a reduction in
loans, discounts and overdrafts, due to the liquida-
tion of sugar bills, and an increase in cash on hand.
Demand deposits showed a net decline for the month.
Debits to individual accounts continue to decline
due to less active share trading. Circulation was
practically unchanged. The dollar was firm on the
exchange market, with sellers at par.

Domestic collections continued satisfactory through-
out the Islands, though distributors are watching
their credits a little more closely.

Real estate sales in Manila fell off m September,
totalling Fl,442,415 or about P250,000 under the
August figure. Sales in September, 1936, totaled
Fl, 556,0 76. There were no particularly notable
transfers in the past month. A decision by the
Manila Court of First Instance that El Hogar Fili-
pino was in a position to transfer a good title to the
Crystal Arcade indicates that the sale of that build-
ing, arranged more than a year ago and understood
to involve Pl,300,000, will be consummated and the
transfer will probably appear in the October or No-
vember sales figures. Total sales registered in the
first nine months of 1937 amounted to P19,599,102,
an increase of more than 60 percent over the F12,-
018,832 in the same period of last year.

Work on the new Manila City Hall is expected to
start soon. The cornerstone will be laid early in
October. .„.,,. ^ i

Demolition of the Heacock Building, the largest
wrecking job in local experience, was started during
September. A new office building will be erected
on the site. . ,

An Earthquake Board, including engineers and
seismologists, has been appointed by President
Quezon to study the effect of earthquakes on build-
ings and recommend changes in building regulations.
There were 628 new radio sets registered in August
and 101 cancellations. In August last year, there
were 446 new sets registered and 110 cancellations.
For the first eight months of this year and last year,
registrations and cancellations were as follows:

Total 8 Months
1936 1937

Registrations 3,460 4,289

Cancellations «»<" ' 1U

There were 42 new corporations registered in
September, with authorized capital of P 7, 341 250
of which f>2, 755, 823 was subscribed and Fl, 558,493
paid-up in cash. The controlling interest in 37 ot
the new companies is Filipino and in the balance
American. Mining is responsible for nine new com-
panies with authorized capital of F594,400, of which
P170,934 is paid-up, all Filipino capital. One com-
pany was formed with F35,000 paid-up in cash to
control and operate a laboratory for agricultural
services. One company was formed by American
and Filipino newspaper men to operate a radio com-
munications service, specializing in press dispatches.
A dairy company was registered with F36.000 paid-
up, representing the incorporation of an established
business. A distilling company was registered with
P157.000 paid-up, all by Filipinos. There appears
to be a sudden awakening of interest in motion picture
production, with four companies formed in Sep-
tember, having P41,650 paid-up capital, all Fili-
pino. Incorporators of one of these companies are
prominent Iloilo and Negros business men, but the
others appear to be inconsequential.

News Summary

The Philippines

Sept. 16. — The period for the
submission of briefs to the
Joint Committee on Philippine
Affairs closes today with some
fifty briefs from various trade
and business bedies im the
Philippines submitted. They
are said to be almost unanimous
in their opposition to a shorten-
ing of the transition period to
independence, a few political
and labor groups, however,
advocating immediate independence. Even the
radical groups uphold the importance of maintain-
ing economic relations with the United States, the
Sakdals, however, opposing even this.

Sept. 11. — Members of the National Assembly in a
caucus approve the fusion ©f the so-called "Anti"
and "Pro" groups after President Manuel L. Quezon
explains that the fusion should take place now instead
of after the election as proposed by some assembly-
men because the electoral campaign may widen the
gap between the two groups and because he could
not work for the election of anyone from either
group without complaint from the other group.

The Manila gold share market closes at 66.52,
up 4.02 points, the Manila and International Ex-
changes having agreed to "peg" prices and to permit
no transactions below the last recorded sales price.
The move is criticized as being in restraint of trade.
Sept. 12.— Judge Ricardo Nepomuceno, Securities
and Exchange Commissioner, rules that the pegging
of prices on the stock exchanges is legal since it is

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

Laboratory of

Clinical Microscopy

No. 26 Alhambra

(Home Studio Building) Ermita

Tel. No. 2-34-98

being done as an emergency measure to avert a pos-
sible crash. He declares a further fall in what are
already very low prices is "absolutely unjustified".

Sept. 13. — President Quezon vetoes the probation
repeal bill because of certain amendments to the bill
not approved by him. m

Assemblymen in a joint caucus under the joint
chairmanship of President Quezon and Vice-President
Sergio Osmefia, ratify the fusion of the coalesced
parties previously endorsed in separate caucusses,
and fix the date for a joint convention of the two
parties for next Monday.

Resident Commissioner Quintin Paredes arrives
in Manila to take part in the hearings of the Joint
Committee of which he is a member. He tells the
press he will retire from public life and resume his
law practice after the completion of his work on the
Committee. Former Senator Harry B. Hawes also
arrives in Manila.

Reported that local shippers have been notified
that the Associated Steamship Lines will increase
shipping rates by 20 % on all goods consigned to
Hongkong, Shanghai, Formosa, Japan, and Dairen.
The decision to increase the rates is said to have no
relation to the Sino- Japanese hostilities; rates have
been going up all over the world.

Stock market prices advance to 73.41 in active
trading.

Sept. 14. — Reported from Washington that Far
Eastern war conditions have called new attention
to the importance of Manila as a trans-Pacific mari-
time and aeronautic center, and also to the strategic
commodities produced in the Philippines such as
manganese and chromite.

Ambassador John Van A. MacMurray, chairman
of the Joint Committee, tells the press that the Com-

mittee is interested in evolving a long-range program
of economic readjustment and that its functions and
decisions are not likely for the moment to be in-
fluenced by the unsettled conditions in the Far East.

Announced at Malacaiian that Ray Hurley, Acting
Chief of the Statistics Division of the U. S. Bureau
of the Census, has been appointed advisor to the
Philippine Census Bureau.

Sept. 15. — President Quezon signs the bill providing
for P 1,200,000 additional aid to the schools.
The Joint Committee opens public hearings in the
Legislative Building Manila.

The market eases off to 70.57.

Sept. 16. — President Quezon signs the provincial
and municipal election bill which automatically
makes the women qualified voters; also the bill
establishing a domestic sugar office and the bill
increasing the penalties in the Anti-Gambling Act.
President Quezon issues an order prohibiting ad-
ministrative officials from indulging in public contro-
versies in the press as "unseemly and harmful to the
service"; misstatements appearing in the newspapers
may be corrected and specific information issued,
but no argumentative or controversal statements
will be allowed.

Commissioner Paredes states before the Manila
Rotary Club that the Philippine situation is more
critical today than it was before the enactment of
the Tydings-McDuffie Act and that there is no time
to be lost in pushing forward the program for better
treatment of Philippine industry and trade. He
advises that the Filipinos act in a spirit of give-and-
take and be prepared to give something in return for
the favors they seek. ... .

The Japanese in Davao are reported to be bringing
in "picture brides".

The

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480

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

RELIEVES
PAIN

QUICK

SURE

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46%, Acetphenetidin (U. S.P.) 46%, Quinine
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Sept. 17. — President Quezon appoints Rafael
Alunan Philippine Sugar Administrator.

Sept. 18. — Former Senator Juan Sumulong states
that the fusion is a blow to democracy and criticizes
the youth of today as having no backbone and no
will to present a solid front against developments
here that threaten democracy. General Emilio
Aguinaldo states that the fusion will give opportun-
ity for an opposition party to grow.

Sept. 20. — Some 3000 party delegates convened
in the Rizal Memorial Stadium ratify the fusion of
the Nacionalista Consolidado and the Democrata-
Nacionalista Pro-Independencia Parties into the
Partido Nacionalista. President Quezon is absent
but in a speech read for him by Vice-President O: me-
na Mr. Quezon declines to serve as the titular head
of the new party stating that though as an individual
he believes in every commitment contained in the
party platform and knows that as President he is
pledged to carry them out in good faith. "I never-
theless declare my independence from dictation by
this political organization or any other political
organization, and I publicly avow my loyalty to my
office and to my country to be above my loyalty
to this party, and I further publicly avow my in-
terest in the public service to be over and above my
interest in the political fortune of the party in general
or the members composing it. I am therefore by
virtue of my office incapacitated to be president of
this party and I ask you to elect one whom you may
consider best fitted to be your titular head for his
patriotism, honesty, ability, and his allegiance to the

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new party". He states that "while political waters
were apparently unrippled, there were volcanoes
beneath that might erupt at any time", and asks
"Why maintain these two political organizations
when there is at present nothing that can excuse,
much less justify, their separate existence when this
existence is a constant source of danger and a
handicap to speedy action both in the executive and
legislative fields of the government?"

Sept. 21. — Vice-President Osmefia states he also
is not available for the presidency of the new Na-
cionalista party and that in line with the policy of
President Quezon he is divorcing himself as an exe-
cutive official from party politics. At a meeting
attended by President Quezon in his last appearance
as a party man, he suggests that the election of a
president be put off until after the December elections
to enable provincial delegates to take part, in the mean
time permitting the committee of seven named last
week to take charge of the preparations for the recent
joint convention to carry on as a temporary execu-
tive committee. It is headed by Speaker Gil Mon-
tilla and the members are Assemblymen Benigno
Aquino, Pedro Sabido, Felipe Buencamino, Jose
Zulueta, Gregorio Perfecto, and Pedro Hernaez.
Ramon Diokno, government corporation counsel,
is secretary.

Announced that Father Edwin Ronan has been
designated by Malacanan as adviser on the creation
of a chaplain service for the Philippine Army.

Sept. 22. — Washington military strategists and
natural resources experts are reported to approve
of Philippine plans to develop the rubber industry,
as announced by President Quezon recently, as es-
tablishing an alternative source for the product, 90 %
of American imports now coming from the Nether -
lands Indies and British Malaya.

The seven-day public hearings in Manila of the
Joint Committee close.

President Quezon in a memorandum to Secretary
of the Interior Elpidio Quirino, states that the Com-
missioner of Mindanao will have full authority to
settle administrative matters in the region. He
declares also that the time has come to appoint
civilian governors in all the provinces and that gov-
ernment recognition of sultans and datus must be
withdrawn as this creates in effect an impression of
dual government and perpetuates an undemocratic
regime. He states that the government is duty-
bound to protect the common people from control
and exploitation by certain elements, "whether they
are called sultans, datus, leaders, hacenderos, or
caciques".

At his weekly press conference, in answer to a
question, President Quezon calls a decision of Judge
Emilio Mapa, confirmed, but not unanimously, by
the Court of Appeals, denying compensation to the
mother of a laborer who lost life by drowning in an
effort to retrive a log in the Pasig river at the bidding
of his foreman, a "miscarriage of justice and an out-
rage". The case is now pending final decision in
the Supreme Court where it was brought on a writ
of certiorari, although President Quezon states later
that he was not aware of this at the time he made
his criticism. He states that the decision gives im-
portance to technicalities and ignores^ substantial
justice in contradiction to the progressive spirit of
the Constitution. He also criticizes the law pro-
fession in general as being more interested in the
defense of property rights than human rights. Later
in the day he addresses a letter to Secretary Cuenco,
directing him to exclude Barredo & Company, the
construction company in question, from taking part
in public bidding for government contracts until
and unless this company pays the compensation
sought by the mother, stating that under the cir-
cumstances there is nothing else the executive de-
partment of the government can do to right the
wrong.

Sept. 23. — President Quezon signs the pension
restoration bill. He also signs a three-year contract
with the Manila Port Terminal, an agency of the
Manila Railroad, effective May 16, of this year.

President Quezon tells newspapermen he would
not have made the statements he did with reference
to the Barredo case had he known it was pending
before the Supreme Court, but that, having made it,
he stands on it. Friends of Judge Mapa state that
the case was instituted under the Employer's Lia-
bility Act when it should have been under the Work-
men's Compensation Act. Counsel for the Barredo
company states the blame, if any, does not lie with
the employer or the lawyer or the judge, but with
the Bureau of Labor attorneys who handled the case
for the mother of the dead laborer.

Sept. 24. — U. S. High Commissioner Paul V. Mc-
Nutt tells the press in answer to a question that the
fusion of the two groups of the Coalition is a "healthy
sign and the honest thing to do" and that it will give
opportunity for the growth of an "opposition party
that is very essential in a democracy".

President Quezon writes Chief Justice Ramon
Avancena that he did not know when he made his
statement to the press relative to the Barredo case
that it was still pending. "I take it, knowing you
and every member of the Court, that either the
Court collectively or its members individually, in

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

481

arriving at their conclusions on the Barredo case,
will in no way be influenced by either what I have
said or by what the people may think of the deci ion.
I am confident, too, that you and your associates
will, on your part, feel as certain that I would expect
you to ignore entirely what I have said on the subject".

Sept. 25. — President Quezon states that he advises
his critics who think he has abused his office to im-
peach him before the National Assembly. He de-
clares that if the Assembly condemns him he would
say without hesitation, "I do not want to be the Pres-
ident of a people whose conception of the duties of
the head of the government is that he should sit by
and keep quiet when other branches of the govern-
ment, in his opinion, are doing wrong. The Lawyers'
Leagueof the Philippines adopts a resolution protesting
against the President's statements on the judiciary
because they impair the independence of the judiciary
and diminish confidence in the courts. Assembly-
man Benigno Aquino states that the law and not
the political theories of the chief executive should
guide the courts and that blame for inadequate laws
rests on the legislature and not the judiciary.

The Philippines Free Press (Manila weekly) poll
of 12,500 "responsible property-owning citizens"
ends in the return of 8,408 ballots of which 4,663 or
55 % oppose the shortening of the ten-year transition
period to independence, the rest favoring it.

Sept. 26. — Pedro Abad Santos, communist leader,
praises President Quezon for his stand on the courts
and states that a court is no more sacred than any
other government office. "There are committed
more injustices against the workers and the poor
people in the so-called courts of justice than in any
other branch of the government".

Sept. 27. — Labor and radical leaders generally
swing to the support of President Quezon and Mala-
canan is inundated with congratulatory telegrams.
Miguel Cornejo, however, of the Popular Front,
calls the Quezon move a "political stunt" and his
challenge that he be impeached "pure comedy'
because "he knows no one would be so foolish as to
impeach him before a body of his 'yes-men' ". At-
torney M. Escudero, a director of the Lawyer s
League, denies that the League passed the resolution
condemning President Quezon and states the direc-
tors had no right to commit the entire League on such
an issue. The Philippine Bar Association adopts a
resolution enunciating certain principles of govern-
ment that effect the relationship between the exe-
cutive and judicial departments, but not directly
protesting against the Quezon statement.

Sept. 28.— Speaker Montilla states that President
Quezon did not question the honesty and integrity of
members of the judiciary involved in the Barredo
case, but their mental attitude toward "social jus-

E. M. Bachrach, prominent Manila old timer and
automobile dealer, dies of pnuemonia, aged 64.

Sept. 29. — President Quezon states in a press con-
ference that he favors the transfer of the University
of the Philippines to a place outside of Manila, pos-
sibly Los Banos, and that Vice-President Osmena
is studying the matter.

Members of the Joint Committee leave Manila
for a two weeks' tour of northern Luzon.

Sept. 30.— Joaquin J. Elizalde, chairman of the
board of Elizalde 6s Company, prominent Manila
business man, dies, aged 65.

Richard Hayter, of Marsman & Company, dies
in Barbadoes, West Indies. He left the Philippines
early in 1936 because of ill health.

gct lm — Captain W. Stein of the Scharnhorst files
an official statement with the German Consul in
Manila stating that he could get no explanation from
the shipwrecked Chinese which he rescued near
Hongkong as they were from South China and his
Chinese crew are Ningpo men. "There was not
any indication to my knowledge in their appearance
that they had met with a submarine attack; besides
I was not interviewed about any such question by
newspapermen at Hongkong". m

Qct 2. — President Quezon declares in an address
at Santo Tomas University that "the laws of a civi-
lized and progressive community can have but one
source — reason; and one objective— justice . He
points out that "momentous changes in the law have
taken place during the last 25 or 30 years in the
relationship of the state with society and in the rela-
tive rights and duties of capital and labor . He
declares that the independence of the three branches
of the government and the separation of their powers
is "intended precisely for the protection of the people
from their concerted action to deprive or deny the
people of their rights and liberties" and that ' it is
the duty of every branch of the government to pre-
vent each other from abusing its constitutional
powers." "Let me tell the lawyers of the Philip-
pines that if they are interested in upholding the
prestige of the Philippine judiciary, it is not by pro-
testing against any criticism but in helping the courts
to ascertain the facts and to properly apply the law
that they must do this." m

Oct A — In a letter to Secretary Quinno, President
Quezon suggests that all provincial governors seeking
reelection next December should be temporarily
removed from office so they may have no undue
advantage over their opponents. The letter was

TWIN

BRAND

CUTLERY

E. Viegelmann

460 DASMARINAS
Manila, P. I.

written September 30 and later discussed and ap-
proved by the Cabinet. Since a few months ago,
provincial and municipal executives have been con-
tinuing to hold their office at the will of the President
by virtue of a law enacted last year postponing the
elections and giving him, meanwhile, authority to
make new appointments.

Oct. 6. — Labor elements stage a parade in appre-
ciation of President Quezon's pro-labor policy.

President Quezon proclaims the application of the
Rice Tenancy Act to the provinces of Laguna and
Cavite in a determined effort to execute his program
of social justice, and tells the press in reply to his
critics that he is willing to make the program an
issue in any election. He states he will maintain a
policy of aloofness in the provincial and municipal
elections in favor of the development of local auto-
nomy to that extent, but as for the Assembly he is
interested in the election of men who will support
his program and the platform on which he was elec-
ted, and that he will fight all those who render only
lip-service to the platform. He makes light of the
student criticism and states that if the students had
come to him he could have convinced them that he
is right in his criticism of the decision in the Barredo
case.

Oct. 6.— President Quezon in a press conference
and in answer to a question states that he is in com-
plete accord with President Roosevelt's speech
against aggressor nations. "His speech was very
frank and leaves no reason for doubting that he is
sincere. It shows how alarmed he is in the face of an
international situation that is not very encouraging,
and it expresses the views and sentiments of every
right-thinking man and every lover of international"
justice".

Additional American "refugees" to the number of
534 reach Manila from China on the transport Chau-

mont. ...

Oct. 7. — President Quezon vetoes the public works
bill because the grand total of P5,000,000 was
Pi 53 ,000 in excess of the sum of the items, and other
defects. The money was appropriated for elemen-

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482

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

tary school buildings throughout the Islands. Pres
ident Quezon states the bill may be reintroduced
at the next session of the Assembly.

President Quezon appoints a committee to study
government purchase of large landed estates, with
Ramon Fernandez, chairman, and Zoilo Castrillo,
Eduardo Quintero, Andres Castillo, Jos6 Domingo,
and Mariano B. Raymundo as members, and Dr.
Frederick C. Howe as adviser.

In accordance with instructions from Malacanan,
provincial governors who are running for reelection
on December 14 must be relieved of office by Novem-
ber 15. Secretary Quirino relieves Governor Juan
Cailles of Laguna and appoints Hombrono Gonzales,
District Engineer, acting Governor.

At the laying of the corner-stone of the new Ma-
nila City Hall, President Quezon reveals plans for
the construction of two large bridges across the
Pasig and of a water-front and foreshore reclamation
works in Tondo. He declares, too, that an elective
mayor for Manila is not practicable and contrary
to the best experience of American city governments.

Oct. 8. — Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, British
Ambassador to China, now recovering from his
wounds, arrives in Manila. He will go to Baguio
for some time and then proceed to the Netherland
Indies.

Oct. 9. — Assemblyman Tomas Opus, chairman of
the appropriations committee, bitterly criticizes the
vetoeing of the P5, 000,000 school bill which would
have given each assemblyman P5 1,000 for the con-
struction of schools in his district. He states the
P153.000 discrepancy was due to the fact that three
provinces, whose assemblymen were absent at the
time the bill was drawn up, were allowed lump sums

of P5 1,000 each to be spent in the discretion of the
President. It is said that the bill, which assembly-
men counted on in their election efforts, was offered
by President Quezon himself, but now, clearly only
as "bait" to secure passage of the election bill and
the bill restoring pensions, and the party fusion.

Oct. 11. — Many students from China are reported
to be seeking admission to the University of the
Philippines because of the disturbed conditions in
that country.

Oct. 12. — The retirement of General Douglas Mac-
Arthur from the U. S. Army is announced in both
Washington and Manila, and a letter from President
Roosevelt made public: "Dear Douglas, — With
great reluctance and deep regret I have approved your
application for retirement effective December 31.
Personally as well as officially I wish to thank you
for your outstanding service to your country. Your
record in war and in peace is a brilliant chapter in
American history. Please accept my best wishes
for a well-earned rest and for abundant happiness.
I count on seeing you as soon as you get back."
General MacArthur himself issues the following
statement: "For the last 10 years, since the ter-
mination of my tour of duty as Chief of Staff of the
U. S. Army, I have been contemplating retiring
from active service in order to accelerate the pro-
motion of junior officers. I have been a general
officer for approximately 20 years and I feel that
it is only just to retire and clear the way for others.
I will, of course, be just as available for war service
when retired as I would be on the active list. I
deem it a real privilege, during the last two years,
to have been given an opportunity to be of service
to the Filipino people, for whom I have an abiding

affection and esteem. My thoughts and hopes will
always be with them. I have not yet made definite
plans for the future." President Quezon states:
"I have known for some time that General MacAr-
thur was contemplating retirement from active
service in the American Army. I have not had an
opportunity to discuss the matter with him but
expect to do so in the near future. His work here
has been magnificent and of inestimable value to my
country." Secretary of War Harry Woodring made
the announcement in Washington, adding that
President Roosevelt approved the retirement on
October 11. General MacArthur is 57 years old;
normal retirement is at 64. He was a major-general
at the age of 45 and was the youngest ever to be
appointed chief of staff. It is pointed out in Ma-
nila that his retirement from active service in the
U. S. Army in no manner disqualifies him from con-
tinuing with the program of building up the Philip-
pine national defense which he began here two years
ago.

The United States

Sept. 10.— Secretary of State Cordell Hull inti-
mates to the press that a "diplomatic disagreement"
exists with Japan regarding the United States'
notification holding Japan as well as China respon-
sible for damages to American property and injuries
to American citizens in China. It is indicated that
Japan was unwilling to accept such responsibility.

Military and naval experts in Washington com-
ment on the reported intention of Japan to seize
Hainan and point out that this would place Japan

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

483

in a commanding position on three sides of the Philip-
pines and give Japan practically complete control
over all shipping to Hongkong and China.

Sept. 13. — Secretary of Finance Henry Morgen-
thau announces that $300,000,000 in gold will be
released from the Government's "sterilization"
hoard and "put to work" to maintain easy credit
conditions. The actual gold will not be released,
hut an issue of gold certificates against it.

Sept. 14. — President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues
an order forbidding American merchant vessels
owned by the government to transport arms and
ammunition to China or Japan and also warns that
any merchant vessel flying the American flag which
attempts to transport such articles to these destina-
tions does so at its own risk until further notice.
The order is regarded as designed partly to satisfy
the clamor of various peace societies for the invoca-
tion of the Neutrality Act. Experts state the order
is greatly t© the advantage of Japan which has ship-
ping of its own and to the disadvantage of China.

Sept. 15. — Dr. C. Z. Koo, vice-chairman of the
World Christian Student Federation, states in San
Francisco that United States neutrality in connection
with the Sino- Japanese conflict betrays "moral
weakness". _ , . _ . .

Sept 17. — President Roosevelt in a Constitution
Day speech at the foot of the Washington Mo-
nument denies charges that he is seeking to
achieve reforms outside of the limits of the Con-
stitution and declares that there has always been a
struggle between those who seek to give the Consti-
tution a broad interpretation and those whose aim
is to "shrivel" it. He points out it took 20 years
to achieve recognition of the government s right to
impose taxes on income and to enact labor laws for
the protection of women.

Chinese Ambassador C. T. Wang formally pro-
tests to the State Department against the application
of the partial arms embargo order by President
Roosevelt, declaring this places China at a great

1SSept. 1 9 — Secretary Hull declares in a radio ad-
dress: "We are determined neither to thrust our-
selves into nor to be drawn into armed conflicts
between other nations. However, this policy must
be supplemented: we must make our contribution
towards the realization of conditions under which
peace everywhere can be maintained, or, ultimately,
we shall have to protect ourselves amidst an outside
world ridden by force and war".

The Washington Post criticizes Roosevelt s order
regarding arms shipments to China on American
ships, stating that Wang's protest is well warranted.
Sept 20 — The government protests against the
Japanese announced intention to bomb Nanking
and its warning that foreign government represen-
tatives and nationals leave the city.

$ept 22 — The government sends a second and
more vigorous protest to Japan concerning the bomb-
ing of Nanking and reserves all rights in respect to
damage to American nationals that may result.
"The American government strongly objects to the
creation of a situation in consequence of which the
American Ambassador and other agencies of this
government are confronted with the alternative of
abandoning their establishments or being exposed
to grave hazards. The American government there-
fore is reserving all the rights in its behalf and in
behalf of American nationals with respect to damages
which result from Japanese military operations in
the Nanking area. It expresses the earnest hope
that further bombings in and around Nanking will
be avoided." The New York Times calls the Jap-
anese threat to destroy Nanking "unprecedented
barbarism". "The threat to bomb this great city
11 an unprovoked and undeclared war has shocked
the world into a vivid awareness of the Japanese
program in China." The Herald- Tribune ^states
that it is a "grotesquely horrible affair, blandly vio-
'ating every law of civilized warfare, to say nothing
of the incidental rights of neutrals". At the report
that American Ambassador Nelson T. Johnson was
the only foreign government representative at Nan-
king to heed the Japanese warning and abandon tne
embassy, the Washington Star states: "He was only
obeying orders. The blame lies exclusively with
Washington, and it is humiliating. It is particularly
unpalatable because it takes place under duress and
because up to the last accounts, other countries
have decided to carry on at Nanking' . State de-
partment officials state that the policy of the govern-
ment is not to ask or expect its representatives abroad
to expose themselves to imminent danger of loss of
life and property". Secretary Hull states that our
representatives abroad are always authorized to
close their offices for safety and calls attention to the
possible serious consequences if representatives remain
at their posts and are injured. He also points out
that when officials remain in a danger zone, other na-
tionals become inclined to do likewise.

Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia
University, states that in comparison with the dic-
tatorships of Japan, Germany, and Italy, the dicta-
torship in Soviet Russia is far less threatening, and
adds, "When an attempt is made by a dictator to
establish his authority over other lands and peoples,
this must be met by a free people.^ In such a contest,
neutrality would be immorality."

President Roosevelt leaves Washington for a
speaking tour to the West Coast.

Sept. 28. — President Roosevelt speaking at Seattle
promises to balance the budget during the next
fiscal year.

Sept. 29.— Japan replies to the American note of
protest in friendly terms, reiterating, however,
Japan's attitude toward bombing with ™"™TJf
objectives and asserting Japan must decide for _itsen
what to bomb. The reply asks the United States
to understand Japan's position and to * cooperate
meaning, presumably, the removal of all American
nationals from danger zones.

The State Department indicates that it is cool to
European suggestions to convoke the .f 8^°"^
of the Nine-Power Pacific Treaty because it considers

the Oriental crisis the concern of all nations and not
merely of the signatories. Secretary Hull states:
"If and when concrete proposals are made by the
League of Nations, the State Department will give
them careful consideration".

Sept. SO. — Secretary Hill states that Japan's reply
to the American note holding Japan responsible for
damages to American property in China and injuries
to American citizens, received some time ago, is
"unfavorable", "adverse", and "unacceptable".

Oct. 1 . — Six peace organizations issue a joint state-
ment opposing a boycott of Japan, recently suggested
by the Washington Post and other organs of public
opinion, as this would "necessitate arousing hatred
for Japan to a fever pitch or the measure would be
ineffective. This would be dangerous because the
United States' primary aim is to avoid war".

Oct. 5. — President Roosevelt stating that the
"welfare and security of every nation today is being
threatened", in a sensational address in Chicago,
warns that the United States may be attacked if the
developing "international anarchist thievery" is not
checked, and proposes a "concerted" effort by peace-
loving peoples to maintain justice throughout the
world. He suggests a "quarantine" of offending
nations because the "epidemic of world lawlessness
is spreading". He, however, emphasizes his per-
sonal determination to "pursue a policy of peace
and to adopt every practicable measure to avoid
involvement in war". He arraigns, but does not
name, the nations which are upsetting the interna-
tional equilibrium "without declaration of war and
without justification of any kind". "Civilians,
including women and children, are being ruthlessly
murdered with bombs from the air . . . or in a time
of so-called peace they are sunk when shipping is

attacked by submarines without cause. Nations
are commencing to take sides in civil warfare on
nations that have never done them any harm. # Na-
tions claiming freedom for themselves deny it to
others. . . Innocent nations are being sacrificed
to a greed for power and supremacy devoid of all
justice. This reign of terror and lawlessness began
a few years ago. There must be a positive endeavor
to preserve peace. Therefore America is absolutely
engaged in the search for peace". The address is
delivered on the occasion of the dedication of Chi-
cago's Outer-Link Bridge, and congratulating the
city on spending its resources on such projects and
other useful endeavors instead of on armaments,
he states that he has chosen this great inland city
to speak on such a subject of definite national im-
portance. In solemn language he warns that isola-
tion does not necessarily mean protection, for any
nation. He declares that "an air of calamity per-
vades the world" and charges that "the landmarks
and traditions of civilization and progress toward
law, order, and justice are being wiped away. If
we are to have a world in which we can "breathe freely
and live in amity without fear, peace-loving nations
must make a concerted effort to uphold the laws and
principles on which alone peace can rest secure.
There must be a return to belief in the pledged word
and in the signed treaty. There must be a recogni-
tion of the fact that national morality is as vital as
private morality."

Oct. 6.~ The State Department issues a statement:
". . . Since the beginning of the present controversy
in the Far East, the United States has urged both
the Chinese and Japanese governments that they
refrain from hostilities and offered to be of assistance

{Continued on page 518)

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484

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 193}

The

Harvest

of the

years

In barrios and
towns from Aparri
to far-away Jolo,
Insular Life policies
are giving far sight-
ed people the peace
offmind and the
feeling of satisfac-
tion that comes
from having provi-
ded for those they
love. An Insular
Life policy taken
now will yield rich,
welcome harvests
in the coming years.

LIFE INSURANCE IS AN INVESTMENT IN HUMAN HAPPINESS

IN/ULAR L-IFE BUIl_DINB.,MANIL_A '"

Mr. C. S. SALMON
P. O. Box 734
Manila, P. I.

Please send me information J
concerning your 20- Year En-
dowment Policy.

Name

Address

P.M.— 11-1-37 «

Editorials

The Reductio ad
Absurdum

This is not a statement by or with authority.
Yet it is more than a mere surmise. It is an in-
ference. Its accuracy, how-
ever, is not to be tested by
the simple expedient of asking
the chief actor in the drama
whether it is so, for his position is of necessity such that
he could not be expected to confirm its truth.

The interpretation is so important a one and casts so
astonishing a light on political events now unfolding, that
it is here put forth for the first time with a certain daring
comparable in kind, though of course not in degree, to
the supreme boldness of the individual who has set out,
according to this inference, to submit an alleged policy of
the government of the United States, as announced and
outlined in an Act of Congress, involving international
consequences possibly of the gravest kind, to the process
known in logic as the reductio ad absurdum — the reduc-
tion to an absurdity.

On three or four different occasions now, President Ma-
nuel L. Quezon, of the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
in advocating the grant of independence earlier than in
1946 as solemnly provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie
Act, has stated (as in his address last month to the National
Assembly in the presence of United States High Commis-
sioner Paul V. McNutt and other dignitaries):

"I can see no valid reason why, if the Philippines can be given inde-
pendence in 1946, it may not have it in 1938 or 1939. In the short span
of seven years, the Filipino people can hardly do anything that would
substantially change their present situation. Any obstacle which
would vitally affect the chances of successful and lasting independent
nationhood in 1939 can not be overcome by 1946".

He said this also to newspaper reporters on the day of
his return from the United States on the 16th of last Au-
gust—

"If we could not stand independence two years from now, neither
could we in 1946, when the ten-year transition period expires. What
is six years in the life of a nation?"

He said it again during a press conference a few days
after his address before the Assembly:

"If the situation in the Far East is good reason for not granting us
independence now, it is also a good reason for not granting independence
in 1946".

President Quezon has been criticized for not taking inter-
national realities into consideration in proposing independ-
ence in 1938 or '39. But neither did Congress take
international realities into consideration when it
passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act promising the
" complete independence" of the Philippines "on the
4th day of July immediately following the expiration
of a period of ten years from the date of the inaugu-
ration of the new government. . ." Ten years, no more
and no less, automatically — no matter what!

As solemn a personality as Ambassador John Van A.
MacMurray , now in Manila as head of the Joint Committee
on Philippine Affairs, stated a few weeks ago:

"The Committee is interested in evolving a long-range
program of economic readjustment, and its functions and
decisions are not likely for the moment to be influenced
by the] unsettled conditions in the Far East".

A little later, he stated before the Philippine
Columbian Club that — •

' 'America's main objective is ultimately to make the Philippine
Commonwealth a Philippine Republic and an independent
economic unit. . ." "Our report", he went on to say, "will not
please the extremists on both sides. It may not meet with the approval
even of the moderates. But we can assure you that we are exerting all
efforts to submit a report which will help to conclude America*s
work here with credit to America and to the lasting good of the
Filipino people".

This may be nothing but the preliminary hawking and
throat-clearing of an expert before expertizing, but it sounds
appallingly stupid, yet quite in harmony with that stupidest
of all works of legislation— the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

Mr. Quezon, three or four years ago, fought one of the
greatest battles of his life against the Hawes-Cutting Act,
which he called" the worst possible bill", a"backward step",
"wholly unacceptable", "economically unworkable", "giv-
ing us ten years of very limited autonomy and then a ques-
tionable independence", a "triumph of the Cuban and the
American beet-sugar interests", "not the glorious culmina-
tion of the noble enterprise voluntarily assumed by the
American people".

He won that fight in the Philippines, though it was a
hard one, for the Hawes-Cutting Act was well-baited with
catch-words and promises. Then he went to Washington
to seek legislation more worthy of the United States, to pe-
tition for political human rights granted without lobbyist
price-tags attached.

Former Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt told
what happened in Washington at that time in the August
issue of Asia, come to hand only a few weeks ago. (This
story I have not attempted to verify locally, believing it
better to take it as it stands.)

"President Roosevelt sent for me [wrote the former Governor-Gen-
eral] to discuss the Philippine question and asked me if I would find
out exactly what the Filipinos wished, and advise him. I saw the
Commission, and they told me that their desire was to see nothing done
at the moment and to plan for a dominion status in the future. They
said that if no bill were passed, the Philippine Legislature would invite
a commission from Congress to visit the Islands and pay the cost. Then
perhaps some permanent relationship might be arranged. I reported
this to the President. Nevertheless, the new bill was passed and the
President signed it. It was called the Tydings-McDuffie Act, but out-
side the name differed little from the first bill. President Quezon ad-
vocated its adoption, claiming it was fundamentally different.

As I wrote at the time in the Philippine Magazine, Mr.
Quezon was confronted in Washington with the choice of
accepting the Tydings-McDuffie Act— " or else", in Chicago
parlance. What other course could any practical politician
have followed after that?

But President Quezon is more than a politician. And
now, with breath-taking daring, having for nearly two
years shown the highest qualities of statesmanship at home,

485

lie has given Washington the Reproof Valiant. In fact, he
has "avoided giving the Lie Direct only with an If". And,
as Touchstone said to the melancholy Jaques: "Your If
is the only peace-maker; much virtue in an If".

If my inference is correct, Mr. Quezon recognizes the
impasse the Tydings-McDuffie Act will bring the United
States and the Philippines to in ten years. He deems it
important — and it is vitally important — to make this clear
now, and, undoubtedly, it soon will be clear to even the
dumbest. The argument by redact io ad absurdum
which he has adopted is of all arguments the most irritating
to encounter. It certainly is not "As Washington Likes
It". Ever since Mr. Quezon first proposed an earlier "in-
dependence", there have been mutterings and sputterings
of acute discbmfort, not to say rage. But this is futile.
Mr. Quezon can propose very much what he likes, for he
knows that the responsibility is not his, but America's.
And, as the representative of the weaker party in this
drama, who can fairly blame him for pressing that advantage
now?

MacMurray and his band have been trying to turn the
joke, with an effort not to appear to be doing so, by talking
of economic adjustments and ignoring the political adjust-
ments which are even more necessary. It is true there is
the economic garrote in the Tydings-McDuffie Act all oiled
up for national mayhem. But how would good old Uncle
Sam look in the role of a Torquemada? The laugh will
out eventually, and it won't be on Manuel L. Quezon.

President Roosevelt's clear-sighted and high-minded
analysis of the present state of the world as a result of the

"reign of terror and international
American-Philippine lawlessness that began a few
Loyalty years ago", threatening the "very

foundation of civilization' ' , a situa-
tion from which no nation can hope to escape, and his
clear call to "positive endeavors to preserve the peace" by
"removing injustices and well-founded grievances" but at
the same time arousing the "moral consciousness of the
world to the cardinal necessity of honoring the sanctity
of treaties, of respecting the rights and liberties of others,
and of putting an end to acts of international aggression", —
this, in summary of his great speech in Chicago, is a pro-
nouncement of the great leader of the American people
showing recognition of the fact that world-power carries
with it world-responsibility. Once more, individual Amer-
icans can hold up their heads, knowing that America
has — after disappointing delays — spoken up for the right.

We in the Philippines may take pride, too, in the fact
that while acccording to news reports that followed the
Roosevelt speech, the American press was voicing only
"cautious approval", President Manuel L. Quezon did not
hesitate in declaring at a press conference immediately
after reading the first reports of the speech, and at the risk
of incurring criticism for "mixing into foreign affairs"
which as yet fall outside the province of the Commonwealth

Government, that he is in full accord with President
Roosevelt, — an unconscious demonstration not only of Mr.
Quezon's own concern over the present state of the world,
but of loyalty to the United States and the principles and
ideals it stands for.

President Quezon's spontaneous declaration on this
occasion was an earnest of the likeness of feeling between
the United States and the Philippines, born of nearly half
a century of association and of faithfulness to the same
Christian and democratic conceptions.

Regarding the reason for the retirement of General
Douglas MacArthur from the United States Army, the

general public has been inform-
General MacArthur's ed only of the General's desire
Retirement not to stand any longer in the

way of the promotion of officers
junior to himself. While it is true that he has been a
general officer much longer than any other officer and was
the youngest officer ever to occupy the highest post in the
Army, that of Chief of Staff, he still had some seven years
left before arriving at the regular retirement age, and while
the retirement of an officer of such high rank as his makes
way for the promotions of hundreds of other officers, this
in itself would seem to be hardly sufficient reason for the
course he has adopted, especially if his retirement involves
the relinquishment of his position as Military Adviser to
the Philippine Commonwealth Government.

It is not too much to say that the acceptance of General
MacArthur's resignation by President Roosevelt has re-
sulted in puzzlement and uneasiness in the Philippines, and
the real meaning of the affair, whatever it may be, is felt
to touch very closely the vital interests of the Philippine
national defense program.

If rumors to the effect that personal rivalries in Wash-
ington of the most petty nature are at the bottom of the
matter, then we are witnessing what under cover of a mere
retirement is an outrage against both United States and
Philippine interests, for the merest amateur must under-
stand that the building up of the Philippine capacity of
self-defense is of the greatest importance to the United
States as well as the Philippines, both as making possible
a gradual lessening of American responsibility here and in
building up a possible ally for the United States in case of
future threats to peace in this part of the world in which
the United States might become involved.

The Philippine national defense program is, or might
well have been, General MacArthur's final and most signal
service to the United States and its Philippine ward, perhaps
his greatest service to them both and to the cause of Western
civilization in the Pacific region. Truly remarkable pro-
gress has been made in the past two years, but no one can
believe that General MacArthur's guiding genius can be
dispensed with at this time without great — and, it would
seem under the present circumstances, wholly unneces-
sary— loss.

Lines

By Josue Rem. Siat

I vowed I'd dare to face Reality . . .
But turned to find Reality facing me !

486

China Letter

By Lin Yu

Shanghai, October 15, 1937.
Dear Friends,

THROUGH the kindness of rthe Editor and
Publisher of this Magazine, I am enabled
to write you this letter. He suggested
that it contain both news and comment. News
we have aplenty at present. Indeed, the trouble is
rather that we have too much of it. I have to sift
it, and give you only what is important, which is
not always easy to do, especially 'when one is so close to
the scene and one's feeling and sentiment are so much
involved in the issue. However, I shall try my best.

As for the comment, I believe it hardly necessary. I
believe in facts. When people get the essential, vital facts
of any issue, they generally come to a right conclusion,
unless indeed they have an axe to grind in the matter and
their interests go against what is right. However, some-
times comment is unavoidable, and in such cases I, being
a Chinefse, will make it from the Chinese point of view.

What you want to known about most at present is, natur-
ally, the Sino- Japanese hostilities. But your dailies must
have, I am sure, covered the field well. However, perhaps
there is the danger of being unable to see the forest for the
trees. I will, therefore, try to give you a broad outline
of the conflict to help you see the events of the past few
months in better perspective.

Let us begin with a brief survey of the general issue.
Too long a story is involved to tell in detail; suffice it to say
that China has suffered much at the hands of the Japanese.
The loss of Korea and Formosa, the Twenty-one Demands
forced upon China by Japan during the World War under
duress, the Japanese domination in Southern Manchuria —
are just to mention a few of the grievances China has against
Japan. About a decade or so ago, however, China began
to seek redress — peacefully. In Manchuria, China began
to develop its own resources, to build its own railways,
parallel, it is true, to the Japanese railways, and to construct
its own harbor which may one day compete with the Jap-
anese-leased port of Dairen. Then the Japanese fought
back — with the mailed fist. The result was the Man-
churian "incident", started during that fateful night of
September 18, 1931, which rocked and is still rocking the
world.

China's policy in dealing with the incident shows a gradual
development. At first, the Chinese government refused
to meet force with force, but relied on the League of Nations.
The situation, however, was clearly untenable, and the
public was loud in demanding resistance; and so when
Mr. Wang Ching-wei assumed the presidency of the Exe-
cutive Yuan, in January, 1932, he epitomized his policy
in the popular slogan " Simultaneous Resistance and Nego-
tiation", which prevailed down to the end of 1935. But it
actually worked out to be more a policy of yielding to
Japanese demands than one of resisting Japanese encroach-
ment. Witness the following facts: resistance in Shanghai
in 1932 resulted in the Shanghai Truce Agreement; resist-
ance in Jehol in 1933, in the Tangku Truce, which created

R>^3A

the demilitarized zone in East Hopei, resulting
later on in the bogus regime of Yin Ju-keng, the
through train service between Peiping and Muk-
den, the postal service between China and Man-
churia, the establishment of customs stations along
the Great Wall, and the political shake-up in North
China to please the whim of the Japanese military in the
summer of 1935. Mr. Wang became so unpopular that
an attempt was made on his life during a Plenary Session
of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. That
marked the exit of Mr. Wang from active political life in
Nanking and incidentally the end of his policy.

In 1936 China's policy in respect to Japanese aggression
evolved to another stage. When General Chiang Kai-shek
assumed the post vacated by Mr. Wang, it was decided to
try negotiation first, and only if that failed to turn to active
resistance. During the summer that year, when Kwang-
tung and Kwangsi were up in arms urging the Central
Government to resist Japan, Mr. S. Kawagoe, Japanese
Ambassador to China, went to Nanking to negotiate with
the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, General Chang
Chun. In the course of the negotiation, Mr. Kawagoe
presented General Chang with four demands which aimed
at nothing less than complete domination of China by
Japan. Meanwhile General Chiang Kai-shek quickly
maneuvered General Chen Chi-tang, the Kwangtung war-
lord, off the political stage and effected an agreement with
Kwangsi. He then brought his troops back to Central
China and instructed General Chang to present five counter-
demands, reversing every one of the Japanese demands.
Japan did not see fit to force the issue then, and the nego-
tiation was broken off without achieving anything worth-
while to the Japanese. The Japanese military, however,
sought to get at China indirectly by engineering the attack
on Suiyuan by their proteges, the Chahar bandits, the
"Manchukuo" irregulars, and the Inner Mongolian troops
under Prince Teh. The campaign ended in a debacle,
with the Chinese forces capturing Pailingmiao and many
detachments of the attackers defecting to the Chinese
side.

The failure of the Japanese to take direct action and the
failure of their Suiyuan campaign made them lose much
"face" and expofeed the weakness of their policy of using
Chinese to conquer China. The Chinese press which
had been enjoying a greater amount of freedom than during
Wang Ching-wei's time now clamored for a stronger
policy against the Japanese, and some papers even demand-
ed a war to regain the terra irredenta. The Japanese
military felt very uncomfortable and saw that something
had to be done to restore their "prestige", or, as Premier
Konoye expressed it, "to beat China to her knees, so that
she will no longer have the spirit to fight". And they made
up their minds that they themselves would have do the
beating as they could no longer entrust this to their "allies".
When one's mind is made up to pick a quarrel, it is easy
to find an excuse. Ever since the debacle of the Jehol
campaign, the Japanese have been clamoring for the auto-

487

nomy of the five North China provinces — Hopei, Chahar,
Suiyuan, Shansi, and Shantung. It was logical, therefore,
for them to muddle the water in North China in order to
fish; and the result was the Lukouchiao incident. A back-
ward glance at the North China situation will help us to
understand the outbreak of the trouble.

In the summer of 1935, the Japanese were out for the
blood of General Yu Hsueh-chung, governor of Hopei
province, whom they had run out of Manchuria. When the
Hopei-Chahar Political Council with General Sung Cheh-
yuan as its head was set up, this semi- autonomous regime
attempted to trade North Chahar in return for the aboli-
tion of the East Hopei bogus regime. In the end, however,
the Japanese got the six districts of North Chahar, which
they used later as their base in attacking Suiyuan, and ^lso
retained East Hopei. This made General Sung wary of
' 'cooperating' ' with the Japanese, though he was equally
wary of disturbing the status quo of the provinces under
his control. Hence the necessity of the Lukouchiao in-
cident.

There are two stories of the origin of the incident. One
is that while the Japanese were maneuvering near Lukou-
chiao, their "pill boxes" were attacked by the Chinese.
The other story is that after night maneuvers one Japanese
soldier was found missing, and the Japanese went to the
nearby city of Wanping and demanded the gates be opened
so that they might go in to search for the missing man.
That was 1:00 a. m., July 8; and when the Chinese sentries
refused to comply with their wishes, they attacked the city
with rifle and gunfire. No matter which story is true,
still the Japanese were in the wrong for the simple reason
that they had no right to be there at all— not being justified
by the Boxer Protocol, or any other treaty or local agree-
ment— and they must be held responsible for the trouble
that arose out of their action. After the fighting there

was a short truce, but the Japanese, while continuing to
negotiate with General Sung Cheh-yuan in Tientsin, on the
other hand brought in reinforcements and war supplies
to Tientsin and Peiping from Manchuria, Korea, and even
Japan. Peiping virtually became a beleaguered city and
everybody knew that there would be war in North
China.

While the Japanese were pouring troops and war supplies
into China, they had the effrontery to try to prevent the
Chinese Government from mobilizing its troops within
Chinese territories, from Central China to Hopei. They
also attempted to secure Chinese Government consent in
advance to any agreement they might reach with General
Sung! The Japanese did finally reach an agreement with
General Sung. Besides apology from General Sung for the
incident, the agreement provided for the Chinese troops to
withdraw a short distance first, this to be followed by a
similar step by the Japanese, and then by simultaneous
withdrawals of both Chinese and Japanese troops to certain
specified points.

General Sung not only carried out the first step, but also
threw the gates of Peiping open and removed the barricades
into the bargain. But the Japanese refused to budge.
Thereupon General Sung decided, on July 26, upon a policy
of resistance, but was forced to leave Peiping for Paoting
two days later, and by the end of July, Japanese troops had
Tientsin and Peiping in their control and had pushed their
vanguards along the Peiping-Hankow (Ping-Han for short)
railway to Liang-hsiang and Liuliho, along the Tientsin-
Pukow (abbreviated as Tsin-Pu) line to Yangliuching and
along the Ping-Sui (i.e., Peiping-Suiyuan) railroad to attack
the famous Nankow Pass in the Great Wall.

While desultory fighting was going on in North China,
Central China was keyed to a high pitch of tension. The

(Continued on page 510)

Cenotaph

By Mary Medina Clark

1. Last Post

OUR Unknown Dead! We love you with a love
Passing that of women, which has been
One pure emotion in our chequered lives.
A million souls went with you on your quest,
Your countries' honour was your Holy Grail.
This sacrifice is solemnly remembered
In silence, nation wide. For every year
The longest minutes twain are dedicate
To you, who dared — and in the daring — died.
Oh, yes! We're prodigal in our remembering
Who were too prodigal then in our waste
Of glorious Youth, which might have shared its glory
With mankind — how much — we shall never know.
But yet a bitterness of loss is present
With us who mourn, on this eleventh day
And all days else.
Oh! Anguished Christ!

488

2. Reveille

REGRETS are not enough! Our sacrifice
Has left the battle for the Greater Peace
To you, who, coming after, catch the Colours
That fell then from our dying hands. You must
Go on! Go forward! Not to war, but Peace —
The Peace for which we died, for which you live! —
So shall our loss become the gain of all
The coming kingdom of the Prince of Peace.
Our blood, which dyed them red, shall now be washed
From the white banners of world sacrifice.
Re-dedicate yourselves, your souls and bodies
To Peace on earth, ye men of goodly will;
To wide horizons, international,
With Christ as Captain of our singing host,
And we who died are marching in the vanguard
Leading the world to light.
Triumphant Christ!

Crocodile Man

By N. V. M. Gonzales

A PARTY of soldiers on patrol duty, nearing
the barrio of Wasig,came upon the crocodile
basking in the warm sunshine on the river-
bank. One of them fired his gun, but missed, and
in an instant the animal had slipped into the water,
hardly rippling the surface. The soldiers swore, for
they knew this was the beast that had been damaging
the fish traps, leaving wreckage that it took" weeks to
repair. People who came back late from their clearings
at Troso up the river told of how the reptile sometimes
followed their bancas, frightening them into paddling
downstream with all their might. Mang Tiago, the ferry-
man, said the animal haunted his part of the river and on
moonlit nights crawled up on the bank howling like a dofe
that has seen an evil spirit.
" There is some evil one behind it all," he said.
"What do you mean?" inquired the Troso workers.
"Aye, I know of an old witch once, who had a crocodile
for a pet. Perhaps . . ."
"Such a one might be here among us!"
"Why don't we see about it, then," suggested Nardo,
somewhat impatiently.
No one made a reply.

Nardo was a big-muscled fellow of thirty or thereabouts.
He was not one, he thought, to listen to idle stories about
witches. He had his own clearing and a carabao. Of
nights he would sit by the kitchen fire and watch his wife
make supper. The sounds of the night would come to
his ears and snatches of stories about witches and evil
spirits would come to his mind, but he would force them
away, chewing hard at his tobacco and spitting oiit many
an arrow of spittle into the fire.

He was paddling his banca to the barrio one afternoon
when, passing the place where Mang Tiago had said he
saw the crocodile in the moonlight, he was startled. He
thought he saw a woman huddled up against the trunk of a
mangrove tree standing half in the river. He silently
paddled closer to the shore and found to his relief that the
woman-like shape was only a stumpy root of the same
mangrove tree.

"That's your old witch!" he said, mentally addressing
the Troso folk.

The crocodile, however, was real enough. One day*
Tigre, Nardo*s hunting dog, came with him to the river.
Nardo was going to town and ordered the dog back as he
stepped into his banca, leaving him whining on the bank.
He had almost come to the bend in the river when he heard
a splash and a faint bark. The crocodile had swept the
dog into the river with a lightning-like swish of his tail.

He did not immediately feel his loss deeply, but he spat
more frequently than usual as his friends in the village
pressed him to retell how he lost his good hunting dog,
Tigre. The idea of vengeance did not occur to him at
first. But when he returned home and noticed that his
wife missed the dog, although she said very little about it,
he began to feel a sense of loss.

Before he knew it, he had caught a chicken in
his wife's poultry yard and secured a stout iron
hook and a length of strong hemp rope. Early the
next morning he went to the river, where he cut
off the chicken's head and baited the hook with the
still warm body of the fowl. Later in the day he
pulled in the line, but the fish had eaten the bait.

His failure incensed him and he began thinking of con-
structing a trap. He had it! It would be a long, narrow,
box-like cage, the sides, made of strong mangrove poles
driven deep into the ground, so close together that the
animal when caught would not be able to thrash around.
The bait would be a live dog. Nardo hardly slept that
night, thinking of the trap, and early the ne*t day he was
off to the mangrove swamp to cut the poles. Then he
paddled to a stretch of sandy bank where the crocodile had
frequently been seen.

He had not breathed a single word about his plans to
his wife. Busy with her chores, she had not noticed any-
thing out of the ordinary about her husband. But when
he had completed his trap and went to visit it every after-
noon, she noticed that something seemed amiss with him.
But she said nothing. One night she found the plaice
beside her empty, and she got up tb sit at the window and
await his return. It was such a moonlight night as the
crocodile was said to appear, but Nardo saw nothing of
the beast. There was only the whining little dog in the
trap and the black shadows of the mangrove poles on the
white sand. Nardo hastened home and told his wife that
he had thought he had heard some one outside, cattle
rustlers, may be. It seemed to him that she did not be-
lieve him, although she said nothing, and he felt awkward.
Several times this happened. He had to visit the trap
every day to feed the puppy or it would die and there
would be no one to howl all day and all night.

Then, one night, Nardo was awakened by a strange
sound, a howling different from that of any dog. He
strained his ears. It was a faint call indeed, half like the
howling of a dog, half like the mooing of a cow. Noise-
lessly Nardo left the house.

At the trap Nardo knew that the half-doggish, half-
cowish call had come from the crocodile. It lay there on
the sand, between the stakes, its grey back shiny like a new
frying pan glinting in the moonlight.

His first impulse was to run home and tell his wife. But
what would she say? He edged closer to the crocodile.
Trapped? Yes, the brute could not move a step either
forward or backward. The puppy was gone.

He was suddenly a gleeful man. He had captured the
crocodile. He ran home and, out of breath, sat down on
the doorstep to rest. Then he went into the house and
saw his wife sprawled out on the sleeping mat, and he lay
down, too. His wife had not awakened and he let her sleep,
but many thoughts kept chasing about in his head. Would
the crocodile get loose? Shouldn't he have tied it up in

489

some way? "I must go back there", he said to himself.
He was about to get up again when his wife turned around
and, warm and fleshy, snuggled up to him. The dawn
had come, windy and cold. Should he tell his wife about
his catch? Should he bring it home to her as a present
and see her cry out in fright? But he knew her. She
would want him to turn the animal loose. "Don't be
courting the devil", she would say and he would have to
give in. And was that what he had worked so hard for?
Yet he was not quite content. His victory seemed an
empty one. There was no one to share it with him. Should
he call a neighbor? No, the fellow would claim some of the
credit.

He hurried through his breakfast and hastened to the
riverside. The crocodile lay where he had left it. The
animal seemed to know it was helpless. When it saw the
man it only closed those gold-flecked eyes, as if to doze.
So it seemed to Nardo. It struck him that perhaps the crea-
ture was taunting him.

"You think I don't know what to do with you, eh?" he
shouted. He took a stick and poked at the animal's eyes.
Those were the very eyes that had spied his dog, Tigre.
The crocodile twisted, grunted, sought to whip with its
armored, flail-like tail. His jaws opened and shut threat-
eningly. His large, sharp, conical teeth glistened in the
morning sunshine. At sight of them Nardo remembered
how as a boy he had been made to wear a string of crocodile
teeth as a necklace to keep evil spirits away. He laughed
and prodded into the animal's earholes.

He desisted to gather some strong vines that grew abund-
antly near by. Then he tied the crocodile's tail securely
to the poles. The tail was slimy, like that of a fish, and he
could hardly get hold of it at first.

"How's that, eh?" he grunted. "You couldn't hurt
a fly now, could you?" He resumed his torture, finally
leaving off to tie up the brute's gaping and snapping jaws.
Then he began to deal him blows with a heavy stick. Each
time he struck, the stick bounced. The animal winced,
stirred, jerked, and groaned at each blow.

The sun was getting hot, Nardo was tired and his body
was running with sweat. He decided he would bring the
crocodile to the village. He would tie it up still more
securely and drag it behind his carabao. He would take
the trail through the mangrove swamp. He would drag
the beast through the street. People would look out of
the windows and scream.

He went home to get his carabao. His wife noted the

smell of mud and swamp about him. "Where have you
been?" she would have asked him, but he looked rough
and Surly and tired and she hastened to give him something
to eat. He ate quickly and silently and then went to
where his carabao was tethered. He patted the animal
on the rump and threw a rope on his broad back.

On the river bank the crocodile lay as helpless as before,
his eyes clotted with blood. * 'Enjoying the sunshine, eh!"
taunted Nardo. The carabao snorted.

"Don't be afraid, Pongkol," said Nardo. "It's nothing
but a helpless crocodile. It can't hurt you . . . Now,
now ..." he coaxed.

The path skirted the riverbank and the crocodile dragged
along the ground like a heavy log. The carabao halted
several times, as if unwilling to go ahead, but Nardo drove
him on, beating him with a loose end of rope. At times
Pongkol would trip over a tree root and the crocodile was
thrown from side to side as they made their slow progress
through the swamp. The vines tied about the jaws of
the crocodile had been torn off, but Nardo knew of no way
safely to replace them.

They came to a shallow creek and as they crossed it the
crocodile writhed wildly at the touch of the water. "Ha,
ha," laughed Nardo. "Say goodbye to the fishes!"

They crossed a second creek, narrower and shallower
than the first one. Near the bank Nardo caught sight
of the tree root that looked like an old hag of a woman.
"Ha, ha," said Nardo, "there's their old witch again!"
The third and last creek they had to cross was wider and
deeper and nipa palms grew thickly along one bank.
The carabao plunged into the stream with a heavy splash,
and Nardb almost slipped off his back. The crocodile
followed. . . . And suddenly blood colored the greenish
water.

Some say that there was a battle between Nardo and the
carabao and the crocodile. Nardo was not seen for several
days and his wife came to the village to look for him.

It was Mang Tiago who saw him then, there by the bank
of the river, a crumpled up hulk of a man. He lay crazily
on a matting of muddy nipa leaves, only half dry, and he
yelped like a dog and lowed like a cow. Mang Tiago said
he had given him some chewing tobacco, and Nardo had
swallowed it whole, like a hunk of food. . . .

Nardo was not seen after that. Now, on feast days in
the village, the people send for Mang Tiago, and as long
as there is chewing tobacco, he recites over and over the
tale of Nardo and the crocodile.

Autumn Never Comes to this Green Land

By Harriet Mills McKay

AUTUMN never comes to this green land,
Dreaming forever in eternal spring,
To spread bright colors with a lavish hand. . . .

Arresting growth. . . to give a harvesting.
No frost-bright fires burn the forest here
Exposing branches, empty-armed and drear.

But I believe she makes a daily round,

And all unnoticed plucks the fading leaf,

And lets it flutter softly to the ground. . . .
A cycle ended. . . beautiful and brief.

But always vestures of the tropic scene

Are just a varied monochrome of green!

490

Manila Changes

By Henry Philip Broad

WE had— my young daughter and I— rattled
down crowded Azcarraga, faced a major
traffic jam in one of the twisting little side-
streets between Rizal Avenue and the Escolta; had
finally, after much delay, reached 217 Dasmarinas,
had taken the lift to the fourth floor, had stopped for a
moment to view a surprising roof garden, passed through
the business office of the Philippine Magazine, and after
having climbed tremulously a circular staircase, had
come at last into the Editor's Holy of Holies, in the
penthouse of the Uy Yet Building.

From where we sat we could see squat powerful outlines
of new buildings and spires of old ones fringe the horizon.
From below came, not at all faintly and yet softened by the
distance, the noise of traffic of the mature afternoon. There
was in this reverberation of noises, in this view of new—
and old— structures, a reminder that being above it made
one a part of it no less. . . .

Between sips of tea, we talked: What was going on down
in Zamboanga? What did we think of the political si-
tuation? How long did we intend to stay here? And
then the Editor suddenly asked: "Have you noticed any
changes in Manila since you were here last time?"

I put down my cup of tea, struck by the sudden inade-
quacy of the word. Changes! Changes? Changes, of
course countless changes. And " changes" didn't say it.
Why, this was no longer the Manila of November, 1931,
this was a new Manila, an upsetting, a bewildering, evo-
lating, Manila.

"Write me an article about it," the Editor urged.
" I'll" try. When I'm home again. When all this turbul-
ence of new impressions has had time to settle a little."
Perhaps it was the unearthly hour of my arrival in Manila
that made the first impression such an unfavorable one.
No one really should arrive in Manila— or elsewhere—
at 5:30 in the morning, in the tail of a typhoon; the sea
rough and unfriendly, the Pasig swollen with mud, the
quay dismal and bare but for a knot of rushing cargadores ;
not a taxi in sight; and rain, rain pouring from a sky that
looked as dismal as the rest. And then, later, breakfast-
less in a battered taxi rattling one's way over miserable
pavement through narrow old streets still dark with night
and rain. Manila, on that early August morn seemed one
immense pool of distress, weeping over itself.

But a few days later, the sun, against all expectations
lending gracious assistance, I beheld the first great change.
The Escolta!

The Escolta and I are old friends. We have known each
other many, many years-when I was younger and it
less so. It never was what could be called a wide tho-
roughfare, but now— #

A narrow bowel of a street lined its not great length
with buildings so high as to dwarf it out of proportions.
Five and a half years ago there were a number of tall build-
ings on the Escolta. Today one may safely say that—
with a gap ready to take on another-there are only tall

buildings on the Escolta. And, through this narrow
channel passes an unceasing, u ninterrupted stream
of vehicles, a mass of traffic closely packed, un-
endingly carried on, steadily - growing as the city
~ grows.

In earlier days it was possible, to park one's car on the
Escolta. In 1931 we parked ours — not on the Escolta
proper, but just a few steps r*way. But today it seems
there are no longer any parking grounds. Your car drops
you at your destination, m/>re or less, and then cruises
on, following the car ahead, and being followed by a car
behind; the latter again being followed, and this all
through the length of the day and the haste and press of
business.

The Escolta sidewalks teem with pedestrians, driven
no less by haste and press of business or busyness; eyes
fixed, steps rapid and sure. Few of them give more than
casual attention to the variegated display in the countless
shop windows. Not so very long ago — in '31, in fact
it was possible to stroll down the length of the Escolta
in leisure and ease, taking in the shoes and the India shawls,
the book displays and the typewriters, the jewelry assort-
ments and the whatnots. But today you are mere chaff
in a storm — of value to yourself only, carried along by the
mass of haste all around you. You are, at times, not at
all gently reminded that time may not always be money,
but that others do not squander it.

Your purchases made, you stand forlorn on the curb—
if you're allowed to stand— and hope and pray your car
may soon show up after cruising around. And finally,
finally, your eyes catch another's eyes in recognition, and
it is your driver and your car. Joy surging through you
in almost audible waves, you up and leap for it. Then
you become, car and driver and all, another mere atom in
this whirligig, mad and exhilarating, and a little fright-
ening, as you emerge upon Plaza Santa Cruz with its babel
of noises and pass down into Echague and bedlam.

Later, in your temporary home, you find yourself pos-
sessed of things you couldn't have bought in Manila five
and a half years ago: Attractive ready-made dresses very
reasonably priced; shoes of every shape, style, and shade,
not so reasonably priced; novelty jewelry so much in vogue,
of every possible sort, to suit every possible purse; and then
you recall with gratitude that delicious cup of hot coffee
taken in new, cool, darkened recesses of an old establish-
ment.

One afternoon you drive out to Pasay to have dinner
with old friends. A violent traffic jam on upper Calle
Rosario holds you up, and so you have time to study the
architecture of those to you, new buildings. They are not,
of course, nearly as tall as those colossuses on the Escolta,
but they are of more pleasing proportions. You can take
them in their entirety without the risk of dislocating your
neck.

After you pass the Jones Bridge with the vast bulk
of the Post Office to your left gilded by a spare sun, the.

491

traffic takes on a new form. No more the neck-to-neck,
slow, yet hurried crawl, but an easy speeding along wide,
clear, beautiful streets. The Mehan Gardens look refresh-
ingly green after the murk and rush and haste of Azcarraga
and Rosario. Patches of park, with their crimson-and-
gold are magnificent; and these patches which recur fre-
quently around Taft Avenue and on the new Luneta,
are pure delights to one who remembers the bleak, grayish
expanses of not so long ago.

Above the green-and-gold-and-crimson napery, shooting
from the ground, unexpectedly tall, unexpectedly new,
surprisingly handsome, are the University Club, the Bay
View Hotel, and other edifices. How dwarfed have become
the fancy twin towers of the Luneta Hotel which in an
earlier day loomed so high! Then Dewey Boulevard,
lined with mansions, many new ones among those we
remember.

Evening settles slowly as we approached Pasay with its
many new palacial residences, some still unfinished. They
are indeed new structures — of new lines, new proportions,
new colors and shades ; like those other new structures seen
along Taft and in New Manila — of squat, broad, hard lines;
much glass, much glitter and goldleaf, and so, so utterly
unrelated to their background and setting. Cubes of
houses, of imposing massiveness; very, very modern, very,
very new. . . . And we reflect then upon the necessity,
the invigoration, the ineluctability, the cruelty, of the new.

Most of these mansions, we are told, have new fortunes
behind them; that perhaps, explains much.

Then the New Woman on Manila streets! You see her
everywhere — on the Escolta, in Pasay, Tondo, San Juan —
in her short-skirted little sports frock of cotton or silk,
shod in Gandara or in Escolta. Her hair and face neatly
and becomingly beauty -parlored, she levels down age-old
conceptions of beauty and conquers the city of ternos
and chinelas as completely as her sisters conquer other
cities. In all my three weeks in Manila I saw the old
Filipino garb in the street only on Sundays. In '31 there
were still many to be seen. With the New Woman there
came, as a matter of necessity, the numerous beauty-
parlors that are liberally sprinkled all over the Manila
landscape in and out of the city proper.

The men nowadays are much more conscious of them-
selves in regard to haberdashery, and sport more colorful
shirts and ties. And to carry these articles there are many
new establishments that seem to thrive.

Department stores have added their quota of newness.
There is, in these places of business, an orderliness, an
efficiency, not connected with Manila stores of earlier
days. The salesladies all speak good English, some of
them very good English. They waste no time at all —
your demands are given their due attention, what more
could you ask for? Time was when a sort of personal rela-
tion sprang up between you and the person who waited
on you. This is no more. Briefly, the salespeople are
more polite but less friendly.

(Continued on page 508)

The Boy and the Flute

By W. M. B. Laycock

SILVER, moon-minted, lay on the land as a luminous
mist ; and somewhere out in the murmurous silence
a boy in a rice field played idle tunes on a bamboo
flute. Idle, inconsequential, airy tunes as much a part
of the moonlight-flooded night as the fireflies, and the
dry rustle of the trade wind in the fronded palms, and the
stars surging westward to their ultimate doom in the
pallid waste that was the Sulu Sea.

There was a timeless quality in that fluting, and, though
it floated down to us across only a few leagues of rice and
meadow land, one was privy to the piquant fancy that, in
reality, it had come from very far away — from the other
end of Time, from the beginning of all the years. It was
very, very old; and younger. . . younger than the young
rice.

And it was something more, too — the very essence of
the spirit of the land translated into terms of a melody
whose notes were thin and reedy flutings of tremulous,
silvery sound, both infinitely gay and infinitely forlorn,
and informed — always — with a certain aura of rich and
airy carelessness and nonchalance more touching than
tears.

Only a boy could have played that tune; only a boy or
one of the old woodland gods. No really clever, or im-

492

portant, or successful person could ever have achieved it.
It was too mockingly derisive of all success; too airy and
artless and irresponsible; too much an integral part of the
necromancy native to the passing hour.

And so it was that as one listened to that wild and faery
fluting one was offered and one accepted — tentatively at
least — a new set of values in regard to Life that suddenly
made the great affairs of nations and the talk and deeds
of famous men to seem of no more importance than "the
brickbats of Babylon". And certainly not as important —
whispered a profane and wanton whimsy — as a slim brown
boy idly playing a flute in a field of young rice under a
westering moon.

But then. . . just such a profane and wanton whimsy
was but native to the passing hour and — doubtless — as
fugitive as the music of which it was begotten. And that,
perhaps, was as well. For it was of the very nature of the
glamourie of that wild, fey fluting that it could not last.
It was only a thin reedy cry in the vast and whispering
silence of the moonlight and firefly-haunted night; it was,
after all, only "such stuff as dreams are made on". And
certainly as evanescent as only dreams can be. And maybe
as imperishable, too.

Curious Facts about some Common Insects

By Leopoldo B. Uichanco
Drawings by Arsenio Y. Coronet

NOT long ago, the newspapers gave some
prominence to a hospital case in Manila
of a man who had been bitten by an
insect. Following the accident, the victim was
soon in great distress; alarming symptoms
developed in the form of palpitation of the heart,
difficulty of breathing, dizziness, and swollen face,
hands, and feet. The doctor's skill was severely
taxed and the patient had to be nursed along
in his sickbed for a number of days.

The villain in the premises was most probably
a somber- colored assassin bug, which is a trifle
over two centimeters long and is known tech-
nically as Triatoma r ubrofascia t us (DeGeer).
We have many other kinds of assassin bugs in A . . .. , r .

J b An assassin bug that feeds on

good many insects which are of distinct service
to mankind. We are familiar with the silkwortn
and the domestic honeybee, which are among the
world's oldest domesticated animals, the lac in-
sect of India, which produces the shellac varnish,
and the cochineal insect of Mexico, which yields
the well known dye. The role of bees, wasps,
butterflies, moths, and certain flies in flower
pollination is too widely recognized to require
elaboration. Against the five or six injurious
species of termites, we have over forty other
known forms in the Philippines that are of
immense value to us as soil builders. Flies,
despite their evil reputation as disease carriers,
ants, and certain small beetles help keep our

the Philippines. Their food consists generally *?uman hl™d'Tri°t0™« rubr°- surroundings clean by their habit as scavengers.

rr ° J fasciatus (DeGeer) x2*/2 . . . . * 4.U

of soft-bodied insects, especially caterpillars,
which they stab with their sharp beaks to suck the blood
out. Assassin bugs are usually found among plants in the
open, awaiting some likely prey. But Triatozna, unlike
other assassin bugs, is of a more choosy taste. Fellow in-
sects are not good enough for its food and nothing short of
mammalian blood will satisfy it. Hence, instead of wasting
its time among plants in the open, it sets itself on the spoor
of its favorite meal. Crowded places like Manila, are its
more frequented haunt. It often sneaks at night into
the house of its intended human victims, hiding by day in
dark places where its presence may not be easily detected.
It clings patiently to the undersides of latrine seats and
there lies in ambush for its hapless prey. The loss of a
drop or two of blood is of little concern to the owner; the
real trouble results from the nasty way the assassin bug
and all other sucking insects have of injecting poisonous
saliva into the puncture made by the beak. This bad
spitting habit the insects have to resort to in order to
liquefy the blood, which is sticky and is otherwise liable
to clot and choke the predator.

Insects that prey on man are, of course, not a rarity.
Their attack is an every day experience and the bite of these
more familiar forms — mosquitoes, owl midges, lice, bed-
bugs, and fleas — is not news. However, their unwelcome
attention is at times much more than ordinarily dangerous,
on account of the transmission of disease. Malaria, bu-
bonic plague, and other insect-borne ailments find their way
into the blood stream of humans because of the spitting
habit of sucking insects.

When we think of insects, we usually have in mind mostly
those forms that annoy us, make us or our domestic ani-
mals sick, or destroy our crops. This is, of course, a very
natural attitude, considering that the yearly toll on human
and animal lives, or at least on their health, and the dam-
age to agriculture from the work of insects, are considerable.
However, we are prone to overlook the fact that, despite
the evil deeds of the relatively few miscreants, toward the
control of which we should direct every effort, there are a

Also, they serve in pointing out to us the
presence of dangerous filth which demands proper disposal.
A close relative of the housefly, the bluebottle fly, lays
its eggs on putrid flesh, which is the food of the maggots.
The presence of maggots in jerked meat or salted fish is
an almost sure sign that the product is spoiled and unfit
to eat. These maggots sometimes get a chance to invade
old wounds. In recent years, doctors have made the start-
ling discovery that the presence of these scavengers in the
wound is beneficial rather than harmful. The maggots eat
the decomposed parts, leaving the healthy tissue clean.
They remove the decayed portions which poison the
living flesh and prevent the wound from healing. They
do the job with a precision and thoroughness that no
surgeon can ever hope to accomplish. Further findings
have shown, moreover, that, in addition to cleaning the
wounds, the maggots hasten the cure by the urea contained
in their waste matter. In some hospitals at present, cultures
of these maggots are purposely kept in readiness] for the
treatment of certain types of persistent wounds which phy-
sicians call chronic osteomyelitis. The maggots are raised
under aseptic conditions and are called " surgical maggots.' '
But it is not only in health matters that insects can teach
us things. By observing the ways of the insects, we may
even obtain valuable suggestions in the cor duct
of our own social life. Very
recently Filipino women were
jubilant over their success in
obtaining the suffrage. "Sex equal-
ity ' ' is not a new institution among
insects, and it has been brought
about not through artificial legis-
lation, but by the operation of nat-
ural laws. That the arrangement
is biologically sound is attested in
part by the fact that insects con-
stitute the most successful race of
the animal kingdom, in which they hold the controlling

(Continued on page 506)

493

A male water-bug, Sphaerode-
ma rusticum Fabricius, playing
nursemaid to Lady Sphaerode-
ma's large brood of eggs. x2^.

Life Insurance in the Philippines

By Frank Lewis-Minton

ON December 31, 1936, according to the Insurance
Commissioner's report, there were 44,086 holders of
life insurance policies in the Philippines, carrying a
total coverage of PI 57,836,971. At the close of business
on December 31, 1916, the number of policy holders was
but 8,063, and the total of life insurance in force only
5^30,130,054. In short, the amount of life insurance in
force today is over five times greater than it was twenty-one
years ago. To the casual observer from the Occident,
particularly from America, these figures may be quite
unimpressive. But tp those of us who are familiar with
local economic conditions the progress of life insurance is
remarkable, not to say amazing.

In 1913 an American insurance concern published a
statement to the effect that eighty-five percent of American
men died leaving an estate of less than $100. That state-
ment was over- conservative. Recently, after an exhaustive
research, Thrift, an organ of the American Bankers Asso-
ciation, published statistics, (which were subsequently
accepted and used by the United States Treasury Depart-
ment), showing that out of every hundred men eighty-two
die penniless, or with less than nothing! These are
statistics from one of the richest countries of the world.
Therefore the fact that not less than 44,086 of our citizens
and residents in the Philippines have potential estates
averaging about P3,800 each, and that the number of
policy holders is steadily increasing, is not a bad showing.

Life insurance was little known in the Philippines, out-
side the Spanish and foreign business communities and
among the wealthy hacenderos and industrialists, up to
the end of the past century. This condition prevailed
throughout the first two decades after American occupation.
In fact, life insurance had not attained to any great im-
portance in Europe or the Americas until about the middle
of the nineteenth century, although marine insurance, in
varying forms, had been popular since the early middle
ages, and may have been known to the ancients. So far
as is known, the first life insurance policy was issued in
1583. It followed strictly the form of marine insurance
policies of that day. The first life insurance company
known to history was the " Amicable Society'* of London,
organized in 1698. But life insurance was promptly banned
as irreligious in Europe, and was likewise discouraged in
America.

All insurance was looked upon generally as a game of
chance — necessary in some instances, perhaps, but never-
theless a form of gambling. The famous Lloyds of London,
accepting every conceivable risk, with the exception of
risk to human life, was formed by a group of moneyed
gentlemen, all of whom had other interests and other more
important sources of income, and all of whom probably
looked upon their venture as a sporting proposition rather
than as a means of supporting commercial and industrial
enterprises throughout the world. But the immense public
value of such an institution quickly became apparent, and
the possibilities and ramifications of insurance attracted
the best financial and mathematical minds of the world.

494

Insurance companies sprang into being everywhere. Most
of these, however, specialized in fire and marine risks, and
incidentally did much to improve building construction,
both on land and sea.

Insurance rates were high, but hazards were correspond-
ingly great; for not wind and wave alone menaced the
argosies of the merchants. Piracy and pestilence stalked
the seas two hundred years ago, ever hovering near the
hardy mariners who brought fortunes in silks and tea and
spices from the Orient, tobacco and fine cabinet woods from
the Americas. Not only fire and flood menaced their
far-flung sources of supply — the isolated coast and island
settlements, where these same buccaneers were wont to
rob and rape, to murder and to pillage. Slowly the value
of human life, hitherto largely a sentimental one, began to
be considered in terms of its practical value to widows and
orphaned children, to the community at large; and the
demand for life insurance grew apace.

But that life insurance was generally considered merely
a gamble with death is shown by the earlier policy forms —
in some cases rather grisly documents — notable among
which was the "Tontine" plan, so named for Lorenzo
Tonti, the originator, an Italian who lived in Paris in the
seventeenth century. The first Tontines were formed to
raise money for Louis XIV, who was financially embarrassed,
as usual. Tried and discarded in England and Ireland,
the Tontine was later adopted by some of the life insurance
companies. Under the most atrocious of the Tontine plans
a group of men — usually one hundred- — paid like sums into
a fund which was held in trust by the insurance company
or association until ninety -nine of the group were dead,
and then paid — plus accrued interest — to the surviving
member of the group. Modified Tontine plans called
for payment of dividends to surviving members of the
group at the end of a stated period: ten, fifteen, or
twenty years. Obviously, however, the higher the death
rate among members, the greater the dividends to sur-
vivors at the end of the Tontine period. Modifications
of the Tontine plan flourished until after the middle
of the nineteenth century. Education, experience, and
finally wise legislation put an end to all such schemes and
practices. And here let it be said that this legislation was
quite as welcome to the great majority of insurance officials
as to the public.

Most of the great North American life insurance com-
panies were formed during the nineteenth century. Their
pathways were not strewn with roses. They were hamper-
ed from within by inefficient supervision, by avarice,
profligacy, and chicane; from without by fraud and poli-
tical graft, by ignorance and superstition. Even as late
as the middle nineties there were religious fanatics in Amer-
ica who looked upon life insurance as a sacrilege; others
who considered it conducive to crime.

Since the birth of the twentieth century the growth of
life insurance has been tremendous, due to increasing public
confidence in the integrity and strength of insurance com-
panies, and the financial sagacity of insurance officials.

In 1926, according to the Encyclopedia Britanica, there
were thirty-one million policy holders in North America.
Recently the largest American company reported thirty-
seven million holders. These figures, of course, included
industrial and group insurance coverage.

The spectacular increase of life insurance in the Philip-
pines between 1915 and 1932, (P30,000,000 to 1*148,000,000,
approximately), was doubtless due principally to flourishing
business conditions caused by unprecedented foreign de-
mand for sugar, hemp, coconut products, and lumber
during the war and its aftermath of speculative expansion.
Nearly everyone engaged in shipping, commerce, or in-
dustry, made unusual profits. Employees received high,
sometimes unwarranted salaries. The over-optimistic
bought more life insurance than they could carry in normal
times, or spent so lavishly for other things that they were
forced to decrease their insurance during the following
depression, or even allow it to lapse. The increase since
1932 has been much slower, (scarcely two million pesos a
year), but it has been a steadier, healthier growth.

Doubtless the earlier buyers of life insurance in the Phil-
ippines, as in other countries, looked upon the transaction
more or less as a gamble. Almost the only form of policy
sold was the endowment. (This is still the most popular
policy, but recently there has been a growing demand for
deferred payments and other plans which assure the bene-
ficiary of an income for a period of years or for life, rather
than payment of a lump sum). During the prosperous
years, life insurance companies paid high dividends to
holders of participating policies. Agents, generally speak-
ing, were not averse to boasting of the dividends paid by
their respective companies. The loan value of policies
was also dwelt upon, perhaps with undue emphasis. At
any rate the fact that it is unwise to borrow against life
insurance, except in a real emergency, was not sufficiently
impressed upon the minds of policy holders; nor was the
fact that it is greatly to the advantage of the borrower to
liquidate such loans promptly, duly stressed.

Not infrequently life insurance policies were bought
largely through desire to help a friend, to extend the utmost
courtesy to a popular visiting agent, or to "keep up with
the Jones's", rather than from a knowledge of the true
value and purpose of life insurance. Agents were fully
aware of these characteristics of our peculiarly kind and
hospitable people, and in some cases, doubtless, took
advantage of them. But the same traits that make one
"easy to sell" may also indicate that he will drop his in-

surance, when in temporary difficulties, without due con-
sideration of his loss.

These elements, combined with the recent depression
and minor contributing causes, have brought about the
inevitable result . .an appalling loss of life insurance through
lapse of policies. We gaze with pardonable pride upon the
Insurance Commissioner's report for 1936, showing P157,-
836,971 of life insurance in force. But let us look at some
more figures. A consolidated statement of business
transacted by life insurance companies operating in Manila
from 1932 to 1936 inclusive shows that the loss of life
insurance due to " lapse and other causes" amounted to
1*123,316,517 during that period. In short, the total life
insurance in force is only about thirty -four and a half-mil-
lion pesos more than the amount lost by lapse and voidance.

There is nothing more pitifully useless than a lapsed
life insurance policy. Many of these policies need not
have been allowed to lapse. With a little self-sacrifice,
a little more careful planning, they could have been carried
on to profitable maturity. A considerable number of
these lapses occurred after only the first payment had been
made, or after the policies had been in force only one year.
Such business is not desirable to reputable companies. It
tends to make relations between the company and the
public less cordial, and may, in the case of smaller policies
at least, be unprofitable— even a loss. The great loser is,
of course, the buyer. He has lost his cash, a little of his
self-confidence, perhaps a little of the respect of hfs in-
timates. And with each succeeding year his life insurance
rate increases. Life insurance is, perhaps, the best illus-
tration of the well known business axiom; "It pays to pay".
The non-payer always loses.

It is true that economic change, lower salaries, and un-
employment have contributed in considerable measure to
this great loss of life insurance; but in many instances the
agents who sold the insurance might have influenced policy
holders to continue their payments, had they been genuinely
interested in the welfare of their clients and the records
of their companies.

Fortunately, however, there is now to be noted a decrease
in life insurance lapse, and there is reason to hope that
eventually the percentage of lapse may drop to normal,
which is understood to be about fifteen percent among the
more conservative companies abroad. Some time ago,
one of our most prominent local companies instituted a
"conservation department", devoted exclusively to keeping
(Continued on page 510)

Moon Pool

By Ambrosia del Rosario

WHITE moonlight streaks in bold lines,
Parallel, off the wet roof,
Leaps unconcerned into an upright tree,
Quivers on leaf and leaf and leaf,
Slides down the trunk,
And rests quietly
To view itself in the small pool
The rain has made.

495

The Women Characters in Rizal's Novels

By Pura Santillan-Castrence

DORA PATROCINIO was Capitan Tiago's
bete noire. Capitan Tiago, affluent owner
of estates in Pampanga and Laguna, one of
the richest landlords in Binondo, had only one
thorn in his corpulent flesh and in his smug
soul, and that thorn was the person of an old widow,
"who was his rival in piety and who had gained from
many curates such enthusiastic praises and eulogies as he in
his best days had never received." * Rizal called the rivalry
a "holy rivalry'', because the results redounded to the
benefit of the Church. A more "unholy", more bitter
feeling could not exist between the warlords of two enemy
nations than that which existed between Dona Patrocinio
arid Capitan Tiago. "Did Capitan Tiago present to some
Virgin a silver wand ornamented with emeralds and top-
azes? At once Dona Patrocinio had ordered another of
gold set with diamonds." 2 Knowing that the pious lady
could not endure the chiming of bells and the explosion of
fireworks because she was extremely excitable and nervous,
he would, often, just to spite her, produce his " special"
taunt — masses with bombs and fireworks. But while
he would be smiling in triumph, she would be planning
her revenge; the next Sunday she would pay to secure the
best orators of the priestly orders in Manila, "the most
famous preachers of the Cathedral and even the Paulists, 3
to preach on the holy days upon profound theological
subjects to the sinners who understood only the vernacular
of the markets." What if she slept during the sermon, as
Capitan Tiago, and his partisans bitterly reproached her
with doing; what, indeed, if she did not understand what
was being said, as off and on she would fitfully wake up
from her slumber; the important thing was that she had
paid for the sermons in advance and that was all that
mattered — to her, to her adherents, and, we might add,
even to the preachers.

What did this woman look like who disturbed the gracious
calm of Capitan Tiago's existence? We regret that Rizal's
pen-picture of her is not very adequate. We can only
imagine that she must have been a strong, ageless creature,
whose spirit seemed as undaunted and as invincible as her
taut, wiry frame of a body. For when Capitan Tiago
used some of his religious privileges in unsaintly prayers
for her early demise, "so that he might be alone in serving
God,"4 his unworthy prayers remained ever unanswered ;
"there was no part of her that could be attacked by sick-
ness; she seemed to be a steel wire, no doubt for the edifi-
cation of souls, and she hung on in this vale of tears with
the tenacity of a boil on the skin." 5 Of her physical appear -
ance, we have only snatches of description which show that
she can not have been a very delectable morsel of feminine
pulchritude. Thus we see her raging at Capitan Tiago
for his bombs and fireworks; she was indignant, mad, but
"she ctfuld only gnaw at her lips with her tooth-gums." 6
One can only guess at the kind of person she was, for Rizal,
interested in presenting the bombastic, pompous side of
Capitan Tiago, used Dona Patrocinio merely as a means

496

to bring out those traits in the man's character.
When Rizal said that "her adherents were secure
in the belief that she would be canonized,"7 it was
not to have us think of her as good and saintly,
but only so that he could add later on that Capi-
tan Tiago agreed with this opinion and even cheerfully
promised to worship her at the altars " provided only that
she die soon." 8

It is from such glimpses of Dona Patrocinio, therefore,
that we have to deduce her character. The first trait that
stands out was her obvious love of pomp. The pettiness
behind it, the vulgarity, even, of the costly display which
was supposedly to honor the Virgin Mary or some patron
saint, but really only intended to put to shame the offerings
of her equally foolish rival, one can not fail to note. "If
at the time of the Naval procession, Capitan Tiago erected
an arch with two facades covered with ruffled cloth and
decorated with mirrors, glass globes, and chandeliers, then
Dona Patrocinio would have another, with four facades,
six feet higher, and more gorgeous hangings." 9 So the
one party goaded the other to one crude demonstration
after another. One day the woman was in the lead; the
next, the Capitan, with his expensive candles and his gor-
geous processions. But he could not long gloat over his
victory for, before he knew it, "she had driven him from
the field completely by presenting to the church three
andas of gilded silver, each one of which cost her over
three thousand pesos."10

This was the Dona Patrocinio during the best days of
Capitan Tiago, when Maria Clara graced his household,
and he was the most respected citizen of San Diego. The
next time we see her is when Capitan Tiago, old, broken-
down, and defeated, an opium-addict, finally breathed his
last, and in so doing hurled at her his last and, this time,
unanswerable challenge: his funeral was the grandest the
people had ever attended. "The obsequies were of the
very first class; all the rites and cererrionies possible were
performed; it was, indeed, a delight: loads of incense were
burned . . ."" It was too much for Dona Patrocinio who
actually wanted to die on the next day, "so that she might
order even more sumptuous obsequies. . . . Yes, she de-
sired to die, and it seemed that she could hear the excla-
mations of the people at the funeral, 'This indeed is what
you call a funeral! This indeed is to know how to die,
Dofla Petrocinio!' "12 But her role as prop to Capitan
Tiago's desire to show off was over, and Rizal did not give
her the magnificent death that she prayed for.

(1) Charles B. Derbyshire's Social Cancer, (translation of Rizal's XoliMe
T anger e)t p. 44.

(2) Op. cit, pp. 44-45. e ^ o .

(3) Cf. op. cit., p. 45, footnote (2). The Paulists are members of the Society
of St. Vincent de Paul, whose chief business is preaching and teaching. They entered
the Philippines in 1862.

(4) Op. cit, p. 45.

(5) Op. cit., pp. 45-46.

(6) Op. cit., p. 45.

(7) Op. cit., p. 46.

(8) Ibid.

(9) Op. cit., p. 45.

(11) Charles B. Derbyshire's The^Reion'of Greed (translation of Rizal's El
Filibusterismo) , p. 286.

(12) Op. cit., pp. 286-287.

Dominion Status for Indonesia

By G. G. van der Kop

A LITTLE over a year ago I sent the Philip-
pine Magazine a few particulars respect-
ing the so-called Soetardjo petition, which
aimed at the calling of a conference of representa-
tives of the Netherlands and of Indonesia (Nether-
land India) on a basis of equality, with the ob-
ject in view of devising a scheme by which, as the result
of various political reforms, the independent status of
Indonesia (Netherland India), as defined in Article I of
the Constitution, might be granted within a period of ten
years or within such a period of time as would be con-
sidered possible by the conference.

Contrary to expectations at the time, the proposal sub-
mitted to the Volksraad to lay such a petition before H. M.
Queen Wilhelmine and both houses of Parliament, was
passed by a vote of 26 to 20. At the time that the vote
was called, five members were absent but whereas these
had previously stated that they would vote in favor of the
proposal, the vote should have been 31 to 20.

Those in favor of the petition included nearly all Native
members of the Volksraad, with the exception of a few
extreme nationalists who did not believe that the proposal
went far enough. Their slogan is "Indonesia free from
Holland" without any restrictions whatsoever. The very
influential Indo-European League supported the proposal
also, and furthermore a few Europeans. It may said in
general that in addition to the Natives in favor of the peti-
tion, the European and Indo-European elements, which
may be considered as having definitely settled in Nether-
land India, supported the petition. Those against it were
the outspokenly European groups of the4 * Fatherland Club",
the "Christian State Party", the Netherland Indian Catholic
Party, European government officials, and the purely cap-
italistic interests as represented by what is called in the
Volksraad the group of the "industrialists." Because the
majority of the promotors of the petition, including six
"Volksraad" members, belonged to the group of Native
government officials, the error was made by the local press
of representing the proposal as emanating from this polit-
ically very moderate, and in some respects, even conserva-
tive group. Afterwards this was corrected because the
group concerned declared that the members had acted indivi-
dually and not as party representatives. This did not make
any material difference because the fact remains that the
proposal was submitted and has finally been approved by
politically moderate elements which may be considered,
in so far as the Natives are concerned, as representatives
of the better class and the more well-to-do groups among
the Native population, who have a large share in the admin-
istration of the government, and, although nationalists
at heart, can not be considered as favoring a break with

the so-called mother country.

Although very little attention has been paid to
the petition by the local Dutch press, which has
either ignored it or tried to make it appear ridi-
culous, it has been the subject of wide discus-
sions in various Dutch periodicals of standing,
and when mention of it was made in the Dutch Par-
liament, the then-Minister of the Colonies, Dr. Colyn,
replied that the Netherland Indian Government would
be approached for information on the subject. In his
recent speech to the Volksraad, the new Governor-General
Jhr. Mr. Tjarda van Starckenborch Stachouwer, stated
that in due time a communication would be made on the
subject.

The most recent development in respect to the petition
is that now a Central Committee has been established at
Batavia of which Mr. Soetardjo is the chairman. As names
will convey little to readers in the Philippines, it will be
sufficient for me to say that the members of the Committee
include various Natives more or less prominent in political
life and the one Arab member of the Volksraad. The Com-
mittee has no political party affiliations. The Central
Committee itself will not conduct any action but various
local committees will be established whose object will be
to bring the petition to the attention of the public at large
and to make also those who do not take an active part in
politics more familiar with the aims of the promotors of
the scheme.

Although the granting of a larger share of autonomy
within the empire will be a slow process and will meet with
considerable obstruction on the part of the capitalistic
and conservative groups in Holland as well as in Netherland
India itself, there can not be the slightest doubt that a
conference, as proposed by Mr. Soetardjo and his colleagues,
would tend to give a certain measure of satisfaction to the
growing number of residents in Netherland India who feel
that the predominance allowed to purely Dutch interests
is becoming rather irksome. The depression which is
claimed by some to be a thing of the past, although only
those who have an interest in certain branches of the export
trade benefit by what is called a revival, whereas the general
prosperity of Java's population has decidedly declined in
the course of the last dozen years and shows no signs what-
ever of a revival, has done much to accentuate the pre-
dominance of these purely Dutch interest, inter -alia by
the various import restriction measures, many of which
aimed almost solely at the protection of Dutch commercial
and industrial interests. It appears therefore that the
Soetardjo petition for a round-table conference is the logical
result of a colonial policy which, at best, must be called
short-sighted.

Moloch Is Dead

By Ambrosia del Rosario
'OLOCH is dead. No more the young Moloch is dead and we aspire

Babes are from the cradle swung To finer things to thmgs much hxgher-

Into a fiery bed. Mustard gaS and hqmd **

497

Secrets in the Barrio Funeral

By Maximo Ramos

IN the barrios great reverence is shown the dy-
ing and the dead. This is to be expected, as
the Philippines is situated in a part of the
world where ancestor worship prevails. The Phil-
ippines being largely Christian, beliefs of Christian
origin have been mixed with the native ideas in
the same way that in the Mohammedan regions of
Malaysia, the people have absorbed elements of the
Islamic faith, as W. W. Skeats shows in his voluminous
volume, "Malay Magic". I shall describe some magic
practices observed by the Philippine barrio folk in con-
nection with the burial of their dead. In cases where
the idea of forgiveness of sin is involved, only men and
women are governed by the magic practices, younger
people being believed to be still without sin and hence sure
heirs to heaven.

The one who watches over the sick does not allow him-
self to nod if he is sleepy. If he feels like going to sleep,
why, he goes to sleep. For nodding beside the sickbed
will hasten the death of the patient, the barrio folk believe.

When death is near, the whole barrio is soon assembled
in the sick house. During the final moments, some old
man or woman at the bedside, who has been summoned
for the purpose, calls out at the top of his voice: "Jesus,
Marya,y Josep!" three times, and also shouts the Christian
name of the dying one after every appeal to the Trinity.
This is believed to drive away the devil, who is supposed
to be right beside the bed, and to prevent him from grabbing
the departing soul. A lighted candle is also held in the
grasp of the dying person, supposed to keep his conscience
clear and light his soul's way to heaven.

Only widows and widowers are allowed to dress the body
of a young man or young woman and carry it from the
deathbed to the coffin. If a young man dresses or carries
the corpse of an unmarried girl, he is believed sure to follow
her to the Beyond; so also if a young lady should dress or
carry the dead body of a young man. Too, a pregnant
woman's child will die in the womb if she does either of
these things.

Great care is taken in measuring the body before making
the coffin, which should fit exactly, for if it is too long, too
wide, or too deep, the belief is that another member of the
household is sure to die soon in order to occupy the vacant
space.

The death clothes should be placed in the coffin beneath
the corpse, for unless this is done, what, asks the barrio
inhabitant, will the poor fellow wear when he goes to meet
his Maker? The dead man's favorite clothes and blanket
should also be included in his equipment ; one may, however,
send these things by the body of a person who dies later,
if they have been overlooked. On the other hand, all
jewelry and also any gold teeth should be removed, for a
man who has these things when approaching the good old
Judge will be counted among the rich — and the barrio
rationalist is sure that it is easier for a big bull carabao to
go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter

498

the Kingdom of Heaven. Shoes or slippers should
also be included among the dead person's effects;
but these must not be put on, else when the
dead one's spirit pays visits to his bereaved family
and friends, he will make too much noise with his
footwear for their peace.
After the body has been laid out, and in the evening,
a short prayer is made to "hand over" the soul of the
departed to God. Then all the virtues of the dead neighbor
are remembered, and it is also discovered that every single
one of the previous month's events in the barrio tended to
show that the deceased was about to die.

The carpenter in taking the measurements of the body is
careful not to pass anything over the corpse, for he is
continually warned that if anything is thus passed, the
spirit of the dead person will haunt the house and the trees
in the yard and "touch" strangers in the place. (When
the spirit of the dead "touches" a stranger, the latter suffers a
cold sweat, his ears droop and become as cold as a cat's
nose — a common barrio simile, and he gets either stomach
trouble or a headache. He can only be cured by having
the member of the family whom the departed loved most,
rub an old garment of the latter on him.) Another pre-
ventive against the spirit's "touching" visitors afterward,
is for someone secretly to put a needle inside the coffin
while the body lies in state.

Nor should anyone bite the thread being used to tie the
decorations to the bier, for teeth thus used will soon get
loose and fall out, according to the barrio people.

Another thing. The feet of the dead should point
upward; otherwise they will cause someone in the same
family to follow to the grave soon after.

Unless one wants always in the future to doze off to
sleep in the early evening no matter when or where, one
should not nod drowsily in the house where a dead person
awaits burial. If the long and really monotonous prayers
for the dead make one sleepy, he should go home at once
and sleep there to avoid harm.

Part of the liver, heart, spleen, and other choice portions
of the animal killed for the visitors to eat during the nine
days' period of prayers following a death, are set aside,
put on a plate raw, and, with a bowl of drinking water,
placed on the table for the spirit of the dead one. After
the spirit has partaken of the fare, children are made to
drink the water and eat the meat when cooked, for this
is believed to make them intelligent.

All windows next to the street are closed and tied fast
just before the body is brought down for the funeral. Any-
one who chances to look out the window at the departing
funeral procession will, according to barrio superstition, soon
follow the dead.

When the coffin is being brought down the stairs, a
cockerel is killed by cutting its throat and is thrown after
the coffin and left to die where it falls. The barrio people
(Continued on page 502)

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With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

£{/ I MIE minority in the municipal board
I is indifferent on the question of the
appointment of a mayor, Councilor
Manuel de la Fuente, former board pres-
ident, now minority leader, said last night.
'A Horse would be as much pro-Quezon and
pro-majority as Posadas is/ De la Fuente
explained. 'He could name a horse for Manila Mayor for
all we care/ he declared/ '

— Local daily.

Evidently de la Fuente is not like Posadas who knows
when to say "Ce ne sont pas mes oignons." We believe
that de la Fuente does not know his horses, though he may
know his cocheros. For a horse is a noble animal. He
may not care to have his body dragged in the mud, but he
would certainly object to his name being dragged in the
mud. Not all the King's men could induce a Houyhnhnm
to become a dictator, not to speak of mayor.

"At least 12 gambling joints, managed by influential
people, including three Assemblymen, continue to operate
daily, their call-boys being busy every morning on Plaza
Goiti and Rizal Avenue/ '

— Morning daily.

Well, for that matter, we know more than 12 police
stations managed by influential people, including Assembly-
men, which continue to operate daily, nay, even nightly.

"Santos Would Give Work To City Unemployed.,,

— Headline, morning daily.

Provided, of course, they relieve the Councilor of work
by keeping him in his present office. As Petronius says,
"Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours."

"LABORERS HAIL QUEZON."

— Headline, morning daily.

"Ave! Imperator morituri te salutant." (Note to
whom it may not concern: Do not page Ciprianus Unsonis.)

"A Japanese aerial machine-gun attack against three
British embassy automobiles between Nanking and Shang-
hai renewed threats of serious international complications
growing out of the Sino- Japanese war."

— U. P. Staff Correspondent .

We hate to talk mysticism, but Japanese guns undeni-
ably have a certain affinity with British embassy auto-
mobiles. One has only to recall the case of Sir Hugh Knatch-
bull-Jugesson in connection with these unfortunate inci-
dents to recognize the Goethean Wahlverwandtschaften
(elective affinities). But perhaps an indispensable con-
dition is that one has to be non-British to see this.

" 'Some treaties can be kept, some can not. . . . Japan
is fighting a war though undeclared . . . she has to fight
in China for national interests' " the Princetonian quoted
young Konoye, the son of the Japanese premier.
k- "Some treaties can be kept, some can not . . .", but all
can be signed. And the way the Japanese army is getting
licked in North China does seem to show that "Japan has
to fight in China" for Chinese "national interests."

"SCOTTISH WORKERS BOYCOTT JAPAN."

— Headline, morning daily.

Another Scotch joke.

500

According to the Associated Press, a Jap-
anese soldier, humanized by beer, "invaded
the lobby of Peiping's Chinese Y.M.C.A. with
a rifle in his hand. Buttonholing the terrified
Chinese clerk, the soldier managed to convey,
in perfect Engris, that he had come "to
apologize for killing Chinese." He said,
"I have kirrr thirteen Chinese recentry. No got noting
against them personarry. I kirr one rike this (he
levelled his gun) and another rike this (he lunged across
the lobby with bayonet fixed emitting the Japanese war-
cry, which we are unable to spell out). Me no rike fight.
Me tired kirring, kirring, kirring. I tink I go home."

"The Duke of Windsor, former king of England who
is due to visit the United States shortly, was reliably
reported planning to accept the position of 'world film
czar', George Fisher, movie columnist of the Evening
News, announced in a radio broadcast. The position would
carry a salary of $100,000 annually, and would be of an
independent nature similar in most respects to Will Hays'
office, Fisher said."

— United Press.

This would be the first instance of a member of a royal
family making a royal living. Incidentally, this would
enable Windsor to tell George to go to Hays — if he has
any kick.

"Graduates of the local schools of massage will have to
do their massaging some place else as they will not be
allowed to take their examination leading to the practice
of massage in the Philippines. Administrative Order
No. 103 of the director of health, issued in 1933, requires
that applicants for masseur's examination be graduates
of reputable schools of massage, duly recognized by the
government. There are no such schools in the country."

— Morning daily.

This is indeed lamentable. Instead of being confined
to their clinics where they can only do the minimum of
harm, they will be forced to ply their trade in government
offices including the National Assembly, Malacanan, and
the University of the Philippines.

"On this occasion of the 24th anniversary of the Univ-
ersity of Manila I join its host of friends and admirers in
congratulating its founder and present administration,
and the legion of educators who, under the banner of this
institution, have helped blaze the path in the endeavor
to give the people of this country the benefits of a high
standard of education." — Mayor Posadas.

We never noticed until now the connection between
higher education and the blazes.

"Local traffic in girl minors has been frustrated by the
Pasig state police with the detention of three girl entertain-
ers at a Paranaque cafe. A statement of the three, corro-
borated by the affidavit of another woman arrested in the
cafe for vagrancy, disclosed that the cafe owner offered
them a job in his place, and later forced them into immo-
rality. In Makati, Las Pinas, Paranaque and Caloocan,
houses of ill repute in the guise of bars and hotels carry
on their trade apparently with approval of town author-
ities."

— Morning daily.

We swear, on our word of honor, that all that we know
about these matters is what we read in the papers.

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502

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

Bukidnon Superstitions

By Ramos Magallones and Ricardo C. Galang

house where there are black ants is not safe
to live in.
2. If one intends to go out and somebody
sneezes, he should not go out anymore. Some misfortune
is on the way.

3. When there is sunshine and at the same time it is
raining, supernatural beings are roaming the woodlands.

4. If one points to the rainbow, his fingers will be cut
off.

5. If the sun shines and there is a little shower, and a
bright rainbow, children should not leave the house.
Witches are out and will kidnap them.

6. If a whole banana leaf is brought into the house,
snakes will follow.

7. If there are many fireflies in the kitchen, the maga-
hats are coming. The magahats are supposed to be a
wild tribe living near the boundary line of Bukidnonand
Davao. They are, according to reports, headhunters.

8. A sure sign of the coming of magahats is when salt
becomes tasteless.

9. When an expectant mother catches some fireflies
and squeezes them without the fireflies being killed, the
mother will have a baby boy. But if the fireflies are
killed, it will be a girl.

10. If two persons sharpen their bolos on the same
grindstone, one of them will be eaten by a crocodile.

Funeral Secrets

(Continued from page 498)

think that the blood of the fowl will cleanse the dead man's
soul before it comes before its Maker; and that the bird
itself will accompany him and, reaching the Pearly Gate,
will crow and thus lead old Saint Peter to open the gate,
he being reputedly fond of cocks. (The cockerel will, of
course, have become a lusty cock by the time the pair
reaches the bald saint's portal.)

The man or woman whose spouse is the dead one, should
not go down the ladder face forward: he should face the
ladder in descending, else he will go crazy for one of the
opposite sex in no time or get married before a year has
passed, a year being the shortest time prescribed for a
bereaved person to remain unremarried.

Another belief is that a mourner following the bier
will cause near relatives to die soon if he swings his arms,
and he himself will suffer rheumatic pains. It is therefore
best to walk with arms folded.

In the cemetery, before lowering the coffin into the pit,
the men open the lid and see to it that the head of the corpse
lies straight. It is believed that those unfortunate ones
who are not thus looked after when they are buried, easily
lose their way to heaven, being unable to look straight
ahead. People should stand at a safe distance from the
grave, for anyone who falls in is believed to have his own
grave soon enough, having shown his eagerness to be put
in one.

Del Monte Peaches

Luscious, golden-ripe fruit
to tempt your appetite!

/CHOOSE quality and flavor when you buy
^"^ canned peaches. Ask for Del Monte
brand — then you are sure of getting the
choicest of tree-ripened fruit, firm and meaty,
preserved in rich syrup. Del Monte Pescb.es
—in halves or sliced — in large or small tins-
make an inviting dessert. Serve them righ
from the tin or use them in puddings or
short-cakes.

There are many different
varieties of Del Monte fruits
offered by your grocer — also
Del Monte vegetables, pickles,
jam, catsup, tomato sauce, etc.

Del Monte Canned Foods

At all dealers9

cc
O

#wq

November, 1937 P HILIPPINE MAGAZINE

503

PHILIPPINE

NATIONAL BANK

MANILA, PHILIPPINES

(Sole Depository in the Philippines of the Commonwealth)

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Correspondents in All Important Cities of the World

504

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

As soon as the coffin is lowered in the grave, each of the
friends and relatives of the departed throws a pinch of
earth on the coffin as a token of parting. He also mutters
a prayer for the departed. This ends the burial. As one
leaves the cemetery, however, one must take care not to
step upon any grave or have graveyard earth brought home
on one's shoes or slippers, for the owner of the mound or
that soil will be quick and untiring in disturbing the offender.

By no means, however, does the burial end everything
with regard to the dead. From the cemetery everyone has
to go back direct to the house of the bereaved, sit facing
east, and have his forehead and the nape of his neck mas-
saged with vinegar and slapped three times by a widow or
widower appointed for the purpose. This ceremony is
believed to prevent those who attended the interment
from getting an incurable headache.

Those carrying the bier, when returning from the burying
grounds, should not follow the same way they took in going
to the cemetery. If this rule is violated, the soul of the
person it bore, it is believed, will have a hard time getting
to its spiritual destination and will have to remain on earth
for some time, frightening with its appearance especially
those who carried the bier.

For a period of nine days and nights, no member of the
bereaved household is allowed to work or to remove his
black mourning veil. Non-compliance with this rule will
cause the violator to suffer a nervous disorder in which his
head constantly shakes (agdeng-deng in the Ilokano
language). This is the rule to follow in ordinary deaths,
but in cases where both the father and mother die at the

same time, their children can not remove their veils for a
whole year.

A bereaved spouse is confined in a room for three days
and nights following the funeral. He can not go out be-
cause for him to do so would make him liable to become
crazily enamored over a person of the opposite sex on the
spot and moment he sees one. At this time the spirit
of the departed may be able to visit the living spouse.
The spirit may be let in by keeping the doors and win-
dows open and a candle burning. A visit of the dead is
always announced by the startled cackling of chickens,
grunting of hogs, and howling of dogs, or by the smell of
snuffed candles, as the dead always wears his funeral clothes.

On the third day following burial, the bereaved family is
believed to be able to drive away much of their sorrow by
having themselves bathed, their hair shampooed, and every
soiled article of dress or bedding in the house washed.
However, the washing is done only by the neighbors, they
themselves being forbidden to work. This bath is followed
by the vinegar massage of the forehead and nape of the
nesk back at the home of the dead person. The hair of
everyone is then anointed with newly made coconut oil, for
unless this is done, one's hair will grow brittle and scant.

A dead person's spirit is regarded as being unable to go
to rest until all of its former owner's debts have been for-
given. It is the duty, therefore, of any creditor of the
departed to say to any spirit which comes to beg to him in
his dreams to forgive his debts: "Go away in peace; your
debts are forgiven." At which the spirit will go away
happily.

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

505

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506

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

Curious Insects

{Continued from page 493)

interest, because they represent about seventy per cent
of the membership.

There is a small water bug, common on creeks, which is
called Sphaerodema rusticum Fabricius. When the
female Sphaerodema is about to lay eggs, she gets hold
of her mate and glues onto his back her heavy load of eggs.
The poor male plays the nurse until the young bugs hatch
and are strong enough to shift for themselves. The female
mantid is more severe on her male. As the first ecstasy
of mating wanes, and sometimes even while still locked in
blissful embrace, she attacks the male and eats him up.
By this time, the male has become useless to her, and it
would be a pity to waste such good food! Like most other
insects, the female mantid has a sac inside her abdomen
which she fills up with sperm in a single mating. In this
reservoir, she stores enough sperm to fertilize her many
eggs during her entire reproductive life. For this reason,
many insects pair only once in their entire life. The
queen honey bee, with her sperm-sac full, fertilizes only a
part of her stock of eggs, the female eggs, that is, those
that hatch into future queens and workers. The male
honey bee develops from unfertilized eggs and thus the
male is sometimes facetiously referred to as one-half
female. Aphids and, to some extent, scale insects and
mealy bugs have entirely gotten rid of the male. In the
tropics, the females of these insects have for ages reared
brood after brood of fatherless young, as if to give emphasis

to the painful truth that the male is not as important in the
central pattern of life as he often regards himself to be.
We should not be led into thinking, however, that the
insects' existence is an altogether drab existence, with
their entire beings geared mechanically to a humdrum pro-
cess of communistic child-bearing. Insects, too, can have
their romantic moments, if we may judge from the follow-
ing beautiful description of the nuptial flight of the honey
bee by Maurice Maeterlinck:

"She [the virgin queen], drunk with her wings, obeying the mag-
nificent law of the race that chooses her lover, and enacts that the
strongest alone shall attain her in the solitude of the ether, she rises
still; and, for the first time in her life, the blue morning air rushes into
her stigmata, singing its song, like the blood of heaven, in the myriad
tubes of the tracheal sacs, nourished on space, that fill the center of
her body. She rises still. A region must be found unhaunted by birds,
else that might profane the mystery. She rises still; and already the
ill-assorted troop below are dwindling and falling asunder. The feeble,
infirm, the aged, unwelcome, ill-fed, who have flown from inactive or
impoverished cities, these renounce the pursuit and disappear in the
void. Only a small, indefatigable cluster remain, suspended in in-
finite opal. She summons her wings for one final effort; and now the
chosen of incomprehensible forces has reached her, has seized her, and
bounding aloft with united impetus, the ascending spiral of their in-
tertwined flight whirls for one second in the hostile madness of love."

The fate of the drone after this brief "madness of love"
is, of course, common knowledge. He is not welcomed
in the new hive and is forcibly ejected by the workers
if he seeks to enter.

Another remarkable feature in insects is the useful role
of the young. A case in point is the hantik, which builds

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At your grocer's

November, 1937

P H I L I P P I NE MAGAZINE^

507

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508

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

its large, leaf -covered nests on the limbs of trees. It is
interesting to watch these ants constructing their home.
Workers arrange themselves in a row at the edge of a leaf
and swing themselves until they can hold fast to their
fellow workers along the edge of a neighboring leaf. Thus
the two edges are brought together. Then other workers
come, each carrying with it a hantik larva. These larvae
are passed back and forth, like a shuttle, against the leaf
edges, until a firm binding is effected by the silk thread
secreted from the tiny mouths of the baby insects. The
larvae are utilized in this manner to fasten all the leaves
in the entire nest. In the drywood termite, or unos^
which has no regular worker caste, the young ones do all
the menial tasks of the worker, until they are old enough
to fly away and start their own homes. Not many boys
and girls are so dutiful to their parents as these young
insects.

Of course, it is not strange to see insects work very hard
in their early stages. In matters of work, insects seem to
follow a program in their life which is the reverse of our own.
The caterpillar's job, for instance, is to find food, not only
for the immediate needs of its rapidly growing body, but
also to accumulate a large reserve, so that, when it becomes
adult, it need not be bothered by such commonplace ac-
tivities. Insects had been successfully operating a work-
able form of old-age insurance eons before Doctor Townsend
conceived of his plan. It was Anatole France who wrote:

"If I had created man and woman, I should have made them on the
model of those insects which, after a lifetime as caterpillars, change into
butterflies and for the brief final term of their existence have no other
thought but to love and be lovely. I should have set youth at the

end of the human span."

These few examples can, indeed, hardly do justice to the
many wonders that await one in the world of insects. The
subjects treated have been picked at random from among
the most common forms by way of showing that even these
familiar objects can yield interesting surprises that will
well repay the curious. We need not study insects for
the sole purpose of learning something from them. They
are a most fascinating group and, in their unique ways,
they provide the cheapest form of high- class entertainment,
which has the added merit of being available at any time.
Ordinarily, almost the only investment required to ex-
plore this insect world is a little time, patience, and a good
pair of observant eyes.

Manila Changes

(Continued from page 492)

This, too, was the case with most taxi-drivers. The more
battered the taxi, the more amenable to conversation was
the driver. Not that such a thing as conversation was
expected or attempted, exactly, but to a stranger Manila
offers in its system of streets so many twists and twirls
that an occasional confab on names of streets and plazas
is natural.

These, then, are some of the changes I noted. Outer
changes, you will say. Not very potent. Any other
changes?

Yes, others too.

The Editor of the Philippine Magazine will pay two pesos (^2.00) each for the first copy to reach his
office after this announcement of each of the following issues of the Magazine, first called "The Philippine
Teacher" and later "Philippine Education":

THE PHILIPPINE TEACHER

1904 — December issue

1905 — January - February - March - June - July - August - September - October -
November and December issues.

1906 — January - February - March - June - July - August - September - October -
November and December issues.

1907 — January-February-March- July- August-Sept ember-October and December issues.

1908 — January - February - March - July - October issues.

1909 — July - August - September - November and December issues.

1910 — January - February and December issues.

1911 — January - February - November and December issues.

1912 — January and February issues.

1915 — September and December issues.

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

P. O. Box 2466, Manila
217 Dasmarinas, Uy Yet Building, Fourth Floor

ffovember, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

509

That home and garden which
you always dreamed of —

San Juan Heights

is the best place for it.

lliSft<l:»:«ii

SAN JUAN HEIGHTS CO., INC.

680 Ave. Rizal

P. O. Box 961

MANILA

Tel. 21501

510

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

First of all, there has arisen, with the coming of new
fortunes, an upper middle-class. Its members have, for
the most part, new and far more elaborate homes than
formerly. Homes that are luxurious, with ultramodern
furniture and plumbing; some with the latest equipment
for air-conditioning — a late introduction which until recent-
ly was installed only in the more progressive commercial
establishments.

This class is greatly occupied with the latest doings of
Society and the Stock Market— a word hardly in its voca-
bulary five years ago. A new conception of life in terms
of social prominence has been inculcated, and the follow-
ing words are given much emphasis: social big shot. . . .
Packard . . . socialite . . . the dansant . . . member of X.Y.Z.

Club . . . entertaining There is also much talk on

travel, as travel is within reach of the increased incomes.

Clothes, picture shows, actors and actresses have always
been universal topics, and nearly all Manila has a word
to say about them. A few — not belonging to Exclusive
Sets — were concerned about the local labor situation, and
frankly anticipated trouble. " These poor people," said
a charming young lady who works in a hospital for a living,
"they see in the papers what a good time other people have;
they get envious, of course . . . ." From young teachers
and other professionals came talk on local politics, and they
failed to show much optimism in their outlook for this
larger, wealthier Manila, become newer with the years.

Whither, then, Manila? I can not say. For who am
I to judge, who have had, in three short weeks, only a
little slice of its metropolitan life within range of observa-
tion?

Life Insurance . . .

(Continued from page 495)

life insurance in force. Another concern reported a loss
of less than ten percent through lapse during 1936. Al-
ready results indicate the wisdom of these efforts. All
major companies operating in Manila are constantly de-
vising ways and means to decrease the percentage of lapse.
Careful selection and training of agents; thorough investi-
gation of applicants for insurance; more intimate contact
with policy holders; conservative sales methods. . . all
these elements promise a healthier insurance situation.
The public is becoming ''insurance conscious". The in-
formed buyer today looks upon his life insurance not only
as a protection, but also as a conservative investment. With
more able and conscientious salesmen, backed by well
planned publicity and life insurance literature, the improve-
ment in our insurance field may be expected to continue.

China Letter

{Continued from page 488)

Japanese sent reinforcements after reinforcements to their
Hankow Concession, only to find that it could not be
defended. On August 7, they completely evacuated the
place, requesting Chinese authorities to look after their
properties and leaving many plants for the manufacture
of morphine and the printing of counterfeit Chinese bank-
notes to expose their own guilt. Shortly after this they
evacuated their concessions in Soochow and Hangchow in

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

511

a similar manner. This shows the tense atmosphere that
prevailed in Central China before the Shanghai hostilities.

The Chinese military airdrome at Hungjao, on the west-
ern outskirts of Shanghai, were, at the beginning of August,
often frequented by " foreigners who were not Europeans",
who at one time even attempted to attack the guards.
Then in the afternoon of August 9, a Japanese naval officer
and one seaman had the indiscretion to travel over the
extra-Settlement road leading to the Hungjao airdrome;
and when challenged by the Chinese guards, they not only
refused to stop but suicidally started a shooting affray
that ended fatally for both of them and for one Chinese
Paoan tui (Peace Preservation Corps) man. It was agreed
that the case was to be settled by peaceful means, but
then suddenly some thirty Japanese warships steamed
into the Hwangpoo River on August 12; and on the same
day the Japanese Consul General accused the Chinese of
violating the Shanghai Truce Agreement of 1932.

As its name implies, this agreement was intended as a
temporary measure and was never meant to be permanently
binding on both sides. Even if it had been, it was the
Japanese who first broke the agreement last November
by taking up a post within the Chinese territory at the
Eight Character Bridge, where, according to the agree-
ment, no Japanese soldiers were to be stationed. After the
Lukouchiao incident, they also picked out their line of
defence and stationed their outposts well within the Chinese
territory. Even then Chinese authorities did not station
any regular troops in the city as the garrison of China's
premier port. Peace and order was maintained by the
Paoantui men armed only with rifles and a few light

AN APPROPRIATE GIFT
FOR ANY OF YOUR FRIENDS

Buy your friends a year's subscription
to the PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE, a
publication they will eagerly await every
month, twelve times a year.

One prominent local resident has for
the past four years sent us subscriptions
for twenty of his friends each year and
says that this not only saves him the
time-consuming task of choosing and pur-
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Philippine Magazine

{The Philippines' Premier Magazine)
P. O. Box 2466 - Manila — 217 Dasmarifias

ELECTROLUX

'materializes9
the Holiday Spirit

When an Electrolux is installed in your home it
immediately enters into the holiday spirit in its
own 'material' way; friendly, helpful, cheering to
everyone.

Inside its exquisitely beautiful cabinet you will
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THE ADVANTAGES

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More Conveniences
Greater Beauty

That is why we urge you to see the Electrolux.
As a gift it is superb.

Manila Gas Corporation

136-138 T. Pinpin

512

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

machine-guns. Right before the outbreak of the hostil-
ities, these numbered, according to impartial neutral ob-
servers, only some 3,000, and they put up barricades only
when a Japanese naval landing party had run its line
into the Chinese territory.

Chinese officials maintained that the arrival of the Jap-
anese men-of-war was a threat to the Chinese in the Hung-
jao case, but Mr. Koki Hirota, Japanese Foreign Minister,
said that the vessels were already on the way to Shanghai
when the Hungjao shooting affray took place. This,
therefore, can only mean that the Japanese were bent on
creating trouble in Shanghai, Hungjao trouble or no Hung-
jao trouble.

Fighting broke out in Shanghai on August 13 ; and the
Japanese maintained that their sailors were attacked
in Chapei, but they forgot to tell the world that a
detachment of a naval landing party had marched right
into the Chinese lines of defence, as the corpses they left
behind eloquently testified. Bearing this point in mind,
it is immaterial whether it was the Chinese or the Japanese
who fired first, though the Chinese maintained that they
fired in self-defence after the Japanese had fired on them.

Though it was after the hostility had broken out that
Chinese troops were brought to the Shanghai front, still
they were able to force the Japanese to abandon their first
line of defence prepared long before. In one week's time,
the Japanese forces were once cut into two with the Chinese
occupying the N. Y. K. Wayside Wharf. True, the wharf
could not be held, but it shows how badly beaten the Jap-
anese were. On August 21, the landing of Japanese troops

at Woosung and other points started, but was not success-
ful until the third day of the attempt. The landing was
made at different points and the landing forces were iso-
lated by Chinese troops. On September 13, after one
month's hostilities, the Chinese fell back to their pre-
arranged first line of defence, extending from the North
Railway Station, through Kiangwan, Yanghong, Liuhong,
and Lotien, to Liuho. Four "big pushes" were made by
the Japanese, but the Chinese line is still intact. The only
successes they have had were the onslaught on the Lotien-
Liuhung sector some ten kilometers long, pushing the Chinese
line back about one kilometer, and the crossing of the
Wentsao Creek, the military value of which is still to be
seen. Chinese troops have been counter-attacking along
the whole line with some measure of success.

On August 15, the Japanese air force attacked Nanking,
Hangchow, and other cities in Central China, and later
spread the raids to South China. But the toll on their
planes as well as on the personnel of their air force has been
extremely heavy. Landing was also attempted on the
Kwangtung, Chekiang, and Kiangsu coasts, but in every
case ended in failure. Perhaps with the Shanghai ex-
perience in mind, they made these attempts only half-
heartedly.

In North China the Japanese fared better because of
their mechanized units, and their superior artillery strength
and air force. Still they did not make much headway
during the month of August.

Along the Tsin-Pu line, during August, the fighting
seesawed at Chinghai, with Chinese forces sometimes
reaching the outskirts of Tientsin. The tide of fortune

Special classroom Rates are quoted to high school principals or instructors in English on six or
more copies a month mailed to one address, paid in advance and ordered direct from the publisher.

One year. . PI. 80 for each subscription Four months .65 for each subscription

Six months .90 for each subscription Three months .50 for each subscription

The above quotations are available also to all private schools having corresponding classes in English

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

217 DASMARINAS, MANILA
P. O. BOX 2466

November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

513

began to turn in Japanese favor during September with the
capture of Chinghai, Machang, and Potowchen in Hopei;
and by the early part of October, they reached Tehchow,
northern Shantung, and are now held in check at a line
south of Tehchow. The Japanese victory was not as easy
as it reads on paper; they met with stiff resistance at every
point, and the Chinese troops, instead of fleeing before
them, merely retreated sidewise and have been harrassing
the Japanese along the railway. The future is, therefore,
fraught with dangerous possibilities for them.

Chinese troops held the Japanese in check at Lianghsiang,
on the Ping-Han line, until the middle of September, when
they succeeded in crossing the Yungting River and cap-
turing Ku-an. Chinese troops were then forced to make a
strategic retreat in order to avoid an enveloping movement
at Chochow, another one at Paoting, a third at Chingting,
and finally at Shihchiachwang. The Japanese, following
the Chingting-Taiyuan railway, are now knocking at the
gate of Shansi at Niangtsekwan.

Things are not going well for the Japanese west of Peiping.
Chinese forces captured Mentoukow in the early part of
September and have been harrassing the Japanese ever
since.

On the Ping-Sui line the Japanese scored greater
successes. At first, they were beaten off at Nankow, and
many important North Chahar cities were captured by
Suiyuan forces. But the Kwantung [Manchukuo] army
succeeded in sending out a flying column which captured
Kalgan, the provincial capital of Chahar, and the Japanese
troops from Peiping also succeeded in taking the Nankow
pass by a flanking movement. They then followed this
railway into Shansi, capturing Tienchen and Tatung, in
the northern part of the province. A detachment of their
troops followed this railway and pushed northward into
Suiyuan to Fangchen and Pingtichuan, while the main
body of their forces swung south, passed the Yenmenkwan
on the inner loop of the Great Wall and pushed further
south to Yuanping, in an attempt to reach Taiyuan, the
provincial capital. But they have been meeting with
stiff resistance after the initial successes. The Eighth
Route army, reorganized from the Chinese Red Army,
dealt them two serious blows; one by the recapture of
Pingyinkwan, on the inner loop of the Great Wall, and
Kwangling to threaten the Japanese line at Tienchen from
the south; and another by the recapture of Sohsien and
Luping to harrass the Japanese at Tatung from the south-
west. Meanwhile the Shansi forces have been holding
them in check at Yuanping, and started a counter offensive.
The Japanese and the Mongolians under Prince Teh
have been able to recapture the North Chahar cities and
even Pailingmiao and Wuchuan in Suiyuan. Together
with those forces at Pingtichuan they have been closing
in upon Kweisui, provincial capital of Suiyuan, from north,
west and east respectively.

The situation in northern Shansi is well in hand, but
whether the defenders of the province can withstand the
onslaught of the Japanese from both the north and the
east remains to be seen. Suiyuan is in a critical situation,
while in northern Shantung both sides have been actively
preparing for the next trial of strength. The Chinese air

EXCURSION

is the Best form of

RELAXATION

for Teachers, Students, Office-
men, Workingmen

In 1936, 16,729 went on Excursions onTthe

Railroad. From January 1 to July 31, 1937,

12,288 have again made Excursions by Train

and Buses of the Manila Railroad.

Where to Go —

Canlubang

College

Pagsanjan

San Pablo

Lucena

Tagaytay

Montalban

Malolos

San Fernando P.

Arayat

Tarlac

Baguio

How to Go—

Special Coach Recreation Car

Special Train Convenient Hours

Modern Buses of Luzon Bus Line

And the Cost—

Very low One Way and Round Trip fares
for Groups

For
information,

inquire
or write to

Traffic

Department

Tel 4-98-61

Information,

Local 42

R. E. BERNABE
Chief Clerk

LEON M. LAZAGA
Traffic Manager

521-523
DaMnarinas

CANDIDO SORIANO
City Agent

Manila Railroad Company

943 Azcarraga

Manila

514

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

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forces has also lately become very active in the north,
bringing another factor into the fighting in North China.

I am sorry I have made this letter so inordinately long
and, in fact, less a letter than a cursory survey of the Sino-
Japanese hostilities on all fronts. But I will try to put
more news of human interest into my next letter. Au

revoir!

Very sincerely yours,

LIN YU.

to the

Country's Leading Monthly

Philippine

Magazine

Two pesos

the year

LEVY & BLUM, INC.

35 Plaza Sta. Cruz, Manila, P. I.

November, 1937

PHILIPPINE M A G A Z I N E

515

Four O'clock

in the Editor's Office

rR. Lin Yu, noted Shanghai writer, will con-
tribute regularly to the Philippine Maga-
zine from now on. He wrote me some time ago:
"Your letter, enclosed in Mr. Alfonso Sy Cip's,
reached me today. Your proposal for a monthly
news letter from Shanghai to be published in
your magazine, is an excellent idea. . . .
I shall be glad to do what I can for
you in this regard and I hope that my first contribution will
reach you by October 25, but owing to the irregularity of the steamers
between Shanghai and southern ports at present, I am not sure it will
get to you in time. However, I shall do my best. Thank you for
your expressions of concern over my personal safety. I wish to assure
you that under God's care we are quite safe here. Very sincerely
yours, (signed) Lin. Yu." Fortunately, his first article reached me in
time. "As I promised", he wrote this time, "I am sending you my
first letter for your Magazine. I have exceeded the limit you set by
a little more than a page. I started out to write a letter, but it ended
something more like an article. I will try to make the next one more

like a letter We are all quite safe here, despite the aerial bom-

bardments Thanking you for the opportunity to do something

for the cause of China, I am, Yours very sincerely, Lin Yu." Mr.
Lin Yu is a brother of Lin Yutang, author of "My Country and My
People" which has been called "The most civilized book of our times".
He is married to a sister of Mr. Alfonso Sy Cip of Manila. He graduated
from an American university in the early twenties, returned to China
and taught in Amoy University for four years, became a resident
of Siam and the Straits Settlements for some years, and came back to
China in 1931, since which time he has been Associate Editor of the
China Critic.

N. V. M. Gonzales contributes another one of his weird Mindoro
jungle stories to this issue. I asked him to verify the accuracy of the
adjective "gold-flecked" as applied to the eye of a crocodile. He went
to the Botanical Gardens three times to have a look at the poor old
one-eyed crocodile there, and always the animal was asleep. Finally
he got permission to go inside the cage and got a close look. "Gold-
flecked" is O.K.

After an absence from these pages for some years, Mrs. Anna J.
Broad, writing under the pen-name, "Henry Philip Broad", returns
with her article, "Manila Changes," which, as she states in her article,
I asked her to write when she was here last month on a visit from Zam-
boanga. A number of people, foreigners, who had never been here before,
have told me recently that Manila is one of the few places in the Far
East that gave them the impression of being a real city rather than an
overgrown town. It has the tempo of a metropolis, they say, heavy
wheeled traffic, sidewalks crowded with hastening pedestrians, hurry,
noise, and bustle everywhere. Personally speaking, not so many years
ago, I recognized many people I passed in the streets, and knew most
of the Americans and foreigners I saw, but I see so many unknown faces
nowadays that I don't even look at them any more. A few days ago,

I was in a hurry and walked about as fast as I could down the Escolta.
I noticed to my surprise that there were many other people, and most
of them Filipinos, who were walking as fast as I was. The old saunter-
ing days seem to be definitely over.

In contrast to Mrs. Broad's article, read W. M. B. Laycock s The
Boy and the Flute". The manuscript came to me in the mail from the
Oriente Hotel and in accepting it I said I should be glad to have Mr.
Laycock call at my office any time. I had expected to see a rather
delicate type of individual, thin face, dreamy eyes, perhaps. What
was my surprise when a big-fisted six-footer walked in and told me he
was Mr. Laycock! He is a mining man from Australia. In his earlier
years he was in the sheep business, though, and that is probably how
he acquired some of his sensitivity to the pastural mood.

L B Uichanco, Ph. D., author of the article, "Curious Facts about
some Common Insects", is head of the Department of Entomology
of the Agricultural College, Laguna. He wrote me in a letter: "I have
not forgotten my promise to write for you on sunspots and locusts

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516

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

DEPARTM^^Tu^I^W^R^A^^S^NICATrONS *»* ™ "*** ^ be timdy in ™W °f the fact *»»*• trUe t0 ^ for-

BUREAU OF POSTS cast on the basis of sunspot correlation, locusts have been steadily

Manila and T&?i$Ly disappearing. We will reach the year of sunspot maximum

^ReqS£dSb£ A?M2580) in the present n-year cycIe in 1938, when, according to this correlation,

T. . our locust fluctuation in the Philippines will be at its lowest. I am still

ma&SSS^^ If !™3S"5i3 hoping that X wiU be abIe to find enouSh leisure hours to ^te this up

been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby submits the following statement for the PhilioDine Magazine "
of ownership, management, circulation, etc., which is required by Act 2580 as amended HF «hj<*««c.

by Commonwealth Act No. 201:

jfA\^am a xr xr xs , * Post °^ce Addr*ss Maximo Ramos is a regular contributor to the Philippine Magazine

Editor: A. V. H. Hartendorp 217 Dasmarinas ^ « i. «. . ,

Publisher: A. V. H. Hartendorp 217 Dasmarinas ana "as written a number of articles on various barrio "secrets", as

Primers- McTufftgh^rmting Co" "^ .".V. V.:.;: : : : : 101-103 E^ota! mS interesti"g to the Seneral reader as *> *»« ethnologist. Mr. Ramos is

If publication is owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one per cent or still on the faculty of the Lanao High School, Dansalan.
more of total amount of stocks:

Name Post Office Address

N^nnHhoTH;;; ' «^V lu vv':: .•' We have already published a number of poems by Harriet Mills

bondholders, mortgages, or other security holders owning one per cent or more T\/r„T^„ a „u u <.u • ^t_- . «, . , -^

of total amount of securities: (If there are no outstanding securities, state so here- ivlCJvay, ana sne nas another poem in this issue. She IS the Wife of one

"Nam! therC ^ giVe natUre °f each) Post office Address °f the executives at th* Tumbaga Mine in Camarines Norte, and wrote

None • •. • • • ■ •••••• .v ........ me recently: "Many thanks for my 'contributor's copies' of the Maga-

(Signature) A. V. H. Hartendorp „:„ t jvi^j*. -7

(Owner or Publisher) zine# L was delighted to receive them and to see the nice space given

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 24th of September, 1937, at Manila, my poems. I enjoy the Magazine very much — and am inclosing mv

Province of Manila, the declarant having exhibited his cedula No. F-50777 issued „u_i r <. r , , . . „ . & J

at Manila on February 24, 1937. cneck tor two pesos for a year's subscription. I wonder if you would

r»„ 9iFieao a0 ARSENIO SY SANTOS be at all interested in a brief article on my airplane trip from Baguio
uoc. zm Fage 48. Notary Public. <- t» i t_ • •/• ▼ * * r *- &
Book II. Series of 1937. My commission expires Dec. 31, 1938 to -raracale, that is, if I could pack enough into it of interest "

Of course, I told her I would be interested. And I'll let the readers of

this column into another "secret" as to coming flying articles. Mr. Way-

1 ne Coy, Executive Assistant to U. S. High Commissioner McNutt has

promised to write an article for the Magazine on his recent trip to and

back from the United States by Pan American Airway Clipper ships.

From distant Finland also came a letter— from David G. Gunnell
of the Philippine Education Company, who is on vacation. He wrote:
"These greetings come to you from Finland — a clean, wholesome,
inviting little country that we don't hear much about except as being
the only country in Europe which has paid its war debts to the United
States. I have just completed a two weeks' tour of the lake section
of the country, which was delightful. Especially has Finland appealed
to me after coming out of Russia which I left under a spell of sad de-
pression. The trip across Siberia was one of sufficient comfort, and
certain phases of industrial activity in Russia must have their merits,
but these things were offset by so many unhappy impressions that I
was glad enough to pass into pleasanter scenes — I might say a bit of
Heaven by comparison. I inclose some editorials which I have clipped,
thinking they might be of interest to you; one from an English edition
of a Russian paper, the other from the London Times. They show
what these sources of opinion are thinking of the Japanese-Chinese
conflict. This new exhibition of Japanese aggression should be of
particular interest to the Filipinos, many of whom seem to be beguiled
by the siren voice of Japanese friendship. It seems that I got through
China just in time, and even so I was unable to get to Peking. I have
found no sympathy among white people in support of the Japanese side
of the conflict, all hoping that the Chinese[can hold their own against
them. It may be of interest to you to know that I left Manila with

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

517

several of the last issues of the Philippine Magazine which I had been
unable to read and which I did not want to miss. It was not until
I got to Finland that I actually found time to go through them. I
gave a few copies to the captain of the lake steamer who had been in
Manila in the early days and who seemed glad to see them, and the
others I left in the reading room of the Finnish Travel Bureau in the
capital city— Helsinki. A bit of bread cast upon the waters, I

hope " Well, it's a far cry from the Philippines to Finland, but

as you see, the Philippine Magazine got there!

Had a letter during the month from Aleko E. Lilius. He is now
editor of Vigour, "an illustrated monthly magazine for nature cure,
physical culture, travel, outdoor life, happiness, success", published
in Johannesburg. "I had planned on going to .Europe and the States,
and was all set to move on, when this job came between me and the
Northern Hemisphere. ... I have just signed a contract for another
book and I am doing a play for Fox Century. The latter m.ght get
me to Hollywood; not that I am particularly keen on going there, having
once been there for several years. ... Van Buskirk has started a
press cutting bureau here and seems to be doing well. . . . This is
about all the gossip ... Oh, yesl Jean Campbell, the photographer,
is doing very well here. She had a bit of a struggle at first, but seems
to be the 'cry of the town' now. . . . Cordial greetings to all friends,
and remember me to the boys at your next Gridiron Club meeting.
Don't forget I am still one of them."

I might tell of some excitement at my house during the month. I
was awakened in the middle of the night by Eddy running into my
room, saying in an urgent whisper, "Get up! Get up! There are
robbers in the house!" At the same instant he thrust an old, bro-
ken, sharpened fencing foil into my hand. It wasn't twenty seconds
before he and I had coursed all through the house, but the robbers
had escaped through the same window they had come in at. After
the excitement had died down a little, Lilly put in her aPPear-ce,
saying that she had stayed in bed "paralized with fright . Then,
getting the whole story from Eddy, who had seen two men crawhng
to at the window and sneak across the floor, she exclaimed: My
goodness. This WM make neWs tomorrow!" A real editors
daughter! Blood will tell!

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518

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

News Summary

{Continued from page 483)

in an effort to find some means acceptable to both
parties of composing by pacific methods the situa-
tion. . . The Secretary of State in statements made
public July 16 and August 23, made clear the position
of the government of the United States in regard to
international problems and international relation-
ships throughout the world as applied specifically
to the hostilities which at present are unfortunately
going on between China and Japan. . . On October
5, at Chicago, President Roosevelt elaborated on
these principles. . . In the light of unfolding devel-
opments in the Far East the government of the
United States has been forced to the conclusion that
the action of Japan in China is inconsistent with the
principles which should govern relationships between
nations and is contrary to the provisions of the Nine
Power Treaty of February 6, 1922 ... and those of
the Kellogg-Briand Pact of August 27, 1928. Thus,
the conclusions of this government with respect to
the foregoing are in general accord with those of the
Assembly of the League of Nations". This is the
first time the United States has formally declared
any nation an aggressor and a violator of peace
treaties and all observers agree it signifies full support
of the League and a fulfillment of President Roose-
velt's promise that the United States would support
concerted action by peace- abiding nations against
threats of world conflict.

American newspapers, caught by surprise, sound
cautious praise of the President's peech. The New
York Times states that "what he means by 'con-
certed action", the President himself and the course
of events must clarify. . . The least that can be
said is that an eloquent voice expressed the deep
moral indignation which is felt in this country against
policies of ruthlessness and conquest". The Herald-
Tribune states: "If it was an appeal for anything,
it was for a popular emotional mandate for the Pres-
ident to take whatever course he deemes best".
Ambassador Wang states that speech affords clear
evidence of the traditional policy of the United States
and its important rdle in the furtherance of peace.

Oct. 7. — Secretary Hull states that the United
States intends to participate in a conference of the
signatories of the Nine Power Treaty although an
invitation has not yet been received. Former Se-
cretary of State Henry L. Stimson urges that the
United States and Britain join in exerting economic
pressure on Japan to force it to halt its aggression.
President William Green of the American Federation
of Labor proposes a boycott of Japanese goods.
Officials of leading peace organizations state that the
President is pointing the American people down the
road that led to the World War. "He offers the same
reasons that were offered in 1917."

Oct. 8. — The New York Herald*Tribune states
that "if the President believes the foundations of
civilization are being threatened, he can not possibly
halt with merely moralistic speeches".

The American Federation of Teachers' endorses
an anti- Japanese boycott, one of the officers stating,
"Let the leaders of Japan know that we hate war,
detest aggressors, and know how to deal with them".

N. M. Hubbard, President of the Navy League,
advocates dispatching the "full strength" of the U. S.
Fleet to the Philippines as a primary step in the
action of peace-loving nations "against the intole-
rance and aggression of warlike and predatory Japan",
as this would indicate the United States intends to
enforce a moral and economic protest. "An agree-
ment with Britain would be necessary for the use
of the British bases at Singapore and Hongkong. If
this were done, Japan's position would immediately
become untenable. It is essential to bring an end
to the Japanese dream for complete eastern hege-
mony with possibly worldwide expansion. The time
has come to halt this creeping aggression". He
points out that the United States is seriously handi-
capped by its failure to establish a naval base in
Mindanao.

Oct. 9. — The Argentine Ambassador conveys to
President Roosevelt the assurance of President
Agustin Justo that Argentine will support the United
States in its peace efforts.

Reported that Soviet Russia will buy $50,000,000
worth of naval equipment in the United States,
including armor plate, turrets, 16-inch guns, engines,
boilers, etc. Last month the Soviet bought over
$10,000,000 worth of war materials.

Oct. 11. — The Supreme Court dismisses several
actions contesting the right of Associate Justice
Hugo L. Black to sit in the Court. Black has been
accused of being a member of the Ku Klux Klan
and has replied that he resigned from the organiza-
tion years ago when he first became a member of
Congress.

The American Federation of Labor, in annual
convention in Denver, empowers the executive com-
mittee to expell the organization's belligerent off-
spring, the Committee for Industrial Organization,
and demands that political leaders choose between
the AFOL and the CIO, thereby attacking President
Roosevelt's efforts to remain impartial in the bitter
struggle between America's two most powerful labor
bodies. The Federation accuses John L. Lewis,
boss of the CIO, with uniting communist doctrines
with his political ambitions.

Other Countries

Sept. 10. — Nations represented at the Nyon con-
ference reach agreement that the anti -piracy patrol
of the Mediterranean will be by zones, one of which

will be offered to Italy. Russia states the plan is
weak and that it will act alone if collective action
can not be achieved. Britain and France indicate
they will patrol the zone alotted to Italy if it refuses
to join.

Sept. 1 1 . — Girls throughout China are volunteering
for military service, but only those previously given
military training, chiefly as nurses, are accepted.
Girl contingents in the various units are said to raise
the men's morale.

Sept. 18. — The Chinese announce they will with-
draw in the Shanghai area outside the range of Jap-
anese naval artillery on the river, but the Japanese
describe the movement as a "general rout". Ma-
dame Chiang Kai-shek criticizes foreign nations for
failure to help China and expresses bewilderment
at their silence concerning the Japanese massacres
on Chinese soil. The Japanese claim to have cap-
tured Tatung, strategic gateway to Shansi province,
and also that they have taken Machang. Reported
that they have landed forces in Bias Bay to take
the Canton-Kowloon railway and stop the flow of
supplies from the interior to Honkong. Canton
officials claim they have sunk a Japanese destroyer
near Hainan Island. Ambassador S. Kawagoe states
that Japan might look with favor on an offer of me-
diation but that he does not think a change has been
made in the policy of Japan to settle any Sino- Ja-
panese question directly instead of submitting a
dispute to an international commission. He states
the only objective of Japan in China is to stop anti-
Japanism and communism. A Japanese Foreign
Office spokesman says that Japan and Italy are con-
ducting negotiations for a commercial treaty but
denies this would be an anti-communist pact, though
"Japan and Italy have common interests regarding
communists".

The League of Nations Assembly meets in Geneva
and China invokes Article 1 7 of the Covenant against
Japan which provides for possible economic sanctions
against a belligerent nation not belonging to the
League.

The League Assembly seats the representative
of the Spanish government, disregarding a protest
from General Francisco Franco, rebel leader. The
Assembly also disappoints Premier Benito Mussolini
of Italy by not ejecting the Ethiopian representative.

The Nyon plan unanimously adopted by represen-
tatives of nine powers is communicated to Italy and
Germany and is being studied by the governments
concerned. Britain and France would provide at
least 60 destroyers for the work, Britain contributing
somewhat more than half, the two powers cooperating
in patroling the main routes — Suez-Gibraltar, Darda-
nells-Gibraltar, and North-Africa-Marseilles. The
eastern Mediterranean would be patroled by the
other states each patroling their own waters, but

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

519

would also be ready to extend help in patroling the
main routes and would permit patroling warships
of other nations to use their ports. Russia will not
take part unless the piracy spreads to the Black Sea.
Italy is invited to take part. Simultaneously a tor-
pedo attack launched by an unknown submarine is
reported on the steamer Stanbridge, carrying 1000
Spanish refugees; the ship was badly damaged and
is being convoyed to France by British destroyers.

Thomas G. Masaryk, former President of Czechos-
lovakia, dies at Prague, aged 87. The League of
Nations adjourns out of respect for his memory.

Sept. 14. — Japan states it is complying with a
Russian demand to close its consulates in Odessa
and Novosibirsk but that it is against the 1925 agree-
ment which permitted each to have nine consulates
in the other's country and that Japan therefore de-
clares its reservation of rights. Stated in Moscow
that the consulates were ordered closed because
there are no Japanese residents in those places.

General Chu Teh's Eighth Route Army, formerly
a famous communist contingent which has joined
Nanking, is said to be massing south of Tatung.
Five Japanese warships bombard the Bocco Tigris
forts, halfway between Hongkong and Canton; the
forts were not hit but two of the ships are reported
damaged. A Japanese cruiser and two destroyers
shell and severely damage the customs house at
Samun, also near Hongkong.

The nine-power anti-piracy agreement is ratified
and becomes immediately effective, although Italy's
reply to an invitation to join has not yet been re-
ceived. The British battleship Malaya was dis-
patched yesterday from Salonika to the mouth of the
Dardanelles where many attacks on shipping have
recently occurred. Later Italy announces it will
not join in the patrol unless it is given full parity
with Britain and France as it objects to having been
asigned only the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas.
However, nearly 200 British and French ships have
already been mobolized, ready to concentrate quickly
wherever trouble may develop. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
of Germany states that the Spanish civil war must
result in a victory for Franco. "A bolshevik Spain
would dislocate the west European equilibrium".

Reported that a "creeping paralysis" is seriously
effecting Russian industry and retarding the present
five-year plan laregly because of disaffection within
the communist party and the present "purge in
which thousands of persons in responsible positions
have been accused of having failed to fulfill their
tasks, this resulting in general terrorization and a
refusal to accept responsibilities.

Emperor Haile Selassie in a letter to the League
Assembly written in England declares that his coun-
try is still resisting Mussolini's army and that the
invaders occupy merely strategic points.

Sept. 15. — Cholera is reported on the increase in
the Shanghai area and a crime wave also sweeps the
city, gangs of armed desperadoes committing nu-
merous outrages. Nanking officials state they
regard the neutrality of the United States and other

signatories of the Nine-Power Treaty a breach of the
soirit of the pact's guarantees of Chinese Territorial
integrity. Dr. Wellington Koo, noted Chinese
statesman, states in Geneva that Japanese guns may
menace the United States and Europe eventually if
they do not support China now. He asks the League
Assembly, over which His Highness the Aga Khan
now presides, to condemn Japan's "continued armed
aggression and flagrant violation of international
law and treaty obligations", the blockade of the China
coast, "jeopardizing established rights of navigation
and commerce", and the "indiscriminate, deliberate
bombing by Japanese war planes of Chinese and
foreign noncombattants".

Sept. 16. — The League Council refers Chinas
appeal against Japan to an advisory committee and
asks the United States to participate in its delibera-
tions. A Tokyo spokesman states that if the League
takes positive action Japan will be forced to cease
all cooperation with it for, although Japan has al-
ready withdrawn from membership, it has continued
to work with the organization in various nonpolitical
social and economic activities. The Japanese are
reported as having gained a series of successes in the
Peiping-Tientsin area and in North China. Canton
is again bombed from the air, starting a number of
big fires. The British government instructs British
ships when accosted by Japanese warships to halt
and permit examination of their certificates of re-
gistry, but to report all such incidents. The Jap-
anese have agreed to make similar reports.

Juan Negrin, Spanish Premier appearing before
the League, charges that Italy "is the anonymous
state whose warships are trying by means of constant
acts of aggression to create a state of terror in the
Mediterranean" and that submarine piracy is only
one of the many forms of Italian intervention in the
Spanish civil war. He demands that the Council name
Italy and Germany as aggressors in Spain and that
Spain be invited to participate the Nyon anti-piracy
scheme. Italy hints that unless it obtains full parity
in the naval patrol, it will renounce its pledge of neu-
trality in the Spanish civil war. Britain and France,
however, refuse to postpone or delay the Mediterra-
nean patrol because of the Italian parity demand,
and the situation is reported tense. The rebels
begin a terrific shelling of Madrid, an average of one
shell falling every three minutes for several hours,
but activities in the city continue as usual.

Sept. 17. — Nanking reported to be sending troops
to North China where the Chinese forces have suffered
a series of major reverses. Three Japanese gunboats
shell Chinese forts on Hainan, the first attack on an
island that would give the Japanese a strong base
for operations in the South China sea.

The Paris Populaire states that Mussolini recently
sold Franco 12 submarines manned and officered by
Italian volunteers wearing a special uniform and
that 12 other Italian submarines, on orders issued
by Mussolini himself early in August, are cruising
in the Dardanelles neighborhood to commit acts of
piracy. The story is denied in Rome.

Dr. Hjalmar Schacht resigns his position as Mi-
inster of National Economy in Germany.

Sept 1 8.— Shanghai streets arc crowded with
pitiful thousands of hungry, begging people, offering
to sell their children to obtain homes for them, and
the situation is worsened by the refusal of the Jap-
anese to permit the withdrawal of foodtsuffs from
Hongkew district warehouses although the Municipal
Council has legal administration over the district.
The Chaumont brings 1435 U. S. Marines.

Representatives of the nine Mediterranean powers
meeting in Geneva under the leadership of Bntant
and France agree to widening the Nyon agreemeP,.
authorizing their ships to wage "war" not only om
pirate submarines but on surface vessels and aircraft
engaged in acts of piracy, after an unidentified war
plane bombed the British warship Fearless as it left
the Bay of Biscay to join the Mediterranean patrol,
though failing to hit it. More German and Italian
troops are reported to have landed in Morocco.
Franco accuses Russia of being the nation guilty of
piracy in the Mediterranean.

Sept. 19. — A score of Japanese planes bomb Nan-
king but are driven off without doing much damage,
a number of them being shot down. The Japanese
are reported to be fortifying Raffles Island, one of the
Parker group about 70 miles southeast of the mouth
of the Yangtze, apparently with the object of con-
troling the approach to the river. The Berlin An-
griff, official organ of the Nazi party, states that a
decision in favor of either China or Japan has be-
come "almost a question of conscience and advises
Japan to break off its advance with the gam of the
entire northern coast of China because if it advances
farther it might meet not only with stronger Chinese
resistance but with Russian and "international

nSevLS20.—A warning issued by Vice-Admiral K.
Hasagawa that he will bomb Nanking until it is
destroyed starting at noon Tuesday and suggesting
that foreign diplomats leave the city and foreign
warships move at least 11 miles up the Yangtze,
sent to the Japanese Consulate-General is relayed
to American Ambassador Nelson T ***™ ™5
the request that he communicate it to other foreign
officials. Ambassador Johnson boards an American
gunboat in the river but other foreign representatives
ignore the warning, a British official stating that
the Japanese have been supplied with a map of the
city showing the location of the British Embassy
and stating that the British government JwUprotert
against the bombing of private property in Nanking
and will hold Japan responsible. Nelson states
that under instructions from Washington he can not
risk the lives of his loyal staffmen Admiral Harry
E Yarnell states at Shanghai that as long as the
American Embassy and American natw™£**r\™
Nanking, the American warcraft "£W there— the
Luzon and the Guam—will remain there. Chinese
officials state they do not think the threate"e^ff^
will achieve anything The JaPanesVd^S^iraliv
Peiping southwestward is said to be practically

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PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

unopposed, Chinese troops being in rapid retreat.
The Japanese Foreign Office announces the govern-
ment will not recognize the transfer or sale of Chinese
ships to foreign registry made after August 25.

Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in a speech
before the League appeals to the nations to raise
standards of living and improve general conditions,
calling attention to the fact that the combined Amer-
ican and British trade represents nearly 30 % of the
world total and that this furnishes a strong argument
in favor of an Anglo-American commercial pact
which would be an important step in the promotion
of general trade interests. He minimizes the German
demand for colonies, stating that the problem of raw
materials is not primarily or even substantially one
of colonies. He laments the world armament race
but states that Britain is determined to spare no
expense in rearming to protect the Commonwealth
and fulfill our obligations under the Covenant of the
League.

Leland Harrison, American Minister to Switzer-
land, authorized to attend the meeting of the League's
advisory committee, states that "until the United
States is informed regarding the functions which the
League expects the committee to perform, it is im-
possible for the United States to say to what extent
it will be able effectively to cooperate with the

League The United States feels constrained to

observe that it can not take upon itself the respon-
sibilities which devoWe, from the fact of their mem-
bership, upon League members".

Sept. 21. — The American government sends a vig-
orous protest to Tokyo against the threat of mass
destruction in the Chinese capital and Washington
officials, sharply criticized for the withdrawal of the
American Ambassador, declare that the evacuation
does not contradict the American policy of objecting
to the threatened Japanese attack. The British file
a strong protest immediately after the American
protest. Nanking is raided twice by some 48 Ja-
panese planes, their objective being the Nanking
airfield; several scores of people are killed, but other-
wise the damage was slight. Some 20 planes also
twice raid Canton from the aircraft carrier Notoro
believed to be cruising just outside Hongkong terri-
torial waters, numerous fatalities being reported,
but not great material damage. A number of the
planes were shot down. Alfred Hicks, editor of the
Hongkong Telegraph, dies of cholera. Cholera in
Shanghai is officially considered "epidemic" at
Shanghai by United States health authorities. Bo-
bonic plague is reported from Hsinking, Manchukuo.

The Australian delegate Stanley Bruce, speaking
before the League, proposes the invocation of Article
11 of the Covenant which would call for a conference
among world nations, including non-members, to
consider the Sino- Japanese hostilities and attempt
to halt them. He states the League's present weak-
ness is the apparent impossibility of applying effec-
tive penalties against aggressor nations. Russian
Commissar of Foreign Affairs M. Litvinov states
that the German, Italian, and Japanese anti-com-
munist crusades are mere excuses for the invasion

of other states.

Eden's statements on Anglo-British trade are well
received in Washington where the impression has
been that a trade agreement was hopelessly blocked
by the British dominions.

Visiting cadets from two Italian school ships kill
the proprietor and wreck the plant of an anti-fascist
newspaper in Tunis and the official reception ar-
ranged for them is cancelled.

Sept. 22. — The Japanese raid Nanking three times
during the day, the first air fleet consisting of some
40 planes, the second of 20, and the third of a single
squadron. They drop numerous bombs, but little
damage is done and the Chinese military officials
are scornful, saying, "If is merely like this, we want
some more. The Japanese warning helped to com-
plete some 5,000 new dug-outs. The raids failed
to achieve anything from a military point of view".
A Japanese spokesman in Shanghai, however, de-
clares that the air offensives against Nanking, Can-
ton, and other cities are "the biggest air offensive
of the war" and states that raids against Nanking
will continue "until their objective has been at-
tained— the end of hostilities". He declares the
raids violate neither international nor humanitarian
laws because Japan warned noncombatants to eva-
cuate and because only military objectives are bomb-
ed". The raids on Canton are reported to have
resulted in many civilian fatalities. The French
lodge a protest against the air raids. Reported that
Britain is planning to invoke the Nine-Power Treaty
as such a move would bring in the full cooperation
of the United States. The general feeling is that the
League is helpless at the present time to deal with
the situation.

Italy informs Britain and France it is anxious to
cooperate in the anti-piracy patrol and Britain sug-
gests a tneeting of experts in Paris to discuss possible
modification of the patrol scheme to that end.

Spanish rebel forces continue their successes in
Asturias province, but government forces in the south
for the first time invade the Badajoz district.

Sept. 28. — Ambassador Johnson states that his
decision to leave the Embassy at Nanking was wholly
his own and the decision to return was wholly his own.
"It was never my intention to take the warship
Luzon from Nanking unless the capital was destroyed.
Estimated that 200 Chinese noncombatants were
killed in a disastrous air raid of Canton this morning.
Not a single bomb hit any government building or
military establishment, most of the missiles falling
in densely packed dwelling areas inhabited by the
poorer classes. Hundreds of weeping women were
scrambling among the ruins searching for the remains
of missing relatives and frantic children running
about seeking their parents. Reuter's report that
"indignation and disgust" has been aroused in many
countries by the bombing of Nanking and Canton.
Chiang Kai-shek states that the signatories of the
Nine-Power Treaty and the League Covenant seem
to be "all under Japanese domination". The British
and Japanese governments publish an exchange of
notes with reference to the wounding of the British

Ambassador to China, Japan stating that it considers
the incident may have been caused by Japanese
aviators mistaking the Ambassador's car for a mili-
tary bus or truck and expressing deep regret, also
promising to take "suitable steps whenever it is
established that Japanese aviators have killed or
wounded, intentionally or through negligence, na-
tionals belonging to a third country. . . Instructions
have again been sent to the Japanese forces in China
to exercise the greatest care in safeguarding noncom-
batants, it being the desire and policy of the Japanese
government to limit as far as can possibly be done
the dangers to noncombatants resulting from the
existence of hostilities in China".

The Geneva correspondent of the London Daily
Herald states on "exceedingly good authority" that
Germany is sending large quantities of munitions
to China and that Germany's view of the anti-Co-
mintern agreement with Japan is that Japan should
oppose Russian penetration of China and if necessary
fight Russia, but not that it should try to conquer
China and liquidate all European interests there.

Sept. 24- — The Japanese news agency Domei
reports that secret Russo-Chinese negotiations are
under way looking toward Russian military aid to
China in exchange for eventual Soviet control of
Manchukuo, Mongolia, and parts of North China.
Japanese planes raid Hankow and kill a hundred
people, their objective apparently being the arsenal
there. A Tokyo spokesman states that bombing
is restricted to military establishments and that
every precaution is taken to safeguard the lives of
noncombatants. Admiral Yarnell announces that
the U. S. Asiatic Fleet will remain in Chinese waters
"so long as the present controversy between China
and Japan exists" and "even after our nationals are
warned to leave China and after opportunity to
leave has been given them. Our naval forces can
not withdraw without failure to our duty and without
bringing great discredit upon the U. S. Navy".
Germany informs the League that "for wellknown
reasons" it must decline to participate in the work
of the advisory committee appointed to deal with
the Sino- Japanese conflict.

Italy is reported to have assured Britain and
France it will send no more volunteer fighting men
to Spain.

Sept. 25. — Nanking is subjected to nearly seven
hours of bombing by some 90 Japanese plan es which
drop some 200 bombs during the day, destroying
the city's power plant and damaging the water works;
some three hundred people are killed and many
more wounded. Five of the planes were shot down.
Hankow, up the river from Nanking, is also again
raided with several hundred deaths reported. The
Japanese claim the taking of Paotingfu and also
Tsangchow, important railway towns. China is
reported to have appealed to Russia for aid. The
British press is outspoken in its condemnation of the
bombings, the Daily Telegraph stating this is not
aerial warfare but "promiscuous murder from the
air ... Canton's lurid fate should be taken to heart
in the great capitals of Europe."

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November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

521

Mussolini arrives at Munich in*"a train composed
0f 11 bullet-proof coaches with the railroad line
guarded every mile of the way. Hospitals in the
city have been evacuated to make room for the thou-
sands of Nazi officials who have gathered for the event.
He is given an unprecedented welcome, and his first
act is to make Fuhrer Adolf Hitler an honorary
corporal in the fascist militia, calling him the "repre-
sentative and protector of European civilization
against any attempt to overpower it" and that he has
"proved his unconditional solidarity and friendship
with Italy in this hour of struggle". Hitler presents
Mussolini with a Grand Cross of the Order of the
German Eagle, made of gold and diamonds, encased
in a silver casket inlaid with amber.

Sept. 26. —Canton prohibits the sale ©f fireworks
and rockets as it is believed that Japanese air raiders
have been guided in previous bombing attacks by
rockets fired from the ground by Japanese agents.

Foreign Minister Hirota states that Japan has
informed the League that it would not accept third-
party intervention as the present problem is strictly
one of Japan and China. "A just, equitable, and
practical solution" can be found, he declares, as-
serting that Japan has "always devoted every effort
toward the maintenance of peace in Eastern Asia
through harmonious cooperation". Ambassador
Weelington Koo in a radio broadcast from Geneva
asks the United States not to cut of China's purchases
of arms as China's success is dependent on an unin-
terrupted flow of supplies. "We do not wish Amer-
icans to fight nor do we wish to see the United States
otherwise involved. China has all the fighting men
it needs, but it does need moral support and material

Sept. 27. — Nanking is raided three times and many
houses are wrecked and some 200 people killed.
Russia sharply warns Japan it will be held responsible
for any bombing of the Soviet Embassy, incidental
or intentional. Canton is also again raided and the
Canton-Hankow railway bombed. Mayor Tseng
Yang-fu states that the aggression in South China
is not intended merely to intimidate the country
but is part of a plan of extension that menaces Hong-
kong and the Philippines. Hot indignation sweeps
Chinese circles when it is learned that two Japanese
war planes, camouflaged as Chinese planes against
all rules of war, bombed the military airdrome at
Kwanteh, Anhui province, blowing huge holes in
the field, but missing the hangars. Their near ap-
proach was permitted^because of their* false colors.

The German liner Scharnhorst arrives in Hongkong
with 10 survivers picked up from floating wreckage
some 30 miles from the port. It is said that a Jap-
anese submarine some five days ago opened fire
on a fleet of 12 fishing junks with shrapnel and also
with rifles and pistols, massacring men, women, and
children, as the junks always carry entire families.
The United Press reports from Geneva that the
Leacue has decided to leave the task of formulating
a olan to end the conflict to the powers directly in-
terested in the Far East because a world conference
is considered "temporarily premature" in view of
Japan's warning it would not welcome outside mter-

felMussolini, at his own request, tours to Krup arms
Dlants in Essen under the personal guidance of Hitler,
this constituting the principal entertainment for the
dav Reported that the two have decided to reject
the Anglo-French demands that all foreign volunteers
be withdrawn from Spain with a view to maintaining
European "respect" for the socalled Rome-Ber in
diplomatic "axis". However, it is understood Hitler
warned Mussolini against extending the Italian ven-
ture in Spain in such a way as to bring about reprisals
from Britain and France as Germany would refuse
to make further sacrifices, this being understood as a
severe blow to Mussolini's hopes of German support
in case of a Mediterranean war.

The Spanish representative at Geneva demands
that the League "call the bluff" of Germany and
Italy— "this two-headed monster which appears to
want to declare war on all Europe".
w s t e8 —speculations are arroused by the sudden
departure of the Russian Ambassador to China from
Nanking to Moscow by plane The Japanese Navy
officer Senies attacks on Chinese fishing vessels
After five of the world's leading military nations, led
by England, the others being France Russia Sweden,
and China itself, denounce Japan before the Assembly
?hat body quickly and unanimously adopts a resolu-
tion drafted by the advisory committee of 23 nations
condemning the Japanese Empire for its aerial and
naval bombardments of Chinese noncombatants.
Litvinov, however, states the League should con-
demn other forms of attacks fromw^hC^ suffers.
Belgium is elected a member of the Council.

Mussolini in anraddress in Berlin states that to-
morrow Europe will turn to fascism to save itself
from bohhevism". He states that neither Hitler
noThimself are dictators, hut only leaders and that
?he be^t democracies are in Germany and Italy.

He states the Nazis and fascists want peace, but ad-
mits that thousands of Italian volunteers have died
in the Spanish civil war and that he is proud they
died "in the fascist defense of European civilization.
Hitler and Mussolini join in an announcement offer-
ing to collaborate for peace with all nations except
Soviet Russia. Reported that in private conversa-
tions they agreed to seek improvement of their rela-
tions with Britain, being convinced of the importance
of an "Anglo-Italo-German combine to preserve
the peace of Europe". Afterward France would
be "courted" but would be asked to relinquish its
defensive alliance with Russia.

Australian Premier Lyons states that "only by
close cooperation between a strong Australian navy
and the fleets of the Empire, can we hope to prevent
an enemy from coming within striking distance of
our shores".

Sept. 29. — A score of Chinese soldiers swimming
stealthily with a mine toward the Idzumo, discov-
ered just at daylight while cutting through the steel
net that protects the Japanese flagship from torpe-
does and mines, touch off the bomb, destroying them-
selves but also ripping a wide hole in the net and
spraying the deck of the ship with shrapnel. A
terrific bombardment of Pootung from the ships in
the river is again in progress. Lelan Harrison
U. S. Minister to Switzerland in attendance at Lea-
gue meetings, reads a statement before the advisory
committee from Secretary of State Cordell Hull,
declaring that the United States' attitude on the
bombings of Chinese cities is similar to that of the
League. The Tokyo Foreign Office spokesman
sharply rebukes the League for its "irresponsible
way" of dealing with the Sino- Japanese problem.
"The Japanese nation is deeply indignant". The
Soviet press speaks of the desirability of the United
States joining in a collective program for protection
and security from Japan, asserting that the current
hostilities may eventually menace American pos-
sessions in the Pacific. New Zealand labor federa-
tions urge a boycott of Japanese goods. The South
Wales Miners Federation, England, urges an inter-
national boycott through the International Federa-
tion of Trade Unions.

France and Britain join in an attempt to forestall
League action in the Spanish war, inferring that they
wish to induce Mussolini to agree to withdraw his
volunteers, but Spain expresses its disatisf action.
Later Italy approves the Franco-British invitation
to a conference on the matter.

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522

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

Sept. 80. — Heavy fighting is reported from Yen-
menkwan Pass, an important opening in the Great
Wall guarding the entrance to central Shansi. The
former communist army is reported harrassing the
Japanese on the Shansi-Hopei border. Gen. Han
Fu-Chu, governor of Shantung and one of the most
powerful warlords of North China refutes the rumors
that he would fall in with Japanese plans to create
an "autonomous federation of the five northern prov-
inces, and pledge himself to submit to Chiang Kai-
shek's orders and resist Japanese aggression. The
British Air Ministry discloses that it has sanctioned
the sale of British military aircraft to China.

Mussolini is welcome back to Rome like an em-
peror, the streets being strewn with laurel leaves.
He states that the object of the Italian-German
friendship is solidarity between the fascist and nazi
revolutions, a rebirth of Europe, and peace between
peoples worthy of it. No official statement has been
issued in regard to the conferences between Musso-
lini and Hitler.

The League formally entrusts to Britain and France
the task of obtaining immediate and complete with-
drawal of foreign volunteers from Spain, while Ma-
drid is being attacked on three fronts in the heaviest
fighting in months.

Oct. 1. — Some 60,000 Manchukuoan troops are
dispatched to the northeastern part of the state
because of the activities of "armed bandits". A sub-
committee of the League advisory committee adopt
a resolution presented by Wellington Koo branding
Japan an aggressor under the Nine Power Treaty,
the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the Covenant and also
condemning the Japanese blockade of China as illegal;
the action ignoring the Franco-British appeal for
caution. Emperor Hirohito entertain the Soviet
Ambassador and F reign Minister Hirota at lunch.
A Dutch destroyer fires on a large Japanese fishing
boats off Rieuw, Nertherlands Indies, when the ship
tried to escape, killing two members of the crew.

Following the assassination of a number of British
officials in Palestine, the government orders the dis-
solution of the Arab Higher Committee and the
arrest of a number of leading Arabs. The Grand
Mufti is deprived of his office. London officials
state the government is faced with a "murder cam-
paign" and that a firm hand must be taken.

Oct. 2. — The Tokyo Naval Ministry admits war-
ships have fired on Chinese junks in selfdefense as
some of the larger types of these ships allegedly carry
cannons and machine guns.

A League resolution constituting a virtual ulti-
matum to Italy for the withdrawal of fascist troops
from Spain is defeated by Ireland and one other small
nation as an unanimous vote was necessary. Britain
and France invite Italy to a three-power conference
to fix a date for the withdrawal of volunteers and the
evacuation of Italian naval air bases in the Balearic
islands and Spanish Morocco. Russia demands the
abandonment of the entire non-intervention program
as having proved futile.

Oct. 3. — Almost a week of bloody fighting in Shang-
hai has resulted in only meager gains for the Jap-
nese, and both sides have sustained heavy losses,
but observers believe that the backbone of Chinese
resistance in the North has been broken. Japan is
continuing its policy of bombing peaceful Chinese
towns and villages. The British Labor Party adopts
a resolution demanding international action against
Japan.

Oct. 4. — Hongkong officials state that the seizure
of the Chinese weather station on Pratas Reef by
the Japanese endangers shipping as weather reports
are no longer received from there.

An unknown submarine launches a torpedo at the
British destroyer Basilisk, engaged in anti-piracy
work off Alicante. The torpedo missed. Depth
bombs were dropped but the result is unknown.

Eight employees of the Soviet grain trust are
executed at Moscow charged with damaging supplies
and 20 others were shot are Irkutsk for spoiling grain.
During the past fortnight 114 persons have been
put to death.

Oct. 5. — Six Japanese warships land marines on
three small islands at the mouth of the Pearl river
and are reported to be rapidly leveling off an airfield
on the larger island. The League advisory com-
mittee adopts the subcommittee's recommendation
that the signatories of the Nine Power Treaty be
invited at the earliest possible moment to examine
the crisis in the Orient. The report holds that
Japan violated treaties in invading China.

Aviation authorities in Rome disclose that Mus-
solini's son, Bruno, 20 years old, has gone into the
service of the Spanish rebels with a crack squadron
of 23 Italian bombers. Their first attack is believed,
to have been at Valencia last Sunday in which a
hundred people were killed and many more injured.
It is believed Mussolini is determined on victory for
the rebels before winter sets in. Loyalists are re-
ported to be ready to evacuate Gijon, last govern-
ment stronghold in northern Spain.

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Oct. 6. — Chinese officials praise President Roose-
velt's speech against "international anarchist thie-
very". A Japanese spokesman states that the "ideals
of right as conceived by Western nations are incom-
patible with those of the Orient and that it is Japan's
intention to continue its peaceful development of
Asia for the sake of the Chinese as well as the Jap-
anese people. Japan wants peaceful cooperation
between Japan and China. That cooperation China
refused by force of arms, resulting in the present
affair". A Japanese naval officer states that the
way to minimize suffering is to bring about a speedy
conclusion of the present situation. "We are doing
everything possible to speed the end and bring the
situation back to normal. The British Cabinet
meets and is expected to "scrutinize closely President
Roosevelt's advocacy of an international 'quarantine'
of aggressor nations. Officials admit that the re-
ference to a quanrantine is somewhat puzzling be-
cause the best information thus far has indicated
that the United States was not likely to initiate in-
tervention in the Sino- Japanese war. It is said
Britain might consider an economic boycott of Japan
provided the United States or some other nation
definitely(propcses it. German critics call Roosevelt's
speech "demagogic and vague" and warn the Amer-
ican President of the shipwreck suffered by the late
President Wilson. Italian officials state that Roose-
velt is not informed about the danger of bolshevism
in Europe and that Italy wants friendly relations
with the United States but that "speeches like this"
don't help. Paris circles say the speech voices a
timely warning.

The British government gives Mussolini 24 hours
to reply to the invitation to the proposed three-power
anti-piracy conference.

Oct. 7. — The League notifies the 17 member nations
adhering to the Nine Power Treaty asking them to
participate in an emergency convention should the
United States, Germany, and Russia accept a similar
invitation. This plan would bring 20 nations vitally
interested in the Far East to confer on the Sino-
Japanese situation. The Treaty was originally
signed by the United States, Britain, Japan, China,
France, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal.
A League spokesman states that "it is a matter of
satisfaction to know that the United States while
maintaining an independent attitude on world affairs,
is apparently willing to cooperate closely with the
League in the discussion of these affairs". Japan
remains officially silent on the Roosevelt speech but

foreign diplomats in Tokyo state

the American action fell like a
bombshell there. A high Japan-
ese official states, "We are bad-
ly surprised, and completely be-
wildered. We had felt certain,
prior to this, that the United
States understood the situation
better than any other country.
We felt the American public was
completely enlightened on all is-
sues and that the nation would
remain traditionally neutral. We
completely fail to understand the
American action which is bound
to make a very bad impression on
ttoe Japanese public". The Japan
Times states the action is "too
idealistic" and is based "primarily
on sympathy for the weaker na-
tion". Chinese officials say the
statement is like a "ray of hope
for China in the midst of dark-
ness. All China is gratified by
the United States' positive moral
support at this critical time. We
do not expect America to fight
China's battles but the President's
statements are so strong, so defi-
nite, and so fair that they leave
no element of doubt that America
still stands for the preservation of
civilization". A French Foreign
Office spokesman declares France
gives "unanimous and unqualified
approval". Premier Camille Chau-
temps states France will "sup-
port any peace offensive or any
move intended to tighten the so-
lidarity of the pacific nations".
The Giornale d'ltalia states the
Roosevelt speech is due to British
influence and that self-interest is
behind the protest against Japan;
it defends the Japanese, operations
m China as "purifying".

Widespread fighting against
Italian forces throughout Ethio-
pia is reported. Italy is continu-
ing to send more men to Lybia
— 16,000 have been sent during
the past three weeks.

Oct. 8. — The Japan stockmar-
ket slumps heavily, assuming the
proportions of a general collapse,
reflecting the consternation
throughout the country over the
American denunciation of the
government's policy, and the Ca-
binet meets in an emergency ses-
sion. War Minister General Su-
giyama states that Japan does
not want intervention by any
third power and that it will con-
tinue its punitive employment
of arms until China is convinced
of its blunders. "If China sincere-
ly regrets its past policies and
will sue for peace, we would wel-
come it with open hearts. The
Nine Power Treaty guarantees
China's territorial integrity. It is
my solemn pledge as War Minis-
ter that we have no territorial

November, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

523

ambitions in China... The Kellogg-Briand Pact out-
laws war as an instrument of settling disputes. . . .
The Japanese army did its utmost to avoid the use of
arms in China. . . Japan has absolutely no inten-
tion of violating the spirit of the Open Door in China."
General I wane Matsui, Commander of Japanese
forces in China, states that the army will use every
means within its power to subdue its opponents, its
objectives being to protect the lives and property of
Japanese residents and to scourge the Chinese gov-
ernment and army which have been pursuing anti-
Japanese and anti-foreign policies in collaboration
with communist influences — in short, to establish
the foundations for a firm and lasting peace in East
Asia. . . Against those who bear arms against Japan,
the Japanese army will show no mercy". The Japan-
ese press warns the United States to remain neutral.
The Nichi Nichi states the Kellogg-Briand
Pact condemns war but not "war fought in self-
defense or war waged for the sake of chastisement".
Chiang Kai-shek states that the Roosevelt speech
and the declaration of the State Department "comes
as a great confort to the Chinese who are now con-
vinced that the United States is not as indifferent
as its previous silence suggested". Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain pledges Britain's wholehearted
cooperation with President Roosevelt. "His clarion
call from the other side of the Atlantic was welcome
and timely utterance. In his declaration of the
necessity for a return to a belief in the pledged word
and the sanctity of treaties, he voiced the conviction
of this country as well as of his own, and in his call
for a concerted effort in the cause of peace, this
government will be wholeheartedly with him".
Secretary Eden also expresses his government's
gratification. British official circles say it is under-
stood President Roosevelt may propose a plan of
mediation which would eliminate any immediate
possitive action like economic sanctions and "highly
authoritative circles" say that Japan has indicated
it would (accept mediatory measures if Japanese
honor is satisfied. Berlin officials state privately
that while Germany is united with Japan in an anti-
communist front, there is no desire to make this
synonymous with an anti-Chinese front as Germany's
trade with China is highly important. The Giornale
d' Italia accuses the United States of ignoring Japan's
"national needs" and government officials indicate
Italy will not attend the nine-power conference,
criticizing the strange procedure of the League is

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suing the invitations when the treaty was signed at
Washington and not at Geneva.

British and French diplomats in Rome warn that
a "very serious situation "would arise if Mussolini
refuses to withdraw the Italian legions from Spain.
The London Evening News states the government
has unimpeachable information to the effect that
115,000 Italian fighting men landed at Cadiz last week.
""After adopting a resolution yesterday rejecting a
"united front" with the Communist Party, the Brit-
ish Labor Party today adopts a program to be en-
forced within five years of Labor's next assumption
o power providing for the nationalization of the
Bank of England, the country's coal resources, and
power supplies, for the establishment of a national
transport board, and for legislative affirmation that
the land belongs to the people.

Oct. 9. — The Japanese Foreign Office in a formal
supply to the condemnation of Japan by the United
States government and the League of Nations, de-
clares that it is the Chinese government which is
violating the spirit of the anti-war pact and menacing
the peace of the world and that Japan's true inten-
tions are misunderstood. It explains that when
the Japanese were maneuvering with a small number
of troops at Lukauchiao an outbreak came which
the Japanese tried to settle locally, the action of the
Japanese being nothing more than a measure of self-
defense Aggravation was due to the Chinese who
violated the Shanghai Truce of 1932 and brought
troops into the demilitarized zone with the intention
of murdering the 3,000 Japanese residents there,
including women and children. This forced Japan
to take military action entirely in self-defense. Ac-
cordingly, Japan's action violated no existing trea-
ties in any way whatsoever. The London Daily
Mail states that the Prime Minister's remarks on
Roosevelt's speech "struck the right note of caution.
Complete Anglo-American cooperation in foreign
affairs would be the greatest possible assurance of
peace, but the President's speech disclosed no definite
plan for such a structure and meantime critical prob-
lems nearer home engage the attention of the British
people". The Manchester Guardian states that the
Prime Minister "could hardly have gone farther at
the moment, but in nothing will the government be
judged more exactingly than on the eagerness with
which it develops and enlarges the American ini-
tiative".

Italy replies that it refuses the Anglo-French invi-
tation to a conference without German participation,
and insists that the problem be handled by the 27-
nation nonintervention committee. Mussolini is

reported to have called out the conscript classes of
1907, 1908, and 1909 to be ready for "eventual action
anywhere". The Italian Ambassador to Japan in-
forms the Tokyo government that the "Italian na-
tion, solidly united under Premier Mussolini, whole-
heartedly supports Japan's stand in the current dis-
pute".

Oct. 10.— Chiang Kai-shek in a radio address
warns the people to be prepared for a prolonged war,
stating that international sympathy, though a source
of great encouragement, should not be permitted to
awaken false hopes. "Our people must carry on
their struggle with fortitude and determination.
I believe we can not fail if the entire nation is united.

The British government, accepting the Italian
demand, requests the convocation of the noninter-
vention committee and is reported to have asked
France to postpone its threatened opening of the
Franco-Spanish border. The Spanish government
freighter Cabosanto is sunk off Algeria by two un-
identified destroyers. One member of the crew was
killed and several injured; fishermen picked up the
survivcrs.

Oct. 11. — Premier Prince Fuminaro Konoye tells
the United Press that Japan has no intention of placing
Emperor Kang Teh (the former Henry Pu Yi) of Man-
chukuo on the Peiping throne nor of establishing a regi-
me in North China similar to that in Manchukuo. The
Japanese take Shihchiachuang, which gives them
control of the roads into Shansi and complete control
of. Hopei. Reported that Japan has already sent
560,000 soldiers to Manchukuo and China, as com-
pared to the 500,000 troops used in the Russo-Jap-
anese war.

President Lazaro Cardenas of Mexico in a letter
to the Mexican delegate to Geneva condemns the
Sino- Japanese war and foreign intervention in bpain.

The Egyptian flag is unfurled over the British
military headquarters in Alexandria where the British
flag has flown for nearly half a century. The building
was handed over to the Egyptian authorities in ac-
cordance with the recently concluded agreement.

Oct. 12. — Three British Embassy automobiles
are attacked with machine gun fire from the air on
the way from Nanking to Shanghai, the British party
escaping into the bushes along the road and no one
being hurt. The Embassy advised the Japanese
military in advance that the automobiles would be
coming to Shanghai. The Tokyo Yomiun Shimbun
states editorially that the support of Italy andUer-
many would be "sufficient to see Japan through the
war with China if the worst came to the worst .

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524

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

November, 1937

Astronomical Data for
November, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
{Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Nov. 1.. 5:52 a.m. 5:28 p.m.
Nov. 6.. 5:53 a.m. 5:26 p.m.
Nov. 12.. 5:56 a.m. 5:25 p.m.
Nov. 13.. 5:59a.m. 5:24p.m.
Nov. 24.. 6:01a.m. 5:25 p.m.
Nov. 30.. 6:05 a.m. 5:24 p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
(Upper Limb)
-T . Rises Sets

November 1 4:03 a.m. 4:04 p.m.

November 2 4:53 a.m. 4:45 p.m.

November 3 5:43 a.m. 5:28 p.m.

November 4 6:33 a.m. 6:12 p.m.

November 5 7:23 a.m. 6:58 p.m.

November 6 8:12 a.m. 7:46 p.m.

November 7 9:00 a.m. 8:35 p.m.

November 8 9:47 a.m. 9:24 p.m.

November 9 10:32 a.m. 10:15 p.m,

November 10 11:14 a.m. 11:05 p.m.

November 11 11:56 a.m. 11:55 p.m.

November 12 12:36 p.m.

November 13 1:17 p.m. 12:46 a.m.

November 14 1:59 p.m. 1:38 a.m.

November 15 2:44 p.m. 2:32 a.m.

November 16 3:32 p.m. 3:30 a.m.

November 17 4:25 p.m. 4:31 a.m.

November 18 5:23 p.m. 5:34 a.m.

November 19 6:24 p.m. 6:39 a.m.

November 20 7:28 p.m. 7:44 a.m.

November 21 8:32 p.m. 8:45 a.m.

November 22 9:33 p.m. 9:42 a.m.

November 23 10:32 p.m. 10:34 a.m.

November 24 11:28 p.m. 11:20 a.m.

November 25 12:03 p.m.

November 26 12:20 a.m. 12:44 p.m.

November 27 1:11a.m. 1:24 p.m.

November 28 2:00 a.m. 2:03 p.m.

November 29 2:49 a.m. 2:44 p.m.

November 30 3:38 a.m. 3:26 p.m.

Phases of the Moon

New Moon on the 3rd at 12:16 p.m.

First Quarter on the 11th at. 5:33 p.m.

Full Moon on the 18th at... 4:10 p.m.

Last Quarter on the 25th at 8:04 a.m.

Apogee on the 6th at 6:00 p.m.

Perigee on the 19th at 9:00 a.m.

Eclipse
There will be a partial eclipse of the Moon on the
18th, invisible in the Philippines. The beginning
will be visible generally in the extreme northern and
northwestern part of Europe, the British Isles, the
Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean, North
and South America, the Pacific Ocean and north-
eastern Asia; the ending will be visible generally in
the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean, except
the eastern part, North America, South America

except the eastern part, the Pacific Ocean, Eastern
Australia and northeastern and central Asia. The
magnitude of the eclipse will be 0.150, the moon's
diameter being 1.

The Planets for the 15 th

MERCURY rises at 6:44 a.m. and sets at 5:56 p.m.
Immediately after sunset, the planet may be found
very low on the western horizon in the constellation
of Scorpius.

VENUS rises at 4:38 a. m. and sets at 4:14 p. m.
Just before sunrise, the planet may be found fairly
low on the eastern horizon in the constellation of
Virgo.

MARS rises at 11:05 a. m. and sets at 10:17 p. m.
At 7:00 p. m. the planet may be found about 30 above
the western horizon between the constellations of
Capicorn and Sagittarius.

JUPITER rises at 10:24 and sets at 9:36 p. m.
Just after sunset, the planet may be found high in
the western sky in the constellation of Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 2:20 p. m. and sets at 2:14 a. m.
on the 16th. At 8:00 p. m. the planet may be found
almost directly overhead a little to the south of the
constellation of Pisces.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p.m.

North of Zenith
Capella in Auriga
Aldebaran in Taurus
Deneb in Cygnus
Vega in Lyra

South of the Zenith
Rigel and Betelgeuse in

Orion
Achornar in Eridanus
Formalhaut in Pisces Aus-
tralia
Altair in Aquila

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PHILIPPINE
MAGAZINE

VOL. XXXIV

December, 1937

CHRISTMAS LANTERN

No. 12 (356)

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PHILIPPINE
MAG A Z I NE

A. V. H. Hartendorp, Editor and Publisher

VOL. XXXIV CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1937 No. 12 (356)

Cover :

Christmas Lanterns Gavino Reyes Congson Cover

Philippine Economic Conditions J. Bartlett Richards 526

News Summary 527

Editorials :

Dominion Government for the Philippines — ''The Terrors

of the Gulf"— Homer and the Modern World — America

and Fascism and War The Editor 533-536

America and the Postponed World War Francesco Borghese 536

China Letter Lin Yu 538

Fronds against the Sky (Verse) Irene La Wall 539

Alias Basiong Samac (Story) C. V. Pedroche 540

Forgetfulness (Verse) Luis Dato 541

The Mystic Lure of Mount Banahao Eufronio M. Alip 542

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, Poet of the Brush Pilar S. Gramonte 544

The Little General of the Slum (Story) Felipe B. Ong 545

Return to Old Haunts, II Wilfrid Turnbull 546

Tobacco Culture in the Cagayan Valley Mariano D. Manawis 549

Galatea (Verse) M*ry Medina Clark 550

Kinship Terms among the Aklanon Romeo R. Tuason 552

With Charity to All (Humor) "Putakte" and "Bubuyog" ... 554

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office • 568

Astronomical Data for December Weather Bureau 574

Index 575

Entered at the Manila Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES

Uy Yet Building, 217 Dasmarifias, Manila
P. O. Box 2466, Telephone 4-93-76

Subscription rates: F2.00 in the Philippines, P4.00 elsewhere. The Magazine will be stopped without notice at
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give the old address as well as the new. Remittances should be made by money order. Advertising rates will be
furnished on application.

525

526

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

Philippine Economic
Conditions

By J. Bartlett Richards
American Trade Commissioner

THE National Assembly-
met October 18 for a
session expected to last
about a month. Its prin-
cipal business will be con-
sideration of the 1938 Budge
Bill, an imposing document
of over 900 pages carrying
ordinary appropriations to-
taling P76,296,000, includ-
ing fixed or recurring expen-
ditures of P9,8 14,000. In
addition, extraordinary ex-
penditures and investments are contemplated to
the amount of Pi, 552,000. This does not include
appropriations for public works, which will be pre-
sented in a separate bill. It is assumed that there
will also be presented a number of other bills in-
volving appropriations, to come mostly from the
handsome surplus created by the coconut oil excise
tax funds. One of these would be necessitated by
the proposal to abolish the cedula, which would, it
is estimated, reduce the revenues of provincial and
local governments by around P5, 000,000. Ordinary

expenditures in 1937 (including fixed expenditures)
will amount to P66,711,000, according to a revised
estimate.

Ordinary revenues in 1938 are estimated at P80,-
446,000, which compares with a revised estimate
of P87, 797,000 for 1937 revenues. It is reasonable
to assume a reduction in receipts from income tax
next year, as the 1937 revenues were swollen by
taxes paid on 1936 stock market profits and such
profits have not been common in 1937. It is also
possible that next year's tax revenues may be affected
by a proposed change in the sale tax, but that even-
tuality is nebulous, a3 no bill incorporating the change
ha3 yet been prepared and if the change should
become effective, it is debatable what its effect on
revenues would be.

Among the bills proposed is one by Assembly-
man Buencamino, involving an appropriation of
P50,000,000 over a period of years, for a Rural Land
Authority to control and encourage colonization and
di stribution of public lands. An interesting feature
of the bill is a proposal for a Pioneer Service, which
would accept voluntary enlistments of Filipino
citizens for a five-year term. These pioneers would
be employed in clearing and developing sparsely
populated land for the Rural Land Authority and
would be paid partly in Farm Purchase Scrip, which
they could use at the end of their enlistment period
in payment for the land they had been clearing.

Among other bills introduced are one to amend
the Flag Law by eliminating the preference to do-
mestic distributors; one to create a Tobacco Admin-
istration to control grading and improve production

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methods; and one to give associations the right to
register trademarks. Proposals not yet incorpo-
rated in bills include one to substitute an excise
tax, probably four percent, on all imported and
domestic goods, for the present 1-1 2 percent sales
tax payable on all transactions. The excise tax
would be payable only once, and would not apply
to exports. A proposal that is receiving some study
is one for a Free Trade Zone, which is intended, it
appears, to permit Manila to compete with Hong-
kong as a transhipment port for goods from European
and other countries (including ultimately the United
States, it i3 presumed). The principal difficulty
would seem to be the question of steamship rates
and schedules.

Business showed signs of slackening in October,
the normal seasonal improvement failing to appear
in the demand for textiles, flour and iron and steel
products, such as roofing and building materials.
Salesmen attribute the slower pace to a reduction
in spending power, presumably due to the lower
prices of such important Philippine products as
copra and abaca. Mines continue to increase pro-
duction, but the number of new mining develop-
ments, formerly considerable employers of labor,
is reduced. Embroidery manufacturers, on the
other hand, complain that it is difficult to get work
done in the provinces, even at increased rates. The
stock market depression does not appear to be a
factor of paramount importance, as the bulk of the
textiles and flour is bought by people who have not
at any time invested in shares, while such luxury
goods as automobiles continue in good demand.
Stocks of most imported goods appear adequate
to somewhat heavy, considering the demand.

Exports of coconut products were very good in
October, but most other Philippine products went
out in reduced volume, due partly to the fact that
nearly all the export quota sugar had been shipped,
partly to limitations imposed on exchange in Japan
and Rartly to a shortage of freight space. Prices
of Philippine products were generally easy.

There was no trading in export quota sugar during
the month. Quotations for new crop sugar may
appear in November, but there will probably be no
shipping before December. The domestic market
continued very quiet with prices unchanged. The
Sugar Administrator has prohibited milling of reserve
sugar from the 1937-1938 crop until further notice
due to the fact that the reserve already exceeds ten
percent of the sum of the effective domestic and export
quotas.

Copra arrivals continued heavy. The market
was firm in the first week of the month but easy
thereafter, closing somewhat under the opening
quotations. Exports were heavy, being nearly
double those for September and nearly f>ur times as
great as in October 1936. Th-re have been considera-
ble purchases by Europe and these might have been
greater if freight space were available. The freight
rate on copra to Europe was increased five shillings
during the month. The American demand for oil was
good in the first week but fell off after publication
of the cotton crop estimate. Coconut oil exports
were heavy. Exports of copra cake were limited
by the available freight space to Europe. Desic-
cated coconut shipments were slightly greater than
in September but the American demand is relatively
light and mills are operating on part time.

Foreign markets for abaca were weak during the
month and local prices declined in both Manila and
Davao, particularly the latter. Balings continued
to decline and exports were subtantially lower than
in September, due to exchange limitation in Japan.
Leaf tobacco exports were small, following the

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

527

heavy September shipments. Cigar exports con-
tinued good. ■ .

Rice and palay prices were easy during the month
but strengthened at the end on reports that the new
crop will be con iderably below expectations as a
result of drought and plant disease in Central Lu*on.

Exports of logs to Japan were vey much reduced
in October. Exports of lumber to the United States
and Europe were fair, being limited by the available
freight space. Prices were somewhat ea ier.

Gold production again created a new record, with
P4, 700,000 in October. One new mine started
production but its figures have not yet been received.
Exports of iron ore to Japan were normal, but exports
of other ba^e metals were reduced.

Con olidated bank figures showed a reduction of
about P4, 600, 000 in loam, discounts and overdrafts,
offset by an increase in cash and declines in demand
depo its and net amount due to foreign offices. An
upward turn in loans, discounts and overdrafts
toward the end of the period indicated a sea onal
increase in imports. Debits to individual accounts
increased somewhat in the fir>t half of the period,
due apparently to tax payments, and fell off in the
second half. Circulation increased very slightly.
The exchange market continued quiet, with a fair
demand for dollars and a moderate supply. Rates
were unchanged throughout the month, but it is
believed that the dollars may go to a premium before
sugar bills begin to appear. #

Government revenue continued excellent m Octo-
ber, due mainly to excellent receipts from income
tax and sales tax. Customs collections were also
very good. Total collections by the Bureau of
Customs and Internal Revenue in the first ten months
of 1937 amount to 1*82,991,766, an increase of 27.69
percent over the same period la3t year.

Real estate sales were again reduced in October,
totaling P911,477, or about P530,000 under the
September figure. This compares poorly with the
P3,430,207 in October last year, but that was one
of the best months on record. There were no par-
ticularly notable transfers during the month. Total
sales registered in the first ten months of this year
in the City of Manila amount to P20,510,579, a 33
percent increase over the Pi 5, 449, 039 in the same
period of 1936. . ., ,.

The total of permits for new buildings issued
in the first ten months of this year exceeds by near-
ly 20 percent the figure for the same period lart year.
Permits for repairs continued at a low level, however.
Details are as follows:

October Total 10 months
1936 1937 1936 1937
New construe- , „

tion 321,140 951,090 5,096,270 6,025,780

Repairs 36,060 17,550 415,990 274,240

Total 357,200 968,640 5,512,260 6,300,020

r There were 752 new radio receiving sets registered
during September and 697 during October, which
compares with 544 in September and 476 in October
last year. There were 114 cancellations in Sep-
tember and 122 in October, compared with 119 in
September and 92 in October last year. For the
first ten months of this year and last, registrations
and cancellations were as follows:

Total 10 months
1936 1937

Registrations 4,528 5,738

Cancellations 1,056 946

r There were 29 new corporations registered in
October, with authorized capital of P6, 347, 000, of
which P2,525,830 was subscribed and PI, 280,904
paid-up in ca^h, plus P30.150 in property. The
controlling interest is Filipino in 21 of the new com-
panies, American in four and Chinese in four. Mining
is responsible fof four new companies, with a sub-
scribed capital of P221.500, of which only P57.840
was paid-up.

Manufacturing accounts for seven new companies,
with Pl,328,350 subscribed and P654,399 paid-up.
Included among- the manufacturing companies is
one, with Pl,275,500 subscribed, to engage in the
manufacture of cans and the canning of fish, meat,
vegetables and dairy products. All of the capital
was subscribed by the National Development Com-
pany, a government -owned company. Another com-
pany was organized, with good backing, to manu-
facture explosives of all kinds, including powder,
dynamite and ammunition. Only P750 was paid-
up at the time of registration but this will be very
substantially increased. It is understood that an
American manufacturer may possibly take an in-
terest in the new company.

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News Summary

The Philippines

Oct. IS. — Finance Minister
H. H. Kung, in Manila en
route from Europe to China,
tells the press during a re-
ception in his honor at Ma-
lacanan that world opinion
is squarely behind China
and that he doe1? not think
Germany or Italy will give
active a ?si stance to Japan
in its invasion of China.
He denies the news report
that Chancellor Adolf Hitler
proposed to him while he was in Berlin that China
join the German- Japanese anti-communism pact.
He states that the 'Japanese have a believe, founded
in religion, that they are a divine race chosen to
rule not only A ia but the world". "If Japan is
attacking China because of 'communism', why does
it not attack Ru^ ia?" He expresses sati faction
with the results of his efforts to negotiate loans and
credits in America and Europe.

Oct. 14. — Kung leaves Manila for Hongkong on a
specially chartered Pan-American Clipper, making
one fahe start and returning, reportedly to confuse
possible pursuit, as he carries important papers and
feared the Japance blockade might result in their
seizure if he went by steamer.

Oct. 15. — Pre ident Manuel L. Quezon replaces
thirty provincial governors who are running for re-

election, retaining thirteen others in their positions
who are not candidates.

Ambassador John Van A. MacMurray, chairman
of the Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine
Affairs, in extemporaneous remarks before the Philip-
pine Columbian Association, states that America's
main objective is ultimately to make the Philippine
Commonwealth a Philippine Republic and an inde-
pendent economic unit. "Our report will not please
the extremi ts on both "ides. It may not meet with
the approval even of the moderates. But we can
assure you that we are exerting all efforts to submit
a report which will help to conclude America's work
here with credit to America and for the lasting good
of the Filipino people".

The National Development Company incorporates
th' National Food Products Corporation with a
capitalization of P2,50O,0OO, 51 % of which will be
subscribed to by the Development Company and
the rest offered to the public or to local governments.
Gregork> Anonas is acting general manager.

Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, British Ambas.
sador to China, recently wounded by the Japanese,
leaves Manila for the Netherlands Indies to continue
his vacation.

Oct. 16. — Reported that U. S. High Commissioner
Paul V. McNutt has initiated a proposal to make
Manila the seat of the Nine-Power Conference with
the hearty support of Pre ident Quezon a" part of a
plan to make Manila the "Geneva of the East"^

The second regular 100-day session of the National
Assembly opens.

0>*t. 18. — Pre -ident Quezon, addressing the As-
sembly states, "If we want independence at any cost
and are ready to take all the consequences — the
dangers as well as the advantages of independent

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528

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

national existence — let us have it not later than 1939
If, however, we are fearful of the possible threats
that independence may offer to our national security,
and we would rather remain under the protecting
wing of the United States, then let us leave the final
determination of our future to coming generations
and not deceive ourselves with the groundless hope
that by 1946 every danger will have vanished. . .
I can see no valid reason why, if the Philippines can
be given independence in 1946, she may not have it

in 1938 or 1939 Any obstacle which would

vitally affect the chances of successful and lasting
independent nationhood in 1939 can not be overcome

by 1946 We can not be hesitating indefinitely....

Our duty— the duty of the Executive and Legislative
branches of the government— is plain. Under the
Independence Act and the Constitution, the Govern-
ment of the Commonwealth has been established to
prepare the country for complete independence.
Our people alone by their own choice and direction
can command us to take a different course. Since
the news of my proposal to have the transition period
shortened was published, voices in opposition to it
have been heard both in public and private. Let me
say m all earnestness to those Filipinos who believe
in good faith that the security, liberty, prosperity,
and peace of our common country lie in some sort
of political partnership with the United States rather
r *Lim comPlete independence, they should say so
frankly and come out courageously and in the open
with an alternative plan, instead of merely adopting
dilatory tactics in the belief that when the 4th of
July, 1946, shall have arrived, some unforeseen event
will Prevent the establishment of the Philippine
Kepubuc. They have nothing to fear; there is here
ireedom of thought and of speech, and one may be
as much a patriot advocating some other political
status for the Philippines as favoring complete inde-
pendence so long as in so advocating he is inspired
not by selfish motives but by what he honestly be-
lieves is for the common weal. As long as the essen-
tials of freedom are not sacrificed— and they must
not be sacrificed under any consideration — the for-
mula for securing and enjoying it may well be debated
upon. . . . After this Committee (the Joint Prepara-
tory Committee) shall have submitted its report,
it is my purpose to reiterate my petition that the
granting of complete independence to the Philip-
Pi^ oS be adYanced either to the 30th of December,
1938, or to the 4th of July, 1939, unless the National
Assembly, during its present session, should express

a contrary opinion " The Washington Post

states later in regard to this address: "President
Quezon s plea for earlier independence is strangely
obscure and he is apparently interested in arousing
doubts m the minds of the Filipinos as to the wisdom
of the course set now or in the future. His real stand
is disclosed by his insistance on continued trade
relations with the United States".

Oct. 19.— Assemblymen Gregorio Perfecto, Pedro
Mil. Pascual Azanza, and Antonio Villarama intro-
duce a resolution advocating the shortening of the
transition period to independence.

December, 1937

President Quezon sends the reappointment of
Mayor Juan Posadas of Manila to the Commission
on Appointments of the Assembly. His 3 -year term
expires tomorrow.

President Quezon states that if it were true that
only he could run the government, he would not
hesitate to ask Congress for a law authorizing the
appointment of American governor-generals again.
He states the outside world would look with disfavor
on a change in the Constitution and a second term
for him as following the example of some of the South
American republics.

Oct. 20. — Assemblyman Tomas Cabili of Lanao
expresses opposition to the shortening of the transi-
tion period.

President Quezon states at a press conference
that while he is not in favor of amending the Consti-
tution to permit the reelection of the President, he
would favor an amendment reestablishing a two-
chamber legislature as this would result in better
considered legislation and a one-chamber legislature
is, on the one hand, more easy to control, while, on
the other, if control is lost, the situation becomes
more chaotic. He states he would favor a senate
the members of which would be elected nationally
and not by districts, with proportional representation
of minorities. Such a body, he states, would also
be a training field for national leaders and candidates
for the presidency. He would have the campaign
expenses met out of party funds in order to give un-
wealthy candidates a chance.

Oct. 22. — The Assembly decides to postpone action
on an early independence resolution until the report
of the Joint Preparatory Committee has been sub-
mitted, on the motion of Pedro C. Hernaez of Occi-
dental Negros who emphasizes the impropriety of
taking action at this time.

_,i.1?e .B°ard of Regents of the University of the
Philippines accepts a land grant of 4,160 hectares
at Lamitan, Zamboanga.

Oct. 23. — President Quezon names two U. S. Army
engineers— Cap. High J. Casey and Cap. Lucius
OuB. Clay — as advisers to the Commonwealth on
hydro-electric power projects.

Oct. 25. — Placido L. Mapa. critic of the earlier
independence proposals, is elected President of the
Philippine Sugar Association to succeed Rafael R
Alunan.

The Committee on Appointments confirms the
reappointment of Mayor Juan Posadas.

Announced at Malacanang that Major Walter H.
Loving, who organized and for many years directed
the Philippine Constabulary Band, has been called
back to active duty. He retired in 1921 and is now
in the United States.

Oct. 27. — Salvador Araneta, prominent Manila
lawyer, at a meeting of Yale and Harvard alumni,
attacks the earlier independence plans, stating that
Japanese economic penetration would result in a
situation where a Japanese ambassador would dictate
the policies of the government here with the National
Assembly performing the functions of a rubber stamp.

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President Quezon, who is present, delivers a vigorous
"off-the-record" statement, again to the effect that
the Philippines could accomplish little more in ten
(or now eight years) than in two.

Bureau of Land officials declare that Japanese
land holdings in Davao have increased by more
than 4,000 hectares during the past year, now total-
ling between 65,000 and 70,000 hectares, the increase
being accomplished chiefly through Filipinos and
through intermarriage with non-Christian native
women.

President Quezon names Provincial Treasurer
Lorenzo Palileo Governor of Cotabato to succeed
Cap. Jos6 Mortera, and Ciriaco Raval Governor of
kanao to succeed MaJ- Rafael Ramos. Raval is
Administrative Assistant to the Commissioner of
Mindanao and Sulu. He states at a press conference
that he will not interfere with the use of Moro titles
as erroneously reported, but that Moro government
officials will be recognized in accordance with the
offices hold and not in accordance with their Moro
titles.

Oct. 28. — President Quezon names Deputy Col-
lector of Customs Jesus Obieta acting Insular Col-
lector.

Oct. 29. — Famine threatens Nueva Ecija as a
draught begins to effect some 50,000 hectares of rice
lands.

Oct. 30. — The Philippine Army flying school at
Camp Murphy graduates its first four flyers. Lieut
William Lee, U.S. Army, heads the school.

Oct. 31. — A meeting held under the auspices of the
League for the Defense of Democracy (Manila)
adopts a resolution condemning Japan's aggression
in China and urging the people of the Philippines
to support any action that may be decided upon
by the League of Nations, the Brussels Conference,
or the United States government to halt Japan's
criminal course of conquest. The resolution de-
clares that the situation "constitutes a warning to
all liberty-loving people everywhere, but particularly
to the people of this country whose own beloved land
lies directly in the path of the juggernaut of the
Japanese militarists". Another resolution is adopted
calling for the appointment of a committee to con-
sider means of applying a peaceful boycott against
Japan.

The Manila Police Department tests four radio
patrol automobiles introduced for the first time.

Nov. 1. — President Quezon submits a budget to
the Assembly calling for F76,296,207 for next year,
exceeding this year's expenses by f>9,585,426. Vir-
tually all the executive departments have been allot-
ted substantial increases. Military outlays, includ-
ing appropriations for military public works such as
camps, barracks, landing fields, etc., reach around
1*25,000,000. The 1*250,000 Belo Fund is eliminated
but 1*150,000 is set aside for the hire of expert serv-
ice. In a message to the Assembly, President Que-
zon urges the abolition of the cedula tax which gives
the government an annual P4, 000, 000, as this is a
matter of justice to the poorer classes and will "close
forever a chapter in the history of taxation in the
country that brought no honor to this government
and caused untold hardship to the majority of our
people". He states he will recommend the appro-
priation from the accumulated surplus of the conso-
lidated general fund equal to the amounts that will
be lost to the provinces and municipalities until a
substitute form of income is found.

Brig.-Gen. Creed F. Cox, U. S. Army (retired),
former head of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, arrives
in Manila to become adviser to the Commonwealth
government.

Nov. 2. — President Quezon names Maj. Eriberto
B. Misa Director of Prisons, succeeding Maj. -Gen.
Paulino Santos, now Chief of Staff, Philippine Army.
Misa has been acting director for some time.

Nov. 3. — Reported that President Quezon may ask
the Assembly to make Manila a free port for the
transhipment of goods to other Oriental ports. In
a press conference he states he believes birth-control
agitation "unpatriotic" as the country needs a larger
population to become strong for defense. He states
he believes the population will mount to 25,000,000
n another 15 years and that the maximum should
be around 50,000,000. Told that efforts are being
made to secure the extention of American citizenship
to Filipinos now in the United States (some 60,000),
he states he would have no objection to this. He
also announces that the high command of the Philip-
pine Army will be rotated, with the tour of duty of
the chief of staff limited to three or four years as in
the United States. This "democratizes" an army,
he states.

Nov. 5. — A resolution is filed in the Assembly asking
President Quezon to retain the services of Maj. -Gen.
Douglas MacArthur as military adviser and to direct
that his name be carried on the Philippine Army rolls
until his death.

Nov. 7. — President Quezon attending an alumni
banquet as San Juan de Letran rebukes the Domi-
nican Fathers for playing General Franco's march
when he entered the hall, declaring that the Filipinos
are neutral and should not be drawn into domestic
political fights of Spain.

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

529

Nov. 8. — Assemblyman Agustin Kintanar of Cebu
introduced a bill providing for an appropriation of
P40,000,000 to purchase Japanese holdings in Davao
for subdivision in 10-hectare lots at cost to Philip-
pine citizens.

Nov. 9. — General MacArthur receives formal
notice that upon his retirement from active service,
December 31, he will be given the rank of a full
(4-star) general, an honor so far accorded to only
eight other men in the history of the United States
— George Washington, U. S. Grant, William P.
Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan, John J. Pershing,
Tasker H. Bliss* Peyton C. March, and C. P. Sum-
merall.

Nov. 10. — Dr. Manuel Xeres Burgos, one of the
leading figures of the Philippine Revolution and a
member of the Malolos Revolutionary Congress,
nephew of the patriot and martyr, Father Jose Bur-
gos, dies in Manila, aged 86.

Nov. 11. — High Commissioner McNutt states in
an Armistice Day speech that "it is the will and
purpose of the American people to prove that to
save themselves from the disorders of this age men
need not surrender their birth-right for a mess of
fascist, communist, or nazi pottage". He states
that "it is not by diplomatic formulas and by con-
ventions and treaties that the present crisis can be
overcome, but only by the moral unity of all those
nations which wish to keep the peace and preserve
for themselves and their children the standards of
liberty and human decency".

Representative B. B. Harlan, Democrat, Ohio, a
Manila visitor, states that if the Filipinos want in-
dependence in 1938 or '39 "there is a good chance
they will get it". He states that Japan is using the
Philippines as a pawn in connection with the anti-
communist pact and that both Germany and Italy
will expect greater ascendancy in the Pacific and that
the Philippines may sooner or later go to Germany
or Italy. Asked what the United States would do
in such a case, he answers, "Nothing". "The Phil-
ippines is too far from home for us do anything, once
the Islands are independent. When the United
States pulls out, it will be for good." He states he
is not optimistic about the Islands being able to
secure a continuation of present trade relations after
the transition period.

A typhoon passes close to the north of Manila
and does considerable damage. Several scores of
persons are drowned at sea or killed, nine or ten
being electrocuted by live wires, and some thousands
are rendered homeless. Crop damage in nearby
provinces is considerable, and the towns of Infanta
and Polillo are practically wiped out.

Nov. 12. — The American members of the Joint
Preparatory Committee leave Manila for the United
States after spending some three months in the
country investigating conditions in connection with
the proposal to readjust Philippine-American trade
relations. President Quezon, in a press release, ex-
presses appreciation for the work done by the Com-
mittee and states that he is "under the impression
that it has done what is humanly possible for it to
do to get at the facts upon which its recommenda-
tions may be based". The Filipino members of the
Committee are expected to leave for Washington
after the Christmas holidays.

The United States

Oct. 12.—- President Franklin D. Roosevelt calls
an extra session of Congress opening November 15.
In a "fire-side" radio talk, he declares: I want
our great democracy to be wise enough to realize
that aloofness from war can not be promoted by
unawareness of war. In a world of mutual suspi-
cions, peace must be affirmatively reached for. It
can not be just wished for". He stresses the fact
that the United States can not view with indifference
the "destruction of civilized values throughout the
world. . . This nation seeks peace and preservation
of world civilization in order that American civiliza-
tion may continue." Speaking of the Nine-Power
Conference, he states, "The purpose of the proposed
conference will be to seek by agreement a solution
to the situation in China. In the efforts to find that
solution, it is our purpose to cooperate with other
signatories of the Nine-Power Treaty, including
China and Japan. Such cooperation would be an
example of one of the possible paths to follow it
we are to search for a means toward peace throughout
the whole world." He refers to his plans for new
crop control legislation, betters wages and hours,
and adds, "but as we plan for creation of ever higher
standards of living for the people of the United
States, we are aware our plans may be senousiy
affected by the earth outside our borders . we
denies that his policies are endangering private
property, but rebukes those striving for monopoly.
"We are studying how to strengthen the laws in

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order to end monopolies — but not how to hurt free,
legitimate business." The address as a whole is
interpreted as intended to quiet criticism that the
new international cooperation policy might lead to
war.

Oct. IS. — The American Federation of Labor m its
annual convention in Denver votes to join the British
labor movement to boycott Japanese goods as "not
willing to contribute in any way to the financial
resources of Japan" and in retaliation "for the bar-
barous and systematic massacre of civilian Chinese
populations".

Oct. 14. — Sen. Key Pittman, Chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee, states, "If the pro-
visions of the Nine-Power Treaty are not carried
out, the world will retrograde to conquest by the
more powerful. If Japan continues obdurate, all
other governments which are signatories of the treaty
would be morally and legally justified in refusing
to have relations with it."

Values of issues on the New York Stock Exchange
which have slumped $17,000,000,000 during the past
two months, today reach the lowest mark in two
years. The average on 60 stocks was 49.20, down
30%. .

Oct. 15. — In a message to Congress, opening in
special session President Roosevelt urges to take
action to halt the "marked recession in industrial
production and industrial purchases" and ask for
legislation establishing minimum wage and maxi-
mum labor hours, crop control, reorganization of
the executive branch of the government, and national
utilization of national resources. He tells the press
that the projected Nine-Power Conferrence will
attempt to settle the Sino- Japanese problem through
mediation. Asked what would follow if mediation
fails, he states, "That is a hypothetical question".

Oct. 16. — Secretary Cordell Hull announces that

the United States has accepted an invitation to send
representatives to the Nine-Power Conference at
Brussels. The American delegation will be headed
by Ambassador-at-large Norman Davis. Stanley
K. Hornbeck will be among those who will accom-
pany him.

Oct. 17. — Sen. W. E. Borah states he is opposed
to sanctions against Japan, for if the United States
were to take effective part, it would have to employ
force which is something he can not subscribe to.
Sen. R. LaFollette also states he is opposed to any
program that may ultimately lead to war.

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530

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

President Roosevelt, after a conference with Davis,
states that the United States "enters the conference
without any commitments to other governments"
and he emphasizes that'* in the language of the invi-
tation the powers will study peaceable means of hast-
ening the end of the conflict". Sen. Hiram Johnson
urges that the United States remain aloof from the
Far Eastern conflict and avoid any entanglement
with League of Nations peace efforts.

Another selling frenzy hits the New York markets
and prices fall as much a1? $15.00 a share in a session
of turmoil unparalleled iince the 1929 craih. Some
charge there exists a conspiracy in Wall Street to
"break the market and puni h Roosevelt". Comp-
troller of the Trea ury J.F.T. O'Connor reque-ts
the Federal Reserve Board to take prompt action by
lowering margin purchases.

Oct. 20. — Secretary Hull vi its Ottawa, Canada,
to repay the recent vi^it of Prime Minister William
McKenzie King.

Peace organizations in the country issue a joint
statement urging the invocation of the Neutrality
Act before the opening of the Brussels Conference.

Fe'ix M. Warburg, noted New York banker and
philanthropist, Qie* aged 66.

\ Oct. 22. — Secretary Hull states at Toronto, "I
firmly believe that out of the Brussels Conference
mankind will set in motion forces which will create
a sphere of international relations unshakeable and
based on law". He declares dictators can not stop
world progress.

\ Rep. Hamilton Fish accuses President Roosevelt
of defying Congress and the will of the people to
preserve American neutrality and keep the country
out of war.

f * Sixteen days of hearings by a Congressional com-
mittee end in Honolulu on the question of statehood
for Hawaii, and indications are that the members
will recommend further delay in making the Terri-
tory the 49th State of the Union until the Islands'
Oriental population, including 150,000 Japanese,
is further Americanized.

Oct. 23. — George Horace Lorimer, for 37 years
editor of the Saturday Evening Post, recently retired,
dies, aged 69.

Nov. £.— Dr. B. M. Gancy, head of the Filipino
League of Social Justice in the United States, tells
the press that President William Green of the Amer-
ican Federation of Labor told him that the organiza-
tion welcomes Filipinos to membership on an equal
footing with all other members and that it is not
its intention to discriminate against Filipinos now
or after the Philippines is independent.

Nov. 8. — F. H. La Guardia is reelected Mayor
of New York City, running on a Republican ticket
but supported by groups ranging from radical to
ultra-conservative. Elections in 15 states show no
indications of waning Democratic strength, however,
although few local issues were linked with national
politics. Attempts of the Committee on Industrial
Organisation to obtain political control in Detroit
and Akron and a few other industrial centers fail.
President Roosevelt cast his vote for a straight De-
mocratic ticket and designated his occupation as
"farmer".

Nov. 5. — The National Foreign Trade Council
in annual convention in Cleveland, recommends the
amendment of the Tydings-McDuffie Act to eli-
minate the prospective Philippine export taxes and
to extend the period of reciprocal free trade for an
indefinite period even after independence.

Nov. 7. — In consequence of an invitation of Pres-
ident Green of the AFL, assuring him of its "sin-
cerest hearty welcome any time", the Duke of Wind-
sor who recently cancelled his proposed visit to
America because of some labor criticism, is reported
to te con idering a spring or summer tour of the
United States "under different circumstances".

Nov. 8. — AFL and CIO representatives in San
Francisco urge the American people not to buy Jap-
anese goods and American merchants not to handle
them. Stores handling such goods will be picketed,
it is announced. They ali,o a k the State Depart-
ment to embargo shipments of munitions, oils, gaso-

line, scrap iron, lead, and cotton to Japan. Fisher-
men's unions on the Pacific coast agree to picket
Japanese ships reaching the United States "unless
Washington does something to protect the salmon
industry of Ala ka against illegal Japanese fishing.
Sen. Geo. W. Norris, Independent, Nebraska, urges
a boycott of Japan.

Other Countries

Oct. 12. — A London dispatch from Lisbon states
that General Francisco Franco has informed Premier
Benito Mussolini he would prefer withdrawal of all
volunteers from Spain in exchange for the granting
of belligerent rights by Britain and France.

The Briti h League of Nations Union suggests a
world-wide boycott of the 1940 World Olympics at
Tokyo.

Oct. 13. — Chinese authorities are reported to
believe that the Japanese air attack on British Em-
bassy automobiles yesterday was a futile attempt to
kill Generali imo Chiang Kai-thek who, it is dis-
closed, is tomewhere in the vicinity of Shanghai in-
specting the Chinese lines. Chinese troops are re-
ported retreating in North China where the Japanese
have advanced 175 miles in the past month and are
now 90 miles from the Yellow River; in the Shanghai
area, however, the patriotically inspired human wall
of Chinese soldiers holds after 60 days of furious
Japanese attack. The "Commission for the Mainte-
nance of Order" in Peiping now held by the Japanese
issues a proclamation restoring the name Peking
and designating it as the "northern capital".

A Dutch naval plane era hes near Surabaya,
resulting in the death of nine per;on% including the
naval air chief of the Netherland Indies.

As a final concession to Mussolini, Britain and
France agree to refer the volunteer question to the
International Non-intervention Ccrrmittee but
impose a two-week deadline for the settlement of
the problem. Madrid is under interne artillery
bombardment causing numerous casualties^ and
great damage.

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAG AZINE^

531

Oct. 14. — According to Nanking reports, the Jap-
anese advance toward Taiyuanfu, hitherto almost
unchecked, has been halted as a result of Chinese
reenforcements, changing the situation greatly in
north Shan i. Reported Japanese planes are ap-
parently operating from a base on Hainan IJand,
off the coa^t of South China. In one of the fiercest
battles yet experienced around Shanghai, some 40
shell* fall inside the International Settlement, killing
around 10U people. Two men aboard the U. S. S.
Augusta are wounded by Japanese fire. According
to an Associated Press di patch quoting a "reliable
Vatican source", the Holy See has in tructed its
missions in the Orient to cooperate with the Japanese
and "wherever the boLhevist danger appears active
to support without reserve the Japanese action".
Prime Mini -ter W. Mackenzie King of Canada states
that Canada will participate in the scheduled Nine-
Power Pacific Treaty Conference in Brassies to find
a solution of the Sino- Japanese hostilities, and ap-
peals for close cooperation between the powers as
the adoption of individual attitudes might prejudice
success.

The Dutch destroyer Flores fires on another Jap-
anese fishing boat in territorial waters north of
Sumatra when it refused orders to halt, slightly
wounding two of the crew. «= • 1 -n

Revolts in Ethiopia, according to an official Rome
statement, resulted in the deaths of 102 Italian officers
and men, but the "bandit bands" responsible have
been annihilated.

Dr. Milan Stoyadinovitch, Premier and Foreign
Minister of Yugoslavia after renewing treaties of
friendship in Paris, pr cedes to London.

Oct. 15. — Vatican authorities deny that the Holy
See has instructed Catholic prelates in the Far East
to support Japan. The Japanese announce the
occupation of Kweihua, capital of Suiyuan.

The British representative in Rome is informed
that Italy might accept a "symbolic" withdrawal
of a certain number of Italian volunteers in Spam
provided beligerent rights are given to the rebels.
Some 7000 more Italian troops are sent to Libya.

The whole ot Palestine is in a turmoil as a result
of Arab outbreaks near Bethlehem in which two

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British constables were killed.

Oct. 16. — Dr. J.A.B. Scherer, former economic
adviser in Japan, states in the United States that
Japan is ground under heel by a new fascism, naming
Gen. Jiro Minami as a "concealed Mussolini" and
the five dominating families greedy for more wealth
as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda, and
Okura. .

Britain and French spokesman state that tney
would agree a preliminary token withdrawal of
volunteers on both sides in the Spanish fighting as a
guarantee of sincerity, but that there mu't be a with-
drawal of all foreign combatants in Spain. Musso-
lini's newspaper, Popolo d'ltalia, ridicules the speech
of President Franklin D. Roosevelt against "inter-
national anarchy" and refers to the arms shipments
from the United States to various countries.

Oct. 17. — Gen. Chu Teh's former communist
army in northern Shan i, now affiliated with Nan-
king, is reported have won a number of important
engagements. Invitations to the Nine-Power Con-
ference issued by Belgium state that the conference
will be "to examine the situation in the Far East
and study peaceable means of hastening the end of
the hostilities". Washington officials state that the
United States would quit the conference should it
undertake to con ider an international military
punitive force or other direct mea ures.

France in ists that Franco should demobilize at
least four of his mercenaries to every foreign volun-
teer withdrawn on the government side as that
would be proportional to the relative number. Italy
sends still more troops to Libya, making around 50,-
000 sent during the past two weeks.

Strong support for Premier Cammille Chautemps
and the Popular Front is shown in the run-off el-
ections for members of government councils through-
out France.

Oct. 18. — Some 1400 Chinese soldiers stand fast
and are killed to the last man with the Japanese
capture of Chiapaipalou, in the Woo ung Creek area
north of Shanghai. Chinese officials are reported
to be apprehen ive that the Nine-Power Confe-
rence may seek a solution in compromise rather than
in measures to check Japanese aggression.

Oct. 19. — The Japanese intensify their drive on
Shanghai apparently in an effort to force the Chinese
out of the area before the convening of the Nine-
Power Conference. The semi-official Central Daily
News declares that China must in ist on complete
withdrawal of Japanese from North China and
Shanghai, the abolition of Manchukuo, and the
recovery of all lost territories. "China expects
definite action, not mediation".

Some 15,000 loyalist troops open a spectacular
attack on rebel-held Zaragoza. The rebels are re-
ported to be fortifying the territory along the French
border, in preparation of a possible opening of the
border by France.

Lord Rutherford, famous British scientist, dies,
aged 66.

Oct. 20. — Chinese claim that they have recaptured
Paotingfu, former capital of Hopei. The Japanese
Ambassador to Russia is reported to have hurriedly
left Moscow for Berlin. The Japanese Minister
of Commerce and Industry tells the press that he
doubts that economic sanctions against Japan would
be effective. Food is no problem, he states, and
substitutes are being found for wool, cotton, and
rubber. Iron production ha; increased in Man-
chukuo and plans are to obtain oil from coal.

Some 70 persons convicted as spies, wreckers,
and "Trotskyites" are executed in Russia, bringing
to total "purge" death sentences to over 1000.

Oct. 21. — The Spanish rebels march into Gijon,
last government stronghold in the north. Italy
and Germany agree to an immediate token with-
drawal of volunteers and express their willingness
to join a special misticn to be sent to Spain to solve
the di pute over volunteers. The move is inter-
preted as a further play for delay by observers.

Oct. 22. — The Tokyo Foreign Office spokesman
indicates that Japan will ask for a postponement
of the Brussels Conference as the invitation to attend
was received too late to leave time for preparation.
Italy and Mexico notify Belgium they will attend.
The London Times states the outlook for the con-
ference is not hopeful as China has wa ed its strug-
gle for existence with considerable success and would
not consider peace except on terms wholly unac-
ceptable to Japan. Y. Suma, Counselor of the
Japanese Embassy in Washington, states in an ad-
dress at Cleveland that the Western nations will
only make matters worse for the Chinese people by
interfering with Japan. "It is hoped they will
venture upon no such impracticable and mi guided
course", he declares, predicting a "sati factory and
quick settlement if no outside encouragement or
assistance is given the Chinese forces and no diffi-
culties are made for us by other countries".

A decree is issued naming Franco dictator of insur-
gent Spain and establi hing a Fa cist National Coun-
cil the members of which he will appoint and may
replace as he de ires. He is also empowered to name
his own successor.

Oct. 23. — The French Minister of Colonies asks
for 300,000,000 francs to strengthen defenses in
Indo-China.

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Russia opposing the equal withdrawal of volun-
teers from Spain, Italy announces it will make no
further concessions. Italy claims there are about
40,000 Italian volunteers in Spain; the Spanish
government states there are 310,000.

Oct. 24. — A Japanese airmen swoops down on a
party of American and other foreigners out for a
horseback ride near the edge of the International
Settlement and sprays them deliberately with ma-
chine-gun fire, returning to the attack five times,
sweeping so low that the riders could see his face
plainly in the cockpit. In the last dive he nits a
Briti h sentry in the vicinity who later dies. The
Japanese news agency Domei reports that Japan
will decline the Brussels invitation as the Conference
was invoked under the auspices of the League of
Nations in whose political activities Japan has taken
no part for a long time. The statement in j'ts that
Japan's actions in China are purely self-defensive
and therefore do not violate the Nine-Power Treaty.

According to Australian reports the Briti h Ad-
miralty plans to send the battleship Queen Elizabeth,
and a number of others to Singapore, supported by
a cruiser squadron of 6 ships, an aircraft carrier, 4 or
5 destroyer flotillas, 8 submarines, and a number of
mine sweepers, thus making Singapore s naval
strength comparable to that of the major stations in
the English Channel and the Mediterranean.

Britain rejects a recent secret German proPO*al
that Britain and France loan Italy $250,000,000 dur-
ing the next 18 months with sub 'equent long-
term credits in return for Italy's taking part in the
international anti-pirate patrol. Chancellor Aaoil
Hitler had hoped that Germany would then be aiaeci
in obtaining colonial concessions, including the return
of Togoland, CamerooTis, and Ruanda Rundi, to-
gether with the creating of an internal territory m
Africa for common exploitation by Germany, Italy,
Britain, and France. Di appointed, the indications
are reported to be, according to observers, that Mus-
solini may retaliate against Britain by launching a
diplomatic offensive by a close tie-up with Japan.

Franco claims that the fall of Gijon gives thefas-
cists control of 70 % of the population and 60 % of
the territory of Spain. "<

Oct. 25.— After 6 days and nights of bloody ngnt-

ing, the Chinese halt the slow Japanese advance m

the Shanghai area. London officials state # tnat

Britain and America will work together toward mter-

(Continued on page 672)

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532

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

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Editorials

Discussion of a dominion form of government
instead of independence for the Philippines has

recently arisen, with
Dominion Government no one knowing ex-
for the Philippines actly how it started

and with everyone "^g

emphasizing it is purely unofficial.

As a matter of fact, in connection with the independence
program, second thoughts have been occurring to minds
on both this and the other side of the Pacific, and, according
to an old proverb, Second thoughts are best.

Vice-President Sergio Osmena spoke recently of the
"onerous burdens and responsibilities attendant upon the
exercise of full sovereignty' ' and of the fact that "the cir-
cumstances in the Far East today, hold grave warning to
our people. . . . They should be thankful that time has
been given them to put their house in order while the Amer-
ican flag flies over their country in benevolent protection;
at the same time they should take heed of the surrounding
realities and understand the terrible dilemma that contem-
porary events present to all nations aspiring to be free. . ."
President Manuel L. Quezon said in his message to the
Assembly a month or so ago: "If we are fearful of the pos-
sible threats that complete independence may offer to our
national security, and we would rather remain under the
protecting wing of the United States, then let us leave the
final determination of our future to coming generations
and not deceive ourselves with the groundless hope that
by 1946 we shall be politically and economically beyond
any serious difficulty. . ."

These quotations are taken out of their context, but their
meaning is thus better understood. President Quezon,
however, pointed out that under the Tydings-McDuffie
Act and the Constitution, the Government of the Com-
monwealth has been established to prepare the country for
complete independence, and that the duty of the Executive
and Legislative branches of the Government is therefore
plain. "Our people alone, by their own choice and direc-
tion, can command us to take a different course". "Let
me say in all earnestness", he continued, "to those Filipinos
who believe in good faith that the security, liberty, pros-
perity, and peace of our common country lie is some kind
of political partnership with the United States rather than
in complete independence, they should say so frankly and
come out courageously in the open with an alternative
plan, instead of merely adopting dilatory tactics in the
belief that when the 4th of July, 1946, shall arrive, some
unforeseen event will prevent the establishment of the
Philippine Republic. They have nothing to fear: there
is here freedom of thought and of speech, and one may be
as much a patriot advocating some other political status
for the Philippines as favoring complete independence so
long as in so advocating he is inspired not by selfish motives
but by what he honestly believes is for the common weal.
As long as the essentials of freedom are not sacrificed— and
they must not be sacrificed under any consideration— the

formula for securing and enjoying it may well
be debated upon. ..."

The proposal to establish a dominion form of
government may be considered such an alter-,
native plan.

The distinction between a commonwealth and
r a dominion is rather hazy. We have today the

Commonwealth of the Philippines. According to Webster's
dictionary, the word "commonwealth" was formerly freely
used in a general sense of "state" or "community" irrespective
of any special form of government, monarchical or republican,
but is now generally, if not always, restricted to those which
are considered as free or popular. According to the Encyclo-
pedia Americana, "Owing to the semi-independent position
of the States of the American Union, the term 'common-
wealth' is of frequent application to the various members
of the great Federal government, which itself is spoken
of as the National or Federal Commonwealth in contra-
distinction from its constituent autonomies". Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky are officially
commonwealths.

The word "dominion" means both "sovereign or supreme
authority, the power of governing and controlling" and
"that which is subject to sovereignty or control". Accord-
ing to Webster, "Dominion has no technical meaning as
used in the names 'Dominion of Canada' and 'Dominion
of New Zealand', but the name is popularly taken as im-
plying higher political status than the term colony"

The governments of the Commonwealth of Australia
and of the Dominion of Canada do not differ greatly from
each other. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,
there are among the many communities united under the
British Crown, "the self-governing dominions, possessing
membership in the League of Nations and therefore a quasi-
international status, and, though de jure still subject to
the supremacy of the British parliament, possessing de
facto the same independent status as Great Britain with
which they are equal members of the Imperial Conference.
These are Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,
and the Irish Free State". There is also a "self-governing
dominion with membership in the Imperial Conference,
but without membership in the League of Nations: New-
foundland".

It is true, however, that the self-governing dominions
and commonwealths of the British Empire have far greater
powers of self-government than has the Commonwealth of
the Philippines. In his address to the Assembly, from
which I have already quoted, President Quezon stated
that one reason why he had proposed an advance in the
date of independence is that while the Tydings-McDuffie
Law provides for automatic independence in 1946 and the
Commonwealth Government is expected to prepare the
country for this status, it has been granted only circum-
scribed powers in such "most important and essential"
functions as those affecting tariffs, currency,, finance,, im-
migration, etc., and that the Filipino people cat> not "asr.

* For one interpretation of the real meaning of thif» propp^r ^ee VJDhe
Reductio Ad Absurdum", November Philippine Magazine.

533

sume responsibility for their due preparation for independ-
ence with only such limited powers as have been vested
in the Commonwealth Government".

A dominion form of government, therefore, might be
considered not only as a form under which American sover-
eignty might be exercised over the Philippines for a longer
period, but as a form under which ultimate independence
could be better and more surely prepared for. It would
be, in fact, the natural transition form between the present
Commonwealth and future independence as it is proving
to be among the "vast congeries of communities united
under the British Crown."

President Quezon touched on foreign affairs indirectly
in his reference to tariffs and immigration, and in this con-
nection the difference in the foreign policies of the Common-
wealth of Australia and the Dominion of Canada are in-
teresting, although this difference is more one of expedience
and convenience than anything else. In an article by
R. T. E. Latham, son of the Chief Justice of Australia, en-
titled, "How Other 'Commonwealths' Conduct their Foreign
Affairs", in the Philippine Magazine for December,
1935, the author stated that while Canada could safely
conduct its foreign affairs in an "academic manner" and
had appointed Ministers to Washington, Paris, and Tokyo,
Australia, in a more exposed position, preferred to sacrifice
appearances to the more efficient system of conducting its
foreign relations through London and through British
missions abroad. "A Dominion diplomatic service", he
wrote, "can never be anything but the service of a small
Power, not comparable with that of a Great Power in the
skill and specialization of its representatives, or in the
prestige which they command in foreign capitals. . . The
Australian policy, which makes full use of the British ser-
vice, proceeds on the basis that it is better to partake in a
first-rate show than to run a second-rate show of your own.
It flatters the British sense of leadership in the Common-
wealth [of the British Empire), and insures that in every
step of British policy, Australian views and interests are
at least fully present to the mind of the British Government.
And when, as nearly always occurs, the British Govern-
ment adopts and presses the Australian view, it is as if the
voice of Australia were many times magnified. . . The
system depends on a high degree of confidence by Australia
in the straightforwardness and disinterestedness of the
British Government, and by Great Britain in the honor
and discretion of Australian Ministers. If that trust were
ever abused by either side, the system would have to end.
But for the present it serves both parties well. It is not
for a mere transient visitor to attempt analogies to the
Philippine Commonwealth. But it would delight Austra-
lians if their experience could afford, whether by way of
example or of warning, any assistance to a sister Common-
wealth with which they have a natural sympathy."

The introduction of the topic of the conduct of foreign
affairs in a discussion of a possible dominion form of govern-
ment for the Philippines may appear to be premature and
injudicious, but it is a topic that would have to be carefully
considered if practical steps in that direction are ever taken.
The rather indeterminate policy of Great Britain in this
respect with regard to the Dominions would probably not
appeal to the United States, yet much is to be said in favor
of a policy not fixed beforehand and capable of adjustment

534

to unforeseen exigency, in comparison to a policy definitely
prescribed by hard and fast legislation — as our growing
experience with the Tydings-McDuffie Law should make
plain to all.

President Quezon's statement that the Filipino people
can not assume responsibility for the due preparation of
the Philippines for independence with their present limited
powers under the Tydings-McDuffie Act, is both an admis-
sion of prospective failure and a charge that the responsi-
bility therefor will lie with the United States if the Law
remains unamended. This is from the purely political
point of view, without reference to the additional handicaps
the Philippines will suffer as soon as the provisions in the
Law for the slow economic strangulation of the country go
into effect.

It is clear from what the leaders of the country have said,
though still in a more or less disguised form, that they
consider real independence even in 1946 impossible, for
political and administrative reasons, for economic reasons,
and for international reasons, and that som? more slowly
moving and more liberal transitional form must be worked
out than that provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

President Quezon has stated that only the people, "by
their own choice and direction", can command the Com-
monwealth Government "to take a different course" from
that laid down in the Tydings-McDuffie Law and the Con-
stitution. But is that true? The Commonwealth Govern-
ment has not hesitated to seek changes in the economic
provisions of the Law. President Quezon has not hesitated,
at least to the point of refraining, from proposing a change
in the transition period in the sense of shortening it. Why
should he feel that he would not be justified in proposing
a lengthening of the period if he is convinced that is the
wise thing to do?

Our political leaders have for many years led in stimulat-
ing and giving form to the people's aspirations for inde-
pendence. Is not their own responsibility now all the
greater to speak out with the frankness they ask the people
to exercise? How much can the people be expected to
understand of the political and economic and international
problems that face the Philippines today without plain
speaking on the part of their leaders? The people may
choose a general course, but the leaders should give it
direction. Our leaders can not divest themselves of
leadership.

Through the news reels shown in the
moving picture theaters, all the world has
been able to form a fairly
* 'The Terrors clear mental picture of the
of the Gulf" horrors of modern war-
fare— of the death ^and
destruction that, though inflicted on sollarge a scale, strikes
at every home and every individual. All of us have seen
the pictures of humble and innocent people, carrying their
aged ones and their babies, fleeing panic-stricken from
their homes, yet not knowing where they could go. We
have seen pictures of wounded children creeping amidst
war's wreckage and seeking the breasts of dead mothers.

Well may the mind go back to the olden legends of the
race which tell of the time when "God saw that the wicked-

ness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagina-
tion of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the
earth and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said,
I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of
the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing,
and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have
made them. . . The earth also was corrupt before God,
and the earth was filled with violence. . . And God said
unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the
earth is filled with violence through them and behold, I
will destroy them with the earth. . . I, even I, do bring
a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein
is the breath of life, from under heaven; and everything that
is in the earth shall die. . ."

To others, different ideas occur — their minds run to art,
to the fine arts; they look for beauty and would create by-
products of the slaughter according to aesthetic principles,
the theory and practice of good taste, works of literature
and music.

Vittorio Mussolini, offspring of the great Italian empire
builder, has just published a book, according to a United
Press dispatch from Rome, about the Ethiopean campaign
in which he and his brother Bruno took such heroic part.
He writes of bombing from the air as being "magnificent
sport", but he is more than just a sportsman; he has the
soul of an artist. He saw beauty which, in one instance,
he could only express by means of an apt horticultural simile.
While bombing cavalry, he states, "one group of horsemen
gave me the impression of a budding rose as bombs fell in
their midst,\ Surely nothing could be prettier.

Then there is the Japanese composer, Keizo Horiuchi,
recently returned to Tokyo from Shanghai, where he had
gone to gather "phonetic data". He told an Associated
Press representative that "war makes good music". "But
there's the problem of finding instruments, or perhaps
combinations of instruments, to portray the new sounds
that come from the new types of weapons. An attempt to
solve this problem would be worth while. The soprano
of rifles and machine guns, the contralto of trench-mortars,
the baritone of anti-aircraft rifles, and the bass of heavy
cannon, intermingled with the 'shouas' of bayonet charges-
all these make a splendid natural symphony in themselves...
Inventors of musical instruments may have to match, to
some extent, the strides of those who devise new war im-
plements. They haven't kept pace," he concluded with a
smile.

With all credit to the artist's sense of detachment, one
wonders whether Composer Horiuchi would talk and smile
in just that way if his own loved ones (one supposes he
must have them) had been blown into dog-meat by some
base-drum of a Chinese airman. Still there is the problem
of new musical instruments. One mustn't let go of that.
Although, of course, there is also the thought that this
splendid natural symphony might play on until there were
neither musicians nor music-hall audiences to play and
listen appreciatively to orchestral imitations of the raging
of war.

Such phenomena of human nature are not alone exhibi-
tions of a loss of all moral sense, nor are they merely a dis-
play of a morbid cynicism and a callous brutality. They
are symptoms of the hysteria and insanity that appears

today in both the leaders and among the people of many
lands. And fanatics, including "State" philosophers, re-
ligious, and artists, preach a new evangel, the fascist
glorification of war, contempt for all individual values,
indifference to death. And of all these ministers, the
artists are the most insidious.

A writer on art has written that "all ages owe a debt to
Greece for the simple beauty, the sanity, the healthfulness
of the ideal element which that nation introduced into art,
making it for the first time in history a true exponent of the
human spirit". But the human spirit appears in many
diverse manifestations.

Baudelaire (and he knew) wrote: "The intoxication of
art is surer than all others to veil the terrors of the gulf".
The same poet's "Dance of Death" ends with the following
stanza:

"In every clime and under every sun,

Death laughs at ye, mad mortals, as ye run;

And oft perfumes herself with myrrh, like ye;

And mingles with your madness, irony!"

The beautiful Christmas time is ap-
proaching, that holy day observed in com-
memoration of the birth
Homer and of Christ, the Savior,
the Modern an observance based
World upon much older pagan E

festivals the world over connected with
the winter solstice when the sun reaches the point farthest
north in the ecliptic and the days cease to become shorter
and shorter and once more begin to lengthen.

Yet after so many generations of man on the earth —
"even as are the generations of leaves such are those like-
wise of men", said Homer; "the leaves that be the wind
scattereth on the earth, and the forest buddeth and putteth
forth more again, when the season of spring is at hand; so
of the generations of men one putteth forth and another
ceaseth" — yet after so many generations, the weight of
human suffering in all parts of the world today, of men and
women and children, impoverished and starving in countries
where economic depression rules, and sitting in pools of
blood, amidst the wreckage of their homes, groaning in
pain and terror, where the hell of war rages, is beyond any
man's conception..

"Nought feebler doth the earth nurture than man, of all
the creatures that breathe and move upon the face of the
earth," said the ancient Greek bard. "Methinketh there
is nothing more piteous than man among all things that
breathe and creep upon- the earth".

Yet, though Homer sang ever of Fate— "Destiny", said
Hector, "I ween no man hath escaped when once he hath
been born" — the great poet, and that was three thousand
years ago, told of how Almighty Zeus said to the other gods
of Olympus: "Lo you now, how vainly mortal men do
blame the gods! For of us they say comes evil, whereas
they even of themselves, through the blindness of their own
hearts, have sorrows beyond that which is ordained".

When, indeed, will mankind be truly saved? When will
the dark days end and the light come? When will joy
ring through the world?

Not until, again in the words of the master of all poets, we
have a "blameless king, one that fears the gods and reigns
among many men and mighty, maintaining the right"

535

— in other words, not until the present anarchy between the
nations has been ended and a true government, of, by, and
for the people of all the world, shall have been established —
''and the black earth bears wheat and barley, and the trees
are laden with fruit, and the sheep bring forth and fail not,
and the sea gives store of fish, and all out of his good guid-
ance, and the people prosper under him. . . ."

The powerful article, "America and the Postponed World
War", especially written for the Philippine Magazine and

published in this issue, which analyzes
America and with cool incisiveness the general poli-
Fascism and War tical and military situation of the world,

will cause many a reader to shudder.
Though written with special reference to Europe, the author
reveals the connections between the situation in Europe
and the recent developments in the Far East, and, besides
making certain startling allegations not yet known to the
general public as to the German war plans, makes a fore-
cast of future possibilities that we may well anticipate with
horror. He states among other things that the same con-

ditions that have led to fascism in Europe are operative in
the United States, and that "social tension in the United
States might increase to the point at which the leaders of
the country might consider it advisable to turn the atten-
tion of the workers to an enemy outside the boundaries
of America, even if there were no other reasons to make
war appear the necessary final resort". To these other
reasons, the writer of the article gives some space, but they
will not be discussed here. I desire to point out only that
the writer, who is a European, may not realize the full
strength of the century-old ideals and practices of indi-
vidual liberty in the United States. As for deliberate war-
making on the part of American leaders, it may be recalled
that President Roosevelt said recently: "The nation knows
that I hate war, and I know that the nation hates war".
But Mr. Borghese might reply that the people of every
country hate war, that humane and responsible leaders
everywhere hate war, but that, nevertheless, wars break
out. And, in this article, he points clearly to the war-
makers, enemies of mankind, whatever their race or na-
tionality.

America and the Postponed World War

By Francesco Borghese

"OT so long ago, it was the unanimous
opinion in the United States that a new
European war would have to be fought with-
out American participation. But as it seems prob-
able that such a war would again become a world
war, with scenes of battle both in the Far East and
the Near East, doubt has arisen as to whether America
could stay out of such a war, even if it desired to do so, and
whether, in fact, it might not be compelled to fight. In such
a case, the population of the United States could not pos-
sibly be again convinced that it would have to fight for
democracy or any other ideal, but strictly on behalf of its
own interests and for the return of favorable economic and
trade conditions within the country and in world trade.
A few years ago, leading American economists believed
that, as the foreign trade of the country amounted to but
a small per cent of its total trade, the United States could
stand the destruction of its entire foreign trade without
much hardship, but it has become evident that this is not
true. It has been clearly demonstrated that American
economic conditions boom together with a world boom and
that America suffers with the whole world in time of de-
pression.

The increasing number of strikes and the growing strength
of the labor unions in the United States are creating condi-
tions more and more similar to those in European countries
and are having the same effects : certain groups in the popu-
lation will become more and more inclined to discard de-
mocratic ideals and to substitute a dictatorship, whether
it be called fascistic or otherwise, and these same groups
consider war a solution for all internal troubles — exactly

536

as Mussolini and |Hitler do. Nationalistic and
militaristic ideas are spreading among the mem-
bers of the younger generation of the American
middle and upper classes as rapidly as socialistic
ideas are spreading among the members of the
working class. It is not hard to foresee that a
few more years of economic difficulties and of mass unem-
ployment will create in the United States the same serious
political conditions that have shaken European countries
since 1930. And these conditions are the real causes
of fascism and the war danger in Europe and are
bound to have the same effects upon the peaceful
population of the United States.

Quite a number of formerly more or less democratic
countries in Europe have done away with democracy and
are now ruled by dictators. What happened was always
the same: the possessing classes, bankers, manufacturers
and big landowners, organized civil groups under idealistic-
sounding slogans, to fight the have-nots, and after their
victory dissolved the labor unions or reorganized them
in such a way as to place them under the absolute control
of the fascist leaders — that is, the bankers, manufacturers,
and big landowners. The job was quickly done in Italy,
where there was little resistance; in Hungary after a cruel
fight; in Austria after a short, but bloody civil war* in Ger-
many by a "legal" act followed by uncounted violations
of the law and barbaric acts of revenge never to be ex-
plained by "political necessity". The same development
is proceeding at the present time in Spain.

I shall not try to foretell the outcome of the civil war in
Spain, but the United States as well as all of Europe are

concerned in the outcome. The Spanish people elected
by their free vote a leftist parliament and, consequently,
a leftist government. Spanish fascism, having suffered
severe set-backs under Primo de Rivera, was much too weak
to fight the compact majority of the population and there-
fore had to look abroad for help. It was soon discovered
that the army could do nothing against the workers' forces
and that, too, the Spanish foreign legion and the Moor
organizations in Morocco were weak. Trained forces from
Italy and Germany were therefore called in, and thus the
Spanish insurrection developed into a European problem,
and, finally, into a world problem.

For Italy, it became an opportunity to seize control of
the Mediterranean Sea and to destroy British predominance
in that region as well as French influence in North Africa.
Huge Italian contingents were therefore dispatched to
Africa and from there to Spain to fight the Spanish people.
Germany saw in the situation not only an opportunity
to secure ore and other raw materials from a friendly Span-
ish fascist government, should this be established, but also
a prime opportunity to test the efficiency of the new war
machines of the Reichswehr. The belief often expressed
that Germany wanted an ally on the southern frontier
of France, should not be given much weight. Apart from
German technical officers and a number of airmen, no re-
gular German troops were sent to Spain. It is known
in informed circles that the German General Staff did not
wish to fight in Spain. Some thirty or forty thousand storm
troopers (Sturm- Truppen) were sent, however, to fight
the Spanish workers, and in explanation it may be said
that ever since the early part of 1933, the German army
has wanted to get rid of this private Hitler army and had
no objection to sending it to foreign battlefields. But
German airplanes, German tanks, and German guns had
to be tested, so General Franco received substantial Ger-
man supplies of this nature and the necessary technical
staff. —

The Italian and German participation in the fighting
in Spain provoked the attention of Britain and France,
and that is when the danger of a new world war arose.
Gibraltar and Malta are of vital importance to Britain,
and the Balearic Islands to France. Neither Britain nor
France could stand Italian incursions into these strategic
spots, as their loss would cut them off from their overseas pos-
sessions. They probably have no very serious objections
to a dictatorship in Spain, as they had none against the
earlier appearance of dictatorships in Italy and Germany
and elsewhere. They would certainly prefer a fascist
system in any European country to a socialistic system
which would only bring the danger of revolution closer to
their own doors. But they do object to Italian and German
expansion as soon as such a movement touches their own
vital interests.

Britain is at present engaged in a feverish effort to re-
arm. From a military viewpoint, the Empire was in a
hopeless condition after MacDonald's long premiership.
The navy and the army had been neglected, for reasons not
necessary to enter into. The fact that the British Govern-
ment had to take a long series of beatings from Italy ever
since the beginning of the Ethiopean war and especially
during the past year, has not been entirely understood by
the British people, and the Government advertised the

theory that "a war postponed may be a war averted".
But the Government is quite sure that a war will come and
played only for more time, wanting the armed forces in
first-class condition before it strikes. It wanted to take
no chances. Furthermore, the British Government wanted
the United States to be prepared to join the party! It is
today trying hard to pilot America into European political
waters. With the kind assistance of Japan and in view
of the continuing internal troubles in the United States,
the British Government may succeed in reaching this
objective.

France can not answer the German and Italian provoca-
tions without being sure of British help, so these two powers
believe they may dare do anything so long as they know
Britain does not feel itself strong enough to enforce its
opposition.

It may be thought that Italy and Germany could have
started or could start a war, just as Japan has done, but
there are reasons why they have not and probably will not
for some time to come. Both want territory; why don't
they take it?

The reason, in so far as Italy is concerned, is that Italy
would need Germany's help, and the German General
Staff has learned a lesson in Spain.

It is known that the German General Staff found its
new weapons imperfect. It may be recalled that quite
some time ago much of the German war material in Spain
was withdrawn. They had an anti-aircraft gun, made
after a Japanese model, which was found very efficient.
They also had an anti-tank gun, of their own construction,
which was found satisfactory. But their artillery and es-
pecially their warplanes were proved to be inferior to the
French and Russian types. The German fliers, pride of
Minister Goering, failed completely. So everybody was
called home and the General Staff in Berlin has refused
even to consider a war for the time being. Thus Hitler
has been forced to bargain with Britain for colonies instead
of setting out on the adventure of taking them by force.

German observers in Spain also learned that the Italian
troops showed a decided inferiority. They could fight
the bare-footed hordes of Ethiopeans with the help of large
divisions of African native troops in the Abyssinian theater
of war, but they were pitifully beaten even by the untrained
and poorly armed Spanish workers who faced them in
defense of their homes. Italian troops mutinied more
than once in Spain, and German officers have gone so far
as to state they would rather have the Italians for enemies
than friends!

Furthermore, European political development during
the past few years has not been along the lines Hitler ex-
pected. He tried hard to separate France from Russia,
but without success. He tried hard to separate Britain
from France, also without success. And so, with poor
weapons and even poorer allies, and with its lack of raw
materials and of purchasing power (gold), Germany would
face a certain defeat if it began a war now.

But Britain has undoubtedly over-estimated the strength
of the German-Italian bloc, and France feels itself as weak,
so that there is no danger, for the present, that Germany
will have a war forced upon it. France is suffering from

. 537

continuous internal difficulties, what with its twenty parties
in Parliament, its endless labor troubles, the fearful infla-
tion of its finances, and the constant threat of revolution
by the semi-militarized rightists. France is in no condition
to take a strong attitude. The experiment of a Socialist
Premier proved a failure and had the same fateful results
as in Germany, proving that socialists should not take over
the responsibility of government if they can not exert full
control.

The foregoing are some of the reasons for the postpone-
ment of the European war, the time for which had been
set by the German Government for the summer of 1937,
according to informed opinion.

The Japanese, highly dissatisfied with the way things
were going with their European allies, decided to strike
alone, still hoping they might start a big fire in Europe with
their fire in Shanghai. They knew of the down-hearted-
ness of Britain and also understood how their own power
is over-estimated in Europe as in America as well. They
took advantage of all this and, wisely— from the viewpoint
of power-politics— decided not to wait until Britain has

re-armed and American public opinion has been sufficiently
influenced toward participation in a new world war.

It may be gathered from what has been written, that the
writer believes a European war to be unavoidable, although
it is true that the present threat to the peace of the world
may possibly be eliminated by the collapse of the fascist
powers.

The ultimate American attitude will depend upon inter-
nal conditions and also, to a very high degree, on the further
course of Japan, as it might very well happen that Japan,
after swallowing a huge part of China, as seems probable
at present, may forget its pact with Germany if the time
does not seem propitious for it to attack Russia in Siberia,
France in Indo-China, and Britain in Hongkong and Sin-
gapore. But even should Japan remain quiet, social ten-
sion in the United States might increase to the point at
which the leaders of the country might consider it advisable
to turn the attention of the workers to an enemy outside
the boundaries of America, even if there were no other
reasons to make war appear the necessary final resort.

London, October, 1937.

China Letter

By Lin Yu

Shanghai, November 15, 1937.
Dear Friends,

LET us first review very briefly, the military
situation during the past month and look
ahead, if possible, to what is in store for
the future.

In Shanghai the Japanese scored a success in the capture
of Tazang, a village town near the western border of the
International Settlement. The capture of this village
threatened to bottle up the Chinese troops in Chapei and
Kiangwan, and forced them to retreat. The northwestern
sector of the Chinese line from Liuho to Kwangfu, south-
west of Liuhang, however, remained intact. From Kwang-
fu the new Chinese line of defence ran directly south through
Kiangchiao to the northern bank of Soochow Creek, op-
posite Yaochiachai, from which point the Chinese defended
the southern bank of the Creek, to the western border of
the International Settlement. The last sector of the
Chinese line was inadequately prepared and the Japanese
were able in twelve days to force the Chinese back to defend
Nantao, where they made their last stand in the defence of
Greater Shanghai for three to four days. The Japanese
success was due, however, partly to their successful landing
near Chapoo on the southeastern coast of Kiangsu north
of the Hangchow Bay.

At the time of writing, the Chinese line west of Shanghai
zigzags from the southern bank of the Yangtze to the west
of Liuho to Chuankungting on the northeastern coast of
Chekiang Province, the general direction running almost
vertically from north to south, with the following places
defining the important points of the line: Liuho, Kwangfu,
Hwangtu (on the Shanghai-Nanking Railway), Szeching,

538

Sungkiang (on the Shanghai-Hangchow Railway),
Fengching (on the Kiangsu-Chekiang border), Pinghu
and Chuankungting. It is very likely that the
Japanese will, in the northern sector, press on
along the railway to Quinsan, Soochow, Wusih,
and on to Nanking. At the southern end of the
line they will probably try first to capture Sungkiang;
and then either follow the railway to Fengching, Kashan,
Kashing and on to Hangchow, or cut across the rail-
way and march in a northwesterly direction to Chingpu
and, cooperating with the invading forces at the north-
ern end of the line, to close in upon Soochow, or both.
At present fighting seems heaviest at the southern
end of the line; but the important battle is to be fought
along the northern, rather than along the southern, route,
and the fighting will become fiercer and fiercer as the Ja-
panese draw nearer and nearer the Chinese capital.

The Japanese troops that landed on the southeastern
coast of Kiangsu were taken from the Tsin-Pu line. On this
front, the Japanese, after capturing Tehchow, pushed on
to Pingyuan, North Shantung, and there they were held by
the Chinese, who continue to operate in southern Hopei,
having successfully captured some six districts from the
Japanese. One of the Chinese mobile units even succeeded
in reaching as far north as Machang, about 30 miles south
of Tientsin to harrass the Japanese. For a time the Ja-
panese were lying low and using bandit and guerilla tactics
to hold back the Chinese, but with their capture of
Tiayuan, the provincial capital of Shansi, they have been
taking a more vigorous stand now, perhaps presaging an-
other offensive on this front with the object of ousting the
Chinese from Shangtung Province.

On the Ping-Han line, the Japanese after taking Cheng-
ting, the juncture of the Chengting-Taiyuan Railway and
the Ping-Han line, pushed on to Shihchiachwang and
farther southward. They even crossed the Chang River
in North Honan, but did not make much headway. True,
Changteh (also known as Anyang) was taken by them,
but the city was soon recaptured by the Chinese, who had
also been able to send some troops into South Hopei and
recaptured several districts from the Japanese there.

The Japanese, following the Cheng-Tai Railway west-
ward, met strong resistance at Niangtzekwan (Woman's
Gate), the gateway to East Shansi. Unable to take it by
storm after several weeks' of repeated attempts, the Ja-
panese took part of their troops away to reinforce their
attacks on Chiukwan (Old Gate). The fall of this old
gate forced the Chinese defenders of Niangtzekwan to
retreat, since they were then exposed to Japanese attack
from the rear. Still they put up stiff resistance at Ping-
ting; and their mobile units continued to harrass the Ja-
panese rear at Shihchiachwang and even Paoting, and
finally were able to wrest Tinghsien, between the two last
named cities, from the Japanese. However, the Japanese
were successful in breaking through the Chinese defences
at Pingting; and, cooperating with their compatriots in the
northern part of the province, they swooped down upon
Taiyuan in a pincer-like fashion and took it by storm.

This is a serious blow to the Chinese, for they had been
successfully holding the Japanese invaders in North Shansi
at Yuanping and Hsinkow, while in the northeastern part
of the province they had been even more successful. Op-
erating from Pingyingkwan (also spelled Pingshingkwan),
the Chinese forces recaptured Kwangling, northeastern
Shansi, Laiyuan, and Tsechingkwan, northern Hopei, and
Weihsien, southern Chahar, from the Japanese, seriously
threatening their line of communications from southern
Chahar to northern Shansi. Even Yenmenkwan, directly
north of Taiyuan and the most important point in the
Japanese line of communications, passed into Chinese
hands several times. But finally with the arrival of new
reinforcements, the Japanese broke through the Chinese
line at Hsinkow, and in cooperation with the invading
forces from the east captured Taiyuan after bloody street

fighting. This is a serious setback to the Chinese, because
it means that they had to abandon the ground already
dearly bought. However, the Japanese rear is once more
being harrassed and their line of communications in East
Shansi attacked by the Chinese, who are now resorting to
guerilla war tactics.

The Chinese forces in Suiyuan, after making a final stand
at Paotow, the western terminus of the Peiping-Suiyuan
Railway, were forced to abandon it, leaving the Japanese
master of practically the whole province. The Japanese
have even organized a puppet state of the Inner Mongo-
lians at Kweisui, the provincial capital of Suiyuan. How-
ever, the Japanese victory is not as complete as it may seem.
Several banners Itribes] of the Mongolians in Suiyuan
refused to be cowed by the Japanese prowess and preferred
to remain loyal to the Chinese Government, while Chinese
troops were reported to be planning a counter-attack.
Though it may take them long to prepare the attack, wea-
ther conditions are becoming more and more advantageous
to the Chinese who are as used to the extreme cold winter
of the Mongolian plateau as the Japanese are not used to it.

The Japanese navy landed some marines on the unde-
fended island of Quemoy, just outside Amoy harbor. Later
they attempted landing more marines at Changpoo, on the
southeastern coast of Fukien, without doubt trying to stir
up trouble in the hinterland of Amoy before launching a
frontal attack on the port of South Fukien. But so far,
they are without success.

A few general observations may be made here. The
Japanese in North China have advanced too fast to conso-
lidate their rear. In many places they merely hold the
main trunk line of communications and the immediate
environs. If they don't pause to consolidate their positions
as they advance farther and farther inland, this may
prove a great disadvantage to them, if not a fatal weakness
in the end.

Guerilla war tactics are being more and more employed
by the Chinese to the great disadvantage of the Japanese.
Also the people's militias are being thrown into the scale
against them. The future is none too bright for Japan,,
in spite of its apparent military successes at present. That

(Continued on page 564)

Fronds against the Sky

By Irene La Wall

PALM branch flung against the sky,
Exultant, free, midst verdant neighbor trees,
Breathing unstinted from on high
The pure ethereal breeze!

Remember little pots of stunted plants,
A palm, a dwarfed pine?

Poor, twisted, cruelly tortured sport
Of minds to age-long pain inured!
So are there nations cramped like pine or palm,
Mistaken in the worth of gains secured,
Proud of their beauty— tight in little pots —

Which glory in their gnarled and twisted sort.

Give them the open spaces freed from greed,
Air pure from human hate,

The strength of common brotherhood,
Inspired as trees in forests vast
To live at one, yet individual live,

Nor hamper life today with patterned past,
That misinterprets maladjusted greed's
Exotic beauty as a human good;

And like the stately royal palm,

They'll straighten tall, all ills defy,

Lifting in confidence and calm
Their fronds against the sky.

539

Alias Basiong Samac

By C. V. Pedroche

DON BASILIO RAMALES is a village gentle-
man and although he drinks basi in fair
weather or foul he never gets drunk. It
may only be a manner of speaking, but it is said
that Don Basilio, alias Basiong Samac, even drinks
basi, not water, after his meals. Be that as it
may, Don Basiong has never, in his fifty-five odd
years, known an hour of complete intoxication — a fact
attested to by the good people of Botbotones and, indeed,
by those of all the neighboring hillsides, throughout which
he enjoys a popularity, nay, a renown, not only for his
gargantuan appetites but also for his short, funny stub of
an arm which dangles quite hopelessly from a bony
shoulder.

Botbotones is a good many miles from Santa Ignacia
where I am a deputy from the office of the Provincial Treas-
urer of Tarlac, vice Mr. Mauricio Dayao who is away on
extended leave of absence. I went to this barrio one day
with a clerk and a policeman to brand large cattle, and,
although we started early, the sun was already high and
warm when we reached the tenancia, situated on top of a
hill.

Around fifty carabaos were already gathered under the
huge mango trees and the barrio lieutenant was still blow-
ing his horn to summon other cattle owners who wished to
have their animals branded. The sound of the horn floated
high and sharp, and soon more carabaos came thumping
darkly from behind clumps of bamboo, raising the dust
beneath their hooves.

In all my born years I had never seen how cattle are
branded and I was only too anxious to begin as soon as
possible. The people of Botbotones were curiously regard-
ing their new municipal treasurer, and it was all I could
do to keep silent and not look too stupid, for despite my
college education I still am deficient in the Ilocano dialect.
I sat self-consciously enough under a tree, looking far away
but listening intently to all the talk behind me.

"Who is he?" asked one voice.

"What is his name?" asked another. "He looks young."

"I hope he drinks basi," said a third. This sounded to
me as if the owner of the voice had no teeth. Somehow
I could not resist the temptation of looking around, and
when Ifdid so, the man met my gaze with a rich, toothless
smile.

"Hullo!" I said warmly.

"Al-lo!" he crinkled, extending his hand. He was half
naked and glistening with beads of basi-smelling perspira-
tion, and I saw that he had only one arm.

"My name is Don Basilio Ramales," he said winking
enormously. "People here call me Basi-ong Samac."
The emphasis on Basi was intended and I laughed aloud.
But Samac I did not understand and so he hastened to
explain that samac is the name of that mysterious herb
which is used to flavor and enrich the taste of basi. Now,
I said to myself, here is a man with a splendid sense of
humor and with literary inclinations.

540

"Do you drink basi?" he asked.

"Well," I said in broken Iloco, "I can not say I
do, compared to you people."

"Oh," he said, smacking his lips, "I do not
know how one can exist without basi."

My police escort informed me that Don Basiong
is the best basi drinker in Botbotones.

"So you are the champion basi-bibber in all the world?"
I asked.

"S/ior/" he exclaimed in what struck me was an Iloca-
nized version of the King's English, "Me, sampion endi
worl!" The sweeping gesture of his arm left no doubt in
my mind that he was only too completely aware of the ex-
tent of the universe. When he lifted his arm and made
that wide semi-circle over his head the stub of his left arm
swung passionately up as if to punctuate the exclamation
but it fell suddenly, jerking back and forth like a nervous
pendulum.

Meanwhile a fire had been started and the twigs were
crackling merrily beneath the roaring tongues of flame.
Additional brands were being fed into the fire.

Then suddenly a young carabao fell with a dull, heavy
thud upon the ground. I did not know how it happened,
it was so sudden. I only saw men sitting upon the animal,
pinning its young horns to the ground, tying its legs with
big ropes, and shouting good-naturedly at each other to do
this and do that, and sal-it! it's getting loose, son of
the devil what are you doing there, why don't you get
the bamboo? Someone took a long bamboo pole and
with it pressed the legs and head of the animal down.

I did not know at first that branding is an art in itself
and that one has to possess both proficiency and calmness
of mind to practice it. Now, when it was brought to me, I
seized the red hot branding iron set in a wooden handle
and thrust it determinedly onto the tough hide of the
snorting animal. Imagine my consternation when the
carabao, frightened with the suddenness of the searing pain,
threw its whole weight against the implement in such a way
that I lost my hold on it and all those on top of the
beast were tossed about in all directions. My clerk, who is
a veteran in the game, then instructed me how to handle
the branding iron more tenderly, so to say.

The next time I did it there was only a sizzle — z-z-z-z-z
— the smell of burned hide, the pitiful moo-mooo-moooo
of the carabao, and it was over. By one o'clock we were
through with over fifty cattle branded, and because we
were all hot and hungry we went up the teniente's house,
Don Basilio leading the sweating crowd.

We burst into the dining room like a pack of hungry
wolves.

"What, no basi?" Don Basiong at once demanded
dramatically, and forthwith the huge tapayan was carried
forward. The jar was brimming with rich red basi, warm
with the warmth of the deep-delved earth in which it had
been kept for years.

Don Basiong dipped a coconut shell into the tapayan and
filled our glasses with the smiling drink. I wonder now
where Don Basiong put all the basi he drank, for he did
not stop with the first three glasses: he drank much more
than I could imagine would fill his inside. He drank glass
after glass — and he did not have to be goaded. He drank
not for the hell of it, not even to impress me, but apparently
out of the genuine thirst of every pulsing cell of his body.
As he drank, beads of dank, clammy, basi-smelling perspira-
tion would suddenly burst forth from the pores of his skin.
He would wipe them off and drink again.

"Well now," I said when I saw him getting red around
the ears, "Well now, Don Basiong, I do believe you are the
champion basi-drinker in all the world."

"Sampion endi worl!" he shouted, lifting his glass and
throwing his head back proudly.

When the table was ready we sat down to eat. I was
surprised to find tiny live shrimps jumping from a plate in
the middle of the table
"What is this?" I asked.

It was Don Basiong who supplied the answer by picking
a handful of the shrimps and eating them raw and alive!
"You don't eat euros?" he asked.
"Well", I said, "Shouldn't they be cooked first?"
Everyone began to laugh at me. Curos should be eaten
not only raw but alive, they told me, without a trace of
doubt in their voices, as if they had received the injunction
from no one but the Almighty himself. I sat there wonder-
ing how I could accomplish the feat without damage to
my civilization and dignity. But they stared at me and

waited.

"At least there must be something to take them with,"

I said.

"Of course," they exclaimed, and someone brought a
green mango and cut off some thin slices.

"It tastes better with salt," Don Basiong commented.

I took one shrimp experimentally between thumb and
forefinger, but before I knew it the crustacean had wriggled
loose, and, describing an irregular zig-zag in the air, plunged
away out of sight.

"He, he, he!" laughed Don Basiong. I laughed with him
and made a more determined pass at the plate of curos in
front of me.

I imbedded a few of the leaping shrimps within a handful
of rice together with a slice of mango. And all the time I
was saying within me: Steady there now, deputy; steady
there now! Then, closing my eyes, I raised the morsel
to my mouth, prepared to swallow the whole thing right

off without chewing, but something warm and sweet and
sour and salty— something palatable in other words-
stayed my will and as I began hesitatingly to chew I be-
came conscious of a delicious swelling of my taste buds and
a trickling of warm digestive juices, and suddenly I ex-
claimed to myself: As I live, there is not a more delicious
dish in all Christendom!

They must have seen the twinkle of delight in my eyes
for the people around the table all joined together in one
shout of surprise and said: "See, Apo Tesorero, cay at yo
gay am! — You like curos, after all!"

"Well," I confessed, "I think I will try another bite."
Suddenly Don Basiong raised his glass and bowing slightly
proposed a toast to the euros-eating deputy, which I
acknowledged with a smile and duly returned to the cham-
pion basi-drinker in all the world.

"Endi worl," exclaimed Don Basiong, raising his glass
higher.

He had become considerably more loose-tongued and
was glistening with sweat, and all the time kept repeating
he was not drunk, positively not, had never been in all his
life, not even now.

"Of course, of course," they assured him, "you are not
drunk."

"I know you believe me," he said, "but I just want you
to know that Don Basiong Samac es di sampion endi
worl!"

The meal came to a close with Don Basiong still boister-
ously drinking. We gathered under the cool shade of the
mango trees and someone suddenly asked: "How did
you lose your arm, Don Basiong?"

It was the very question I had wanted to ask. The
people there must have heard the answer more than once,
but all seemed willing to listen to the story again.

The smooth coconut shell filled with basi was passed
around, and Don Basiong, after another deep swig, looked
at us one by one slowly, made a gurgling sound in his throat,
and spat wetly upon the ground.

"When I was young I would swim across the wildest
river to visit my lady love," he began. "I loved adventure
and romance," this with a flourish of his arm.

"Once I was courting a lovely balasang, and the very
devil was my rival. He was a terrible man but I knew no
fear. The girl liked me and I had all but won her when,
one day, I received word from my enemy to stay away
from her or I would meet sudden death. But I was not
a coward and went on visiting the girl.
(Continued on page 563)

Forgetfulness

By Luis Dato

Will you forgive?
Bright drops of dew
Around hurt petals balsam weave,
Will you?

Can I forget?

A nightwing flutters by,

And whispers softly, "No, not yet!"

The Mystic Lure of Mount Banahao

By Eufronio M. Alip

A group of "Kolorums" praying
place of the

COUNTLESS tales and
legends have been wov-
en about Mount Bana-
hao, on the eastern border of
Laguna. Rising to more than
7000 feet above sea level, this
mountain overlooks the sur-
rounding towns of Dolores,
Tiaong, Candelaria, Sariaya,
Sampalok, Lukban, and Mau-
ban in Tayabas, and Nagcar-
lan, Lilio, Majayjay, and San
Pablo in Laguna. It is the
source of many rivers, rivulets,
and springs that are of great
economic importance to the
people living in most of these
towns. From the moun-
tain also come lumber, rattan, and medicinal plants. It is,
besides, a place for game, for to this day hunters go there
to shoot wild chickens, wild pigs, and deer.

For many years I had heard of the great "mystic treas-
ures* ' that the Mount Banahao holds; so during the last
Holy Week, upon the invitation of Mr. Wenceslaw G.
Palad, Chief of Police of Dolores, Tayabas, I decided to go
and visit the region with a number of friends.

I was told that the many interesting places could be
reached most easily by way of Dolores, so our company
took that route. Dolores, which is about a hundred kilo-
meters from Manila, is connected with the principal towns
of Luzon by first class roads. San Pablo to the west and
Tiaong to the south are its nearest neighboring towns.

After an hour's walk from the poblacion of Dolores
over a narrow path through the cogon, we came to the first
santong lugar or holy place of the Kolorum sect of
the region. This place is called the "Santa Lucxa" and
is situated in a ravine of considerable depth and surrounded
by a thick forest. In one of the rocky walls we noticed a
number of small holes from a few inches to a foot in dia-
meter. We inquired how deep the holes were, but nobody
knew, nor apparently wanted to know, for according to
some Kolorums that we met, there was once a young "un-
believer" who inserted a stick into one of them to
measure its depth and was immediately taken sick and soon

Author's Note: — The origin of the Kolorum sect in the vicinity of Banahao
Mountain is as mysterious as its beliefs and ceremonies. Even its present leader,
Agripino Lontok, does not know exactly how it came about, but from the meager
information "which the present writer was able to gather from various sources, it is
possible that it started during the early years of the nineteenth century, and ante-
dated the founding of such other mysterious societies as the "Cofradia de San Jose"
of Herman© Puli, "La Santa Iglesia" of Felipe Salvador, and the "Guardias de Honor"
of Salvador de la Cruz. But it was not until the years immediately preceding the
Philippine Revolution against Spain that the Kolorum movement assumed large
proportions under the leadership of one Sebastian Caneo, of the barrio of San Cristo-
bal, San Pablo, Laguna. Adherents followed him with blind faith, believing that he
directly communed with God and was their intermediary. By making use of the
art of ventriloquism, this Caneo and some of the leaders who came after him con-
vinced their followers that God really spoke with them.

542

at the spring "Kinabuhayan
Resurrection.

died. We were told that the
Kolorums believe that the spi-
rits of men enter these holes
after death. We saw lighted
candles burning in front of
some of the holes and a num-
ber of men and women kneel-
ing before them and singing
dalits (hymns) and reciting
prayers. We noticed that
these people greeted each other
with: "Ave Maria Purissi-
ma", to which the answer was
"Sinpecado concebida"

On the opposite wall of the
ravine we saw a small water-
fall where the Kolorums bath-
ed as they sang dalits and
recited prayers. We were told that anyone who tries to
make fun of the place or who becomes too inquisitive is
punished by some unknown force, either being hit by stones
or other objects or confronted with fearful apparitions of
giants or monstrous snakes.

From Santa Lucia, we were led to other holy places
only a kilometer or so away. The first is known as "Ina
ng Awa" (Mother of Mercy) which is a cave of consider-
able size where we found some pictures and images of Ca-
tholic Christian saints. This place is the center of the
religious activities of the Kolorums. These people, we
were informed, are not engaged in revolutionary political
activities like their namesakes in Pangasinan and in other
places, but constitute a religious sect which holds that the
Banahao Mountain is the place were Jesus Christ lived
and died. Though they maintain they are Catholics, they
hold the Mountain as sacred and require a visit to the holy
places once a year for the purpose of offering prayers, sing-
ing hymns, and doing penance there. According to a
pamphlet, published by the Kolorums in 1912, which came
into our possession, inability on the part of the Kolorums
to visit the Mountain at least once a year reduces their
saintliness.

At Ina ng Awa lives Agripino Lontok, the aged Kolorum
chief who is at the same time the chief of the "Veteranos
de la Revolution" and a political leader in that locality.

Adherents of the sect came specially from the region of Laguna de Bay, and
also Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas and even Mindoro. When they came to visit their
leader, they invariably brought with them gifts contained in earthen vessels, Caneo
in this manner amassing considerable wealth. During the Revolution Caneo headed
his legions first against the Spaniards, later against the Americans.

After his death, two men who lived in the neighboring barrio of Bulakin (in
Dolores, Tayabas) came to the fore, each with his own followers. They were
Jacinto Maliksi and Lorenzo Mendoza, but their sway over the people was less than
that exercised by Caneo, because, it is said, they lived too immoral and licentious a
life. There were besides other petty leaders who brought dissension among the
rank and file of the Kolorum sect. But with the ascendancy of the present leader,
Agripino Lontok, who lives right in the heart of their "sacred mountain", its homo
geneity has once more been restored. Among the young people who have gone to
the schools, however, the sect is losing influence.

He is a heavily built, shrewd -looking man and possesses
a charming personality and pleasing manners.

Quite near to Ina ng Awa are the holy places known as
"Kweba ng Anghelitos" (Cave of the Angels), "Juz-
gado" (Court), "Peresintahan" (Registering Place),
"Santissima Trinidad" (Holy Trinity), "Balon ni Jacob"
(Jacob's Bath), and "San Isidro" (a spring). As the
religious fanatic arrives at the Peresintahan, he shouts his
name to make formal announcement of his presence, pre-
sumably addressing some spirits. The Kweba ng Anghe-
litos is cave-like hole covered with iron roofing and located
a hundred and fifty meters to the right below the Ina ng
Awa. The devotees believe that this cave is the place
where the souls of dead children attend mass. At the Juz-
gado, according to these people, God sits in judgment over
the people. The Balon ni Jacob is a pool of water covered
almost entirely by a stone of tremendous size except for a
small opening through which those who want to take a
bath enter. The pool appears to have no outlet, and the
water is dirty; nevertheless, these people bathe in it,
believing that to omit this ceremony is sacrilege.

About half a kilometer from the places I have described
is a low mountain, some 1,000 feet high. Practically de-
void of vegetation except for some mosses and straggling
shrubs, it is covered with big sharp-edged stones. This
low mountain is known in the locality as "Kalbario" or Cal-
vary. Tenaciously clinging to the belief that this was the
very place where Jesus Christ was made to carry the cross,
these people consider the place most holy. During the
Easter Season, they climb the mountain barefooted, recit-
ing the story of Christ's crucifixion. It is a common sight
on Holy Thursday and Good Friday to see men and women
climbing the mountain carrying crosses in imitation of the
Savior. To climb the mountain at all is trying enough,
but to do so during the early afternoon hours when the
slope comes under the stinging rays of the sun and
when the sharp stones wax burning hot, is consider-
ed most pleasing to God.

As we further ascended Banahao
Mountain, we came to other holy
places. These are, for instance, the
"San Rogue", the "Santa Isabel",
the "Santa Helena", the "Kwe-
bang Kiling" and the "Santong
Kolehio". All these are holy places
to the mountain fanatics, but the
Santong Kolehio is the only place of
much interest as it is a large, natural
swimming pool of ever fresh, ever cool
water,, free from the dirt and foul
odors which characterize the pool of
Jacob below. The water is several
meters deep and along the two sides
of the pool there are places from
which one can dive. Because of this,
hundreds of young men and some
young girls from the nearby towns
come to spend the week-end there
during the hot season.

To the northwest of the Santong
Kolehio are three more holy places,
approximately a hundred meters
apart. The first of them is a big
solid stone, flat on top, which is be-

Four of the minor chiefs of the "Illustrisimo"
sect. "Manuel Salvador del Mundo" stands
second from the left.

lieved to have been the place where Jesus Christ fell, face
downward, while he was carrying the heavy cross of redemp-
tion; hence its name "Kinaparap-an". The second is
stream of water which originates at the foot of a large stone.
This is called " Kinabuhayan" which means "the place
where one re-lives". The Kolorums believe that this was
the place of Christ's resurrection. This stream serves
both for bathing and drinking purposes. In front of the
big stone, the people burn their candles, recite their prayers,
and sing their hymns. The water has a mineralized taste.
On the bank of the stream are some houses built a year
or so ago by a separate fanatical sect known as "Kapisa-
nang PPP Solo Dios" which means Society of Three
Divine Persons and One True God. The society is popu-
larly known as "Illustrisimo" a name taken from its
founder and leader, Agapito Illustrisimo, of Cebu. At
the time of our arrival at this place (Holy Saturday) we
found about two hundred people there, some of whom were
followers of Illustrisimo while the rest were Kolorums and
visitors like ourselves. Unfortunately for us, we did not
see the "Maestro" Illustrisimo in person because he had
gone to the lowlands to win more men and women over to
his sect. Those whom he had left at the Kinabuhayan
consisted of some twenty-five "colonists" — half- starving,
sickly, and queer-looking men, women, and children. When
we entered some of their huts, we noticed young girls and
babies lying on the floor covered with dirty rags, their
faces clearly indicating hunger. Some of the men wore
long beards in imitation of the hermits of olden times.
Upon the request of Chief of Police Palad, they agreed to
pose before our camera. From Bartolome Prieto, who was
clothed in a long red robe and carried a cane bearing a
cross, appointed "superintendent" of Kinabuhayan by Illus-
trisimo, and known among his people as "Manuel Sal-
vador del Mundo", we learned that the society was found-
ed by Illustrisimo about three years ago, and that last
year, through the efforts of one Tomas Martinez of Ca-
loocan, Rizal, it obtained govern-
ment registry. The society has its
own board of directors. The prayers
are couched in Tagalog, Spanish,
and Latin phrases. The society ve-
nerates Filipino heroes like Rizal and
Bonifacio and puts them in the cat-
egory of the Christian saints and
even of Christ Himself. To the three
divine persons recognized by the Cath-
olic Church, the society adds God the
Mother and God the Infinite. In one
of the houses, I saw some pictures
of Christ, Mary, and Joseph, a fact
which shows that they venerate these
personages.

Old man Prieto could or would not
tell me why the society had estab-
lished its center at Kinabuhayan and
why the people there had dug tun-
nels under their houses, nor what
connection, if any, there is between
their religion and the country's in-
dependence which they pray for, and
the life they lead which is almost
communistic. His only answer to
(Continued on page 561)

543

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo,
Poet of the Brush

By Pilar S. Gramonte

THE writing of a satisfactory biographical account of
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, is a task of rare diffi-
culty though he died but a little over twenty
years ago. He was reserved and modest of nature and
lived a life of reclusion, most of it abroad. However
tangible are his legacies to us in the form of his great
paintings, concrete information about him personally is
meagre. Even his relatives can not claim an intimate
knowledge of his life as most of his years, from early youth
until his death, were spent in France except for a brief
sojourn in the Philippines in 1909. This fact accounts for
the belief of some that he was not a Filipino; but he was
as much a Filipino as any of us born in the Philippines of
Filipino parents, and indeed was aroused when his race or
nationality was questioned. He chose to live in a foreign
land not because of a lack of patriotism but for the sake
of his art.

This great Filipino painter was possessed, correspondingly
in his pictorial art, of the reflective seriousness of Words-
worth, the subtle phantasy of Coleridge, and the delicate
finish of Keats. Looking at his pictures, especially those
depicting the seas (mostly at Brittany) we can not but
conclude that his was a poetic imagination, tender and
sensitive. A poet said of his "Las Marinas'' (pictures of
the sea by Hidalgo are referred to by that name): ". . .
they compare aptly with the poesies of Victor Hugo".

Attempts have been made to compare Hidalgo with the
other great Filipino painter of the past century, Juan Luna,
but comparison of the two is impossible. Each has his
own greatness. The impetuosity of Luna is sharply dis-
tinguished from the serenity of Hidalgo. The brusque
and violent temperament of Luna is not unakin to that of
Beethoven, while Hidalgo evinces a certain femininity as
does Chopin. The two lived in different intellectual sphe-
res, although they
were the best of
friends. Luna was
the master of the
brush, but Hidal-
go was its poet.

Felix Eduardo
Resurreccion Hi-
dalgo y Padilla
was born in Ma-
nila on February
21, 1853, the son
of a landed pro-
prietor. His cir-
cumstances were
favorable to the
career that at-
tracted him from
earliest childhood
and there are no
such familiar
stories about him
as those concern-

544

Oedipus and Antigone — Hidalgo

ing young geniuses discouraged by unsympathizing eiders
or having to combat adversity. His family had a taste for
the arts and was appreciative of them, and young Felix
met with nothing but encouragement within the circle of
his home.

Manila in those days was perhaps a better seat for the
art of painting than it is today. An academy for the study
of painting that had been established in 1820 by the first
Filipino painter, Damian Domingo, was forced to close,
but in 1849, the Council of Commerce authorized the estab-
lishment of a new academy which so flourished that in
1856 fellowships were opened in Spain, the first to profit by
this opportunity being Miguel Zaragoza and Marcelo
Navarro. However, to please his elders, Hidalgo took up
the study of law, for though they were not unsympathetic
to the arts, they were practically inclined, and the father,
Eduardo R. Hidalgo, had considerable properties in the
city. His mother was Maria Barbara Padilla y Flores-
She bore seven children, Felix being the third. A brother
of Dona Maria, Sabino by name, was a Catholic priest,
and the entire family was devoutly religious. The painter
came to hold a great love and reverence for this uncle and
later painted a portrait of him from a small photograph
and partly from memory. Of the seven children, Narciso,
Rafaela, Rosario, Dolores, and Felix himself, never married-
Only the artist's brother Jose and sister Pilar married, the
former being the father of Felipe R. Hidalgo, and the latter
the mother of Eduardo and Rosario de la Paz.

Though the youth complied with the wish of his parents
that he study law, he proposed to continue the early studies
of painting which he had undertaken with Father Sabater
of the University of Santo Tomas and to make painting
his real career. It was as impossible for him to dissociate

his imagination

from the pictures
of Le Brun, Mu-
rillo, Rembrandt,
Raphael, and
others, as it was
for him to set his
thoughts entirely
on the corpus
juris. He there-
fore proceeded
with his studies
of painting in the
Escuela de Di-
bujo which was
then directed by
Agustin Saez.

A good part of
his time was then
employed in the
painting of pic-
turettes (my
word) of Philip-

pine landscapes which he exhibited in the Teatro-Circo
de Bilibid and which were later shown in the Interna-
tional Exposition of Philadelphia in 1879. His works
were well received in Manila and orders began to come in.

Like all true artists, his love of art was not confined to
one branch alone, but embraced others. He had a passion
for literature and a feeling of lesser intensity for music.
Very early in his youth he studied the violin under the
Filipino teacher Morales and later, by self-study, he became
an accomplished violinist. Artist though he was, he did
not show the temperamental outbursts usual in artistic
dispositions. His nature was placid and he was seldom
aroused to anger.

It was no desire for glory but the wish to give satisfaction
to his artistic soul that urged Hidalgo to go to foreign lands.
His mother was much opposed to this, but young man was
firm. Though his work had awakened mild interest in

Manila, he felt that the proper environment and real moral
encouragement was wanting. "I can not stay here with
you and do nothing'', he told his mother, adding with rare
vehemence, "I might as well go blind!"

Don Sebastian Vidal, a well known mining engineer, was
keenly interested at the time in the "Flora" of Father
Manuel Blanco, and in 1877 opened a contest through
which to select the best picture for the cover of this famous
work. The first prize was conferred on Agustin Saez, the
second on Hidalgo, but it was a triumph for the latter in
view of the fact that the first-prize winner was no less a
person than the director of the Escuela de Dibujo.

Some time later there was offered and Hidalgo obtained
a government scholarship to the Academia de San Fer-
nando, in Spain, and so he left his country. In 1881, a
Royal Order was issued commending him for his achieve-
i (Continued on page 558)

The Little General! of the Slum

By'FelipelB.^Ong

HE rain that has been falling for days is showing no

■ signs of abating, and the houses crowded close to-

JL gether in the congested slum where we have taken

rooms, looks more forlorn than ever. It is always dark

here, but with the dilapidated windows and shutters closed

against the weather, the place becomes darker still.

Jo£e\ Bienvenido, and I rented a room in this part of the
city because it was the cheapest we were able to find.
We receive our letters addressed "Interior K". We found
that our neighbors were from different parts of the Islands,
but that they have all learned to speak Tagalcg. There is
one old woman who can speak Spanish. Jos6 says that
she must have worked as a maid in a Spanish family in her
younger days. Once we were surprised to hear her speaking
our own dialect, Pampango. Most of our neighbors take
in washing for a living and we give our clothes to one of them
because the charge is very low. Sometimes, though, they
smell far from clean and fresh when we get them back.

Our room is far from the University and the walk back
and forth is very tiring, especially going home after hours
of military drill on the campus. But our weariness would
pass when we would catch sight of Peter sitting on the
stairs waiting for us.

Peter lived in the neighborhood and although he was
only eight years old, he was already in the third grade.
He spoke English surprisingly well, although it was not
always very grammatical. As we neared the house,
wearing our military uniforms, Peter would stand up
straight and give us a salute.

Usually he would follow us into our room. We told
him we were colonels and generals, showing him our chevrons
and insignias, but in truth we were only privates and cor-
porals. But Peter never knew better. From us came his
dream to become a general. Sometimes, when he thought
we were not looking, he would stick his chest out like
Napoleon.

We hardly knew why we became so fond of Peter. Per-
haps it was because we were lonely in this cheerless place.
One day we bought a tin saber for him that cost us thirty
centavos in a Japanese bazaar. Peter was overjoyed, and
a little later his mother came to our room, a thin, pale woman,
who looks much older than her years. She said we should not
buy such things for the boy because times are hard. We
said that it was nothing and that we were Peter's friends.
Then began the rain and it has rained for days, with
a chilling wind. Last Sunday we heard some children
shouting in front of the house, and looking out, we saw a
group of boys playing marbles in the rain. Peter was
among them. They were half naked, and when we told
Peter he should not play in the rain, he said he wanted to
take a bath. . .

What we know now is that Peter is among the children
that have become little angels in heaven. His mother
came crying to our room a few days ago and told us that
Peter was dead, and soon there were tears in all of our eyes.
We had not known that the two days he had not come to
see us he was ill with pneumonia, a sickness that has no
mercy on children.

We saw him in his coffin. The chubbiness of his cheeks
was still there. There was a faint smile on his lips as if
he were only sleeping. We went with the funeral cortege
to the cemetery where they buried him under the ground.
There were no bugle taps to bid our departed "Little
General" farewell.

Now when we come home from the University after our
drill and look at the stairs that lead to our room, we feel
very tired. We feel that Peter should still be there. Today
we looked for the house where Peter lived and found his
mother there washing dirty clothes. The grief in her face
seemed already to have faded. Why should the struggle
for existence eclipse so soon the sorrow of death, especially
the death of Peter?

545

Return To Old Haunts

By Wilfrid Turnbull

BACK again at Dipintin I tried to get Negrito
cargadores for a trip to the main range of
the Sierra Madre, but as everyone told me
most of the nearby little black people ran away at
sight of Filipinos and all would do so from a white
man, I gave up the idea. Although more expensive
and less satisfactory, local Christian Filipinos were the only
carriers available, the local Ilongot male not measuring up
to the requirements of acargador. The Negrito carries the
full Filipino load, besides which he dives into the river
to bring out your dinner, climbs a tree and comes
down loaded with honey, and, taking your gun in
the evening, returns with a deer or wild pig. If his
woman accompanies him, a few beads or a little bright-
colored cloth insures a steady supply of fruit, eggs, roots,
and greens. The local Christian has none of these accom-
plishments and everything he is to eat must be taken along,
as also tinned goods for oneself, materially increasing both
the cost of transportation and of living. Some of these
men were only willing to go with me if accompanied by
Ilongots as guides and protectors against the "savage moun-
tain Negritos".

I recognized one of the Ilongots who wished to go along
but balked at carrying a load, as the individual who, when
I was in Dumabato nearly thirty years ago, carried on a
one-sided (?) conversation with God at the top of his voice
on the night his father died. Eventually I found two young
Ilocanos willing to go without impedimenta, but as we were
to pass the first night in a Negrito settlement they asked
that a third man be sent ahead to notify these people so
they would not run away. However, the man of their choice
refused to go alone but agreed to accompany us until near
the settlement and then to run ahead. This he evidently
"forgot" to do, for suddenly coming to a small clearing in
the forest we found ourselves among the wild men's lean-
to's. None of the people even looked like wanting to run.
The cargadores dropped their packs, forgetting them and
me in their urge to greet the black people, so I sat down
and tried to reconcile the stories told me with what I saw.
We were not in a Negrito camp but with Dumagats speak-
ing the same dialect used on the East coast north of Baler.
A young Dumagat woman with a familiar face and an
armful of kids squatted down in front of me grinning, and
asked what I was doing there. I told her I was resting and
watching the love-feast between wild blacks and native
"puti" and wondering how many would be killed. She
claimed to have recognized me when I came into the clear-
ing, but her husband had said it could not be as I was dead.
She then called other East coast people to inspect the ghost.
One old fellow grabbed my leg looking for the scar of an
Ilongot spear wound and finding it cinched the identifica-
tion. I spent the evening reminiscing with these people
and asking after old friends, a high percentage of whom
they reported dead, some shot by the Constabulary, some
in Bilibid, and others in hiding from the authorities.

We were objects of curiosity to the Filipinos and!
local Dumagats who had never seen a white man and
wild blacks on intimate terms. That my old friends
derived as much pleasure from the meeting as I did,
is unlikely, for to some I was a reminder of time
spent in jail and on the "chain-gang". However, I
am one of a very few remaining links with their past and
especially with that period of change from a life in which
the killing of and being killed by Christians was the fa-
vorite amusement, to one in which each went his way
unafraid of the other. The old tribal chief, Tomamug,
to whom the credit for the new regime was due, doubtless
had a vision of to-day with Christians occupying his
favorite haunts and of the change in his people necessary
to meet the new conditions. I was sorry to learn that his
son is serving sentence for the killing of a Christian. If
my information is correct this man was convicted upon the
circumstantial evidence of having been seen near the place
of the tragedy which was close to the home of his father-in-
law and other relatives. As a rule the Dumagat kills far
from home.

Although the East coast people I was with,, were among
the wilder ones of the tribe, there was a marked difference
between them and their not-distant local relations and
they had more polish than the local Christians with whom
these latter fraternize. They are nevertheless wild people
but with this polish and with manners for special occasions
which really are remarkable — in great part veneer, I admit,
but very pleasing to meet with in the wilds. When I first
went to their country in 1911, my Filipino cook not being
able to get over the idea that they would take our heads
some night, I had to let him go home. After this the young
men and women did his work and were soon making hot
cakes, mayonnaise, omelettes, biscuits,, etc.

Before going to sleep that night I told the cargadores to
hang up food and cooking utensils out of reach of the dogs,
but next morning when I wanted coffee and some eggs ray
Dipintin host's little daughter had provided, neither pot
nor eggs could be found. The Dumagat dog has a very
disagreeable habit of carrying off any kind of cooking utensil
even if it does not contain food. The cargadores had "for-
gotten" to hang anything up, but had not failed to provide
against theft of the rice, in which they were personally
interested, by sleeping on the cargos.

The following day the entire camp moved up river to a
deep pool and there some forty men and boys, wearing
goggles and armed with heavy, eighteen-inch-long sharp-
ened wires and with a catapult arrangement on the fingers
of one hand, went after the fish. Within a short time
enough had been caught to feed the crowd, the fishermen
also killing a five-foot crocodile. My luncheon that day
consisted of biscuits, butter, Lipton's tea, and a fifteen-inch
lolong (mullet?) roasted on a bamboo spit by one of the
dusky ladies. I noticed a small boy of perhaps eight swim

546

across the river— fifty meters— with a firebrand in one
hand, and although his head was under water half the time,
the fire arrived safely. The children are regular little
water-rats.

The local Dumagat Presidente approached me with the
information that he knew of a "minas", and that if I cared
to pay for the fatigue its discovery had caused him, he would
be pleased to show it to me. I reminded him that "all is
not gold that glitters" and told him that I would make him
a substantial present if the assay of samples should
prove satisfactory. His face did not register any degree
of pleasure, but after some thought he agreed to the pro-
posal. We left early next morning, and after several
hours in the mountains, during which the guide kept chang-
ing direction, I concluded he was just walking to have an
excuse to collect wages for the day or on the chance of com-
ing across some likely prospect, but was not taking me to
the "mine". I told him I was tired and would continue
the search some other day, and we returned to the river.
In the afternoon he and his companion each brought in a
deer, and as his daughter was to be married in a few days,
I let the men keep the deer to exchange in town for gin,
rice, and other essentials to a Dumagat wedding.

The Filipino cargadores had not been easy in their minds
nor happy except at meal times, so I decided to replace
them by Dumagats. They were unaccustomed to carrying
a load but how they could stow away fish and meat while
I looked on with admiration and envy! They urged me
to try some of their papait, an Ilocano delicacy consisting
of meat, guts, bile, and sugar, but although I have a habit
of trying practically everything, this papait was too much
even for me. It is a fact much to be regretted that in spite
of the much-vaunted but purely imaginary "high standard
of living", the average Filipino is but poorly nourished—
chiefly on a diet of rice and corn- and given the rare op-
portunity to eat meat or real fish he is apt to overdo it and
to become ill. The cargadores left pleased at the prospect
of being reunited with their families but regretting the fare-
well to fish, other than bagoong, and to papait.

My telling some of the coast people of my experience
with the Presidente, caused much amusement. They
pointed to a small stream on the edge of the camp, saying
this led to the "minas" which, although necessitating a
steep climb, was quite close. Later they talked to the
Dumagat official, vouching for my reliability regarding the
payment under conditions specified, and he said he would
take me there. The Presidente kept his word and led me
to the place, which was up one thousand feet, the only ap-
proach being on a steep land slide, and he more than earned
his pay cutting steps on the up-trip and clearing a way
through the jungle coming down, for I could not have
returned the way I went. It was a H. ... of a climb but
there was a beautiful view from the top!

That afternoon I was surprised by a crowd of Dumagats
coming down stream, led by a young German. He stopped
to chat, told me he was prospecting on the coast but now
on his way to the wedding of one of his boys. This was
the wedding I have already referred to, so the Presidente
joined the party. This left me with only two men, the
rest of the males and all the women being in the settlement
anxiously awaiting their share of the free drinks. These

people had hardly left, when a large party visited us in
quest of rice and tobacco, in exchange for which they do-
nated game and honey. Before going on to the wedding,
some of the women turned their money and valuables
over to me for safekeeping. At weddings and other such
festivities, the Dumagat ladies are apt to indulge in strong
drink until they "pass out," waking up later to find they
have been "touched" for everything valuable. This was
the reason for leaving "jewelry," etc. with me. My two
men looked so disconsolately after the retreating visitors,
that I told them to catch up with the party and go to the
wedding also, which they did on the jump, forgetting to
leave me firewood or even a bolo.

For the next few days I was tied to the neighborhood
of the camp lest some wandering mountaineer make off
with my outfit. I had neither light nor reading matter.
I saw no one, but that is not to say none saw me, for hiding
and watching people is one of the pet diversions of the wild
man, who likes then upon some future occasion, to tell them
what he saw.

Some days later three angry women, a girl, and a boy
returned from the wedding, complaining of the quality
and quantity of food and of the impotency of the booze,
the latter leading to the belief that most of it had come
from the river. They said there were several frascos of
gin on hand but this was not for the general run of guests.
The groom wanted the bride to accompany him to the
coast, but as this was not the real wedding but the Presenta,
at which formal request is made for the lady's hand, and
the parents of the girl being old-fashioned, it would require
considerable gin to blunt their sensibilities to the point of
consenting to such unusual and improper proceedings.
The real wedding would take place eight days later at the
home of the groom on the coast.

My guests were hungry, so the youngsters cooked while
the women gave me the society news and scandal of fourteen
years. I remembered meeting one of these women some
fifteen years previously when she was fleeing from an en-
raged and, as he thought, an aggrieved husband. Not
catching up with his wife, he vented his anger on her father
and then fled to the mountains. The wild people spoke of
him as the "bird man", believing that he had the power of
flight, and feared that he might alight in their respective
bailiwicks. The woman had a fifteen-year old daughter
with her, and as I did not remember her having a baby
when I was on the coast— for I was usually called upon to
provide the layette— I asked who her present husband is.
She told me the same one I knew; that he had got over his
absurd suspicion and jealousy and that they had made up
years ago. When I smiled she winked. The women took
the valuables left in my care, and having eaten, asked for
enough rice to tide them over the journey home. I was
petty lonely and thought of inviting them to remain until
the arrival of the rest of the crowd, but they were without
chaperon and the situation might have become delicate.

When the others arrived from the wedding and stopped
to "touch" me for tobacco, the bride and groom were with
them, indicating that the contents of the frascos had been
of the requisite potency. Several of the "wanted" men were
present. One of these, probably the shyest Dumagat I

(Continued on page 557)

547

Tobacco Culture in the Cagayan Valley

By Mariano D. Manawis

SOMETIME in August or the early part of Septem-
ber, hardly after Adoy, the Cagayan Valley peasant,
has sold his previous harvest, perhaps before, he
begins sowing again. December is the month for trans-
planting, and if the seedlings are not ready it would mean
a poor crop and plenty of embarrassment for him.

The sowing is done generally in the morning. At sun-
rise, or thereabout, the
whole family migrates to
the clearing where Adoy
has prepared five or six
long, narrow, deeply
plowed, and thoroughly
pulverized seedbeds, with
Aneng, his wife, carry-
ing the seeds, and the
children a basketful of
ashes and an old plow
point. On the way, Adoy
cuts down a mar at ub a
{taw at aw a in Ilocano)
branch and takes it along.
Upon reaching the field,
Adoy, in the presence of
everyone, plants the ma-
ratuba, together with the
plow point, where he
wants the sowing to

start, explaining to the children, who must learn
their father's occupation, that the maratuba, being a
fast-growing tree, induces the seeds to germinate on
time, and causes the seedlings, later, to grow fast.
Aneng and her older daughters then mix the seeds
with plenty of ashes to protect them from the ravages
of ants when they are sown, and expressing aloud her
wish that the seedlings will sprout soon and grow well, she
flings the first handful of seeds where Adoy has planted
the maratuba; and the actual sowing begins. With all
the grown-up children helping, in one or two hours the
whole work is done, with nothing else for Adoy to do, if he
has already built a fence around the clearing to prevent
the seedbeds from being trampled upon by stray animals,
than to see to it that during the whole day the family eats
nothing but boiled ground corn and salt, believing, as he
and his Aneng do, that if anyone in the family eats vege-
tables on this particular day, likewise would the insects
feast on the seeds the family has sown.

In two or three days, under favorable circumstances, the
seeds germinate; and in one week, maybe a little more,
when the seedlings are already distinguishable from the
weeds, the weeding begins and continues every day or
every other day until the plants are big enough to take care
of themselves. Meanwhile, Adoy plows the field proper,
and when it is almost time to transplant, Aneng, accom-
panied by her daughters, goes to town to get, on credit, from
Dofla Maria, the wife of the landlord, a quantity of cacao,
panocha (brown sugar), sotangjon, two or three frascos

548

Cagayan Homestead

of wine, and perhaps as many cans of salmon or sardines.
At dawn the following morning, or the next, Adoy's
neighbors, with their plows, their carabaos, and their wives,
some twenty-five or thirty of them, gather on Adoy's farm.
He has announced that he will do his planting on this day,
and they have come to help him, and of course, partake of
the delicacies Aneng has brought home from the pueblo.

\ After the field has been
plowed anew, at least
once, by all the farmers
present, the eras (deep
furrows more or less three -
fourths of a meter from
each other) are drawn
across the field, first from
east to west, and then
from north to south, thus
dividing the entire area
into blocks of around
three-fourths meter
square each. For the
proper drawing of the
eras, whoever begins the
work drives straight to a
post fixed by Adoy on
the opposite side of the
field; and should the ini-
tial furrow run crooked,
no efforts should be made to draw it over again, just as
the farmer drawing it should not turn his face around
after he has started, because to the Cagayan Valley peas-
ant, repetition and the turning of one's face back at this
time would mark a very bad beginning.

As the farmers wait for the seedlings — the drawing of the
eras has been done by this time — which their wives have
gone to carry back in big baskets from the seedbeds, they
drink chocolate or wine, after which Adoy buries in one
corner of the field a few seeds of cacao, a coin, and a small
quantity of lay a (ginger), perhaps as an offering to the
goddess of planting, sticking a pair of scissors, point down,
on the spot so that the insects may not destroy the plants.
Follows the transplanting, a part of the work which, just
like the drawing of the eras, has to be commenced by a
single individual who covers the initial eras as fast as he
can, always managing to finish the work with extra seed-
lings remaining in his hand so that Adoy's supply of seed-
lings may turn out to be more than enough to cover the
entire field.

When it is time to join in the transplanting, almost all
present, women, men, children, distribute themselves on
one side of the field, and all working in the same direction,
plant a seedling wherever the eras meet, which means on
every corner of every block formed by the eras, first on
their right and then on their left, alternately, but always
beginning with the right. If the field is not extraordinarily
large, the work may be finished in one morning. Very
often, however, because the planters, especially the women

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

549

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taking advantage of their being together, spend some of the
time conversing — planting is a sort of a social affair to
them — the work lasts the whole day. In which case, Adoy
gives them a little party under a big mango tree at lunch
time, the workers resuming the planting after a brief rest,
drinking chocolate or wine again toward sunset when the
work is done.

During the next few days, Adoy and the members of his
family return the ijue-t, which means the cooperation, by
going out to help plant for those who have assisted them.
Then when it is time for the mattaznmag, they go back
to their own farm once more to replace the destroyed or
withered seedlings in the field. This work is done systema-
tically, row by row; and so that the new seedling may not
meet the fate of that which it replaces, Adoy uproots the
destroyed plant, cuts its tip off, and replants it upside down,
planting the new one by its side! If he observes that the
principal cause of the destruction is too much sunshine,
he shelters the seedlings by putting large clods of earth
around them. But should too much rain or insects, es-
pecially crickets, be the trouble, all he can do is to repeat
the mattammag day after day until perhaps all the seed-
lings remaining in his seedbeds have been exhausted.

One or two more weeks pass, and another important
stage of the work begins: the mal-lamun, or cultivation
by plowing in between the rows of the tobacco plants.
This process is repeated three or four times at intervals of
one week, after which the cultivation is done by hand by
the women. Meanwhile, the shoot of each plant is re-
moved so that the plant may grow branches, and then every
leaf is searched for the arabat and other worms that feed
on the leaves.

At about this time, Adoy and his sons repair the cama-
rin, and build the ag-garayan, a sort of a bamboo shed.
Finally, February comes, and with it, the beginning of
harvest! The crop is harvested three times, commencing
with the lower leaves, then the midle ones, and finally the
smallest, at intervals of one or two weeks, depending upon
how fast the leaves mature.

On the day set for the first harvest, Adoy crawls into the
heart of the field, surreptitiously breaks off a choice leaf,
and leaving three small stones at the base of the plant from
which he has taken the leaf, crawls out in the opposite

direction, and runs homeward before he is detected or seen
by anyone. Once at home, he ties a piece of black cloth
to the leaf, and hangs it in his house, confident that the
whole ceremony, successfully performed, will protect the
harvest from the jucjuc, tiny insects that attack the leaves
when they are already dry.

A little later, he and all the members of his family join
his neighbors in the field, who have come again to help him.
In huge bamboo baskets and in tancals (sleds) the gathered
leaves are carried to the camarin, where they are classified
and assorted, the entero (leaves untouched by worms)
being put together in one pile, and those partly damaged
by insects, called inulag, in another. While this is being
done, some of the women, squatting side by side in a circle
in the camarin, do the mattubo or the putting together
of the leaves on palillos (bamboo sticks about one and a
half meters long) by simply passing the stick, with the
help of a removable brass point, through the base of the
midrib of each leaf in such a way that the leaves — there are
from two to four hundred leaves on every palillo — hang
with their midribs neatly arranged on one side, and the
edges of their carefully folded blades on the opposite side.
The palillos of leaves are then hung up, the tips of the
leaves down, in the aggarayan, where they are left for nine
days and nine nights before they are piled in the house for
one and one-half days, and then removed again to the
camarin to hang there until they are completely dry, only
to be carried to the house once more, and piled finally one
on top of another in one big mandala.

Exactly the same thing is done with the second set of
leaves gathered; and when only the pasungay (smallest
salable leaves) remain in the field, Adoy plows again, and
plants corn in between the tobacco stalks. Then when
the pasungay have been harvested and cured similarly,
and the women in the household begin dividing each palillo
of dried leaves into manos, each mano containing one
hundred leaves, Adoy and his sons, to give room to the
fast growing corn plants, remove the denuded tobacco
stalks from the field. Adoy recalls having heard that soap
can be manufactured from these stalks; but neither he nor
Dona Maria knows how this is done. So, he cuts them
down one by one, saving only the biggest and fattest, to
yield the seeds which he will, in one or two weeks, gather,
and sow again when the next season comes.

Galatea

By Mary Medina Clark

YOU fashioned me so surely from my clay,
Your subtle artist hands' experiment!
Not leaving me my immobility,
In stony stillness though I was content.

For your own joy you have created me
A living, breathing woman. Is it meet
That I should question? I the handiwork
Of one whose gift of life has made love sweet.

The ears you shaped are tuned but to your voice,
These eyes reflect from yours their passioned light.
Your kisses were the moulding of my mouth,
My body you awakened to delight.

Beloved Pygmalion, never turn aside

From me, or there will not be any I!

You gave me life — sweet gift that gave me you—

I live while love lives, when it dies, I die.

550

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

ODl

1938

PHILIPPINE EXPOSITION

February 12 to 27

AGRICULTURAL
COMMERCIAL

AND

INDUSTRIAL

FAIR

The great event of the
coming year will feature
the biggest display of
the country's accom-
plishments in the devel-
opment of its material
resources.

Progress In Every Field
is the motto of the

1938 Philippine Exposition

Kinship Terms among the Aklanon

By Romeo R. Tuason

ARTICLES have been published in this magazine deal-
ing with kinship terms in different dialects. Visayan
is regarded as spoken by the biggest group in the
Philippines, but there are a number of sub-divisions, the
two largest of which are the Cebuano and Ilongo. Capiz,
one of the Visayan provinces, boasts of two dialects in
spite of its size. In the Ilayan region the Ilongo dialect
is spoken with slight modifications. In the Aklan region,
what is known as Aklanon is the speech of the people.
The term used for parents by the Aklanon is magueang.
Tat ay and ama are the two terms used for father.
Tatay is commonly shortened to it ay and tay by the
children.

Nanay and ina are the main terms for mother. Inay
and nay are the abbreviations.

Onga is the Aklanon term for child generally. To
indicate sexes the term hayi or babayi (female) and laki
(male) is used. A daughter is called onga nga hayi
and a son, onga nga laki.

PaHganay and camagoangan are the terms used for
first-born child. For youngest child, hinipo and camang-
horan are used. For an only child the terms are
bogtong, sambato, or solo. An illegitimate child is
called onon.

Magmamghod and igmanghod are the terms for
sibling generally. To indicate sex laki or bayi are added
t0 mean brothers or sisters respectively. To indicate age

znanghod is used to refer to younger members and mago-
lang to elders. Manong and manang, derived from the
Spanish hermano and hermana, brother and sister, are
used to mean elder brother and elder sister respectively.

Tio is the term used for uncle whether on the mother's
or the father's side. Tio is a Spanish word. Tia is applied
to aunts.

Ta ta is the equivalent of Mr. in English. It is sometimes
used for uncle and as a sign of respect to old men.

Manang which connotes love and respect is used in
some places. It is applied to an aunt whether by affinity
or by consanguinity. It also carries the added signifi-
cance of the social use of senora.

Gomancon is the term for niece or nephew. To dis-
tinguish sex bayi and laki are added. The sons and
daughters of first cousins are called gomancon sa ig-
campod.

The Aklanon term for cousin is igcampod. The term
added to laki refers to a male cousin and added to bayi, a
female cousin. For a first cousin the term is igcampod it
makeisa-ea, and for a second cousin, igcampod it makay-
wa. Both are applicable to old and young.

The terms for grandparent used by the Aklanon are
Oyo or Lolo.

Lolo and Oyo are used for grandfather. Lolo is more
commonly used than Oyo. Tata is also used, but rarely.

{Continued on page 571)

Del Monte y&

552

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

553

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Cebu, Cebu

With Charity To All

By Putakte and Bubuyog

"Those confirmed Saturday were Vicente Fragante,
Director of Public works; Florencio Tamesis, Director
of Forestry: . . . and Salvador ABADO Santos, Assist-
ant solicitor general, P6,000."

— Morning daily.

This is an instance of what, we suppose,
the Popular Front leaders would call "the
fascist tendencies" of the present administration. If this
tendency continues we shall soon be reading about the exploits
of Quezono or Big Quezo, McNuttp, Emanuele Roxo or Rojo,
Giuseppe Alessandrino, Giuseppe Posado (or pasado),
Camilo Oso, Rogers Tio, Ramono Torro, and even Abramo
Hartendorpo. As for Elpidio Quirino, Emanuele Nieto,
Emilio Aguinaldo and Quirico Abeto, they are already
fascist in name — and not in name only!

"The Japanese press was highly perturbed over
reports from Shansi province, China, that battalions
of beautiful girls are accompanying Chinese troops
'encouraging' the soldiers. The girls, it was reported,
kiss the men prior to an attack."

— Associated Press

The Japanese press is not perturbed with-
out reason. For here is one thing that even the Japanese
cannot imitate. Japanese girls do not kiss. The Japanese
are a matter-of-fact people.

"Apparently receiving only scant response to its first offer to award
$1.00 Mex. to each surrendering Chinese soldier, the Japanese air corps
during the day dropped showers of leaflets raising the ante to $5.00
Mex. As on previous occasions, the leaflets pictured a contended well-
fed Chinese soldier surrounded by smiling Japanese soldiers. American
observers predicted if any of the $5.00 notices fell among $1.00 Chinese
soldiers already in Japanese prison camps there might be a sit-down
strike."

— Associated Press.

We shouldn't be surprised if some enterprising Japanese
soldiers surrender to themselves, collect the $5.00 Mex. and
set up a bazaar on Rizal Avenue.

"The Mayor also disclosed that the stand of President Manuel L.
Quezon on social justice is not recent, it having been revealed to him
ever since 1918 when Mayor Posadas, then secretary- treasurer of the
Department of Mindanao and Sulu, brought to the President's atten-
tion the defective living conditions of recruited laborers in Davao."

— Morning daily.

We wonder what Assemblyman Buencamino, the official
recipient of Malacafian revelations, thinks of the Mayor's
revelation.

"Rev. Silvestre Sancho, O. P. Santo Tomas Rector, the other speaker
at the banquet, said that while he was in the United States he acted
as special diplomatic representative of General Franco's government.

— Morning daily

If we were he, we should certainly not brag about it.

"The cedula tax is the only link connecting the laboring class with
the government. The tax is a reminder to our governing body of men
that the poor are entitled to the same privileges as the rich. It is also

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554

December, 1937 PHILIPPINE MAGA ZINE 555

A Statement
From a Friend

This page is donated by one who believes that the
Philippine Magazine fullfils the need of an independ-
ent monthly of quality, devoted to Filipino and
American interests in the Far East. Dealing
chiefly with Philippine topics, it is an interest-
ing and instructive journal. Its editorials and
articles are invariably constructive and free from
sensationalism. Such a publication deserves the sup-
port of all intelligent people.

556

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

That home and garden which
you always dreamed of—

San Juan Heights

is the best place for it.

SAN JUAN HEIGHTS CO., INC.

680 Ave. Rizal

P. O. Box 961

Tel. 21501

MANILA

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAG AZINE

557

- reminder to the poor of their responsibilities to the government. The
abolition of the tax will make it appear to the masses that they no longer
are entitled to the protection by the government of their rights because
they do not contribute to the support of that government."

—Assemblyman Fausto.

As a politician Assemblyman Fausto ought to know that
the cedula tax is not a link connecting the laboring class
with the government. It is rather a link connecting the
laboring classes with the non-laboring class. It was after
all the politicians who had to pay the cedula tax of their
voters — the laboring class.

Return to Old Haunts

{Continued from page 548)

have known, who rarely came near civilization but had
often been my hunting companion, came over to talk to
me. He was much aged and looked as if his last friend
had died. In order to buck him up and make him look
less woebegone, I asked how many women's heads he had
taken since I last saw him. He replied that I knew him
and Dumagat custom well enough not to take the accusa-
tion seriously. This man had been arrested— though he
had promptly escaped— for the killing and taking the heads
of two Tagalog girls. The arrest was made within a few
days of the killing, which took place near his camp, and he
was not m hiding. Furthermore, the Dumagat does not
take the head of his kill.

After all these social calls and the attendant entertain-
ment, life on the river was dull, and the rice and tobacco
even my own supplies, very low. I sent for new sup-
plies and prospected until these were used up, and then
the Dumagats took me into Pinappagan. There I rented

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558

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

a house intending to make it my headquarters, as being
more central than Dipintin. After paying off the Du-
magats I walked to Dipintin to pay the Ilocano cargadores
— which hurt me sorely, to pay for the supplies I had sent
for, and to get what effects I had left there. After the
fifteen-mile hike to Pinappagan and the five miles on to
Dipintin in the hot sun, I was glad to return to my new
abode riding in a tankal (a sort of sledge), the local substi-
titute for the automobile.

among whom was the other great Filipino painter, Luna-
He never was a Bohemian.

In the 1884 Exposition National de Bellas Artes,
Hidalgo entered his "Las Vir genes Cristianas Expuestas
al Populacho", which obtained the silver medal, Luna
winning the first prize with his famous "Spoliarium" .
To celebrate this triumph of the two artists, the Filipinos
in Madrid tendered them a banquet in the Cafe Ingles
on June 25, 1884. Hidalgo, who was in Paris, was not
able to attend the banquet because of a slight illness, but
sent the following telegram:

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

(Continued from page 545)

ments and excellent behavior while in this institution.
Pictures which he had brought with him from the
Philippines — typical Philippine scenes, elicited no little
praise in Spain, especially one entitled "La Siesta", the
llustration Espanola y Americana commending it for
its vivid realism and exquisite simplicity.

After his studies in Spain, Hidalgo established himself in
Paris in a studio apartment furnished with the simple
elegance natural to his tastes. He occupied this through-
out his residence in France and returned to it after his
visit to the Philippines in 1909.

Hidalgo did not count with numerous frisnds. Like
the French, he chose his friends carefully and his natural
reserve was rarely relaxed except with a few intimates

"Paris June 24
"I send this to be read at banquet. Will write details through friend
Lejenne. At present due to sudden illness unable to attend banquet
organized there and express personal gratitude for unmerited honor
you pay me uniting my humble name with that of already famous
fellow countryman and old friend Luna. Should have liked to be pre-
sent on this august occasion to unite my enthusiasm with yours for the
triumph of genius. Kindly extend my excuses to distinguished persons
taking part and give my regards.

"Hidalgo."

At this banquet, Dr. Jose Rizal made a speech during
the course of which he said of Hidalgo:

"In the picture of Hidalgo throbs the purest sentiment, the ideal ex-
pression of melancholy — beauty and weakness victims of brutal force. . ..
Hidalgo was born under the brilliant azure of that sky (of the land we
love), amidst the tranquility of its lakes, the poesy of its valleys, the
maj estic harmony of its mountain ranges. . . Hidalgo is all light, color,
harmony, feeling, clearness, as those calm, moonlight nights in the
Philippines, where the horizons invite contemplation and the infinite
lies beyond. . ."

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

559

Hidalgo may be said to have reached the culmination
of his career in the painting "La Barca de Aqueronte"
which obtained the gold medal at the 1887 La Expostcon
Filipina en Madrid. His "La Laguna Estigia and
other works of that period were also exhibited there. There
was now more decision, certainty, and virility in his paint-
ings, and they bore the stamp of mature experience.

Friends of the painter are inclined to hold that the "Aque-
ronte" is Hidalgo's masterpiece. It may indeed be said
that it embodies the maximum of artistic intent, perfection
of art, perfection in itself. Its naturalness, the light effects,
the faultlessness of the details are the bases for the universal
admiration it has aroused. It was again exhibited in the
1892 International Exposition of the Fine Arts in Madrid
and it again won the gold medal. Professor Jaime C. de
Veyra wrote of it :

■The fateful figure of Charon stands out, lit by the sinister glow of
the infernal fires. Around crowd the souls that struggle convulsively
together as they attempt to climb into the boat. The entire scene
is somber and terrible, a perfect depiction of the terrifying concepts we
hold of the place of eternal sufferings. . ."

After Hidalgo had completed his studies in the Academia
de San Fernando, he was recommended by the Academy
to the Overseas Ministry for another scholarship in Rome.
He resided there for some time and then went to Galicia
where he met Don Miguel Iriarte who, as the artist's family
in Manila had suffered financial reverses just before and
during the Revolution, helped him to establish himself m
Paris.

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560

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

By this time, Hidalgo's fame had spread, and having
been awarded prizes in international expositions, his works
were sought and well paid for. But success did not slow
him up. He worked hard and his inspiration seems to
have been continuous and not fitfull. He usually sketched
his landscapes in pencil, noting the colors in the margins.
He always studied what he wanted to paint, in various
positions and with a varying background. His aim was
to reproduce nature as closely as possible, without mutila-
tion. He was prolific and by 1895 the total of his paintings,
excluding studies and sketches, was sixty-eight definite works.

The political disturbances in the Philippines at the time,
affected him deeply for he naturally came in contact with
many of the Filipino patriots in Europe. His output
suffered during this period of turmoil, although his only
direct connection with political affairs was his collaboration
with Abarca, Agoncillo, Luna, and Vergel de Dios on a
Philippine committee when the Treaty of Paris was nego-
tiated.

In 1909 he decided to visit his family in the Philippines.
Almost a stranger in the land of his birth, he was warmly
welcomed by his family and by those who knew him. He
was much interested in the new order of things in the coun-
try and took down copious notes. During his brief stay
he spent most of his time in a summer house of the family
on the outskirts of Manila, living in the utmost simplicity.
Instead of riding in the family car, he would take a street-
car or walk. He did not wish to be waited on by servants
and usually carried his lunchbox with him. Getting off
tie streetcar at Santa Cruz one day, he dropped the box,
and the man who had gained the admiration of two conti-

nents was seen picking up his scattered lunch and putting
it back into the box. When the family learned of this,
they remonstrated and begged that he allow himself the
company of a servant, but he exclaimed he wanted no
servant to follow him about in his comings and goings.
He was not devoid of humor.

He decided to return to Paris after some months but
sailed first for Japan where he remained for some weeks
sketching and acquiring various curios, for he was an in-
veterate collector.

He died in Barcelona on March 12, 1913. His remains
were brought to the Philippines and are interred in the
family vault in the Cement erio del Norte.

Hidalgo died a bachelor, and although he is not known
to have had any serious romantic affairs, he was not a
woman-hater. He loved womanhood as he loved his art,
and this is plainly evident in his paintings, for they breathe
with romance and love. Though a man of the world, he
was not hardened by life. As Pedro A. Paterno wrote in
his "Al Arte Filipino": "His paintings were always
characterized by the sweetness and finesse of his palette".

His choice of colors is of such exquisiteness as always
to be deeply satisfying. His knowledge of music, perhaps,
gave his pictures their delicate finish. They are like some
of the nocturnes of Chopin, languid, almost ethereal. It
is not impossible that he knew that great poet of the piano
personally for there is evidence that he was once invited
by George Sand to a theater-box party.

It is indeed not much that we know about him except
what he has given us in his paintings. But this is also
true of the lives of many other artists.

"The More Work I Do
The Less I Cost You."

Reddy Kilowatt

YOUR ELECTRICAL SERVANT

Reddy Says: "This business of being Prof. Kilowatt Hours

isn't so hot. Hereafter I am going to be

just plain Reddy Kilowatt, your electrical

servant and I'm going to charge you for 'servant hours' from

now on. You'll understand me better this way."

"Without bragging, I might say I am the world's champion
servant. I'll work longer hours, for smaller pay, without complaint,
without supervision, without vacations, and do more different jobs,
than any servant you ever had."

"Want me to prove it? Call me in and let me talk it over
with you."

Reddy Kilowatt

Address :

MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY

134 San Marcelino

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

561

Mount Banahao . . .

{Continued from page 543)

all these questions was ' 'Because our Maestro told
us to do so". From my conversation with him, I
gathered that the followers believe that this Maestro
Illustrisimo is a sort of twentieth century Jesus Christ,
born to redeem the sins of modern times.

One of the tunnels mentioned which had taken
six months of continuous toil, we entered, accompanied by
two "Illustrisimo" guides. The entrance was about three
fourths of a meter in diameter but as we proceeded further,
the tunnel became bigger, and at its end the diameter was
about two meters. I do not know exactly how long the
tunnel was, but it took us about fifteen minutes to get
back to the entrance. Inside we found three wells con-
taining water. Although the old man Prieto refused
to tell us the reason for its construction, I suspect the tunnel
was dug to serve as a place to baptize new members of the
sect. As we moved farther into the tunnel the light of
our candle began to flicker and to dim, which our guides
explained was caused by the anitos (spirits) of the place,
although, of course, it was due to the lack of air.

A little farther to the northwest from Kinabuhayan is
another big rock, about five meters in circumference, and
one and a half meters high. This is known as "Pinagga-
pusan"; that is, the place where Jesus was tied up by the
Jews, according to the people. On this stone we found

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562

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

what looked like a big, but blurred footprint and a blurred
line which, according to the belief, is the mark of the rope
which the Jews used. Candles were burning in front of the
place and a group of about twenty persons, men, women
and children, were kneeling there praying fervently. Bar-
tolome Prieto told us that the stone was the place where
Noah tied his boat (ark) during the Deluge.

As one continues the climb of Banahao he comes to still
a number of other holy places. The "Suplina" which is a
high waterfall, and the "Cristalino" which is another,
besides being good places where to take a bath, are con-
sidered by the people as sacred, for they remind them of
the scourgings administered to Christ by the Jews. The
"Pinagburulan" is another big stone, flat on top, and is
held to be the place where the body of Jesus was laid. The
"Salaming Bubug" is still another big stone from un-
derneath which may be heard a continuous roaring sound
as of sea waves. The "Kweba ng Dios Ama" (Cave of
God the Father) is considered the place where God com-
munes with His creatures. The "Tatlong Tangke"
(Three Tanks), which are one above the other, are holy
places for bathing to free one from his sins.

The summit of the mountain is called "Durungawan" ,
from where one can see many of the surrounding towns and
villages. But reaching this summit does not complete the
pilgrimage of the devotee ; he must descend to the other
side to visit still other holy places. The way is exceedingly
steep and dangerous, and not a few of the visiting pilgrims
fall and hurt themselves. But despite the hardship, hun-
dreds, nay thousands, of them come every year.

At the bottom of this Durungawan one finds the "Pana-
langinan" (Place for Worship), "Tubig ni San Juan"
(Water of Saint John), "Kwebang Usa" (Deer's Cave)
"Tubig ng Santa Misericordia" (Water of Mercy),
"Tubig ng Cedron" (Water of Cedron") and "Ilog ng
Jordan" (River Jordan). In the River Jordan which
is a small but clear stream, according to the belief, John
baptized Jesus. The Water of Cedron which is contained
in three pools is of three kinds : one which is milky in color,
another which is bloody, and the third which is natural
water. According to a story told by an old man of San
Cristobal, San Pablo, Laguna, in one of these pools, he
saw many years ago a quantity of human nails. Accord-
ingly, it is the belief that man deposits his nails here after
his death. In the Kwebang Usa lived the deer which used
to be taken care of by the Lord. The Panalanginan was
the place where Jesus used to pray to His Father. The
Tubig ng Santa Misericordia cleans man of his sins.

There is, besides, a place called "Halamanan" (Garden)
where there are no big trees but abundant moss and grass.
It is supposed to have been the place where Jesus and His
disciples used to meet. An interesting feature is the pres-
ence of some gnarled trees which resemble persons
kneeling in prayer. The place is also noted for its thunder-
showers.

These are the salient mystic features of Banahao Moun-
tain. Today, as no doubt of older times, thousands of
people are lured on by them, and now, as then, there must
also be quite a number of shrewd men who profit by the
circumstances and prey upon the ignorance and fanaticism
of ignorant and gullible people.

"Merry Christmas"

T ET the telephone extend your holiday
greetings across the space that separ-
ates you from friends, relatives and oldtime
neighbors. You can call many provincial
places in the Philippines, any city in the
United States, and the important cities of
Europe. There will be special low rates to
overseas countries for Christmas and New
Year's calls. Call "LONG DISTANCE" for
rates and other information.

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAG AZINE

563

Alias Basiong Samac

( Con tin ued from page 541)

"Not long after, we were seated by the window of the
low-built nipa house of the girl, I with my left arm hanging
out of the window, when suddenly I saw the flash of a bolo
describing a quick arc, just missing my neck but cutting
my arm clean through. The bite of the blade was so sharp
and quick that I did not feel the pain at once. I looked
out of the window and there was my arm on the ground
spitting red, and when I looked at my side the stump of
what was once my arm was like a fountain of blood.

"I did not lose my presence of mind. I jumped out of
the window and picked up my arm by the wrist and dashed
after my fleeing rival. I caught him against the trunk of a
tree and there made him feel the weight of my bloody club,
hitting him over the head with it until he fell down
stunned".

He paused dramatically and looked at us one by one.
We were all silent and open-mouthed with amazement.

"And what, Don Basiong," I said, at last breaking the
silence, "did you do with your arm?"

"I buried it under the trees and after a year I exhumed
the bones, which I now keep in my lacasa [trunk] at home."

"What do you do with the bones?" I asked, greatly

intrigued.

"I use them as charms against the anitos, and when it
thunders and lightning flashes I cut off a piece from one
of my bones and feed it into the fire in the stove, and the
sky can split wide open for all I care, for I know I am safe."

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564

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

"And did you marry the girl at last?" someone wanted
to know.

"When I lost my arm," said Don Basiong sadly, "I lost
the girl." Then regaining his humor : "Maybe she thought
I would not make a good husband with only one arm to wrap
around her shoulders!'

This was superb humor and the laughter of the rustic
villagers was long and loud, echoing distantly and far away. . .

"I don't know whether the story is true or is only the
imagination of a basi-soaked brain," I said, when we were
returning home at twilight.

"You don't know Don Basiong," my clerk said, "he is an
expert weaver of tales."

"Why," said the policeman, "the first time I heard the
story, Don Basiong married the girl, and another time he
said that when he sought to exhume his arm after a year
he found there a huge tapayan of basi instead of bones!"

"Well, anyway," I said, "I think euros is a phenomenal
discovery and Don Basiong Samac, whatever you say
against him, is the sampion basi-drinker endi worl!"

China Letter . . .

(Continued from page 539)

is why Germany and Italy, both Japan's allies, have been
trying to mediate for peace between China and Japan.
This is the most hopeful sign in the present conflict from
the Chinese point of view.

The Japanese successes are due not so much in the quality
of the individual Japanese soldiers as fighters or to their mo-
rale, as to the superiority of their mechanized units, heavy
ordnance, and air force. The Chinese air force was not
very active in either Shanghai or North China, and this
had a telling effect on Chinese troops. It is not inferior to
the Japanese air force in either the quality of the planes or
the personnel. In fact, the Chinese air force is superior
to the Japanese in these two aspects, but is greatly out-
numbered by the Japanese. Still it might have put up a
better fight than it has; and the reason for its comparative
inactivity is perhaps to be sought in the fact that the Chinese
Government is planning for a protracted resistance and
realizes that as war goes on it will become increasingly hard
for it to get planes from abroad, and so it is holding them
for the last round of the fight. This is, perhaps, also largely
true as regards the fieldpieces.

In the early days of the Shanghai hostilities, the Japanese
military spokesman loudly proclaimed that at the rate the
Chinese planes and hangars were being destroyed, the
Chinese air force would be gone in six weeks' time; some
time later, the same Japanese military spokesman com-
plained that the Chinese had been using papier mache
planes and disguising wooden logs as cannons to attract
the Japanese bombers' attention and waste Japanese bombs.
So that explains why the Chinese air force is still intact.

Naturally you want to hear something about the lone
Chinese battalion defending a godown in Chapei. But in
all likelihood you have been given an account of their
exploit already, so I will tell you how Shanghai felt towards
these gallant defenders of the last piece of Chinese territory
in Chapei. The Chinese people could not feel prouder
of any of their compatriots. These soldiers ^refused to

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

565

evacuate because they had received no orders to do so, but
they did evacuate when the order was secretly transmitted
to them. And in spite of the intense Japanese machine-
gun fire they lost only two lives in the evacuation, while
the total casualties during the four days of the defence of
that lone godown amounted to only ten. No less glamo-
rous was the exploit of Girl Scout No. 41, who smuggled in
a big Chinese flag during the first night of the siege. Dur-
ing those four days, when the lone battalion was in the
godown, thousands upon thousands of Chinese and fore-
igners sought to get a glimpse of this stronghold, the Chinese
flag flying defiantly amidst a sea of Japanese flags, and,
better still, of a few of the brave soldiers on duty. Partly be-
cause of the bullets flying thick and fast near the bank of the
Soochow Creek opposite the godown and partly to keep
the crowd away, the police had to rope off several blocks
to prevent hero-worshippers from getting too near the
danger zone. Still hundreds of them thronged the street,
and some of them by a detour managed to get to the bank
of the Creek several blocks off, saw what they came to see,
and went away with the same feeling as a Hadji after visit-
ing Mecca, but also with a feeling of sorrow for the doomed
men. If Shanghai's civilian population could have ex-
changed their lives for those in the beleaguered godown,
ten or even a hundred lives could easily have been found
to exchange for each one of them, and I am sifre among
these there would have been foreigners as well.

Perhaps, you would like to know, too, why an important
pass on the gateway of East Shansi should be called Wo-
men's Gate. Here is the story of the gate. It was built
some 1,300 years ago by a woman, daughter of a general
and commander of the famous Niangtzechun, or Woman's

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566

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

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Army. It was a time of trouble and turmoil, as China had
just passed through some three centuries of one of the most
chaotic periods in its history, and the rule of the Sui Dy-
nasty had been, as yet, too short to bring peace and pros-
perity to the country; on the other hand the Emperor,
Yangti, led a riotous life and was plunging the country into
unrest and chaos again. As Yangti left his capital Chang-
an, the city of eternal peace (now known as Sian), for the
southern country where he made Yangchow famous for his
debaucheries, one of his generals, Li Yuan, plotted against
the Emperor in Taiyuan. Li had a daughter married to
Tsai Shao, and they were living in the capital; so to save
their lives he sent his couriers to Changan to fetch them.
She urged her husband to join her father but stated she
preferred to remain behind. Said she:

"My dear husband, go and join my father and brothers;
it is not safe for you to remain here in the capital. As for
me, being an unknown woman, I can easily seek for myself
a place of safety."

Knowing that his wife was brave, Tsai left her behind.
When the plot hatched, Tsai led a cavalry unit to
Changan to rescue her. But his wife was at the head
of another army, known as Niangtzechun, and she
actually captured the city before her husband reached
it! Intoxicated with a warrior's life, she refused to
retire to her "embroidered chamber," but led her Niang-
tzechun into Honan and there conducted a successful cam-
paign against her father's foes. When she returned to
Shansi, she realized the danger lurking in Hopei and Shan-
tung, where remained the remnants of the loyal Sui ge-
nerals; and so she built the wall and the pass^at the gateway

"The most interesting magazine

published under the American flag'

A year's subscription to the Philippine
Magazine is a suitable and always accept-
able Christmas gift for friends either here or
abroad. One prominent local resident has
for the past four years sent us subscriptions
for twenty of his friends each year. We
send out a handsome Christmas card with
the first issue, designating the giver.

The high quality and general appeal
of the Philippine Magazine and therefore
its value as a gift, its modest cost, and the
elimination of the time-consuming task of
purchasing many individual gifts, will re-
commend this suggestion to you.

Local subscription rate &2.00

American and foreign sub-
scription rate T4.00

Philippine Magazine

P. O. Box 2466 — Manila, P. I.

December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAG AZINE

567

of East Shansi, ever since known as Niangtzekwan, or
Woman's Gate. Though her father became the founder
of the famous Tang Dynasty and she herself was made
Princess of Pingyuan, she is better known to posterity as
the commander of the Niangtzechun than as the princess.

The most touchingly human, or rather inhuman, aspect
of the hostilities in and around Shanghai is, of course, the
situation of the refugees, which is truly pathetic. Even
before the hostilities started, thousands upon thousands of
Chinese people, with the 1932 fighting still vivid in their
memory, fled from Chapei, Hongkew, and Yangtzepoo
to the International Settlement south of the Soochow Creek
and to the French Concession. When Chinese troops
withdrew from Chapei and Kiangwan, there came another
rush from the west to the foreign-controlled area for safety
and when the defenders of Greater Shanghai took up their
positions in Nantao a third influx into the foreign settlements
from the south set in.

Without counting the number involved in the last move-
ment of refugees from Chinese territory to the foreign-
controlled areas, of which even a general estimate is impos-
sible for the present, and after deducting the number of
those who have been sent to their hoim towns in the interior,
the number of refugees accommodated by.the foreign settle-
ments is generally placed at 700,000. Of this number,
only about one-seventh is being taken care of by the public
and charity organizations, the rest of them either having
enough savings to support themselves or having friends and
relations who take them into their families. But even as
regards this fraction of the total number >f refugees, the
problem of feeding and housing them is not easy to solve.

for a Magazine as a Christ-
mas Gift for your friend

The gift which comes each month
to recall thoughtfulness.

All the magazines may be secured
thru our complete subscription
service. We use the Clipper service.

We send a gift card.

The intelligent gift for intelligent
people

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The philanthropists of this city have been doing their best
and the resources of the people have already been taxed
almost to the limit; and now more refugees have to be taken
care of. Winter is drawing near, and they are badly in
need of warm clothing and blankets. The need is great;
every contribution, however small, helps. The Catholic
Mission and Father R. P. Jacquinot figure prominently
in the relief work. Would you help?
With season's greetings!

Yours sincerely,

Lin Yu.

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568

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

Four O'clock

in the Editor's Office

A BOUT the keen, instructive, and disturbing
•**• article, "America and the Postponed
World War", readers will find a note in the
editorial columns.

Because of the taking of Chinese Shanghai by the
Japanese, I had feared there would be no "China
Letter" in this issue of the Philippine Magazine,
but the letter arrived only a week delayed. It
was dated November 15, a few days after the Japanese occupied Nantao,
and therefore does not make extensive reference to the events that have
transpired there subsequently. Mr. Lin Yu is one of the editors of the
China Critic and a brother of Lin Yutang, the author of the famous
book, "My Country and My People". A short biographical note con-
cerning Lin Yu was published in this column last month.

<-. V. Pedroche's short story, "Alias Basiong Samac", makes a good
Yule-tide story although he sent it to me several months ago with the
following note: "Here is the first story I have written since I became
deputy Provincial Treasurer in this municipality (Santa Ignacia, Tar-
lac;. Needless to say, it is the product of my experiences branding
cattle in the hinterland. Basiong Samac, the hero, is a real character,
and, in fact, is here in my office now. He came to bring me a bottle of
basi as a present." Mr. Borje's story, "The Beetle", published in the
April issue of the Magazine, was reprinted in the The Living Age for
August under the by-line, "We offer an unusual story about life and
death among the Philippine peons". The Living Age is one of the
oldest and most respected magazines published in the United States

She has what it
takes

She's pretty, lively, a snappy dresser.
Yet men "side-step" her. Other girls
ignore her. For the best reason in the
wrorld — carelessness about the odour
d£ underarm perspiration.

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founded in 1844. It is given over chiefly to the reprint of important
articles taken from the world press, and rarely reprints a story. The
editor, Robert Lee Baker, wrote me in part: "One of our functions is
to introduce little known but able writers to the reading public in the
United States as soon as a market is created for their material. . . As
a number of American editors and publishers will have seen 'The Beetle',
Mr. Borje might refer to it in trying to place his stories in this country".
As I wrote in this column some time ago, Mr. Borje has already been
approached by Simon 85 Schuster about a book.

Dr. Eufronio M. Alip is Professor of History at the University of
Santo Tomas. His article on the strange Kolorum sect, including
his description of the "holy places" on Mount Banahao where these
people believe Christ lived and died, is interesting, especially
during this holiday season, although the article is based on the
author's visit there during Holy Week, earlier in the year. Con-
siderable more information about the origin of the Colorum than
is contained in Dr. Alip's note was contained in two articles by
Robert G. Woods, then Chief Clerk of the Philippine Constabulary,
published in the December, 1929, and January, 1930, Philippine Ma-
gazine.

Pilar S. Gramonte, author of the biographical sketch, "Felix Resur-
reccion Hidalgo, Poet of the Brush", was born in 1912 and graduated
from the University of the Philippines in 1935. She was connected
with the Woman's World for some time and was also assistant manag-
ing editor of the Lawyers' Journal. She is deeply interested in music
as well as the other arts and to the March issue of last year she contri-
buted an article on Nicanor Abelardo, the late Filipino composer. The
appellation, "Poet of the brush", for Hidalgo, is well chosen. Of the
reproduction of the painter's "Oedipus and Antigone", Prof. Ignacio
Manlapaz wrote in the June, 1928, issue of this Magazine: "It was
inspired by Sophocles' 'Oedipus at Colonus'. It represents Antigone
weeping by the side of her dead father, Oedipus. The style contrasts
strikingly with Luna's. There is an atmospheric softness about the
picture, a soft melting quality that reminds you of the vaporous effect
of Carriere and Murillo's later canvases. The gradations of tones are

exquisitely delicate And what rare luminosity! The canvas has

a musical suggestiveness. . ."

The short story, "The Little General of the Slum", is a "true story".
The author, Felipe B. Ong, is a nineteen-year old University student,
born in Mabalacat, Pampanga. He states in a letter that he had read
the Philippine Magazine ever since ihis elementary schcol days when
his aunts, who are teachers, were subscribers.

Major Wilfrid Turnbull continues his "Return to Old Haunts" in
this issue, and readers will certainly not miss the humor in his reference
to "the society news and scandal of fourteen years" smcng the wild
blacks of the east coast of Luzon, to the fact that in the eld days he was
usually "called upon to provide the layette", the delicacy cf the situa-
tion he found himself in because there was no "chaperon", etc. The
Major has not written much for the Magazine of late years, but those
who are interested in his inimitable descriptions of his earlier life among
some of the pagan peoples of the Philippines should read the following:
"The Dumagats of North-east Luzon", August and September, 1929;
"Among the Ilongots Twenty Years Ago", October, November, and
December, 1929; "Bringing a Wild Tribe under Government Control",
May, 1930; "Hunting with the Wild Tribes of Luzon", June, July, and
August, 1931; "Early Days in the Philippine Constabulary", January,
February, and March, 1932; "Early Days in the Mountain Province,"
May, 1932. Enough material for an outstanding book. What

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

569

is the matter with our book publishers that they did not snatch this
material up?

"Tobacco Culture in the Cagayan Valley" by Mariano D. Manawis
is a continuation of his series on the life of the Cagayan peasant. No
finer and completer study of a Christian group in the Philippines has
ever been made. His next article will deal with Adoy's relations with
the tobacco dealers in the Valley. He told me in a recent letter: "One
of my two sisters (the other one is in Cagayan and wrote me some time
ago that the price of tobacco is discouragingly low this year) is showing
an interest in my articles now whereas before she was indifferent to my
scribblings. She comes to my house to read the published ones, even
the first ones which appeared worthless to her when I was just begin-
ning, and she has even suggested that I go to Cagayan and collect
samples of all the things I mention, such as a Cagayan saddle, Adoy's
spear, flute, cinco-cinco, etc."

Romeo R. Tuason is another writer whose work is not highly appre.
ciated at home, judging by a letter I received from him. He is a Manila
high school student and patterned his article on kinship terms in the
Aklan District of Capiz on similar articles published in this Magazine
or other regions. "With the help of my mother, who was here last
February to attend the Eucharistic Congress and gave me some of the
terms I did not know, I prepared the first draft of the article and then
sent it to my sister in Capiz for correction. She made a few correc-
tions, but sent it back with the following note: 'This article will bring
you nothing. It is of no importance to you at all. Writing good
stories is better. So I don't want to receive anything more from you
like this. You will only waste your energy. Doing things of no value
is a sin. . .!" *

Among reprints from the Philippine Magazine that have come to my
notice this past month are Mariano D. Manawis's "The Cagayan Pea-
sant as a Farmer" (May issue), reprinted in the Fact Digest for Oc-
tober; and The Digest (formerly the Review of Reviews and the
Literary Digest) reprinted in two successive issues, for October 16 and
October 23, parts of Alberto Crespillo's article, "Ifugao Love Potions
and Charms" (July issue) and Marc T. Greene's " 'White' Russians
on the China Coast" (June issue). These excerpt were printed under
the general Digest heading: "A Weekly Digest of the Best in Print".
Regarding Mr. Greene's article on the "White" Russians, readers may

remember Percy Warner Tinan's letter reprinted in the August
Four O'Clock column, declaring that "the only girls in the
only worth while cabarets in Shanghai today are still Russians, at
least ninety-five percent". Mr. Greene read this remark reflecting on
on the accuracy of his article, and came back as follows in a letter to me
just received: "I fear the gentleman who takes up the cudgels on
behalf of the Russian cabaret girls of Shanghai is wrong. Mind you,
I am the last person to suggest that Chinese women or any others outdo
the Russians in charm. I know the latter too well for that. But inas-
much as it is a good while since the Russian revolution, it naturally

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570

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

follows that if there are many Russians in the Shanghai cabarets today,
they must be of the generation since the revolution. That would make
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Still another interesting letter came from our old friend, Sydney
Tomholt, Sydney, Australia. "Yes, at last I am writing to you. I
am forced to write now as I want to inclose a ^5.00 check for dividends
on my Baguio Gold stock to be cashed by you towards my subscription
for those Philippine Magazines that never fail to arrive, thanks to your

generosity Now I am assistant film critic on the Sydney Morning

Herald. . . . My book was a big success from a literary and press
aspect, but the Australian public — well, the usual author's lament.
'Anoki the Blind' was chosen last year as one of the best twelve and
published in Merriott's famous series, the 'Best One Act Plays of 1936',
brought out by Harraps, London, as usual. A great honor for an Aus-
tralian writer and the first time an Australian play was included. So
I got some prestige by that, though the production of the play by the
big Independent Theater here, the largest repertory concern in Sydney,
was a horrible flop due to careless rehearsing and bad casting. But I
was included with Bernard Shaw and Lord Dunsany on the programme,
so at least died in good company, though the others, of course, lived.
The press was splendid and reminded the public that even the bad
acting could not spoil the play — 'even such disabilities could not entirely
obscure the stark strength of the drama' (Sydney Bulletin). The
Morning Herald spoke of its 'grim power' and referred to it as 'de-
veloping as embittered and anguished realism, the play ends on a note
of Oedipus-like tragic horror, as the blind Anoli, and not the young
lover, emerges from the room of death'. ... I am pleased to see new
young blood in the stories coming into the Magazine. It would, of
course, with you at its helm. What a booster you are for the Phil-
ippine author, and how good some of them are! ... I was terribly
upset to hear about poor Hill's shocking end! What irony! He did
so much for the Philippines! Things like that remain with me for
years. ..."

Editorially also, we seem to have hit the bull's-eye. In the editorials
in the recent issues I have given quite a lot of attention to the Joint
Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs, analyzing and criticizing
and prognosticating. I also sent all of the .members of the Committee
complimentary copies each month while they were here. On the day
before the American members of the Committee departed for the United
States, I received the following letter from Dr. Ben Dorfman: "I wish
to take this opportunity to thank you for your kindness in sending me
recent copies of the Philippine Magazine. May I congratulate you on
the excellence of the publication? The articles average high in quality
and are selected with evident good taste, and the editorials are partic-
ularly timely and keen. With kind personal regards and with best
wishes for the continued success of your magazine, I am, Yours very
truly, (sgd.) Ben Dorfman." I humbly call attention to the word
"keen", not in a spirit of boastfulness (far be that from mel), but as
possibly indicating that the editorials in question hit pretty close to
the mark.

Some months ago, I received a letter from Dr. R. F. Barton, an
American ethnologist who was here years ago and who wrote several
books about Ifugao law, customs, and religion. It ran: "Please
send the Magazine to me at Kiangan. I am located at Bitu, between
Anao and Hingyon and Piwong. I have to confess I have not accom-
plished much so far. My informant Himingale had the misfortune to
have his throat cut and be robbed of ten pesos while lying drunk in the
road three years ago. This was a severe blow, as I caught Himingale — a
man having an exceptional memory and a command of vivid imaginative
figures of speech— -young, and trained him so that he would talk slowly
and leave nothing, or at least very much, out. The priests here are all

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December, 1937

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

571

old, and, apparently, nearly all rich (or have industrious wives), so I
have no informant yet worthy of the name. I have, however, done
quite a bit in anthropology— -I mean physical anthropology—and in
linguistics. Any time you can get away and feel like roughing it, I
suggest that you make for the mountains and come to see me. And if
you come soon, bring a half pound of red dental baseplate wax and a
a little haywire, 3 meters of any medium-sized wire. I want to see if I
can teach the Hapao metal casters a new trick in casting. Wire about
9-gauge. Also about 5 pounds of dental casting plaster and a 20-cent
jar of Vaseline. I know of three double thumbs, accessory thumbs,
and want to make impression. Also I should like to make some casts of

faces " Unfortunately, I was unable to join him in the mountains,

much as I should like to have done so, but I print his letter here to show
how many interesting things there are in this world that have nothing
to do with just making money. Later, Doctor Barton made several
trips to Manila and back to Ifugao, but he has now left the Philippines
and is on his way to Europe. When he came to say goodbye to me,
he told me the following story ^^ A month or two ago, I attended a
canyao in Anao District, Ifugaor The cabecilla (headman) of the
place introduced himself and showed me his various documents and
nombramientos, some of which dated from the days of Governor
Gallman. One of his 'documents' was a campaign letter of the Coali-
tion, bespeaking his support in the Commonwealth election. We then
talked over old times, and he told me what had been happening in the
country since I left it many years ago. 'For some reason that I don't
know, all the Americans have gone back to America', he said,' except
one— Quezon. I don't think he will ever go back' " ! That is a "good
one" on the President, and we can all laugh over it now that he is reco-
vering from the illness that came very near to taking his valuable life.

Aklanon
bilas
asawa
balayi

ina-anak

maninoy
maninay
egso-on

alila

halo

manak

onga sa bonyag

onga sa pirma

Other Terms
English
husband or wife of a sibling-in-law.
spouse generally,
the term used between two persons

whose children were married, when

they address each other,
god-child (baptism, confirmation and

marriage)
god-father,
god-mother,
term used by god-child and children

of the god-parents when they address

each other,
adopted child,
widow or widower,
half-brother or half-sister,
gcd-child in baptism,
god-child in confirmation.

0&§a sa casal gold-child at marriage.

Aklan Kinship Terms

(Continued from page 552)

Lola and Oya are the terms used for grandmother.
Lola is more common. Manang is another term but also
infrequent.

Apo is the term used by the Aklanon folk for grandchild,
regardless of sex. For grandson apo co hga laki and for
granddaughter apo co hga bayi are used.

The degree of relationship to one's grandchild are ex-
pressed as follows: great grandchild, icaywang apo;
grandchild of 3rd degree, katlong apo; grandchild of 4th
degree, kap-at hga apo; and grandchild of 5th degree,
kalima hga apo.

Panogagan is parent-in-law. Father-in-law:— Pano-
gangan hga laki. Laki is added to panogagan to
distinguish the sex.

Panogangan hga bayi is mother-in-law.

Omagod h*a laki is the term for son-in-law.

Omagod hga bayi for daughter-in-law.

Bayw is the term used for brothers of either the husband
or the wife. Hipag is the Aklanon equivalent of sister-in-
law.

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572

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

News Summary

{Continued from -page 581)
national action "through mediation" and will resist
any angry and excited demands. They state they
will oppose any action antagonizing the Japanese.

An unidentified "pirate" airplane bombs and sinks
the French ship Oued Mellah 50 miles east of the
Balearic Islands while on the way to Port Vendres
with a cargo of grain. The crew is rescued by two
French destroyers. An unidentified German steamer
is reported sunk off Cartagena by a pirate torpedo
attack. According to French reports, the German
government has notified the parents of the crewmen
of the German submarine U-24 that the craft sank
during maneuvers. It is thought this was the pirate
submarine believed to have been sunk by the British
destroyer Basilisk recently.

Premier Paul Van Zeeland and his Cabinet resign
to facilitate the investigation of charges that the
Premier accepted unwarranted payments from the
National Bank.

Oct. 26. — After a terrific aerial and artillery bom-
bardment, the Japanese occupy Chapei and take the
North Station stronghold, driving the still fighting
Chinese defenders across the Shanghai-Nanking
Railroad, the latter again digging in along the south-
ern bank of Soochow Creek to force the Japanese
into another major engagement. Chapei is on fire
in the worst conflagration in the Far East since the
Tokyo fire of 1923, the fire running eight miles across.

A gray seaplane, with a black cross painted on the
wings, machine-guns the airmail base of the Air
France on Minorca Island. There are no casualties.
A French destroyer squadron is already on the way.

Oct. 27. — The British fire on a Japanese plane
which attacks a British outpost near Jessfield Park.
Admiral H. E. Yarnell, Commander of the U.S.
Asiatic Fleet, authorizes U. S. Marines defending
a sector of the International Settlement to fire on
any airplane of any nationality which attacks their
positions. The Belgian government, in agreement
with the other powers, invites Russia and Germany
to attend the Nine-Power Conference. Japan for-
mally declines the invitation stating that the League
which inspired the Conference "would put serious
obstacles in the path of a just and proper solution
of the Sino- Japanese warfare".

The powers agree to cancel the token withdrawal
plan and to withdraw all volunteers, but only after
a study by a neutral committee of the Spanish battle-
fronts, including the taking of a census which may
take many months. In the mean time the Non-
intervention Committee will discuss the granting
of full beligerent rights to both sides. Russia threa-
tens to withdraw, claiming the whole business is
"camouflage", and observers state France may with-
draw from its diplomatic alliance with Britain and
side with Russia.

Oct. 28. — A new Japanese protectorate, "The

Autonomous Government of Inner Mongolia", is
formally established at Kweihua, capital ot Suiyuan,
with Prince Teh Wan at its head. Japan hurls a
new naval bombardment at Pootung. Manchukuoan
troops fire on Soviet border guards along the Amur
where both Japan and Russia have been concentrat-
ing troops. A Japanese official in Paris states that
though Japan has refused to participate in the Brus-
sels Conference, this does not mean it would not
accept friendly conversations with the principal
powers interested, particularly the United States,
looking toward the eventual restoration of peace.
The Conference, he states, "might give these powers
a mandate to open negotiations at Tokyo. U. S.
Ambassador Joseph C. Grew and British Ambas-
sador Robert Craige might talk with Japanese Foreign
Minister Koki Hirota and then the two might sound
out the Chinese government at Nanking".

French troops take control of the streets in Mo-
rocco's chief cities following riots allegedly inspired
by Italy.

Mussolini states in a mass meeting in Rome that
bolshevism must be eradicated in Europe and colo-
nies must be given to Germany if peace is to be pre-
served.

Oct. 29. — During the Japanese shelling of Hungjao,
a number of shells drop in Jessfield Park and three
British soldiers are killed and several more wounded
while on guard duty in the British sector. Madame
Chiang Kai-shek is reported injured in an automobile
accident last Saturday, sustaining a broken rib and
bad bruises. Russia accepts the invitation to the
Brussels Conference. Germany declines on the
grounds that it is not a signatory to the Nine-Power
Treaty, but expresses willingness to participate in
"practical" measures for the solution of the Far
Eastern dispute. The Tokyo spokesman states
Japan would negotiate to end hostilities if China
proposes such a course directly to Japan. He states
that since Japan was condemned in advance, it is
unlikely that those who condemned Japan would
make suitable mediators.

An Italian air mission leaves Italy for Peru to
reorganize that country's air force.

Oct. 30. — A "non-political" group in Tokyo, com-
posed of leading members of various parties in the
Diet and industrialists and business men, charge
Britain with activities "improper for a third power",
including the securing of the convocation of the Nine-
Power Conference, and adopts a resolution favoring
the severance of diplomatic relations. Germ an Foreign
Minister Baron Konstantine von Neurath predicts
the failure of the Conference "if it is conducted in
the spirit of Geneva".

The Spanish government moves from Valencia to
Barcelona. Franco announces a "starvation bloc-
kade" of the east coast by air and navy. The British
steamer James Weems, loaded with wheat and con-
densed milk, on the way from Maseilles to Barce-
lona, is bombed and sunk by an unidentified plane

16 miles off the Catalonian coast. The crew is
saved. The men state the plane bore a black skull -
and-crossbones, and looked like a modern Italian
bomber. It gave them five minutes to clear the ship
in life-boats.

Oct. 31. — The "doomed battalion" of 500 Chinese
soldiers evacuates its stronghold in Chapei on the
edge of the International Settlement on orders from
Chiang-Kai-shek, the Japanese making every effort
to annihilate the withdrawing men, but most of them
reaching the British lines where they turn over
their weapons, and the wounded are rushed to the
British military hospital. They had previously refused
all offers of sanctuary and their stubborn resistance
and bravery for four days thrilled the world. The
Chinese spokesman states the government flatly
rejects any proposal for an armistice either at Shang-
hai or elsewhere. "The issue is national", he states,
"and no local settlement anywhere is possible There
can be no question of peace so long as Japanese
remain in occupation of our territory." According
to "unofficial sources" in Brussels, Japan is willing
to accept the United States as mediator if the Chinese
will agree first to open direct negotiations with Japan

Nov. 1. — Some 7000 Japanese shock troops cross
Soochow Creek in the face of withering Chinese fire
The Japanese Foreign Office announces the amicable
settlement of the incident involving the firing en
the British Embassy cars last month.

The anti-piracy patrol of the Mediterranean is
strengthened by Turkish gunboats and seaplanes

Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden states in the
House of Commons that any action that can be taken
in the Far Eastern conflict depends upon the co-
operation of the United States. "Theren will be no
enduring peace until all nations accept to be bound —
as we accept to be bound — by internaticnal law and
until the force against any potential aggressor is
overwhelming. . . We believe in settlement of dis-
putes by peaceful means. While we reccgnze that
the League is at present seriously handicapped by
its incomplete membership, we believe it still pro-
vides the best means lor obtaining the general obrerv-
ance of that principle. . . We will join in no anti-
communist and no anti-fascist blocs. We offer cur
cooperation to all, but will accept dictation frcm
none". He intimates that the initiative in calling
the Brussels Conference came from the United States
and not Britain and points cut that on the Geneva
Advisory Commit ee the United States was present
only as an observer. He criticizes Mussolini for
championing German colonial claims stating, "we
do not admit the rights of any government to call
upon us for a contribution when there is no evidence
to show that government is prepared to make contri-
butions on its own part".

Nov. 2. — Reported that Japanese government
powers are being concentrated into the hands of six
men, including Premier Fuminaro Konoye, War
Minister H. Sugiyama, Navy Minister M. Yoano,

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P H I L I P P I NE MAGAZINE

573

and Foreign Minister Hirota. Observers state that
Japan is near financial collapse. According to Jap-
anese newspaper reports, Hans Luther, tormer Ger-
man Ambassador to the United States now in Tient-
sin, stated that "Germany will work in close co-
operation with Japan to realize the economic deve-
lopment of North China''. China announces at
Brussels it will fight to the finish unless the Con-
ference establishes a peace based on Jatopnncipltt.
French troops with the consent of the Chinese and
after consultation with Japanese and American,
British, and French military and naval commanders,
occupy Chiaoting University in Chinese territory,
China's foremost engineering school, and hoist the
French flag there. The Japanese had threatened
to destroy the institution because of alleged Chinese
troop concentrations there.

German officials deny charges of the existence of
a military understanding with Italy.

NoVt s.— Norman Davis, head of the American
delegation, opens the Brussels Conference, attended
by all the signatories of the Nine-Power Pacific
Treaty except Japan and by representatives of eleven
non-signatory nations, with an offer of full American
cooperation to which Britain and France announce
their support. He appeals for an "equitable adjust-
ment" and warns that nations engaged JF1 policies
directed toward economic self-sufficiency forego the
benefits of international trade and financial relations
and are creating conditions conducive to threats to
peace. He states the United States is prepared to
share in common efforts for a peaceful solution of the
Oriental conflict but will make no commitments
except those already made in signing the Treaty
"Our present interest, however, would be real even
if there were no such treaty. The hostilities now
waged in the Far East are our serious concern not
only for China and Japan, but for the whole world
He declares that when the Treaty was signed, the
signatories believed that the Chinese had the capa-
city to establish a new order and that the elapsing
years have seen China make rapid progress along
the course which tends to confirm the faith in which
the Treaty was founded. We believe cooperation
between Japan and China is essential to the best
interests of those two countries and that this must
be developed by friendship, fair-play, and reciprocal
confidence. The problems underlying Smo- Japanese
relations must be solved on a basis fair to each and
acceptable to both". Secretary Eden expresses
regret at the absence of Japan and states Britain is
in full agreement with every word uttered by Davis.
Ivon Delbos, French Foreign Minister, praises Pres-
ident Roosevelt's efforts for peace emphasizes res-
pect for the sanctity of treaties and states that the
success of the Conference would be a signal hope
to the entire world". Italy sounds the only note of
discord, its representative stating there can not be
any question of direct or indirect coercive measures
to "quarantine" Japan and that the absence of that
nation "makes the discussions appear useless
America, Britain, and France decides to ask the
Conference to send Japan another invitation to
participate. ^

Franco tells the newspapers that the "war is won' .
Reported unofficially from London that Britain will
shortly recognize the Franco regime Hostilities
on the Aragon front continue unabated.

Nov. 4.— Young Chinese soldiers, inferiorly equip-
ed, launch a furious attack against the Japanese
veterans making their position on the south bank
of Soochow Creek almost untenable, according to
observers who state further, "The world can no
longer be little the fighting qualities of the Chinese.
For sheer heroism, the Chinese soldier is a match
for any soldier in the world". Davis sounds the
key-note at Brussels in proposing direct negotiations
with Japan and China, and it is agreed to ask the

two nations to state their terms for calling an armis-
tice The speakers refrain from arraigning Japan.
The general atmosphere of the meeting is reported
to be gloomy and Britain is said to be preparing the
way for a possible collapse of the Conference in the
action of the British Ambassador to Belgium in-
quiring of the Japanese Ambassador whether Japan
would attend a "future conference" to discuss the
situation on a "broader basis", this to "save Japan s
face" and sidestep consideration of coercive measures
at this time. Dr. Wellington Koo head of the
Chinese delegation, states China will fight until
Japan halts its aggression". M. Litvmov, the Rus-
sian representative, subscribes to the hopes express-
ed by Davis, but states that the peace must bind
the hands of the aggressors now and in the future
in all parts of the world.

The German Embassy at Rome announces that
Germany, Italy, and Japan will sign an "anti-com-
munist pact", identical with that signed by Ger-
many and Japan last year. Chancellor Hitler re-
fuses to accept the resignation of Hjalmar Schacht,
the Minister of Economics, and Germany s financial

geprlime Minister Neville Chamberlain tells the
House of Commons that Britain is negotiating with
the Spanish insurgents for the appointment of com-
mercial agents in Spain, bu that these would have
no diplomatic status and their appointment would
not mean de facto diplomatic recognition Indi-
cated at Paris that France will lollow the British
lead in compromising with the Spanish fascists as
the "domination of Italy and Germany over Na-
tionalist Spain will become less tyrannical when both
Spanish camps are on an even footing .

*\Vor r, —The Brussels Conference rejects the
Italian claim that the Conference is without aright
to intervene and agrees to offer its aid to Japan and
China in bringing about peace, while there is talk
of excluding Italy from the negotiations. Observ-
ers suggest that President Roosevelt may be using
the Conference as a testing ground for close American
cooperation with Britain and France against the
fascist bloc. A Japanese Foreign Office spokesman
states that Japan is "unable to accept any ™£iatlo£
whatsoever". Reporter that Chancellor Hitler is
Tonsidering the advisability of direct German efforts

31 Two French steamers are attacked by pirate air-
planes off the eastern coast of Spam but the planes
are driven off by French warships.

Nov 6— The Japanese take Taiyuanfu, deserted
capital of Shansi. Nineteen nations send a note to
Taoan asking it to meet a small committee of nations
£PdiscSss the Sino- Japanese hostilities after bitter y
wrangling over the wording of the note which is said
To have revealed that Davis is fighting almost single-
handed efforts to bury the Conference. He succeeded
in blocking the appointment of a mediation com-
mittee on which Italy was anxious to be represented
and the Italian representative walked out before the
session adjourned. France opposed Davis's sug-
gestion that the Conference reconvene on Monday
but the American diplomat's curt reply was that a
great amount of work remained to be done and was
supported by the small powers, it thereupon being
agr?ed to reconvene on Tuesday The note asks
jlpan to establish contact with the Conference to
"facilitate settlement of the conflict", and points
out that the Far Eastern hostilities concern the whole
family of nations and that all signatories ofthe Nine-
Power Treaty are entitled to the rights the Treaty
conferV.. Berlin officials point out that Germany
is in a favorable portion to mediate because it has
no concessions in China and fewer ^arge material
interests than most other powers. The Chinese at
Brussels state that the report that Hitler desires
fo act as mediator is circulated by propagandists
with ulterior motives and that it may confuse the

opinion of the delegates and impede their work.

The "anti-communist" pact is signed m Rome,
and Premier Konoye in Tokyo gives a banquet in
celebration of the event. Washington is reported
to feel that it represents a consolidation of the prin-
cipal fascist governments against democracies and
that it will aggravate instead of relieve world tension.
The Duke of Windsor decides to postpone his
projected visit to the United States to study labor
conditions, it is believed because of criticism oi
Baltimore labor elements that objected to the Duke s
guide, Charles Bedaux, originator of the industrial
"speed-up" system and also pointed out that the
Duchess "while a resident here, never showed the
slightest concern for the problems of labor or ofthe
poor" The Duke cables his regrets to President
Roosevelt and others, stating that misconceptions
have arisen regarding his motives and the purposes
of his tour. Reported that his decision followed a
telephone conversation with his brother, King Gecrge,
who pointed out that a bad reception in America
might provoke a wave of anti-American sentiment
in Britain and harm Anglo-American relations.

Nov 7__itaiian press rejoices at Italy's adherence
to the German- Japanese anti-communist pact and
proclaims Japan's "naval supremacy" in the Pacific.
Fascist leaders disclose that Mussolini signed the
agreement largely because of the sentiment revealed
in Brussels against the totalitarian powers and be-
cause Roosevelt's Chicago speech showed that the
United States is abandoning its isolationist policy.
It is predicted a drive will be begun to enlist fur-
ther adherents, possibly in Latin America where
rightist sentiment is strong. It is claimed there are
no "hidden aims", but British opinion is there are
secret military clauses and Moscow officials state
the pact means unqualified support to Japan s cam-
paign in China. #

Russia celebrates the twentieth anniversary of
the Revolution.

Nov 8.— The Japanese make a rapid advance
toward Pootung, crossing the Whangpoo. Earlier
in the day, they brought a large artillery piece (a
"Big Bertha") into action, which fired huge projec-
tiles at intervals of two or three minutes. General
Chiang Kai-shek tells the press that China wou d
not favor direct negotiations with Japan as this would,
give Japan only another opportunity to press terms
unacceptable to China and to the signatories of the
Nine-Power Treaty as well.

The Russian Ambassador in Rome protests against
the tripartite anti-communist agreement and states
that Italian adherence is "contrary to the agreement
of 1933 and not friendly toward the Soviet • Statea
in Berlin that Germany may try to induce China to
ioin the agreement and to make this a condition to
Serman mediation. The Manchester Guardian
states that the pact is directed not so much against
Russia as against Britain and France comm unism
being only a convenient bogey. The German poc-
ket battleship" Deutschland and severa destroyers
arrive of Gaeta, Italy, for combined naval maneuvers
with the Italian fleet.

lVoD .q —After holding out against the combined
Japanese army, navy, and air force for 88 W*:
Chinese troops in the Shanghai area, shortly after
midntght begin a quiet retreat .from the region
Tnabbng the Japanese to throw a ring of steel around
China's greatest port and bottling up 3,000,000
Chinese residents, 1,000,000 refugees, and many
thousands" f Americans and other foreigners. Chiang
KaiShek announces the operations are purely local
and do not form a vital part in the nation s chief
defenses which are in the Yellow River region where
China has several "Hmdenburg" lines. However
some 10,000 Chinese soldiers are trapped in Nantao
just south of the French Concession. The J£P»*ese
force Chinese inPeiping to parade in celebration

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574

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

of the fall of Taiyuanfu, capital of Shan*i, many of
them weeping in humilation at being prevented from
dispersing by a strong police escort. The Japanese
"Pacification and Soothing Bureau" held all school
principals respon ible for the success of the parade
and one principal wa3 arrested for suggesting that
grade one and two pupils be excused because of the
length of the walk. Later, a police "spontaneity
squad" escorts students to a mass meeting. Re-
ported that the British Consul-General in Shanghai
has been instructed to file claims for compen ation
for damages to British property with the Chinese
and Japanese authorities.

Litvinov leaves Brussels for Moscow stating
he may return "if the situation warrants",
after a wrangle as to the make-up of the
mediation committee. Davis originally wanted
the committee to con ist of Britain, Belgium, and
the United States, but when France misted on Join-
ing, Italy made a similar demand, and Litv nov
hinted that Russia might withdraw from the Con-
ference if Italy were included in the committee and
Russia omitted. Many appeals from all parts of
the world to take a stronger stand are being received
by the Conference. There i3 talk Litvinov's return
to Moscow has some connection with the Soviet
"purge".

The Catalonian parliament re-elects Luis Com-
panys to the Pre idency. Rebel headquarters an-
nounces that wholesale withdrawals of Italian vo-
lunteers from Spain and Majorca have begun in
accordance with an agreement with Mussolini.
Franco warns that 165 miles of the Spanish east
coast waters will be mined in connection with the
recently announced starvation blockade.

J. Ram ay MacDonald, former British Prime
Minister, d:es of a heart attack aboard a liner while
on hi3 way to South America tor a vacation.

Nov. 10. — Japan launches an attack on the Nantao
district to wipe out the "doomed battalion". Ac-
cording to information from Tokyo, the reply to
the second invitation to join the Brussels conference
will be "no". Reported from Brussels that plans
are being discussed to furnish China with arms,
munitions, and credit if Japan refuses to make peace.
France is reported to be sending four more cruisers
to Indo-China.

Rome officials say that Russia has already broken
the Italo-Soviet friendship treaty by signing an
agreement with France and supporting the League's
sanctions against Italy during the Ethiopean cam-
paign, and that Mussolini may iormally renounce
the treaty.

Gen. I wane Matsui announces in effect that he is
master of Shanghai and feels free to take any steps
dictated by military necessity. He says he prefers
not to interfere with the right of foreign countries
to protect their interests within the Settlement
boundaries, but complains of "lack of cooperation"
on the part of Settlament authorities, intimating
they are pro-Chinese, and warns of possible drastic
action in the event "cooperation" could not be se-
cured. Military needs may include Japanese control
of the maritime customs and of censorship, he states.

Astronomical Data for
December, 1937

By the Weather Bureau

Sunrise and Sunset
{Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

Dec. 1.. 6:06 a.m. 5:24 p.m.
Dec. 6.. 6:08a.m. 5:26p.m.
Dec. 12.. 6:11a.m. 5:28p.m.
Dec. 18. . 6:15 a.m. 5:30 p.m.
Dec. 24.. 6:18a.m. 5:33p.m.
Dec. 31.. 6:21a.m. 5:37 p.m.

Winter Solstice on the 22nd at 2:22 p.m.

Moonrise and Moonset
{Upper Limb)

Rises Sets

December 1 4:28 a.m. 4:09 p.m.

December 2 5:18 a.m. 4:55 p.m.

December 3 6:08 a.m. 5:42 p.m.

December 4 6:56 a.m. 6:31p.m.

December 5 7:44 a.m. 7:21 p.m.

December 6 8:29 a.m. 8:11p.m.

December 7 9:12 a.m. 9:00 p.m.

December 8 9:53 a.m. 9:49 p.m.

December 9 10:34 a.m. 10:39 p.m.

December 10 11:13 a.m. 11:29 p.m.

December 11 11:53 a.m.

December 12 12:35 p.m. 12:21 a.m.

December 13 1:20 p.m. 1:14 a.m.

December 14 2:09 p.m. 2:11 a.m.

December 15 3:02 p.m. 3:11a.m.

December 16 4:01 p.m. 4:15 a.m.

December 17 5:04 p.m. 5:20 a.m.

December 18 6:10 p.m. 6:24 a.m.

December 19 7:14 p.m. 7:25 a.m.

December 20 8:17 p.m. 8:21 a.m.

December 21 9:16 p.m. 9:12 a.m.

December 22 10:12 p.m. 9:58 a.m.

December 23 11:05 p.m. 10:41 a.m.

December 24 11:56 p.m. 11:22 a.m.

December 25 12:03 p.m.

December 26 12:46 a.m. 12:43 p.m.

December 27 1:35 a.m. 1:24 p.m.

December 28 2:25 a.m. 2:07 p.m.

December 29 3:15 a.m. 2:52 p.m.

December 30 4:04 a.m. 3:39 p.m.

December 31 4:53 a.m. 4:27 p.m.

Phases of the Moon

New Moon " on the 3rd at 7:11 a.m.

First Quarter on the 11th at 9:12 a.m.

Full Moon on the 18th at 2:52 a.m.

Last Quarter on the 24th at 10:20 p.m.

Apogee on the 4th at 1:00 a.m.

Perigee on the 17th at 10:00 p.m.

Apogee

on the 31st at.

2:00 a.m.

Eclipse
On December 2nd and 3rd, an annular eclipse of
the Sun, invisible in the Philippines. The belt of
the eclipse is confined to the Pacific Ocean. The
belt begins in the Haha Jima Group of Inlands and
runs through the islands of North Marshall, Washing-
ton, Famming and ends off the coast of Lower Cali-
fornia.

The Planets for the 15 th

MERCURY rises at 7:47 a. m. and sets at 6:53
p.m. Just after sunset, the planet may be found in
the western sky in the constellation of Sagittarius.

VENUS rises at 5:23 a. m. and sets at 4:35 p. m.
Just before sunrise, the planet may be tound low in
the eastern sky in the constellation of Scorpius near
the bright star Antares.

MARS rises at 10:28 a. m. and sets at 9:58 p. m.
At 7:00 p. m. the planet will be found about 25°
bove the western horizon in the constellation of
Capricorn.

JUPITER rises at 8:50 a. m. and sets at 8:04 p. m.
Just after sunset, the planet may be found about 40°
above the western horizon between the constellations
of Capricorn and Sagittarius.

SATURN rises at 12:23 p. m. and sets at 12:17
a. m. on the 16th. At 9:00 p. m. the planet may be

found a little to the south of the constellation of
Pisces and about 40° west of the meridian.

Principal Bright Stars for 9:00 p.m.

North of the Zenith
Castor and Pollux in

Gemini
CapeJla in Auriga
Aldebaran in Taurus
Deneb in Cygnus

South of the Zenith
Sirius in Cani3 Major
Canopus in Argo
Procyon in Canis Minor
Betelgeuse and Rigel in

Orion
Achernar in Eridanus
Formalhaut in Piscis Aus-
tralia

Prof. FRANK G. HAUGHW0UT

Laboratory of
Clinical Microscopy

No 26 A 1 ham bra

(Heme Studio Building » Ermita

Tei. No. 2-34-98

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PENS AND PENCILS

The Christmas gift which carries on -
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Cash or terms — as you desire

Philippine Education Company

Distributors

Index to Volume XXXIV

Philippine Magazine

January to December, 1937

Articles and Essays

Agrarian Unrest and the New Ten-

ancy Law Percy A. Hill March

Alupasi Industry of Caba, La Union.. D. Z. Rosell August

America and the Postponed World _Ko..

War Francesco Borghese December

Anesthesia. ....'. Anonymous July

Approach to Modern Art Gladys Traynor June

Balagtas' Contribution to Tagalog

Poetry Melchor T. Villanueva February

Birinayan, Balaquilang, and Bayu-

yungan D. Z. Rosell May

Boc-boc-nit, the Bontoc Rock-Fight. . Dalmacio Maliaman March

Bukidnon Ascension to Heaven,

The Tranquilino Sitoy October

Bukidnon Superstitions Ramos Magallones and Ri-

cardo C. Galang November

Cagayan Hunter, The Mariano D. Manawis July

Cagayan Peasant as a Farmer, The.. Mariano D. Manawis May.

Cagayan Peasant Health Measures. . Mariano D. Manawis October

Cebuano-Visayan Kinship Terms . ..Ignacio T. Quijano Augu st

China Letter Lin Yu £°V*™w

December

Commonwealth Educational Policies . Nicolas V. Villarruz J^nu^ry

Curi us Facts about some Common .„.k«.

Ingects Leopoldo B. Uichanco November

Dominion Status' for Indonesia G. G. van der Kop November

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. ...... ..Pilar S. Gramonte December

Filipino Short Story—Ten Years of

Experiment, The A. B. Rotor January

Heart of Chriatendom in the Far East, A. V. II . Hartendorp January

Ifugao Love Potions and Charms.. . Alberto Crespillo July

Ilocos Pot Industry, The Noe Ra. Crisostomo April

Importance of Filipino Literature in

English, The A. V. II. Hartendorp January

"India's Stubborn Mood" Marc T. Greene July

Inuyat Industry of Cainta, The. ...N. U. Gatchalian M arch

Kinship Terms among the Aklanon . .Romeo R. Tuason December

Leper Women Voted for Suffrage.

918 to 5 Eloise S. Hirt August

Life Insurance in the Philippines Frank Lewis- Minton November

Makiling National Park H. M. Curran 55brua5r

Manila Changes Henry Philip Broad November

Manila's Cloud Year— A Review . ..Frank G. Haughwout. August

Marshal Daendels' Appeal to Manila. G. G. van der Kop September

Monosyllabic Roots in Philippine

Languages H. Costenoble February

Mystic Lure of Mount Banahao.. . .Eufronio M. Alip December

National Marine School, A Griffin Olmsted October

On December Typhoons Frank G. Haughwout June

Padre Burgos Leopoldo Y. Yabes February

Pamuhat — The Bukidnon's Religious

Sacrifice Ricardo C. Galang February

Philippine Foik Literature Dean S. Fansler May

Philippine Verb, The H. Costenoble . April

Pipe Smoking in the Philippines.. . .Frank Lewis-Mmton March

Portugal and Spain Today Marc T. Greene April

Prospecting in the Old Days, The

Discovery of Angelo W. S. Boston March

Return of Old Haunts Wilfrid Turnbull December

Rizal, Father of Modern Tagalog, II .Antonio B. Rosales January

Rizal' Province, Random Notes of a

Student of Soil Geography Dominador Z. Rosell September 397

Secrets in the Barrio Funeral Maximo Ramos November 498

Shadows Over Indo-China Marc T Greene ^ugmt p

Taal and Its History Percy A. Hill September

Tagalog Kinship Terms and Usages . . Mauro Garcia January

116
356

536
302
264

211
125

445

502
309
214
451
359
487
538
17

493
497
544

308

168

18
300
128
552

354
494
68
491
348
398

76
542
450
256

71
208
169
120
163

112

449

546

Changes in the Philippine Monetary

System not now Advisable The Editor May

Conspiracy The Editor January

Democratic Temperament and Mood,

The The Editor January

Dictatorship and Democracy in the

Philippines The Editor July

Doctor Dorfman's Parable The Editor October

Dominion Government for the Phil- ^ _

ippines The Editor December

Empires, Colonies, and Treaties The Editor Aug ust

"Fusion" and the "Opposition", . . The Editor Octo ber

General Mac Arthur's Retirement. . . . The Editor November

Guam and Claude Augustus Swan-
son The Editor May

History Can Not be Undone The Editor May

Homer and the Modern World The Editor December

"Islands" The Editor June

Japan's "Or Else" The Editor May

Marconi and Modern Demagogy . . . The Editor August

Mass Murder and Moral Disap-
proval The

Mrs. Sanger and the Mayor of Ma-
nila The

Nobodies' Sons The

Note for the Economic Advisory

Council The Editor June

One, Two Sultans The Editor March

Philippine Independence in 1938 The Editor April

"Political Laboratory of the Far East, The Editor June

Pressing Airport Problem, The The Editor March

Reductio ad Absurdum, The The Editor November

School Costs and the Pernicious Farce

of the Annual School Crisis The Editor July

Social Justice and Quezon and Roose-

velt The Editor February

Terrors of the Guif .The Editor December

The XXXIII International Eucha-

ristic Congress The Editor February

This Time It's "Sabotaging" the Phil- t«««qw

ippine Schools The Editor IXuarv

Too Much to Exoect? The Editor February

Treaties and Gun-powder The Editor June

Tea.

. Amador T. Daguio February

252

394

Tirong, Ancient People of the Ba-

buyan Islands, The Inocencio B. Maddela March

Tobacco Culture in the Cagayan

118

Valley. .

.Mariano D. Manawis December 549

Tracing the Original Sounds in the

Languages of Today //. Costenoble . January

University of Washington, The Sebastian A. Abella January

"White" Russians on the China

Coast Marc T. Greene June

Woman Characters in Rizal's Novels,
Doctora Dona Victorina de los

Reyes de De Espadaria Pura S,

Dona Consolaci n Pura S,

Dona Patrocinio Pura S,

Tertiary Sisters, The Pura S.

Castrence October

Castrence July

Castrence November

Castrence March

Yami of Botel Tobago, The. ....... Kilton R. Stewart. July

Editorials

Addressed to Both Sides The Editor September

«' Alternatives" in Modern Life The Editor June

"Am I My Bother's Keeper?" The Editor May

America and Fascism and War The Editor December

American-Philippine Loyalty The Editor JKSSr

Both for Peace and for War The Editor 2??*

British Policy and Spain The Editor March

24
21

252

452
310
496
124
304

207
9

297
442

533
345
443
486

206
207
535
249
206
346

. September 393

Editor

Editor August

Editor January

UCI j. i»v ^<*.^< -

- Trouble-Makers" or Leaders? The Editor A ugust

Unanimity and a Difference The Editor ff?*T

Wave of the Hand The Editor 5S!?»rv

Woman Suffrage Plebiscite, The. . . . The Editor 5 h

Words of Wisdom from Japan The Editor a,,*

Yea, yea and Nay, nay The Editor August

Short Stories, Plays, Legends, Etc.

Alias Basiong Samac C. V. Pedroche. WuTt^

Barrio Episode ConsTcio B^'e *"* April

Betrlya^The. ' .' ! ! '. '. '. '.'.'/. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. DdZ^resnosa- '■ • ' " ' ' • • ' : • • °ctober

Bishop Came to Town, The Ludivico D. Arciaga £°,™Lr

Boy and the Flute, The *'*•*• ^ayc0ck Mav

Charitv Ligaya V. Reyes May

CrocodWMan N. V.M Gonzales November

It Rained Saturday Afternoon Antonio 6. Gabila

Jarana

346
9

249
110
161
251
111
485

298

66
534

10
65
250
347
391
109
67
110
345

389
250
205
536
486
441
109

February

Vicente R. Generoso September

klkay-AMaid..;. B. N. Santos May

Kikay'sMole..... RedentorMa. Tuazon Meacyember

Little General of the Slum Felipe B. Ong. March

"Narcotics" Deogracias Iturralde March

oTerfectDay Estrella D Alfon June

Of the Land Juan L. Raso Juiy

Old SoaniSrd The Benjamin Flores September

gwl " Moon WWW N.V.M. Gonzales January

Resignation, The Manuel E. Buenafe March

Smell of Green Apples, The C.V. Pedroche. . . . June

Q^;*lf-i-i The Manuel E. Arguilla April

Itran^er The J Angel C. de Jesus January

ISer Tikes' his Vacation, A ^.Santos F£«ry

t<2\6" Ohmpio S. Villasm jviarcn

Poems ^

Above Everything Mariano S. Moreno March

^rd^^ C°meS t0 ^ GrC" Harriet Mills McKay November

Blacksmith; The \ '. \ '. \ '. '. '. '. WW Jose Velezjasay %™emhcr

CVnotaoh Mary Medina Clark xsovemoer

cSfauSFn Herminio M. Beltran August

SS ' Sol " Edith Emmons Greenan April

Ktion.801::::::::::: ««* >** <?— ^ary

Filipino Idyll Dee Vere J™

Firmament, The f^DaT .' ' ' ' ' '• '.Dumber

Forgetfulness Lu™ »a ° July

Forgotten Songs Luis Dato December

Fronds a8ainst the Sky .Irene LaBafc ^ ;; ^"^^

Galatea . . . . » M . May

Discover America «• -* • mYi\''' August

Idilio de Amor *"**» Aher0 AUgUS

540
355
171
447

12
492
215
489

75
396
210
213
545
114
258
307
400

16
122
350
254
166

70
123

121

490
251
488
356
165
98
253
209
541
299
539
550
212
SS7

575

576

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

December, 1937

Last Word Luis Dato August

Lighter Poet, A Ambrosia del Rosario September

Lines Josue Rem. Siat November

Love Anonymous August

Magic. . Harriet Mills McKay October

Moloch is Dead Ambrosia del Rosario November

Moods Harriet Mills McKay October

Moon Pool Ambrosia del Rosario November

Night-Blooming Cereus Dee Vere October

Orchids in a Pasay Garden Dee Vere July

Petrified Forest, The Anonymous March

Prelude to Meeting "Filomena" June

Rainy Season Dee Vere September

Six Sonnets Virgilio Floresca March

Soul of Man, The Mariano S. Moreno August

Sunset : Silvestre L. Tagarao . . June

To a Vine, Cut down by Mistake by

the Gardener Priscilla Fansler. January

Truant's Epitaph R. Zulueta-da Costa May

Vigil Greg. A. Estonanto ........ .January

Within a Little Grey T. Inglis Moore. . February

Covers

''Ambition" Gavino R. Congson September

Antipolo Street in Spanish Times. . . Felipe Roxas January

Christmas Lanterns Gavino Reyes Congson December

Feria, The Gavino R. Congson ......... November

Fifty-Fifty Proposition, A Gavino R. Congson May

"Gymnasts, The" Gavino R. Congson June

Landscape , Fabian de la Rosa February

Manila Canal, A Juan F. Nakpil April

Mountain Province, The I. G. Ancheta . . March

351
401
386
347
444
497
450
495
448
303
HI
266
399
115
355
255

215
11

"Ship-Master, The" Gavino R. Congson July

Siesta Time Gavino R. Congson October

"Thrift" Gavino R. Congson August

Departments

With Charity to All ."Putakte" and "Bubuyog". . . 22, 78, 126,

173, 265, 311,

357, 402, 454,
500, 554

Finance and Investment Section: John Truman

Is Short-Selling "Lawful?" June 260

How to Read a Balance Sheet July 312

What is the "Normal" Price of a
Stock? — The Tactics of the Short-
Seller— When to Buy May 216

When You Buy Mining Stock April 174

Four O'Clock in the Editor's Office 47, 94, 147,

188, 228, 277,

328, 371, 421,

467, 515, 568

Philippine Economic Conditions. . . . J. Bartlett Richards 2, 58, 154,

198, 242, 290,

338, 382, 434,
478, 526

News Summary 3, 59, 102,

155, 199, 243,

291, 339, 383,

436, 479, 527

Astronomical Data Weather Bureau 56, 99, 152,

196, 240, 336,

380, 432, 476,
524, 578

Make It A

MERRY CHRISTMAS

All The Year Round With The
Best Of The Newest Books

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Tiltman, Hessell The Far East Comes Nearer. 6.60

Roosevelt, T Colonial Policies of the United States 4.40

Gannes, Harry When China Unites 5.50

Hogben, Lancelot Mathematics for the Million 8.25

Landau, Henry. The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of German Sabotage In

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Miller, G. E Shanghai, the Paradise of Adventurers 6.00

Teeling, William. Pope Pius XI and World Affairs 5.50

Thomas, Lowell Adventures Among Immortals 6.60

Gibbs, Phillip Ordeal in England 6.60

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Sabatini, Rafael The Lost King 5.50

Briffault, Robert Europa in Limbo 6.05

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Salminen, Sally Katrina

Gervis, Albert Madame Flowery Sentiment

Smith, Brafford This Solid Flesh

(Send for our list of new books)

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION CO., INC.

101-103 Escolta, Manila
Tel. 2-21-31

PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE

A Protective
Food !

Ovattino Ja ** "protec-
tive" food. It contains
4 vitamins— A, B* I>
and G— *m<i the miner-
als, calcium, phos-
phorus andiron- And it
sttpoH** proteins and
carbohydrate* and
other elements chil-
dren need. It therefore
greatly enriches the
food value of milk, and
makes it easier to di-
gest. It also aids the
digestion of starches.
Ovattine is not fifce or-
dinary foods or mere
flavorings for milk.

Are the above pictures typical of what occurs in your home?.

Read how thousands of mothers are solving this problem.

How this food does three things

to renew normal appetite and

help build up a child ..•

There are literally thousands of mothers in
the country who, day in, day out, are faced
with the problem of a "never-hungry" child.
The«e women spend hours of their lives
coaxing their children to eat. They fray their
tempers— the tempers of their children. And
the result, usually, is that the child persists
in refusing to eat.

It isn't natural for a child to lack appetite.
Yet countless children do not have good ap-
petites. . .

What can you do? One thing which is
being used very widely to stimulate hunger
in children, is Ovaltine. Thousands of
mothers report amazing results from its use.
Don't think Ovaltine is just a "tempting"
food. It is that— and more. It actually
stimulates the sensation of hunger and helps
build up a child. m

If a child's appetite is lacking, try giving

him Ovaltine. Here is the way it acts to help

Nature renew appetite and add weight:—

(These drawings made from actual X-rays of stomach)

1. It adds to the diet an increased amount
of Vitamin B. . . the "appetite-restoring"
vitamin.

2. It helps digest starchy foods, like bread
and potatoes, in the stomach. This enables
the stomach to empty sooner so hunger can
return sooner.

3. It makes milk easier to digest and more
palatable, too.

In addition, Ovaltine itself is very easy to
digest and, besides, very nourishing. Many
children with poor appetites have weak diges-
tions, you know. >f

And Ovaltine supplies certain "protective
factors, such as minerals and other vitamins—
which children need.

Thus Ovaltine acts in several ways to help
build up a child. It is a Swiss food-drink,
originated in Switzerland and
now made in the U.S.A. Doc-
tors approve it and it is widely
used in hospitals and institu-
tions. It was originated as a
convalescent drink.

So. . . if your child is a prob-
lem to you— if he won't eat his
meals properly and just won't

gain—try Ovaltine for a few months to see if
it doesn't renew his appetite. He'll surely
like it.

Thousands of mothers report that this— and
this alone— has made wonderful changes in
their children. Children who wouldn't eat
without fretting before. Who were under-
weight and nervous.

Their experience may be yours! It's cer-
tainly worth a serious trial, don't you think?
Then get a tin of Ovaltine from your nearest
dealer and start giving it to your child, often.
You make a drink of it by simply mixing
it with milk, hot or cold. Directions are on
the can.

Don't go on worrying about your child
when Ovaltine's so inexpensive. Get a large-
size tin today.

|" MAIL
I

FOR 2-DAY

SUPPLY

P. I. 12-1

Ed. A. Keller & Co., Ltd., Dept

178 Juan Luna, Wise Bldg.,

P. O. Box 313, Manila— Tel. 4-89-81

THE X-RAYS AT LEFT show two
stomachs, each photographed two-
and-one-half hours after a starch
meal. Observe that the stomach
at the left is over half full, where-
as the other stomach is nearly
empty— Mis being due to the ac-
tion of Ovaltine in helping to dt-
gest the starch. . . . When the
stomach empties sooner, hunger
can return quicker. . . . *>er™
Ovaltine, often. Sprinkle it on
breakfast cereals, too — to help
digest them!

I enclose P. 10 to cover cost of packing and mail-
ing. Send me your 2-day test package of Ovaltine.

Name

Address

City

OV/ILTINE

The Swiss Food-Drink
Now made in the U. 5. A.

Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co.

McCullough Printing Co.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

DATE DUE

M;Vr- :;

I I'i .'.<-)

FEB 0 7 19S7

rr*

"~\i !*or)

Hi>

. . ■r>C|

v» .wf!

^w.-^rtY

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

3 9015

111

01138 6458

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